NYPL RESEARCH LIBRARIES
3 3433 08254262 6
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UNIVERSAL
PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY
OF
BIOGRAPHY
AND
MYTHOLOGY
BY
JOSEPH THOMAS, M.D., LL.D.
AUTHOR OF THE SYSTEM OF PRONUNCIATION IN " LIPPINCOTT'S PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD,'
OF "A COMPREHENSIVE MEDICAL DICTIONARY," AND OF VARIOUS PRONOUNCING
VOCABULARIES OF BIOGRAPHICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES
NEW THIRD EDITION
THOROUGHLY REVISED AND BROUGHT UP TO I 90!
VOL. II. -HER TO Z
PHILADELPHIA
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
LONDON : 36 SOUTHAMPTON STREET, COVENT GARDEN
1901 jijj; S.A
\ «T
L
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in and for the
Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
Copyright, 1885, by J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY.
Copyright, 1901, by J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
ELECTP.OTVPED AND PRINTED BV J. B. LIPPINCO1 T COMPANV, PHILADELPHIA, U.S
HERVE
1279
HESHAM
Herve, (AiME MARIE. EDOUARD,) a French jour-
nalist, born in the island of Reunion in 1835. He
engaged in editorial labour, in 1867 founded the
" Journal de Paris," an opponent of the Napoleonic
regime, and in 1873 the" Soleil," alow-priced political
newspaper. He wrote several historical works, and
was made a member of the Academy in 1886. Died
January 4, 1899.
Herv*-Fierabraa, eR'vi' fe'eh-ri'bRl', a French
physician, born at Rouen, lived about 1550. He pub-
lished an able treatise on Surgery, (1550.)
Hervet, //ea'vi', (GENTIAN,) a learned French theo-
logian, born near Orleans in 1499, distinguished himself
at the Council of Trent, (1545,) and wrote against Cal-
vinism. He translated some works of the Greek Fathers
into Latin. Died in 1584.
See NlrfRON, " Memoires ;" DsTHOU. " filogeV'wilh addition,
of THISSIKR.
Her'vey, (AUGUSTUS JOHN,) third Earl of Bristol,
son of Lord John, noticed below, was born in 1724. He
became a post-captain in 1747, and displayed courage in
geveral battles in the Mediterranean and in the West
Indies. In 1771 he was appointed one of the lords of
the admiralty, and in 1775, by the death of an elder
brother, became Earl of Bristol. Soon after this he was
created an admiral. He died in 1779, and his title was
inherited by his brother Frederick, Bishop of Derry.
Hervey, (ELEONORA LOUISA,) an authoress, whose
maiden name was MONTAGUE, born at Liverpool in 1811.
She began to write graceful verses for the periodicals at
»n early age, and published in 1839 "The Landgrave,"
a dramatic poem. In 1843 she was married to Thomas
K. Hervey, noticed below. Among her works are tales
In prose, entitled " Margaret Russell," (1849,) and "The
Pathway of the Fawn," (1851.)
Hervey, (FREDERICK,) fourth Earl of Bristol, born in
1730, was a brother of Augustus John, noticed above.
He became Bishop of Derry in 1768, and succeeded to
the earldom on the death of his brother, in 1779. He
was eccentric in habits, and was a liberal patron of the
fine arts. Died at Albano, Italy, in 1803.
Hervey, (JAMES,) an English divine and author, born
at Hardingstone, near Northampton, in 1714, was edu-
cated at Oxford University, and was a good classical
scholar. Having taken orders, he became curate of
Dummer in 1736, and of Bideford in 1738. From 1743
until 1750 he was curate of Weston Favell, of which his
father was rector, and at the death of the latter, in 1752,
the son obtained that living. He was noted for piety and
benevolence. His " Meditations and Contemplations,"
published in 1746, were extensively popular, notwith-
standing his faulty style, which is too flowery and subli-
mated to please the most correct taste. It is or was
generally found on the shelves of English cottages by
the side of the Bible and " Pilgrim's Progress."
Hervey also wrote " Theron and Aspasia, a Series of
' Dialogues and Letters," and a few minor works.
i Died in 1758.
Hervey, (Lord JOHN,) an English writer, born in
1696, was the eldest son of the first Earl of Bristol. He
obtained a seat in Parliament soon after the accession
of George I., and in 1730 became a privy councillor. In
1733 he was raised to the peerage, as Baron Hervey of
Ickworth, and in 1740 was appointed lord privy seal in
the cabinet of Walpole. He wrote able political pam-
phlets, verses, and an " Epistle from a Nobleman to a
Doctor of Divinity," the last of which was an answer to
Pope, who satirized him, in the character of Sporus, as
"the mere white curd of asses' milk." He also wrote
interesting "Memoirs of the Court of George II." Died
in 1743.
Hervey, (THOMAS KIBBLE,) an English poet and
editor, born in Manchester in 1804. He studied at Cam-
bridge and Oxford. In 1824 he published "Australia,
aiid other Poems," which was received with favour. His
"Poetical Sketch-Book" appeared in 1829. He after-
wards produced "Illustrations of Modern Sculpture,"
(1832,) a work of merit, and "The Book of Christmas,"
. (1836.) From 1846 to 1854 he was chief editor of the
"Athenaeum." Died in February, 1859.
Herwarth von Bittenfeld, heVwaRt fon bit'ten.
Sit', (KARL EBERHARD,) a Prussian general, born at
jrosswerther, September 4, 1796, commanded a corps
of the army which under the crown-prince contributed
to the victory of Sadowa, and later became field-marshal-
-jeneral. Died September 2, 1884.
His brothers, HANS (1800-81) and FRIEDRICH ADRIAN,
1802-84,) were prominent as general officers.
Herwart von Hohenburg, heVwaRt fon ho'en-
bcJoRG', (JoHANN GEORG,) a German scholar, born at
Augsburg in 1554 ; died in 1622.
See ERSCH und GRUBHR, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."
Herwegh, hjR'wJo, (GEORG,) a popular German lyric
poet, born at Stuttgart in 1817. He published at Zurich,
in 1841, a volume of republican or liberal poems, enti-
tled " Gedichte eines Lebendigen," (" Poems of a Living
Man,") which had great success. He became a citizen
of Bale, and about 1845 joined the radicals of Paris. In
the spring of 1848 he raised a legion and invaded Baden
with a design to revolutionize it ; but he failed, and took
refuge in Switzerland. Died April 7, 1875.
See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" F. LIPP, "G.
Herwegh's viertagige Irr- und Wanderfanrt mit der Pariser Deutsch-
demokratischen Legion," etc., 1850; " Foreign Quarterly Review"
for April, 1843.
Hery, de, d?h Aa're', (THIERRY,) a skilful French
surgeon, born in Paris about 1505. Having practised
with success in Paris, he was employed by F'rancis I. in
the army of Italy, and acquired a great reputation by
the cure of syphilis, on which he wrote an original and
able treatise, — the first ever written in French on that
subject. Died in 1599.
See E*LOI. " Dictionnaire de la Me"decine."
Herz, hSRts, (HEINRICH,) a celebrated pianist and
composer, born at Vienna in 1806. He met with bril-
liant success in London, Edinburgh, and Paris, and
afterwards resided several years in America. As a
performer he was very popular, and his pieces for the
piano were at one time general favourites. D. in 1888.
Herz, (HENRIETTA,) a German lady, distinguished for
her wit and beauty, born in Berlin in 1764. She married
Marcus Herz in 1 779. Her house in Berlin was frequented
by many eminent men. Died in 1847.
Herz, (MARCUS,) a German physician, born at Berlin
in 1747; died in 1803.
Herzberg or Hertzberg, von, fon heRts'bcRG,
(EwALD FRIEDRICH,) a celebrated Prussian statesman,
born near Neustettin in 1725. He filled several impoi-
tant posts under Frederick the Great, and, after nego-
tiating a treaty of peace with Russia and Sweden in 1762,
was appointed second minister of state. He was made
a count by Frederick's successor, and also curator of the
Academy at Berlin. Died in 1795. He was a zealous
patron of learning, particularly of German literature.
See POSSBLT, " Ewald Friedrich Graf von Heruberg," 1793 :
WRDDIGBN, " Fragrnente aus dem Leben dea Grafen von Hertzberg,"
1796; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale,"
Herzen. See HERTZEN.
Herzog, heVtsSG, (JoHANN JAKOB,) a German divine.
born at Basel, Switzerland, September 12, 1805. He
studied at Basel and Berlin, (1823-29,) was a professor
of theology at Lausanne, (1835-45,) and at Erlangcn,
(1854-77.) Among his works are "De Origine Valden-
sium," (1848,) "Die romanischen Waldenser," (1853,)
"Outline of General Church History," (3 vols., 1876-82.)
and a "Real-Encyklopadie fur protestantische Theologie,"
(22 vols., 1854-68 ; revised edition, 1877-84, unfinished.)
Died at Erlangen, September 30, 1882.
Heaeklel, ha-za'ke-Sl, (GEORG LUDWIG,) a German
novelist, poet, and editor, born at Halle, August 12,
1818, was educated at Halle, Jena, and Berlin, and be-
came editor of the "Neue preussische Zeitung." He
published several volumes of popular and patriotic songs,
a number of novels, and the well-known " Buch vom
Fursten Bismarck." Died at Berlin, February 26, 1874.
Heselrige. See HAZLERIG.
Hesham, (Hescham,) hJsh-im', or Hiaham, hish-
im', (or, more fully, Hesham-Ibn-Abd-el-Malek,
hesh-lm' Ib'n abd-el mSl'ek, i.e. " Hesham the son of
Abd-el-Malek,") the tenth caliph of the house of Omey-
yah, succeeded his cousin, Omar II., in 724 A.D. During
eas/t, y ass; gharj; gas i; G, H, H,guttural; N, nasal; v.,trilled; sast." thasin/Au. (B^'See Explanations, p. 23.)
HESHAM
1280
HESS
the reign of Heshdm, Abd-er-Rahman, one of his gen-
erals, invaded France, where he was defeated and slain
by Charles Martel, October 25, 732. Hesham died in
743, leaving the reputation of an eminently just and
virtuous sovereign.
See WBIL, "Gescbichte der Chalifen," vol. i. chap. xiv.
HeshSm (or Hisham) L, (or, more fully, Hesham
Abool (-Aboul or -Abtil) -Waleed, (-Walid,)
1'bool wa-leed',) second Emir or King of Cdrdova of the
Omeyyah dynasty, succeeded his father, Abd-er-Rahman,
in 788 A.D. He waged a successful war against the
Christians of Galicia, Astorga, etc., founded schools,
and promoted the arts. Died in 796.
Hesham (or Hisham) H, (El- (or A1-, al) Muyyed-
Billah, el moo'e-yed bil'lah,) sometimes corrupted into
ISSAM or ISSEM by the Spanish historians, was born in
965, and succeeded his father, Hakem II., on the throne
of C6rdova, in 976 A.D. In his minority the kingdom
enjoyed prosperity under the ministry of the famous Al-
Mansoor, who gained victories over the Kings of Leon
and Navarre. After the death of Al-Mansoor the reign
was disturbed by rebellions and anarchy, and the feeble
king became a prisoner of Soleimsln, and died, or was
killed, about 1012.
See AL-MAKKARI, " History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in
Spain."
Hesham (or Hisham) m, (El-Mo'tad-Bil'lah,
or Al-Mutadd- (al moo'tad) Billah,) became King
of C6rdova in 1026, and was the last of the Omeyyah
dynasty. Several nobles having refused allegiance to
him, he attempted, without success, to subdue them by
arms. In 1031 a sedition in the capital forced him to
abdicate. Died in 1036.
Heshxisius, hJs-hoo'ze-us, (TlLLEMANNUS,) a Ger-
man Lutheran divine, born at Wesel in 1526, was an
opponent of Calvinism. Died in 1588.
Hesiod, hee'she-od, [Gr. 'HoioiJof ; LaL HK'SIODUS;
Fr. HESIODE, i'ze'od'; Ger. HESIOD, ha'ze-ot; It. Esi-
ODO, a-see'o-do,] an eminent Greek poet, bom at Ascra,
in Bceotia, at the foot of Mount Helicon, lived probably
about 800 B.C. According to most modern critics, his
period was posterior to that of Homer, with whom some
writers have conjectured that he was contemporary.
From his own writings the fact is derived that he was a
competitor in a poetical contest at Chalcis on the occa-
sion of the funeral of Amphidamas, and that he gained
the prize. It appears that he was employed in pastoral
and rural pursuits, his knowledge of which is evinced
by his most famous poem, entitled "Epya nal 'H/itpai,
(" Works and Days.") This work contains reflections
and precepts on farming and rural economy, interspersed
with maxims of morality and mythical fables. Aristotle,
Plato, and Cicero eulogize this poem, and Virgil derived
from it the idea of his " Georgics," in which he has
surpassed his model. According to Pausanias, the Boeo-
tians regarded this as the only genuine work of Hesiod.
The other poems commonly ascribed to the Ascrjean
bard are entitled "Theogony" and "The Shield of
Hercules." The former purports to be an account of
the origin of the world and the birth of the gods, and is
the most ancient composition we have on the subject of
Greek mythology. It is characterized by a rude sim-
plicity which sometimes rises into sublimity, and by that
speculative tendency which was afterwards so largely
developed in the Hellenic philosophy. "The Shield
of Hercules" is a fragment or collection of fragments,
supposed to be written by different authors. Quintilian
says, apparently in reference to the " Works and Days,"
" He is distinguished by useful sentences of morality and
a sweetness of expression, and he deserves the palm in
the middle style of writing." According to Plutarch,
Hesiod was murdered at Locris, in revenge for a crime
of which he was erroneously suspected.
See PAUSANIAS, ix. and x. ; LUCIAN, "Dialogue on Hesiod;"
CRBUZBK und HERMANN, " Briefe iiber Homer und Hesiod," 1817 ;
HRYNB, " De Theogonia ab Hesiodo Condita," 1779; HERMANN,
" De Hesiodi Theogoniz Forma antiquis?ima," 1844 ; ERSCH und
GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie : GIOVANNI LAMI, " Saggio
delle delizie del dotti e degh eruditi, risguardante le Vite e gli Scntti
dei due primi grandi Uomini dell' Antichita, Esiodo ed Omero,"
i?75 • "Quarterly Review" for March, 1833.
He-sl'o-ne, [Gr. 'Haiovji,] a daughter of Laomedon,
King of Troy. The poets feigned that Hercules deliv-
ered her from a sea-monster aftej hei father had promised
to give him the horses he had received from Jupiter ;
but Laomedon failed to keep his word. She became
the wife of Telamon and mother of Teucer.
Hesiri, the old Egyptian name of OSIRIS.
Hesnault or Heuault /£a'n5', QEAN,) a French poet,
born in Paris, was educated by Gassendi. He appears
to have been an Epicurean or materialist In 1670 he
published a volume of sonnets, letters, etc. He trans-
lated a large part of Lucretius. Died in 1682.
See BAYLB, " Historical and Critical Dictionary."
Hesperiden. See HESPERIDES.
Hes-per1-de§, [Gr. 'EairepWef ; Fr. HBsriRlDES, Ss'.
pa'red'; Ger. HESPERIDEN, hSs-pa-ree'den,] the "chil-
dren of Hesperus," (or "of the evening,") the name of
three or four celebrated nymphs of classic mythology,
who guarded the golden apples growing in an enchanted
garden in the western part of the world. According to
some authors, they were the daughters of Atlas, and
hence were called ATLAN'TIDES. A large dragon as-
sisted them to guard the golden apples which were the
subject of one of the twelve labours of Hercules.
Hes-pe'rl-us, a Roman civil officer, was a son of the
poet Ausonius. He was proconsul of Africa about 376
A.D., and afterwards praetorian prefect of Rome.
Hes'pe-rus, IGr. 'Eorrrpof ; Fr. HESPER, es'paiR', or
HESP£ ROS, eVpi ros',] a personage of classic mythology,
said to be a son or brother of Atlas. According to one
tradition, he ascended Mount Atlas to observe the stars,
and disappeared. He received divine honours, and was
identified with the evening star. One account says he came
to Italy, which received from him the name of Hesperia.
H6ss, (JOHANN JAKOB,) one of the most eminent of
the Swiss Protestant theologians, was born in Zurich in
1741. He wrote, in German, "The Three Last Years of
the Life of Jesus," (6 vols., 1768-73 ; 8th edition, 1828,)
"On the Kingdom of God," (1774,) a "History of the
Israelites before Jesus," (12 vols., 1776-88,) and other
works. He became first minister of Zurich in 1795.
Died in 1828.
See GBORG GESSNER, " J. J. Hess, voorgesteld in eenege Om-
trekken van rijn Leven en Werkzamheid," 1830 ; ERSCH and GRUBER,
"AUgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" H. ESCHBR, "J. J. Hess, Skizx*
Mines Lebens," etc., 1837.
Hess, (KARL ADOLF HEINRICH,) a German artist,
born at Dresden in 1769, acquired a high reputation
as a painter of horses. Among his master-pieces we
may cite " The March of the Cossacks through Bohemia
in 1799." Died in 1849.
Hess, (KARL ERNST CHRISTOPH,) a German en-
graver, born at Darmstadt in 1755. He was appointed
in 1782 professor in the Academy of Arts at Dusseldorfi
where he was afterwards employed to engrave the pic-
tures of the gallery. Among his best works are " The
Ascension of Mary," after Guido, and a " Holy Family,"
after Raphael. About 1806 he settled at Munich, where
he died in 1828.
See FmtssLi. "Schweizer Kiinstler."
Hess, (LUDWIG,) an excellent Swiss landscape-painter,
born at Zurich in 1760. He painted many pictures of
Alpine scenery. " His works," says the " Biographic
Universelle," " surpass all that we know in their kind
for correctness of design, for the taste displayed in the
composition, for truth of colouring, and for the trans-
parency of the water." He engraved some of his own
designs. Died in 1800.
Hess, (PETER,) a brother of the painter Heinrich von
Hess, noticed below, was born at Dusseldorf in 1792.
In 1839 he was invited to Russia, where he painted eight
large pictures representing the battles of 1812. He is
regarded as one of the first battle-painters of recent
times. Died April 4, 1871.
See NAGLBR, " Neues Allgemeines Kiinstler-Leiikon."
Hess, von, fon hess, (HEINRICH,) BARON, an Austrian
general, born in Vienna in 1788. He fought at Wagram,
(1809,) and became colonel in 1829. In 1842 he was
made a lieutenant field-marshal. As quartermaster-
general, he rendered important services in Italy in 1848.
The chief merit of this campaign is ascribed to him. He
was appointed chief of the staff of the Austrian army,
i, e, I, 5, 0, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, fl, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; 1118 1; i)6t; eood: moon;
HESS
1281
HEURTELOUP
(Chef dts Gtneralstabs,) and master of the ordnance,
I Feldzeugmeistfr ,) in 1849. He succeeded Gyulai soon
after the battle of Magenta, formed the plan of the battle
of Solferino, July, 1859, and, after the emperor left the
army, was the commander-in-chief. Died April 13, 1870.
Hess, von, (HEINRICH,) a distinguished historical
painter, a son of the engraver Karl Ernst Hess, noticed
above, was born at Dusseldorf in 1798. He became pro-
fessor in the Academy of Munich in 1826. The frescos
in the Basilica of St. Boniface and in the church of Ali
Saints in Munich are among his best. Died in 1863.
Hesse, hgs'seh, (ADOLPH FRIEDRICH,) a German
organist and composer, born at Breslau, August 30, 1809;
died August 5, 1863. His " Practical Organist," contain-
ing twenty-nine pieces, was published posthumously.
Hesse, /5Sss, (JEAN BAPTISTE ALEXANDRA) a French
painter, a nephew of the following, was born in Paris m
1806. Among his best works is "The Funeral Honours
rendered to Titian," (1833.) Died August 7, 1879.
Hesse, (NICOLAS AUGUSTE,) a French painter of his-
tory, born in Paris in 1795, won a medal of the first class
in 1838. Died June 14, 1869.
Hesse, (PHILIPP,) LANDGRAVE OF. See PHILIP.
Hesse, (WILHELM IV.,) LANDGRAVE OF, surnamed
THE WISE, a son of Philip, (1504-67,) was born at Cassel
about 1545. He reigned in peace, and was distinguished
as a patron of sciences, especially astronomy, which he
cultivated himself with diligence. He founded an obser-
vatory at Cassel in 1561, and made observations for many
years. The results of these labours were published by
W. Snellius, (1628.) Died in 1597.
Hesselink, heVseh-link, sometimes written Hesse-
ling, (GERARD,) a Dutch writer and Anabaptist preacher,
born at Groningen in 1755. He published a "Herme-
iv. utical Dictionary of the New Testament," and several
other works. Died in 1811.
See KOOPMANS, " Hulde aan G. Hesselink," 1812.
Hes-seTI-us, [Sw. pron. hes-sn'le-us,] (ANDERS,) a
poet of Swedish extraction, born in North America,
became a teacher of English at Upsal. He wrote
"Eric IX.," (1739,) "The Twelve Charleses," (of Swe-
den,) ("De Tolf Caroler," 1748,) and other works. He
was living in 1755.
Hesselius, hes-sa'le-us, (FRANS,) a Dutch philologist,
born at Rotterdam in 1680 ; died in 1746.
Hesselius, (JoHAN,) a Swedish savant, born at Fah-
lun in 1687; died in 1752.
Hessels, hes'sels, or Hesselius, (JEAN,) born at
Louvain in 1522, was noted as a theologian. He was a
member of the Council of Trent, and author of many
theological works, among which are a "Catechism," and
"Commentaries on Scripture." Died in 1566.
Hessius. See EOBAN.
He'sus, a deity of the ancient Gauls, corresponding
to the Mars of the Romans. See MARS.
He-sjrehl-us, (Gr. 'Hov^wf,] the author of a valuable
Greek Lexicon, (first printed by Aldus in 1514,) which
explains technical terms, unusual words found in the
works of poets, orators, and physicians, terms used in
sacrifices, divinations, and such as depart from ordinary
usage. It is supposed that the existing text is an abridg-
ment or imperfect copy of the original. The time in
which Hesychius lived is not known ; but it was proba-
bly since the Christian era, as numerous scriptural
glosses or phrases are found in his work.
Hesychius OF MILETUS, [Lat. HESYCH'IUS MILE'-
sius,] sumamed THE ILLUSTRIOUS, lived in the sixth
century. He wrote (in Greek) a universal history from
Belus to his own times, (about 520 A.D.,) of which some
fragments only are now extant. He left also an abridg-
ment of the " Lives of the Philosophers," derived chiefly
from Diogenes Laertius. This was published by J. C.
Orelli, Leipsic, 1820.
HSth, (HENRY,) an American soldier, was born in
Virginia in 1825, and graduated from West Point in
1847. He was a captain in the army at the outbreak
of the civil war, when he resigned and joined the
Confederate forces. He became a major-general in
1863. In his later years he wrote a history of the
campaigns in which he took part. Died in 1899.
Hetherington, heth'e-ring-tgn, (WILLIAM MAX-
WELL,) D. IX, a Scottish divine, born at Troqueer, neat
Dumfries, June 4, 1803. He was educated at Edinburgh
University, was ordained in 1836, and became professor
of apologetics in the Free Church College, Glasgow, in
1857. His principal works are a " History of the Church
of Scotland," and a " History of the Westminster Assem-
bly." Died May 23, 1865.
Hetsch., hitsh, (GusTAV FRIEDRICH,) a German
architect, born at Stuttgart in 1788, lived chiefly in Co-
penhagen, where he died September 7, 1864.
Hetsch, von, fon hStsh, (PHILIPP FRIEDRICH,) a
painter, father of the preceding, was born at Stuttgart
in 1758. Among his works are "Paris and Helen," and
"Marius among the Ruins of Carthage." Died in 1838.
Hettner, heVner, (HERMANN JULIUS THEODOR,) a
German archaeologist, born in Silesia in 1821, wrote
"The Plastic Arts among the Ancients," (1848,) and an
able " History of Literature in the Eighteenth Century,"
(6 vols., 1856-70.) Died in Dresden, May 29, 1882.
Hetzel or Hezel, hSt'sel, (JOHANN WILHELM,) a
German Orientalist, born at Kbnigsberg, in Franconia,
in 1754, published grammars of the Hebrew, Arabic, and
Syriac languages, and " The Old and New Testament,
with Notes," (10 vols., 1780-91.) Died in 1829.
See ERSCH und GRUBER, "Allgeraeine Encyklopaedie."
Hetzel, /iSt'sel', (PIERRE JULES,) a French littfratrur,
whose pseudonym is P. J. STAHL, born at Chartres in
1814. He published " Scenes from Animal Life," "The
Devil in Paris," " History of a Man with a Cold," " Beasts
and People," and other attractive works. George Sand
compared him to Sterne. He was even more successful
33 a book-publisher than as an author. Died at Monte
Carlo, March 16, 1886.
Heuglin, von, fon hoic'leen, (THEODOR,) a Germar.
traveller, born at Hirschlanden, Wiirtemberg, March 20,
1824. He travelled in the northeast of Africa, 1851-65,
in Nova Zembla and Spitsbergen, 1870-71, and again in
the northeast of Africa in 1875 and 1876. Died at Stutt-
gart, November 5, 1876. He published several volumes
of travels, and works on the zoology and ornithology
of the countries he visited, — the latter of very high value.
Heumann, hoi'min, (CHRISTOPH AUGUST,) a Ger-
man writer on various subjects, born in Saxe-Weimar in
1681. He became professor of theology at Gottingen
in 1734. Among his works are "Acts of the Philoso-
phers," (" Acta Philosophorum," 3 vols., 1715-27,) and
an "Exposition of the New Testament," (1750-63.)
Died in 1764.
See HBYNK, " Memoria. Heumanni," 1764; CASSIUS, _
beschreibung Heumanns," 1768: ERSCH und GRDBER, "AUgememe
Encyklopaedie."
Heumann von Teutschenbrunn, hoi'mSn fon
toitsh'en-bR<5on', (JoHANN,) a German jurist and writer,
born in Bavaria in 1711 ; died in 1760.
Heun, hoin, (KARL GOTTLOB SAMUEL,) a German
novelist, born in Lusatia in 1771. He wrote under the
pseudonym of H. CLAUREN. Died in 1854.
Heureauz, (ULYSSES,) President of San Domingo,
| was born in Porto Plata, on that island, in 1846. He
! engaged in the war against Spain, was elected presi-
' dent in 1882, and was three times re-elected. Two
! unsuccessful attempts were made to assassinate him,
but a third attempt, on July 26, 1899, was success-
ful.
Heures. See HORJE.
Heurn.van. See HEURNIUS.
Heurnius, hUR'ne-us, [in Dutch, VAN HEURN, vjn
huRn,] (JAN,) an eminent physician, born at Utrecht in
1543, was appointed in 1581 professor of medicine at
Leyden, and physician to Maurice of Nassau. He wrote
a good commentary on Hippocrates, (1609,) and othei
medical works. Died in 1601.
See ERSCH uod GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie,"
Heurteloup, /iURt'loo', (CHARLES Louis,) a French
surgeon, born in Paris in 1793, made improvements
; in lithotrity, which were generally adopted, and wrote
I several treatises on that subject Died in 1864.
Heurteloup, (NICOLAS,) an eminent French surgeon,
| father of the preceding, born at Tours in 1750. About
« as k; 5 as s; | hard; g as/; G, H, is., guttural; N, nasal; R, tftilet; § as t; th as in this.
Si
Explanations, p. 23.)
HE US
1282
HEY
1800 he was appointed nrst surgeon of the French armies,
and received the title of baron. Died in 1812.
Heus, hus or hos, or Heusch, van, vin hush, (WiL-
LEM,) a Dutch landscape-painter, born at Utrecht about
1630, was a pupil of John Both. His pictures of scenery
on the Rhine are commended. Died at Utrecht about
1700. His nephew and pupil, JACOB, born at Utrecht
in 1657, was a good landscape-painter. " His land-
scapes," says the " Nouvelle Biographic G^neVale," " are
full of nature, his touch easy, and his colour true." Died
in 1701.
See DHSCAMPS, " Viesdes Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc
Heusch, van, vin husK or hbsK, (ABRAHAM,) a Dutch
painter of plants, insects, etc., was born at Utrecht in
1650; died in 1712.
HeuBChling, husK'ling or hush'laN', (firiENNE,) a
Belgian philologist, born at Luxemburg in 1762, was
professor of Hebrew at Louvain. Died in 1847.
Heuschling, (PHILIPPE FRANCOIS XAVIER,) a Bel-
gian economist, a nephew of the preceding, born at
Luxemburg in 1802, published an "Essay on Universal
Ethnographic Statistics," (1847-49.) Died in 1883.
Heusde, hus'deh, [Lat. HEUS'WUS,] (PHILIPPUS
WILLEM,) an eminent Dutch writer, born at Rotterdam
in 1778, became professor of eloquence and history at
Utrecht, where he lectured with great success. He
published several works on philosophy, history, and
education, among which is "The Socratic School," ("De
Socratische School," 4 vols., 1834-39.) Died in 1839.
See KIST, " Memoria Heusdii," 1839; SrdcKpKLD, "Aodenken
an den grossen Professor P. W. van Heusde," 1840 ; ROVERS, " Me-
moria Heusdii," 1841; KOULKZ, "Notice biographique sur P. G.
van Heusde," 1841.
Heusdius. See HEUSDE.
Heuainger, hoi'zing'er. (JAKOB FRIEDRICH,) a Ger-
man philologist and scholar, born at Useborn in 1719,
was rector of the College of Wolfenbiittel. His edition
of Cicero's " De Officiis" (1783) is called a master-piece
in respect to criticism. Died in 1778.
Heuainger, (JoHANN MICHAEL,) an uncle of the pre-
ceding, was born near Gotha in 1690, and was an able
philologist He taught at Gotha and Eisenach, and
published editions of Julian's " Emperors" and jEsop's
"Fables," (1741.) Died in 1751.
See ERSCH und GBUBSR, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" F. A.
TOEPFBR, "Vita J. M. Heusingeri," 1751.
Heusinger, (KARL FRIEDRICH,) a physician, born
near Eisenach in 1792, published, besides other works,
" Outlines of an Encyclopaedia and Methodology of Natu-
ral and Medical Sciences," (1844-53.) Died in 1883.
Heusser, hois'ser, (META,) a distinguished Swiss
writer of songs and religious lyrics, was born at Hirzel,
April 6, 1797. Her maiden name was SCHWEIZER. She
is well known to English readers by her " Alpine Lyrics,"
(1875, translated from the German by Jane Borthwick.)
Her songs are the fruit of a rare genius, and of deep and
earnest devotion.
Heuzet, /iuh'zj', QEAN,) a French classical scholar,
born at Saint-Quentin about 1660 ; died in 1728.
HeveL See HEVELIUS.
He-veTI-UB, [Ger. pron. hi-vale-us,] (Joannes 01
John Hevel — ha'vel, written also Hovel and He-
welcke,) an eminent astronomer, born at Dantzic in
1611, was a pupil of Kruger. His parents were noble
and wealthy. After studying at Leyden and making the
tour of Europe, he devoted his uninterrupted attention
to astronomy for nearly fifty years. In 1641 he built an
observatory at his own residence, which he furnished with
telescopes and other instruments made by his own hands.
In 1647 he published " Selenographia," a description of
the moon, with plates, followed by letters on the " Libra-
tion of the Moon," and on Eclipses, (1654.) His treatise
on the phases of Saturn appeared in 1656, and his " Ob-
servations on the Transit of Mercury" in 1661. He wrote,
also, " Cometographia," a general description of comets,
(1668.) Hevelius was chosen a Fellow of the Royal
Society of London in 1664. He was repeatedly elected
consul and judge by his fellow-citizens, by whom he was
highly esteemed. In 1673 he published the first part
of his "Machina Coelestis," a description of his obser-
vatory, instruments, and modus opcrandi, the second
a, e, i, o, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, li, y, short; a, e, \, q, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; n&t; good; moon
part of which appeared in 1679. In the latter year a
fire consumed his observatory, library, and nearly all
the copies of the book just named. After his death his
widow published " Harbinger of Astronomy," (" Pro-
dromus Astronomis,") and " Firmamentum Sobieska-
num," dedicated to John Sobieski, King of Poland.
In skill, accuracy, and diligence in observation, he wag
an astronomer of a very high, if not of the first, order ;
but his prejudice against the use of fine instruments in
observing rendered many of his tables worthless. Died
January 28, 1687.
Hevin, (PRUDENT,) a French surgeon, born in Paris
in 1715. Having distinguished himself as royal professor
of therapeutics, he was employed by Louis XV. to attend
the dauphiness. Some years later he became first sur-
geon to the dauphin. In 1780 he published a "Course
of Pathology and Therapeutics." Died in 1789.
Hewelcke. See HEVELIUS.
Hewes, huz, (JOSEPH,) an American patriot, born in
New Jersey in 1730, settled at Edenton, North Carolina,
about 1760. In 1774 he represented a district of North
Carolina in Congress, and signed the Declaration of
Independence in 1776. Having been re-elected to Con-
gress, he died at his post, in Philadelphia, in 1779.
Hew'ett, (WATERMAN THOMAS,) an American phi-
lologist, born at Miami, Missouri, January 10, 1846. He
graduated at Amherst College in 1869, and studied at
Athens, (Greece,) Heidelberg, Leipsic, Jena, Leyden, elc.
In 1870 he was made an assistant professor in Cornell
University, and in 1883 he was appointed full professor
of Germanic languages. His writings include "The
Frisian Language and Literature" and " Homes of the
German Poets "
Hew'it, (AUGUSTINE FRANCIS,) D.D., an American
clergyman, born at Fairfield, Connecticut, November 27,
1820. His name was originally NATHANIEL AUGUSTUS
HEWIT. He graduated at Amherst College in 1839,
and studied Congregational theology at East Windsor
Seminary. He became an Episcopalian clergyman, but
in 1847 was ordained a Roman Catholic priest. He
joined the order of Paulist Fathers, and became a pro-
fessor in their seminary in New York. He published
Reasons for Submitting to the Holy See," " Problems
of the Age," "The King's Highway," "Light in Dark-
ness," " Life of F. D. Baker," etc. Died July 3, 1897.
Hew'itt, (MARY ELIZABETH,) originally Miss MOORE,
an American poetess, born in Maiden, Massachusetts.
In 1829 she removed to New York. Her principal works
are "Songs of Our Land, and other Poems," (1845.) and
'he " Heroines of History," (in prose, 1856.) She after-
wards married a Mr. Stebbins.
Hew'lett, (JOSEPH T.,) an English novelist, born
about 1800. He was educated at Oxford, and became a
clergyman. Among his writings are " Peter Priggins,"
"JEsop Illustrated," "The Parish Clerk," (1841.) "'
lege Life," (1842,) "Parsons and Widows," (1844,)
Died January 24, 1847.
Hew'lett, (MAURICE HENRY,) an English author,
born January 22, 1861. Among his works are "The
Masque of Dead Florentines," (1895,) "Songs and
Meditations," (1897,) and "The Forest Lovers,"
(1898,) a work of much merit, which was awarded an
Academy prize in 1899.
Hew'spn, (WILLIAM,) an English surgeon, born at
Hexham in 1739. In 1759 he attended the lectures of
John and William Hunter in London, with whom he was
afterwards associated as a lecturer on anatomy. In 1771
he was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society, which
awarded him the Copley medal for his researches in the
lymphatic system of birds and fishes. In 1772 he pub-
lished " Experimental Inquiries into the Properties of
the Blood." He was an eminent anatomist, and made
valuable discoveries in the nature of blood. Died in 1774.
Hexham, (RICHARD OF.) See RICHARD OF HEXHAM.
Hey, ha, (JOHN,) a learned divine of the Anglican
Church, born in England in 1734. From 1780 to 1795
he was first Norrisian professor of divinity at Cambridge.
He wrote an " Essay on Redemption," (a prize poem,)
"Lectures on Divinity," and other esteemed works.
Died in 1815.
Col-
etc.
HEY
1283
HEY WOOD
Hey, (WILLIAM,) F.R.S.,an English surgeon of Leeds,
born in 1736; died in 1819.
See his Life, by JOHN PEARSON.
Heyden, van der, v3n der hi'den, or Heyde, hi'deh,
an eminent Dutch painter, born at Gorcum about 1637.
He exercised his talents with great success on architec-
tural subjects and landscapes. He excelled in chiaro-
scuro. His pictures of cities, temples, palaces, and ruins
are admired for their general effect, mellow tints, and
exquisite finish. The figures in some of his works are
painted by A. van der Velde. Died at Amsterdam in 1712.
See J. C. WHYERMAN, "De Schilderkonst der Nederlanders ;"
DESCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Flamands, Hotlandais," etc.
Heyden, von, fon hi'den, COUNT, born in 1772, en-
tered the Russian service, and became a rear-admiral in
1817. He commanded the Russian fleet at the battle of
Navarino, in 1827. Died in 1850.
Heyden, von, fon hi'den, (FRIEDRICH AUGUST,) a
German poet, born near Heilsberg, in East Prussia, in
1789. He was one of the governors of the prince-royal
of Rrussia, and in 1826 became royal councillor at Breslau.
Among his chief works are " Conradin," and other suc-
cessful dramas; "Reginald," a poem, (1831,) which is
admired ; and " The Shepherd of Ispahan," (" Der
Schafer von Ispahan," 1850,) an excellent romantic
poem. Died in 1851.
See T. MUNDT, " Das Leben Heydens," 1852.
Heydenreich, hi'den-rlK', (KARL HEINRICH,) an in-
genious philosophic writer, born at Stolpen, in Saxony,
in 1764, was a disciple of Kant. He became professor
of philosophy at Leipsic in 1789. He wrote verses on
" Solitude," and other short poems, of some merit, which
were published in 2 vols., 1792. Among his prose works
are "Letters on Atheism," (1796,) "Psychological De-
velopment of Superstition," (1797,) and "Philosophy
considered with Respect to the Sufferings of Humanity,
(2 vols., 1798.) Died in 1801.
See SCHELLB, " Characteristik C. H. Heydenreich *s," 1802,
WOHLFAHRT, " Die letzten Lebensjahre C. H. Heidenreich's," 1802 ;
EICHHORN, " Geschichte der Literatur," voL iv.
Heydt, von der, fon d§R hit, (AUGUST,) a Prussian
statesman, born in Elberfeld in 1801. He was appointed
minister of commerce, industry, and public works in
December, 1848. Died at Berlin, June 13, 1874.
Heyking.von, fon hT'king,(HEiNRicH KARL,) BARON,
born in Koorland (Courland) in 1751, was appointed
a senator by Paul I. of Russia. Died in 1809.
Heylin, ha'lTn, ? (PETER,) an English writer, born al
Burford in 1600. In 1621 he wrote his "Microcosmos."
In 1629 he became chaplain to Charles I., and obtained
several benefices, from which in the civil war he was
ejected as a partisan of Laud and the High Church.
He wrote a " Life of Bishop Laud," a " Defence of the
Church of England," (1658,) besides theological and
other works more than fifty in number. He was an honest
man, but full of theological rancour. Died in 1662.
See GEORGE VERNON, "Life of P. Heylin," 1681 ; Da. BARNAUL
"Life of P. Heylin," 1682.
Heym. See HEIM.
Heyn, (PIETER.) See HEIN.
Heyne, hi'neh, [Lat HEY'NIUS,] (CHRISTIAN GOTT-
LOB,) an illustrious German scholar and critic, was born
at Chemnitz, in Saxony, in 1729. Owing to the poverty
of his family, he enjoyed few advantages of education ;
but, having by nature an irrepressible desire for know-
ledge, he improved to the utmost the opportunities which
he possessed, so that in 1763 he succeeded Gesner as
professor of eloquence at Gbttingen. He was soon
after made chief librarian of the university. His lectures,
illustrating the history and mythology of the ancients in
the most attractive manner, gained him a high reputa-
tion, which was increased by his numerous and excellent
writings. Among the most important of these are editions
of Tibullus, (1755,) Virgil, Epictetus, (1756,) Pindar, etc.,
with commentaries, and "Opuscula Academica," (6 vols.,
1785-1812.) Died at Gottingen in July, 1812.
" Nothing," says Sir William Hamilton, " has contrib-
uted so decisively to maintain and promote the study
of classical literature, as the combination which Heyne
has effected of philosophy with erudition, both in his
commentaries on the ancient authors and in those works
in which he has illustrated various points of antiquity."
("Encyclopaedia Britannica.")
See HEKREN, "C. G. Heyne, biographisch dargestellt," 1812;
I) AC IKK, "filoge de Heyne;" VAN ASSEN, " Hulde aan C. G.
Heyne," Amsterdam, 1816; BECKER, " Programma ad Memoriua
C. G. Heynii," 1812; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge"nerale ;" "Edin-
burgh Review" for July, 1803.
Heyne, (CHRISTIAN LEBRECHT,) a German littira-
tear, whose pseudonym was ANTON WALL, was bora
near Meissen in 1751 ; died in 1821.
Heynius. See HEYNE, (CHRISTIAN GOTTLOB.)
Heyrick, ha'rlk, (ELIZABETH,) an English philan
chropist, born about 1770, was originally named COLT-
MAN. She became a member of the Society of Friends,
and was eminent for her active benevolence. She
published in 1824 a treatise entitled "Immediate, not
Gradual, Emancipation," which principle she was the
first to advocate. Died in 1831.
Heyae, hi'zeh, (JoHANN CHRISTIAN AUGUST,) a Ger-
man grammarian and writer, born at Nordhausen in
1764 ; died in 1829.
Heyse, (JoHANN LUDWIG PAUL,) an eminent German
poet, novelist, and dramatist, born at Berlin, March 15,
1830, a son of K. W. L. Heyse. He was educated at
Berlin and Bonn and in Italy. Among his many plays
are " Francesca von Rimini," (1850,) " Urika," (1852,)
"Meleager," (1854,) "The Sabine Women," (1859,) etc.
Among his best poems are "The Brothers," (1852,)
"Thekla," (1858,) and "Novellen in Versen," (1863.)
He published a " Buch der Freundschaft," (" Book of
Friendship," in prose, 1883-84,) which includes some of
his finest sketches. Of his tales " Die Kinder der Welt"
("The Children of the World," 1873) is one of the best.
He has also written on aesthetics, and on Spanish, French,
Provencal, Italian, and Romance literature.
Heyae, (KARL WILHELM LUDWIG,) an able German
philologist, born at Oldenburg in 1797, was a son of J.
C. A. Heyse. He was chosen professor at Berlin in 1829.
He published, besides other works, an excellent "Dic-
tionary of the German Language," (3 vols., 1833-49.)
Died in 1855.
Heyward, ha'ward, (THOMAS,) born at Saint Luke's,
South Carolina, in 1746, studied in London, returned
home and became a lawyer. In 1775 he was elected
a member of Congress, and next year signed the Declara-
tion of Independence. In 1 778 he was appointed a judge.
He was taken prisoner at Charleston by the British in
1780. He retired from the bench in 1798. Died in 1809.
See GOODRICH, " Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Inde-
pendence."
Heywood, ha'wood, (ELIZA,) an English novelist,
born in London about 1695. I^er maiden name was
FOWLER. She resorted to authorship to gain a sub-
sistence for herself and her children, and wrote several
novels, which procured her a place in Pope's "Dun-
ciad." She offended less against decorum in her subse-
quent works, viz., "The Female Spectator," " Husband
and Wife," etc. Died in 1756.
Heywood, (JASPER,) an English poet and Jesuit,
bom in London in 1535, wrote "The Paradise of Dainty
Devices," (1573.) Died in 1598.
Heywood, (JoHN,) one of the earliest English drama-
tists, lived in the reign of Henry VIII., at whose court
he was received with favour as a jester. He was intimate
with Sir Thomas More. He wrote numerous epigram*
and indifferent plays or interludes. Died about 1565.
See CAMPBELL, " Specimens of the British Poets."
Heywood, (OLIVER,) an English nonconformist di-
vine, born in Lancashire in 1629. His works, in 5 vols.,
were published in 1827. Died in 1702.
See his Life, by FAWCKTT, 1708, and by JOSEPH HUNTER, 1841.
Heywood, (THOMAS,) an English actor and dramatic
author, who lived in the reigns of Elizabeth, James I.,
and Charles I. He produced numerous dramas, in verse
and prose, which were once popular and are still ad-
mired. " Heywood," says Charles Lamb, " is a sort of
prose Shakspeare. His scenes are to the full as natural
and affecting." Among his best dramas are " The Eng-
lish Traveller," " A Woman Killed with Kindness," and
" A Challenge for Beauty." The second of these is com-
mended by Hallam. He also wrote a " General History
cas/S; 9 as*; ghard; gas/'; G, K,TH, guttural; a, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasin//iu. iJ^="See Explanations, p. 33.)
HEZEKIAH
1284
HIEL
of Women," etc.
not known.
The dates of his birth and death are
See his Life, by J. P. COLLIER, 1850; "Retrospective Review,"
irol. xi., 1825.
Hez-e-ki'ah, [Heb. irrpm or rrpm ; Fr. EZECHIAS,
i'za'ke'as',] King of Judah, a son of Ahaz, was born about
rerely censured and denounced by many of those who
were anxious to maintain unchanged the doctrines of the
early Quakers. The result was a schism in the Society
The elders of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting had taken
a leading part in the opposition to Elias Hicks ; and it
was in that Yearly Meeting (in April, 1827) that the first
750 B.C., and began to reign in 726. He took prompt I separation took place, which was followed, in 1828, by
Hib'bard.
div
Rochelle, New York, in 1811.
works on theology.
Hi9'e-tas [Gr. 'Ixeraf or
had burnt incense." He rebelled against the King of Philadelphia and Ohio Yearly Meetings the two sections
Assyria, to whom his father had paid tribute. In the ! were nearly equal ; but those called " Hicksites" were
fourteenth year of his reign, Sennacherib, King of As- greatly in the majority in the Yearly Meetings of New
syria, invaded Judah and besieged the capital. In this York and Baltimore, while in Indiana the "Orthodox"
crisis the divine favour was invoked by the king and were numerically much superior to the other party.
Isaiah, the latter of whom prophesied the safety of Zion It is proper to observe that among those who most
and the defeat of her proud invader. (Isaiah, chap, admired the bold and stirring eloquence of Hicks there
xxxvii.) The angel of the Lord smote the Assyrians, so were probably but few, comparatively speaking, who
that 185,000 died in one night. Hezekiah died after a fully endorsed his extreme views ; yet, regarding him as
reign of twenty-nine years. -he representative of liberal and progressive ideas, they
HezeL See IIFT7FI warmly espoused his cause. On the other hand, many
Hiaerne See HI^RNE. made common cause with what they considered the
persecuted party, and contributed greatly to swell the
number of his adherents. It may be proper to add that
the anti-orthodox division of the Society do not acknow-
ledge the name of " Hicksites." They claim, on the
contrary, to be the followers of no man ; and although
they accept the doctrine of the inward light, and many
other of the views of the early Friends, it is not be-
cause of the authority of Fox, Penn, or Barclay, but
simply because those views commend themselves to
that divinely given or intuitive perception of right
which, as they maintain, has been bestowed in a
measure upon every human being. Elias Hicks died
February 27, 1830, having maintained through life an
exemplary moral character.
Hicks, (FRANCIS,) a Greek scholar, born in
Worcestershire, England, in 1566. Died in 1630.
His translation of Lucian was published in 1634.
Hicks, (HENRY,) a British geologist, born at
Carmarthen in 1837. He studied medicine, and be-
He published several
OF SYRACUSE, an
ancient Pythagorean philosopher, is noticed by Diogenes
Laertius and Cicero. The latter informs us that he taught
that the earth revolves on its axis, and that the heavenly
bodies were stationary.
Hickes, hiks, (GEORGE,) D.D., an eminent English
divine and philologist, born at Newsham in 1642. He
took orders in 1666, and became Dean of Worcester in
1683. For refusing to take the oath to William III. he
was deprived of his deanery in 1689, and in 1694 was
consecrated Bishop of Thetford by the nonjuring San-
croft. He was a profound scholar, and author of many
polemical and other works, among which the following
are now most prized, viz., "Treasure of Ancient North-
ern languages," and " Institutes of Anglo-Saxon and
Mocso-Gothic Grammar," (1689.) Died in 1715. I came active in geological research. He made extensive
' LIAM') a" l™ .<?e.rg??oa-n a,".d explorations of Silurian and Cambrian strata, and
rural economist, born in the county of Cork in 1787. He
published, under the assumed name of MARTIN DOYLE,
a valuable work called " Hints to Small Fanners," and
other works on farming. Died in 1875.
Hick'man, (HENRY,) an English nonconformist di-
of glacial bone caves, and announced important dis-
coveries. Among these was a rich fauna in the Monte
Slates, which were supposed to be unfossiliferous.
Died in 1899.
*-»-*v-ik. JJ-»au, l l ic-.i l\ I . l dii i^uuiiall IIUI1UU1L1UI III M UI- , , - ' _ _ x T» • • L_
vine, born in Worcestershire ; died at Leyden in 1692. . Hlcks' O°HN BRAXTON,) a British anatomist,
Hick'ok, (LAURENS PERSEUS,) D.D.; an American born at Rye' Sussex' m :823- He made numerous
divine and metaphysician, born in Danbury, Connecticut, important anatomical researches, and published valu-
in 1798. He graduated in 1820 at Union College, in able papers on his discoveries in the anatomy and
which he accepted (1852) the professorship of mental physiology of animals and plants,
and moral science. His principal works are " Rational Hicks, (THOMAS,) an American painter, born at
Psychology," (1848,) "Empirical Psychology," (1854,) Newtown, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in 1823. He
and "Rational Cosmology," (1858.) Died in 1888. [went to Europe in 1845, and passed several years at
public as a minister of the gospel in 1775. He was ' Hicks or Hickes, (WILLIAM,) was an English
early convinced of the iniquity of slavery, and felt it to c;lptain ;n the time of Charles I., and author of the
be his duty to abstain, as far as practicable, from all partici- first Test-Book in the English language, published at
pation in the products of slave labour, — a duty which he Oxford (1660 )
appears to have scrupulously observed throughout the 'Hicks-Beach, (Sir MICHAEL EDWARD,) a British
statesman, was born at London in 1837, and educated
at Eton and Oxford. He succeeded his father as
member; but early in the present century he began to c ,
promulgate religious views widely different from those | baronet m :854- and, entrere,d Parliament in '864-
held by a large majority of the Quakers. He advocated was chief-secretary for Ireland 1874-78 and 1886-8
the most radical Unitarian doctrines, and asserted that i colonlal secretary 1878-80, and became chancellor oi
Christ came as a Saviour to the Israelites only, his spe- • 'he exchequer 1885-86, and again in 1895.
rial mission being limited to that nation. He even went i Hidalgo, ( JOSE GARCIA.) See GARZIA.
so far as to express the opinion that the Scriptures had ' Hiel, heel, (EMANUEL,) a Belgian lyric poet, born at
been "the cause of fourfold more harm than good to Dendermonde, May 30, 1834. He ranks among the first
Christendom since the apostles' days." In consequence in the new school of Flemish authors. Several of his
of the expression of these and similar views, he was se- 1 nublished works are translations rrom the German.
a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; moon;
HIEMPSAL
1285
HIGGINSON
Hi-emp'sal, a Numidian prince, a son of Micipsa,
was murdered by Jugurtha, according to Sallust.
Hien-Pung, he-Jn' fung, Emperor of China, born
about 1830, was a younger son of Taoo-Kooang. He
ascended the throne in 1850, and appointed ministers
who wished to maintain an exclusive policy towards
foreigners. In the same year began a great insurrection,
raised and directed by Tien-Te or Tai-Ping-Wang. The
insurgents were generally victorious, and captured Nan-
kin in 1853. (See TAl-PiNG-WANG.) A war broke out
between the Chinese and the British, who entered Pekin
in triumph in 1860. Died in 1861.
Hiero. See HIERON.
Hi-6r'o-cle§, [Gr. 'lepox).?/;,] an eminent Platonic phi-
losopher, who was the head of a flourishing school in
Alexandria in the fifth century. He is the author of
a " Commentary on the Golden Verses of Pythagoras,"
which has been preserved entire, and of a "Treatise on
Providence (or Foreknowledge) and Fate," of which
some fragments remain. The former is written in Greek,
and is admired for the beauty of the thoughts and of
the style.
See ANDRit DACIER, " Vie de HieVocles," 1706.
Hierocles, the author of a work on veterinary medi-
cine, addressed to Cassianus Bassus, lived in the third
or fourth century of our era.
Hierocles, a grammarian, who is supposed to have
lived in the sixth century, wrote, in Greek, a " Hand-
Book for Travellers, "(2wenfai[u>f,) which contains descrip-
tions of the towns and provinces of the Eastern empire.
There was also a Stoic philosopher named HIEROCLES,
of whom we have little information. He is supposed to
have lived in the second century. Another HIEROCLES
compiled or wrote a collection of anecdotes and ridicu-
lous sayings of pedants, students, etc., with the Latin
title of " Facetiae Hieroclis."
Hierocles OP ALABANDA, a Greek rhetorician, lived
about 100 B.C. He composed orations in the style which
Cicero calls the "Asiatic."
Hierocles OF BITHYNIA was the principal author of
the persecution of the Christians in the reign of Diocle-
tian, (about 300 A.D.) He wrote two books against
Christianity, entitled " Sincere Discourses to the Chris-
tians," (\6yot <pdafci$£tft) in which he maintains that
the Scripture is full of contradictions. He was prefect
of Bithynia and of Alexandria.
Hi'e-rou or Hi'e-ro [Gr. 'Upuv] L, King of Syra-
cuse, succeeded his brother Gelon in 478 B.C. The first
•part of his reign was tyrannical. He expelled the citi-
zens of Naxos and Catana, and colonized those towns
with his own subjects. He is applauded for his pa-
tronage of literature and his appreciation of genius. His
court was the resort of the most eminent poets and sages
of his time, among whom were Pindar, ^schylus, Si-
monides, and Epicharmus. Pindar wrote several odes
on the occasion of Hieron's victories at the Olympic
games, and Simonides enjoyed his friendship and bounty.
Died in 467 B.C.
See XENOPHON, " Hieron."
Hieron (or Hiero) U., King of Syracuse, was the son
of Hierocles, a private citizen. Having served in the
army of Pyrrhus, who left Sicily in a state of anarchy,
Hieron was chosen general by the soldiers in 275 B.C.,
and recognised as king about 270. At the beginning of
the first Punic war he took side with the Carthaginians,
and was defeated by the Romans about 264 B.C. He then
made peace with the victors by the payment of tribute,
and was ever after a faithful ally of Rome. Under his
wise rule the kingdom for many years enjoyed peace
and prosperity. Died in 216 B.C. Archimedes lived in
Syracuse in this reign, and exercised his mechanical
genius in constructing machines and ships of great size.
See Livv, " History of Rome," books xxi.-xjciv. ; DJOOORUS
SICULUS, books xjtii.-xxvi. ; DROYSBN, " Hellenismus," vol. iL
ETJ'e-ron, (SAMUEL,) an English Puritan, born at
Epping in 1572, was rector of Modbury, and published
sermons and other works on theology. Died in 1617.
Hieronyme. See HIERONYMUS.
Hi-e-ron'jf-nius, [Gr. 'lepuw/jot; Fr. HIERONYME,
e'a'ro'nem',] King of Syracuse, was the grandson of
Hieron II., whom he succeeded in 216 B.C., at the age
of fifteen. He broke the alliance with the Romans, who
had recently been defeated at Cannae, and formed a
league with the Carthaginians. He was on the point of
taking an active part in the war, when he was killed by
his own subjects about a year after his accession. He
left no issue ; and the Syracusans thenceforth dispensed
with royalty.
Hieronymus was the Latin name of Saint Jerome,
one of the Fathers of the Church.
Hieronymus OF CARDIA, [Fr. HIERONYME, e'a'ro'-
nem', (or JEROME, zha'rom',) DE CARDIE, den ktR'de',]
a Greek historian, who flourished about 300 B.C. He
entered the service of Eumenes, who employed him on
a mission to Antipater in 320. He was afterwards an
adherent of Demetrius, who appointed him Governor of
Boeotia in 292 B.C. He wrote historical memoirs of the
successors of Alexander the Great, — a work which is often
cited by the ancients, but has not come down to us.
Hieronymus OF RHODES, a Greek philosopher, and
disciple of Aristotle, lived about 300 B.C.
HIT fer-nan, (PAUL,) bom in the county of Dublin,
Ireland, in 1719, lived many years in London as a lite-
rary hack, and wrote several mediocre dramas, etc. His
habits were eccentric. Died in 1777.
Hig'bee, (ELNATHAN ELISHA,) D.D., an American
educator, born in Saint George, Vermont, March 27,
1830. He graduated at the University of Vermont in
1849. Having entered the ministry of the German Re-
formed Church, he was in 1864 appointed professor in
the theological seminary at Mercersburg, Pennsylvania.
In 1871 he was made president of Mercersburg College,
and in 1881 superintendent of public instruction for
Pennsylvania. Died December 13, 1889.
Hig'dqn, (RANULPH or RALPH.) an English monk,
connected with a Benedictine monastery at Chester
wrote " Polychronicon," a Latin chronicle. He died, at
a great age, about 1370.
Hig'gins, (GODFREY,) an English antiquary, born in
Yorkshire in 1771, wrote " The Celtic Druids," and other
works. Died in 1833.
Higgins, (MATTHEW JAMES,) an English journalist,
born about 1810, wrote under the assumed name of
JACOB OMNIUM. He contributed many articles to the
London " Times," the " Pall Mall Gazette," and other
journals. His writings were mostly devoted to the ex-
posure of abuses in the social and military systems of
England. Died in 1868.
Hig'giii-son, (FRANCIS,) a distinguished divine, born
in England in 1588. He was educated at Cambridge
University, and appointed rector of a church i» Leices-
ter, in which position he laboured with great zeal and
success until removed for nonconformity. He came to
Massachusetts in 1629, and the next month was ordained
with Mr. Skelton, the first minister of Salem. Died in
1630. He was the author of "New England's Planta-
tion," (1630.)
Higginson, (FRANCIS JOHN,) an American ad-
miral, was born at Boston in 1843. He graduated at
the Naval Academy in 1861, served through the civil
war, was captain of the Massachusetts during the war
with Spain, and was promoted commodore August IO,
1898, and rear-admiral March 5, 1899.
Higginson, (JoHN,) born in England in 1616, ac-
companied his father Francis to Massachusetts in 1629.
He was minister of the church at Salem from 1660 until
his death in 1708, and published sermons and other
theological works. He was regarded as the most able
and eloquent American author of his time. Among
his works is his " Attestation to Cotton Mather's Mag-
nalia."
Higginson, (THOMAS WENTWORTH,) an American
writer, born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 22,
1823. He graduated at Harvard College in 1841, and
at the Cambridge Divinity School, and was minister of
Unitarian churches in Newburyport and Worcester, Mas-
sachusetts. He was a very active abolitionist. In 1856
he went to Kansas and served against the pro-slavery
forces, having the rank of a brigadier-general in the Free-
State troops. He served in the civil war, 1862-64, at-
taining the rank of colonel of coloured troops in South
e as*; <;ass; gAard; g as ;'; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasin//<«. (JJcj^See Explanations, p. 23.)
HIGGONS
1286
HILDRETH
Carolina, and leaving the service only when disabled by
a wound. He afterwards gave his time chiefly to litera-
ture, and to educational and other reforms. Among his
principal works are "Out-Door Papers," (1863,) "Mai-
bone," a romance, (1869,) "Army Life in a Black Regi-
ment," (1870,) "Atlantic Essays," (1871,) "Oldport
Days," (1873,) " Young Folks' History of the United
States," (1875,) "Memoir of Margaret Fuller Ossoli,"
(1884,) "Larger History of the United States," (1884,)
"Hints on Writing and Speech-Making," (1887,)
"Concerning All of Us," (1892,) " Tales of the En-
chanted Islands," etc. He also edited Epictetus, etc.
Hig'gons, (Sir THOMAS,) was born in Shropshire,
England, in 1624. He married the notorious Countess
of Essex, (see CARR, ROBERT,) at whose funeral in 1656
he pronounced an oration, which was printed. He was
sent as ambassador to Vienna in 1673. Died in 1691.
His son, BEVIL, born in 1670, wrote, besides several
poems, a "Short View of English History," (1723.) He
was a zealous Jacobite, and went into exile with James
II. Died in France in 1735.
Hlgh'more, (JOSEPH,) an English portrait-painter,
born in London in 1692, was a pupil of Kneller. He
executed portraits of the Knights of the Bath, and was
employed by George I. to paint some members of the
royal family. In 1742 he painted the portraits of the
Prince and Princess of Wales. He wrote a treatise on
Perspective. Died in 1780.
Highmore, (NATHANIEL,) an eminent English phy-
sician, born at Fordingbridge in 1613, practised with
success at Sherborne. He wrote able treatises on anat-
omy. Died in 1684.
Hilaire. See GEOFFROY-SAINT-HILAIRE,
Hilaire. See HILARY.
Hi-la'rl-on, SAINT, a noted ascetic or hermit of Pales-
tine, and pioneer of monastic life, was born at Tabatha,
near Gaza, about 292 A.D. At an early age he went to
Alexandria as a student, and was converted to Chris-
tianity. Returning to Palestine, he retired from the
world, passed many years in the desert, and gained a
wide reputation by his austerities. Many monasteries
were founded by him or by the influence of his example.
Died about 372.
See SAINT JEROME, "Vita Hilarioni :" BAILLET, "Vies des
Saints."
Hilarins. See HILARY.
Hi-la'rl-us, surnamed DIAC/ONUS, a native of Sar-
dinia, lived about 350 A.D., and became a deacon of the
church in Rome. He was an adversary of Arianism.
Hil'a-ry. [Lat, HILA'RIUS; Fr. HILAIRE, e'laV,] a
native of Sardinia, was chosen Bishop or Pope of Rome in
461 A.D., as successor to Leo I. In 449 he had officiated
as legate at the Council of Ephesus, where he zealously
opposed the Eutychians. The events of his pontificate
were unimportant. It appears that he claimed the pre-
eminence of the see of Rome. He died in 467, and was
succeeded by Simplicius.
Hilary or Hilarius, [Fr. HILAIRE, e'ISR', | SAINT,
an orthodox theologian, was born at Poitiers, (Pictavi,)
in Gaul, of which place he became bishop about 350 A.D.
He took a prominent part in defence of Athanasius
against the Arians, for which he was banished to Phrygia
in 356. In 359, at the Council of Seleucia, he defended
the doctrine of the Trinity, and afterwards published a
violent invective against the Arian emperor Constantius,
whom he denounced as Antichrist. Having returned
to Italy and Gaul, he laboured zealously to purge the
churches of heresy. He wrote a "Treatise on Synods,"
a " Commentary on Saint Matthew," and a few other
works. Died in 367 A.D.
See CAVK, " Scriptores Ecclesiastic! :" TILLEMONT, " Memoires."
Hilary or Hilarius, SAINT, was born about 400
A.D., probably in Gaul or Belgium, lie became Bishop
of Aries in 429, and was highly esteemed for piety and
learning. His contest with Leo, Bishop of Rome, forms
an important epoch in the history of the Gallic Church.
Celidonius, a bishop, having been deposed by a council
at which Hilarius presided, appealed to Leo, who rein-
stated him, and, supported by an edict of the emperor
Valentinian III., deprived Hilarius of his bishopric
because the latter refused to own the supremacy of
Rome. This was one of the first efforts made to build
up the papal power. Died in 449. His "Eulogy on
Honoratus" is much admired.
See BELLARMIN, "De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis ;" TILLEMOXT,
"Memoires;" "Gallia Christiana."
Hn'da, SAINT, a grand-niece of Edwin, King of North-
umbria, was converted to Christianity in her childhood,
became abbess of the convent of Heorthen (afterwards
Whitby) about 660, and died in 680 A.D.
HlKde-baia, [Lat HILDEBAL'DUS,] King of the
Ostrogoths in Lombardy. After Belisarius had con
quered the Ostrogoths, they proclaimed Hildebald their
king at Pavia in 540 A.D. The next year he gained a
victory over the Romans, soon after which he was assas-
sinated by one of his guards.
See JORNANDES, "De Regnorum Successione ;" GIBBON, "His-
tory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire."
Hn'de-bert, [Lat. HILDEBER'TUS,] a French prelate
and poet, born at Lavardin in 1057, became Archbishop
of Tours in 1125. He was eminent for his piety and
learning, and was one of the best writers of his time.
His works are written in Latin, and consist of epistles,
sermons, and poems. Died in 1134.
See " Gallia Christiana ;" "Vita Hildeberti," prefixed to hit Works,
published by BKAUGBNDRB in 1708.
Hildebertua. See HILDEBERT.
Hildebrand. See GREGORY VII.
Hildebrand, hil'de-brand, (BROR EMIL,) a Swedish
antiquarian and numismatologist, born at Flerahopp,
February 22, 1806. He was educated at Lund, and pub-
lished several standard treatises. Died at Stockholm,
August 30, 1884.
Hildebrand, (HANS OLOP HILDKBRAND,) a son of
Bror Emil Hildebrand, was born at Stockholm, April 5,
1842. Among his many works are a " History of Sweden"
and " Sweden in the Middle Ages." Died in 1890.
Hildebrandt, hll'deh-bRant', (EDUARD,) a German
painter, born at Dantzic in 1817, studied in Berlin and
Paris, and travelled in almost all parts of the world. He
painted a vast number of pictures, of which the best are
often remarkable for their masterly display of coloration.
Died at Berlin, October 2S, 1868.
Hildebrandt, hil'dgh-bRint', (FERDINAND THEO-
DOR,) a German historical painter, and one of the most
eminent masters of the Dusseldorf school, was born at
Stettin in 1804. He studied under W. Schadow at Ber-
lin, and settled at Dusseldorf. Among his works are
"King Lear and Cordelia," (1826,) "Tancred and Clo-
rinda," (1828,) and "Othello relating his Adventures
to Desdemona," (1848.) Died September 29, 1874.
Hildebrandt, (GEORG FRIEDRICH,) a German phy-
sician and naturalist, born at Hanover in 1764, wrote,
besides other works, a "Manual of Human Anatomy,"
(4vols., 1789-92.) Died in 1816.
HD'de-gard' or Hildegarde, SAINT, a German nun,
born in 1098, became abbess of Saint Rupert's Mount,
near Bingen, on the Rhine. Died in 1180.
See J. C. DAHL, "Die heilige Hildegardis; historische Abhand-
lung," 1832.
Hildenbrand, von, fon Ml'den-bRant', (VALENTIN
JOHANN,) a German medical writer, born in Vienna in
1763 ; died in 1818.
HU'ders-ham, (ARTHUR,) an English Puritan divine,
born in Cambridgeshire in 1563. He held the living of
Ashby-de-la-Zouch from 1593 until his death. He was
a grand-nephew of Cardinal Pole, and was related to
the royal family. He wrote various theological works,
and was esteemed a shining light among the Puritans.
Died in 1631.
Hn'del-ley, (MARK,) an English theologian, born in
Kent in 1698. He became Bishop of Sodor and Man
in 1755, and caused the Bible to be translated into the
Manx language. Died in 1772.
See WEEDON BUTLER, " Memoirs of M. Hildesley." 1799.
HQ'dreth, (RICHARD,) an American journalist and
historian, was born in Deerlield, Massachusetts, June
28, 1807. He graduated at Harvard in 1826, and, while
studying law, contributed numerous articles to magazines.
Admitted to the bar in Boston in 1830, he abandoned
the legal profession at the expiration of two years, to
accept the position of associate editor of the " Boston
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, e, d, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fat; mil; not; good; moon:
HILDRETH
1287
HILL
Atlaa," which soon became one of the ablest Whig jour-
nals in New England His health having failed, he spent
the year 1835 in Florida, and while there wrote "Archy
Moore," an anti-slavery novel. It was republished and
favourably reviewed in England, and an enlarged edition,
under the title of "The White Slave," was issued in the
United States in 1852. In 1837 he furnished to the
columns of the "Atlas" a series of articles which con-
tributed powerfully towards defeating schemes then on
foot for the annexation of Texas. He took a conspicuous
part in the Presidential canvass which resulted in the
nomination and election of General Harrison. He also
gave to the public during this period his " Despotism
in America," an able review of the social, political, and
economical aspects of slavery in the United States, to
which he added in 1854 a chapter on the " Legal Basis of
Slavery." His health having again failed, he embarked
in 1840 for British Guiana, and, during a residence of
three years at Georgetown, the capital, wrote his " Theory
of Morals," published in 1844, and "Theory of Politics,
or an Inquiry into the Foundation of Governments and
the Causes and Progress of Political Revolutions," issued
in 1853. Mr. Hildreth is best known, however, by his
" History of the United States of America," from the
discovery of the continent to the close of the Sixteenth
Congress in 1820, (6 vols. 8vo, 1849-52.) It was pro-
jected while the author was a student at Harvard. The
work has been variously criticised ; ">ut all agree in
classing it among the standard histories of our country.
Died at Florence in July, 1865.
See DUYCKINCK, "Cyclopaedia of American Literature," vol. ii. ;
CLEVELAND, "Compendium of American Literature."
Hildreth, (SAMUEL PRESCOTT,) M.D., an American
physician, born in Massachusetts in 1783. He settled
in Ohio in 1806. His principal works are a " Pioneer
History of the Ohio Valley," (1848,) and " Biographical
and Historical Memoirs of the Early Settlers of Ohio,"
(1852.) Died at Marietta, Ohio, in 1863.
Hilferding, hil'feR-ding', (ALEXANDER FEODORO-
VITCH,) a Russian author, of German descent, born at
Moscow in 1831. Among his numerous works are a
" History of the Serbs and Bulgarians," " History of
the Baltic Slavs," and " Travels in Bosnia, Herzegovina,
and Old Servia." He also wrote much on Slavic phi-
lology. Died July 2, 1872.
HU'gard, (EUGENE WOLDEMAR,) Ph.D., a German-
American scientist, a brother of J. E. Hilgard, was born
at Zweibriicken, January 5, 1833. In 1835 he went with his
father to Belleville, Illinois. He was educated at Freiberg,
Zurich, and Heidelberg, where he graduated in 1853,
was State geologist of Mississippi, 1857-73, professor
of chemistry in the University of Mississippi, 1866-73,
professor of geology in the University of Michigan,
1873-75, and in 1875 became professor of agriculture in
the University of California. He has published many
valuable reports and scienti6c papers.
Hilgard, (Junus ERASMUS,) a distinguished scientist,
born at Zweibriicken, in Germany, January 7, 1825. He
removed to the United States with his parents in 1835.
In 1845 ne entered the coast survey, of which in 1881 he
was appointed superintendent. Died May 8, 1891.
Hilgenfeld, hil'cen-fSlt', (ADOLF BERNHARD CHRIS-
TOPH CHRISTIAN,) a German Biblical critic of the "Tu-
bingen school," was born at Stappenbeck, June 2. 1823.
He became a professor of theology at Jena. He has
written much on New Testament criticism and the Greek
Apocryphal writings, has edited a " Novum Testamentum
extra Canonem Receptum," and published a " History
of the Heresies of Early Christianity," (1884.) He ranks
as a conservative of the rationalistic school.
Hill, (AARON,) an English writer, born in London in
1685. About the age of sixteen he went to Constanti-
nople, and by the aid of his kinsman, Lord Paget, visited
several countries of the East. In 1709 he published a
" History of the Ottoman Empire." Soon after he became
manager of Drury Lane Theatre, and wrote " Elfrida,"
a tragedy, which was followed by several other dramas.
The most successful of these are "Alzira" and "Zara,"
adapted from Voltaire. He wrote a satire on Pope, who
had noticed him in the "Dunciad" in terms which some
think rather complimentary. Died in 1750.
Hill, (ALFRED JAMES,) archaeologist, was born at
London in 1833. He removed to America, where he
entered upon an extensive survey of the archaeology
of the Northwest, platting nearly twelve thousand
Indian mounds north of the Ohio and west of the
Great Lakes. He died in 1895, leaving the manu-
script of several extensive works uncompleted.
Hill, (AMBROSE POWELL,) an American general,
born in Culpeper county, Virginia, about 1825,
graduated at West Point in 1847. He joined the
Confederate army in 1861, became a major-general in
1862, and in 1863 was promoted lieutenant-general.
He commanded a corps at Gettysburg and in the later
Virginia campaigns, and was killed in battle neat
Petersburg, April 2, 1865.
Hill, (BENJAMIN HARVEY,) an American Senator,
born in Jasper county, Georgia, September 14, 1823.
He graduated at the Georgia University in 1844, became
a lawyer, was a Confederate Senator, 1861-65, and was
elected to the United States Senate in 1873 and l877-
He was an able and eloquent speaker and a brilliant
lawyer. Died August 16, 1882.
Trill, (DANIEL H.,) an American general, born in South
Carolina in 1821, graduated at West Point in 1842, and
served in the Mexican war. He commanded a Con-
federate division at the battles of Mechanicsville and
Malvern Hill, July I, 1862, and South Mountain, Sep-
tember, 1862. He served as lieutenant-general under
General Bragg in 1863, and commanded at Augusta,
Georgia, in :865- Died September 24, 1889.
Hill, (DAVID BENNETT,) an American Senator,
was born at Havana, New York, in 1844. He was
admitted to the bar in 1864, was in the New York
Assembly 1869-71, mayor of Elmira 1882, lieutenant-
governor of New York 1882-85, ano^ governor 1885-
91. He was in the United States Senate 1891-97,
and was advocated as the Democratic candidate for
President in 1892, but failed of nomination.
Hill, (DAVID J.,) LL.D., an American educator,
born at Plainfield, New Jersey, June 10, 1850. He
graduated at the university at Lewisburg, Pennsyl-
vania, in 1874, was professor of rhetoric there 1877-
79, and president 1879-88. He was president of the
University of Rochester 1888-96. His principal
works are " Science of Rhetoric," (1877,) " Elements
of Rhetoric," (1878,) "Life of Bryant," (1879,)
"Life of Irving," (1879,) "Genetic Philosophy,"
" International Justice," " A Primer of Finance," etc.
Hill, (DAVID OCTAVIUS,) a Scottish landscape-
painter, born at Perth in 1802, and for many years
secretary to the Royal Scottish Academy. Died in
1870.
Hill, (GEORGE,) D.D., a Scottish divine, born at
Saint Andrew's in 1750. He was principal of Saint
Mary's College, in his native town, and succeeded
Dr. Robertson as leader of the General Assembly.
He published, besides other works, "Lectures on
Divinity." Died in 1819.
Hill, (GEORGE,) an American poet, born at Guil-
ford, near New Haven, Connecticut, in 1796. Among
his principal poems are "The Ruins of Athens" and
"Titania." Died in New York, December 15, 1871.
Hill, (HEADON,) nom-de-flume of F. Grainger, an
English novelist, born in Suffolk in 1857. Since 1890
he has published numerous novels, including "The
Rajah's Second Wife," (1894,) " The Zone of Fire,"
(.1897,) "Spectre Gold," (1898,) etc.
TTill, (ISAAC,) a journalist, born in Ashburnham, Mas-
sachusetts, in 1788. He was for many years editor of
the " New Hampshire Patriot," a Democratic journal,
was elected a United States Senator for New Hampshire
in 1830, and Governor of that State in 1836. Died in 1851.
TTill, (Sir JOHN,) an English writer and literary quack,
born at Spalding in 1716. He obtained skill as a botanist,
made and sold quack medicines, and edited "The In-
spector," a journal which owed its success to the scandal
it contained. He was refused admission to the Royal
; 9 as*; gAard; g as/'; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; H, trilled; sasz; th as in (to. (fl^'See Explanations, p. 23.)
HILL
1288
HILLEBRAND
Society on account of his doubtful character, and sought
revenge by writing a review of their works. His " Vege-
table System," in 26 vols., with splendid plates, sold
at one hundred and sixty guineas per copy. He was
knighted by the King of Sweden, to whom he had pre-
•ented a copy of the last-named work. Died in 1775.
Garrick has defined his merits in the following epigram:
" For iiliysic and farces, his rival there scarce is ;
His farces are physic, his physic a farce is."
See DISRAHLI, " Quarrels of Authors."
Hill, (JOSEPH,) an English scholar, born near Leeds
in 1625, became minister of an English church at Mid-
delburg, Holland. He published an improved edition
of Schrevelius's "Greek Lexicon," (1676.) Died in 1707.
Hill, (MATTHEW DAVENPORT,) a brother of Sir
Rowland, noticed below, born in Birmingham about
1792, became a barrister. He was a member of the
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, and
laboured with zeal and success to procure amendments
of the laws. He was one of the chief promoters of
"juvenile reformatories." Died June 7, 1872.
Hill, (NATHANIEL P.,) an American Senator, born in
Montgomery, New York, February 18, 1832. He gradu-
ated in 1857 at Brown University, where he was professor
of applied chemistry, 1860-64. He studied metallurgy
in Europe, 1865-66, and in 1867 removed to Denver,
Colorado, as manager of a smelting company. From 1879
to 1885 he was United States Senator fiom Colorado.
Hill, (OCTAVIA,) an English reformer, born about
1838. She worked earnestly among the London poor,
and in 1864 began an important work of improving
the homes of workingmen in the London slums.
She wrote "Homes of the London Poor," (1875,)
"Our Common Land," (1878,) etc.
Hill, (Sir RICHARD,) born in 1733, a brother of Row-
land, was member of Parliament for Salop, and some-
times preached in the Calvinistic Methodist chapels. He
wrote a few religious works. Died in 1808.
Hill, (ROBERT,) a self-taught English linguist, born a;
Miswell in 1699, was a tailor by trade. He was master
of several ancient languages, and wrote " Criticisms on
Job," and a few other works. Died in 1777.
Hill, (Rev. ROWLAND,) a popular preacher and dis-
ciple of Whitefield, was born at Hawkstone, England,
in 1744. He was the son of a baronet, and uncle of
General Lord Hill. After leaving college he was
ordained a deacon of the Anglican Church, but soon
became a zealous and eloquent preacher among the Cal-
»inistic Methodists. Addressing the people in the streets,
the open air, or wherever he could gain audience, he
made many converts in various parts of the kingdom.
In 1783 he built Surrey Chapel, London, in which he
preached about fifty winters. He was the author of " Vil-
lage Dialogues," and other works. Southey, in refer-
ence to a particular occasion, says, " His manner was
animated and striking, sometimes dignified and impress-
ive. The purport of his sermon was good, — nothing
fanatical, nothing enthusiastic." Died in 1833.
Hill. (ROWLAND,) VISCOUNT, an English general, born
at Frees, Shropshire, in 1772, was the second son of Sir
John Hill, and nephew of the Rev. Rowland Hill. He
entered the army as ensign in 1790, and obtained the
rank of colonel in 1800. In 1806 he was made a major-
(reneral and appointed on the staff. In 1808 he served
n Portugal, under Sir Arthur Wellesley and Sir John
Moore, until the battle of Corunna. Promoted to the
rank of lieutenant-general in 1809, he was employed
several years in the Peninsular war, and gained a high
reputation in his profession. In 1814 he was raised to
the peerage, as Baron of Almarez and Hawkstone. He
took part in the battle of Waterloo in 1815, and after-
wards was second in command of the army of occupation
in France. Lord Hill was commander-in-chief of the
army from 1828 until 1842, when he resigned and was
created a viscount He died in 1842, and left the title to
his nephew, Sir Rowland Hill.
Hill, (Sir ROWLAND,) an Englishman, known as the
author of the cheap postage system, was born at Kid-
derminster in 1795. In 1837 he wrote a pamphlet on
" Post-Office Reform, its Importance and Practicability."
Through his persistent efforts, a bill w.is pn^-r d in the
session of 1839-40 to reduce the rate of postage and
render it uniform. The postage has since been further
reduced, and letters are now carried for one penny each
to any part of the United Kingdom. The people ex-
pressed their gratitude for this benefit by a present of
£13,000 raised by subscription. He was appointed
secretary to the postmaster-general in 1846, and sole
secretary to the post-office in 1854. In 1864, his health
having failed, he retired from office, but the treasury
awarded him for life his salary of £2000 per annum, and
Parliament a grant of £20,000. Died August 27, 1879.
Hill, (THOMAS,) a mathematician and Unitarian min-
ister, born at New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1818
graduated at Harvard in 1843. He published, besides
other works, "Geometry and Faith," and contributed
many articles to the " North American Review" and the
"Atlantic Monthly." In 1859 he succeeded Horace
Mann as president of Antioch College, Ohio. He was
president of Harvard University from 1862 to 1868.
Died November 21, 1891.
Hill, (THOMAS,) an Anglo-American painter, born in
England in 1829. When he was twelve years old he was
brought to the United States. He became a decorator,
first in Boston and then in Philadelphia, but in 1861
removed to San Francisco. Among his best pictures
are " White Mountain Notch," "The Yosemite Valley,"
"The Great Cafion," etc.
Hill, (THOMAS FORD,) an English antiquary and philol-
ogist, published "Ancient Erse Poems." Died in 1795.
Hill, (WILLIAM,) D.D., an American divine, born in
Cumberland county, Virginia, in 1769. He graduated
at Hampden-Sidney College in 1788. From 1800 to
1834 he was pastor of the Presbyterian church in Win
Chester, where he died in 1852.
Hil'lard, (GEORGE STILLMAN,) an eminent American
writer, lawyer, and orator, born in Machias, Maine, in
1808. While pursuing his collegiate course at Harvard,
(where he graduated in 1828,) he is said to have been
especially distinguished in declamation and English
composition. He was afterwards for some time asso-
ciated with George Bancroft in his Round Hill Seminary
at Northampton, Massachusetts, and in 1833 was ad-
mitted to the bar in Boston. Besides attending to
an extensive professional business, he afterwards twice
visited Europe, and was a member of both branches of
the Massachusetts legislature. He was author of a great
number of orations, lectures before the Lowell Institute,
and contributions to the "Christian Examiner," "North
American Review," etc. In 1852 he was selected by the
authorities of Boston to deliver the eulogy on the char-
acter of Daniel Webster. The next year appeared his
"Six Months in Italy," (in 2 vols. I2tno,) which had
reached the fifth edition in 1855. "Mr. Hillard's work,"
says a critic in the "Quarterly Review" for April, 1858,
"is that of a scholar and a gentleman, a man of sense
as well as of taste and feeling. His style is pointed and
lull of happy expressions and striking images." Among
other literary labours, Mr. Hillard edited the Poetical
Works of Spenser, (in 5 vols. 8vo.) He was for some
time associate editor of the "Jurist," and was for several
years one of the principal editors of the " Boston Courier."
He contributed several important articles to the "New
American Cyclopaedia," including those on Alexander
and Edward Everett and Rufus Choate. He died in
1879.
Hillebrand, hil'Ieh-bRanr/, (JOSEPH,) a German phi-
losophical writer, born near Hildesheim in 1788. He
Eublished, among other works, "The Philosophy of the
pint," (2 vols., 1835,) and "The German National
Literature since the Beginning of the Eighteenth Cen-
ury," (2 vols., 1845.) Died January 25, 1871.
Hillebrand, (KARL,) a distinguished German histo
rian, a son of the preceding, was born at Giessen, Sep-
tember 17, 1829. Banished from Germany for political
causes, he became in 1863 a professor at Douai. His
"History of France since 1830," "France and the
French, "and a treatise on educational reform, were pub-
lished before his removal, in 1870, to Florence, where
he became the founder and librarian of the Circolo Fi-
lologico. He also published a volume on " England
and the English," and .n " History of German Thought."
a. e, 1,0 ft. y. long; a, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, \\, ^,sAor(:a.,e,\.<),of>sfHrt; fir, fall, fat; m?t; n At; pond; moon;
HILLEL
1289
H1NCKKLDEY
Most of his writings are in German. Died at Florence,
October 18, 1884.
Hillel, a famous Jewish rabbi, born at Babylon about
IIO B.C., was descended from King David. He went
to Jerusalem at the age of forty, acquired a thorough
knowledge of the law, and was chosen president of the
Sanhedrim about 30 B.C. The origin of the Talmud or
Mishna is asciibed to Hillel, who was the leader of a
numerous school or party. He died at the age of one
hundred and twenty years.
Hillel, a noted rabbi, supposed to have lived about
300 A.D., was a descendant of the preceding. He re-
formed the Jewish calendar by means of a cycle of nine-
teen years.
Hitler, hil'ler, (FERDINAND,) a celebrated German
composer, born of Jewish parents at Frankfort, October
24, 181 1. He published an oratorio of the " Destruction
of Jerusalem," (1840,) "The Musical Life of our Times,"
(1868,) and Lives of Beethoven and Mendelssohn. Died
at Cologne, May n, 1885.
Hil'ler, (JOHANN ADAM,) whose real name was
HULLER, a Prussian musician and composer, born at
Hiller, (MATTHAUS,) a German Orientalist, born at
Stuttgart in 1646, was professor of Oriental languages
and theology at Tubingen. He wrote a " Latin Hebrew
Lexicon," (1685.) Died in 1725.
Hiller, (PHILIPP FRIEDRICH,) one of the best of the
South-German religious poets, was born at Miihlhausen,
in Wurtemberg, January 6, 1699. He became a Prot-
estant pastor, and died at Steinheim, April 24, 1769.
Hiller, von, fon hil'ler, (JoHANN,) BARON, an Aus-
trian general, born at Neustadt, near Vienna, in 1754.
In 1809 he obtained command of the sixth corps of the
army of the archduke Charles. Although he was de-
feated by Napoleon at Landshut in April, he contributed
greatly to the success of the Austrians at Aspern in the
next month. Died in 1819.
See ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."
Hillern, von, fon hil'lern, (WILHELMINE,) a German
novelist, a daughter of Charlotte Birch- Pfeiffer, was
born March n, 1836. Among her stories are "Double
Life," "A Physician of the Soul," "The Geier-Wally,"
etc.
Hillerup, hil'leh-rup', (FREDERIK CHRISTIAN,) a
Danish poet, born at Vedelsborg in 1793, published a
work called " Italica," (1829,) and "New Poems," ("Nye
Digte,") in 1854. Died May 5, 1861.
Hill'house, (JAMES,) an American lawyer, born in
Connecticut in 1754. He was a Senator of the United
States from 1794 to 1810. Died in 1832.
Hiilhouse, (JAMES A.,) an American poet, son of the
preceding, born at New Haven in 1789. He removed
to New York City, and married Cornelia Lawrence in
1824. His first poem, "The Judgment, a Vision," ap-
peared in 1812. He also wrote the following admired
dramas : " Percy's Masque," " Hadad," and " Demetria "
Died in 1841.
See GRISWOLD, "Poets and Poetry of America;" DUYCKINCK,
" Cyclopedia ot" American Literature," vol. ii. ; CLEVELAND, "Com-
pendium of American Literature ;" " North American Review" for
January, 1840.
Billiard, (HENRY WASHINGTON,) LL.D., an Ameri-
can clergyman and statesman, born in Cumberland
county, North Carolina, August 8, 1808. He graduated
at South Carolina College in 1826, became a lawyer of
Athens, Georgia, in 1829, and was a professor in the
University of Alabama, 1831-34. In 1842 he went to
Belgium as United States minister, was several times
elected to Congress as a Whig, and served as a brigadier-
general in the Confederate service. After the war he prac-
tised law in Georgia, and was also a Methodist preacher.
In 1877 he was appointed United States minister to
Brazil. He published a volume of speeches, (1855,) and
" De Vane," a novel. Died in Atlanta, Dec. 17, 1892.
Billiard, hll'yard, (NICHOLAS,) an English painter,
born at Exeter in 1547, learned the trade of a jeweller,
and afterwards became eminent as a miniature-painter.
He executed an admired portrait of Mary Queen of Scots,
€ as /t; 9 as i; g hard; g asj; G, H, K., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as *; th as in j
and was patronized by Queen Elizabeth and James I.
Died in 1619.
Hil'precht, (HERMAN VOLRATTES,) an ar-
chaeologist, born at Hohenerxleben, Germany, in
1859. He studied in various German universities,
emigrated to the United States, and in 1886 became
professor of Assyrian and Semitic philology at the
University of Pennsylvania. He became curator of
the Semitic section of the museum, and was director
of the excavations at Nippur, Babylonia, 1888-99,
which added greatly to our knowledge of the antiquity
of Babylonian civilization. He is the leading au-
thority on cuneiform palaeography.
Hilton, (WALTER,) an English monk of the fifteenth
century, lived at Sheen, and wrote " The Ladder of Per-
fection."
Hilton, (WILLIAM,) a successful English historical
painter, born at Lincoln in 1786. About 1800 he became
a student in the Royal Academy, and in 1804 exhibited
his " Hector reinspired by Apollo." In 1819 or 1820
he was elected a member of the Academy, and in 1825
succeeded Fuseli as keeper of that institution. He at-
tained a high rank among the English artists of his time.
Among his best works are "Nature blowing Bubbles,"
and "The Graces teaching Cupid to play on the Lyre."
Died in 1839.
Hi-me'rI-us, ['1,0/piof,] an eminent Greek sophist ot
Prusa, Bithynia. He became master of a celebrated school
in Athens, and afterwards secretary of the emperor Julian
at Antioch about 362 A.D. He composed many orations,
of which about twenty are extant His style is rather
bombastic. Among his pupils were Gregory Nazianzen
and Saint Basil. He was always a pagan, but moderate
or friendly to the Christians.
Hl-mil'co or Hi-mil'cpn, a Carthaginian navigator,
the date of whose adventures is unknown. Pliny states
that he sailed northward from Gades on a voyage of dis-
covery about the time that Hanno explored the western
coast of Africa. R. Festus Avienus quotes him as his
authority for an account of the islands of the Hiberni
and Albioni.
Himilco or Himilcon, an able Carthaginian general,
who was joined with Hannibal in the command ofa large
army in the war against Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse.
He took Agrigentum after a long siege, during which
the death of Hannibal left him sole commander, (406
B.C.) He defeated Dionysius about 405, soon after which
peace was concluded. The war having been renewed in
397 B.C., Himilco raised an army of 100,000 men, with
which he marched victoriously to the gates of Syra-
cuse. While he was besieging this city, his army was
wasted by pestilence and defeated by the Syracusans.
He escaped to Carthage and killed himself.
See DIODORUS SICULUS, books xiiL, xiv.. and xx.
Himilco or Himilcon was commander of the fleet
of Carthage, on the coast of Sicily, in 214 B.C., while
Marcellus commanded the Romans in that island. He
landed an army in 213, gained some advantages, and,
having failed in an attempt to relieve Syracuse, died of
pestilence in 212 B.C.
Himly, him'lee, (KARL GUSTAV,) aGerman physician,
born at Brunswick in 1772, was professor of medicine at
Gottingen. He was distinguished for his skilful treat
ment of diseases of the eyes, on which he published a
valuable work. Died in 1837.
Himmel, him'mel, (FRIEDRICH HEINRICH,) a Ger-
man composer, born in the duchy of Brandenburg in
1765, was appointed chapel-master at Berlin about 1796.
Among his best works are the operas of " Fanchon" and
"The Sylphs." Died in 1814.
See FiTis, "Biographic Universelle des Musiciens."
Hinch'cliffe, (JOHN,) an English divine and orator,
born at Westminster in 1731. He became head-master
of Westminster School in 1764, and Bishop of Peter-
borough in 1769. Died in 1794.
Hinckeldey, hink'kel-dl, (KARL LUDWIG FRIED-
RICH,) a Prussian administrator, born near Meiningen
in 1803. He became minister or prefect of police in
Berlin in 1848. He was killed in a duel in 1856.
Explanations, p. 23. '
mXCKELMANN
1290
HIPPIAS
Hinckelmanu, hink'kel-man', (ABRAHAM,) a Ger-
man Orientalist, born at Dobeln in 1652, published an
edition of the Koran, (1694,) said to be the first ever
printed in Arabic. Died in 1695.
Hinck'ley, (JoHN,) an English clergyman, bom 11
1617, was rector of Drayton. Died in 1695.
Hincmar, hink'mar, a learned French prelate, bom
in 806 A.D., entered the Abbey of Saint-Dems in child-
hood He acquired much influence, and became a fa-
vourite at the court of Charles the Bald. In 845 he was
elected Archbishop of Rheims. He distinguished him-
self by his firmness in defending the Church against
encroachments of the papal and royal power. He wrote,
besides other works, two treatises on Predestination, in
of Booddha, was born about 602 A.D. He travelled
in Hindostan and other countries, of which he wrote dt-
scriptions. He translated into the Chinese many Hindr-o
.
works on the religion of Booddha.
See "Nouvelle Biographic GeWrale."
Hip-par'ehus, [Gr.
Died in 664 A.D.
FT. HIPPARQUB,
e'pSRk',] son of Pisistratus, an Athenian, who, in part-
nership with his brother Hippias, obtained the chief
power in the state in 527 B.C. He was assassinated by
Harmodius and Aristogiton in 514. Hippias survived;
but, having rendered himself unpopular by cruelty and
suspicious habits, (although it is said he was previously
mild and affable,) he was expelled from Athens in 511.
He afterwards passed many years at the court of the
one of which he attempts to refute the famous Erigena. | Persian king Darius, served as guide to the Persian
He is censured for his severity to Godeschalcus, who army which invaded Greece, and was at the battle of
was confined in a dungeon for his heretical opinions on Marathon, where, according to some writers, he was
the question of predestination. Died in 882 A.D.
See " Gallia Christiana ;" W. F. GESS, " Merkwurdigkeiten am
dem Leben und den Schriften Hincmar's," 1806; "Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Generate. "
Hiiicks, (Rev. EDWARD,) distinguished for his know-
ledge of Assyrian and Egyptian inscriptions, was bora in
Cork, Ireland, in 1791. Died December 3, 1866.
Hind, (JOHN RUSSELL,) an eminent English astron-
omer, born at Nottingham in 1823. He obtained in
1840 a situation in the Royal Observatory at Greenwich.
In 1845 he removed to another observatory in Regent's
Park, London, where he has had remarkable success as
killed, 490 B.C.
See HERODOTUS, books ii., v., vi., and viL ; THIRLWAU, " HU-
tory of Greece."
Hipparchus, [Gr. IOTTO^-DC; Fr. HIPPARQUE; It.
IPPARCO, 4p-paR'ko,] the founder of the science of as-
tronomy, and the greatest astronomer of antiquity, was a
native of Nicza, in Bithynia. He was of Greek extrac-
tion, and flourished about 150 B.C. Many of his obser-
vations were made at Rhodes. His writings are all lost,
except a " Commentary on Aratus," which is the least
important ; but the knowledge of his discoveries has been
preserved by Ptolemy in his " Syntaxis." The first who
1 * . . i y ._• c_ . _ _i ti__ *; _ i ,.,u..
an observer. He discovered, besides several comets, ten ma(je systematic observations, he was also the first who
telescopic planets, namely, Iris, (1847,) Flora, (1847,) discovered that fundamental fact in astronomy, — the
Victoria, (1850,) Irene, (1851,) Melpomene, Fortuna, precession of the equinoxes. A discovery so important
Calliope, and Thalia, (all in 1852,) Euterpe, (1853,) and wou|d have sufficed to immortalize him ; but he also
Urania, (1854.) He wrote several works, among which '• greatly enriched the science of mathematics, and was
The Solar System : a Descriptive Treatise on the
Sun, Moon, and Planets," (1852.) Died Dec. 23, 1895.
Hmd'mau, (THOMAS C.,) an American general, born
in Tennessee about 1818. He lived in Arkansas before
the civil war, and was a member of Congress. He com-
manded the rebel forces at Prairie Grove, Arkansas, in
December, 1862, and served as major-general at the
battle of Chickamauga. Died September 27, 1868.
Hinds, (SAMUEL,) D.D., a British author, born in
Barbadoes in 1793. He graduated at Queen's College,
Oxford, in 1815, and in 1849 was consecrated Bishop of
Norwich. He published a " History of Christianity,^
(1849, often reprinted,) "Sonnets and Sacred Poems,"
and various theological works. Died February 7, 1872.
Hinojosa y Carbajal, e-no-Ho'sa e kaR-Bi-Hll',
(ALVARO DE.) a Spanish poet, who lived about 1620.
See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Hinrichs, hln'riKs, (HERMANN FRIEDRICH Wn.-
HELM,) a German philosopher, born in Oldenburg in
1794, published "The Genesis of Science," ("Genesis
des Wissens," 1835,) and other works. Died in 1861.
Hina'dale, (BuRKE AARON,) an American educator,
born at Wadsworth, Ohio, March 31, 1837. He was
educated at Hiram College, of which he was president,
1870-83. In 1883 he was appointed superintendent of
public schools in Cleveland, Ohio. His principal books
are "President Garfield and Education," (1881,)
" Schools and Studies," (1884,) etc. He edited General
Garfield's " Works," (1883,) etc.
Hin'ton, (JAMES,) a noted English surgeon, a son of
J. II. Hiiiton, was born at Reading in 1822. Among his
works are " Man and his Dwelling- Place," (1858,) " Life
in Nature," " Thoughts on Health," (1871,) "Atlas of
Diseases of the Membrana Tympani," "Questions of
Aural Surgery," " The Mystery of Man," and " The Place
of the Physician." He was the most skilful aural sur-
geon of his day, and a very suggestive writer on ethical
subjects. Died December 16, 1875.
Hin'ton, (JOHN HOWARD,) an English writer on his-
tory and theology, was born March 24, 1791. He became
minister of a Baptist congregation in Devonshire Square,
London. He published, besides other works, "The
History and Topography of the United States of North
America," (2 vols., 1832.) Died December 17, 1873.
Hiob, the German of JOB, which see.
Hiooen- or Hiouen-Thsang or Vouen-Thsang,
yoo'en-tsang, a celebrated Chinese traveller and priest
the first who understood trigonometry, both plane and
spherical. He invented the planisphere and the stereo-
graphic projection, and gave rules for the calculation of
eclipses, by means of which he determined the longitude.
According to Pliny, who calls him the confidant and
interpreter of nature, Hipparchus, having perceived a
new star that suddenly appeared in his time, was stimu-
lated by it to form his Catalogue of one thousand and
eighty stars, which is preserved in the "Almagest" of
Ptolemy. In this operation he used the astrolabe, which
was probably invented by him. He originated a more
complete system of geography, and the mode of de-
termining the position of towns by circles drawn on
the earth corresponding to those of the celestial sphere.
Among his lost works were "On the Magnitudes and
Distances of the Sun and Moon," " The Movement of
the Moon in Latitude," and " On the Retrogradation of
the Equinoctial and Solstitial Points."
See PLIKV, "Natural History;" MONTUCLA, "Histoire de«
Maih^matiques ;" DELAMBRE, " Histoire de |'Astronomie ancienne ;"
DR. HOEFKR'S article in the "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'nerale ;' J
A. SCHMIDT. "Dissertatio de Hipparcho." etc., 1689.
Hipparchus, an Athenian comic poet, who lived
probably about 300 B.C.
Hipparque. See HIPPARCHUS.
Hip'pa-sus, [Gr. '\mtaao(,\ a Pythagorean philoso-
pher, born at Metapontum, held, it is said, the doctrine
that fire was the origin of all things.
Hippeau, e'po', (CiLESTiN,) a French IMrattur,
born at Niort in 1803, published a " History of Ancient
and Modern Philosophy," (1833,) etc. Died in 1883.
Hippel, von, fon hip'pei, (THEODOR GOTTLIEB,) a
German humorist and original thinker, born at Gerdauen,
in Prussia, in 1741. He studied law, and became in 1780
burgomaster of Konigsberg. He claimed for women
admission to civil offices and a greater social equality.
Among his works are a " Treatise on Marriage," (" Ueber
die Ehe," 1774,) " Designs after Nature," (1790,) an Au-
tobiography, (1800,) and "The Education of Women,"
(1801.) His character was eccentric. Died in 1796.
See GERVINUS, " Geschichte der Deutschen Dichtung," fourth edi-
tion, vol. v. ; W. G. KEBER, " Nachrichten und Bemerkungen dey
Eheimen Kriegsrath von Hippel betrefifend," 1802; " Biographic T
von Hippel's zum Theil von ihm sclbst vertasst," 1800.
Hippias. See HIPPARCHUS and HARMODIUS.
Hip'pl-as, I'lmrioc,] a Greek sophist, born at Elis,
was a contemporary of Socrates. His character is ex-
hibiteH by Plato in his dialogue called " Hippias Major."
i, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y,s&ort; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fall, lit; met; not; good ; moon.
HIPPO
1291
HIRSCHING
was elected president in 1890.
held that moisture, or water, is the principle of all things,
and derived much of his system from Thales.
Hippocrate. See HIPPOCRATES.
Hip-poc'ra-tes, [Gr. 'ImroxpuTjif ; Fr. HIPFOCRATE,
HIPPOLYTE ; It. IPPOLITO,]
SUNT, a Christian bishop and ecclesiastical writer,
who has recently attracted great attention on the
part of scholars and theologians. He was dissident
..... Bishop of Portus, (the harbour of Rome,) and the
e'po'kRa-t'; It. IPPOCRATE, ep-pok Ra-ti,] the most emi- authOr of numerous learned works, highly extolled by
nent physician of antiquity, justly styled the " Father of EusebiuS; Terome, and other Christian Fathers. After
Medicine," was born in the island of Cos in 460 B.C., occ ing the see of Portus eighteen years or more,
and was contemporary with Socrates and Plato. He was he £ba|j died in exile in Sardinia about 2^8 A.D.
the son of Heraclides, a descendant of Esculapius, from jfrypafa^ [n^6ArTOf,] a son of Theseus and Hip-
whom he derived, his first lessons ,n medicine His , t£ForyAnti'ol e. The poets relate that his step-
family the Asclepiad* .for many generations had prac- motyhe'r Phsdra £ade to him amorou. overtures which
tised the same art Ihematenals for writing his per- she thfin fc , jnduced Theseus
sonal history are deficient. He is said to have studied . '_ u:_ 1 iU_. _, • J
medicine at Athens under I
philosophy of Gorgias of
tised and taught in Cos also in Thessaly, and at the court Hip-pom'e-don, ftao^dui/,1 a Spartan
of Perdiccas, King , of Macedonia, etc. Soranus relates *££ f A £u| an(fa co'usin </Ki A^s Iv;
that he acquired fame by checking the ravages of the ted | is in'his efforts to reform & |partan
plague m Athens, and was rewarded with the freedom institu[£ns. He*vas ]ivi in 22O B.c.
?f '_ha'.a^l^nl^ L°'^^h°n°U^^Ih!^ !rLt^' Hip-po'na, the name ofga goddess v
him
of Theseus, Nep-
warrior,
he refused the invitation and magnificent offers of Ar
taxerxes, is by some discredited.
His superior talents, his rare sagacity, his signal suc-
cess, and his devoted humanity, inspired universal con-
fidence and respect. He had a great number of pupils,
from whom he exacted an oath that they would never
abuse their trust by criminal piactice, nor divulge pro-
fessional secrets. He held that the body is composed
of four primary elements, fire, air, earth, and
Hip-po'na, the name of a goddess who presided over
horses. Her statues were placed in stables.
Greek poet, who lived
Ephesus. Having been
expelled from that city by its tyrants, he removed to
Clazomene. He wrote satires, of which only a few frag-
Hi'ram, King of Tyre, began to reign about 1025 B.C.
gfiyg^aaagjRS
bile, ana black bile, rie knew Dut little ot anatomy. ,. . .. . tr . f , ,
H . d f dth f b b h's s "lendly relations. He was a wise and successful ruler.
in substituting experiment and observation for specula- See ' Krags *•• and I- chronlcles Hv-
rive theories. He paid more attention than his prede- Hiranyakasipu. See NARASINGHA.
cessors to diet and changes of weather. Among the Hire, de la. See LA HIRE.
most remarkable of his discoveries is that of critical days Hirnheim, hdeRn'him, or Hernhaym, heRn'hlm,
in fevers. Of the numerous (Greek) works ascribed to (HlHRONYMUS,) a German monk and writer, born at
him, it is probable that some were composed by other Troppau in 1635 ; died in 1679.
writers, as there were several noted physicians of the Hirsch, hSSRsh, ( JOHANN CHRISTOPH,) a German
same name. He died at Larissa, at an age which is | economist and^numismatist^born^m 1698^; diedjn 1780.
variously stated between eighty-five and one hundred
and nine years.
As an inventor he is unrivalled by
any physician of ancient or modern times. Among his
chief works are " Prognostics," " Epidemics," " On Regi-
Hirsch, (MAX,) a German (Hebrew) author and
liberal politician, born at Halberstadt, December 30,
1832. Besides books of travel, etc., he has written much
on social and labour questions, politics, etc., and has
men," and "On Air, Water, and Locality." Of the taken a prominent place in the German Reichstag,
eighty-seven extant treatises ascribed to him, only a few Hirsch, (SAMUEL,) Ph.D., an eminent Jewish rabbi,
are undoubtedly genuine. i born at Thalfingen, Rhenish Prussia, June 8, 1815. He
S« SORANUS, "Vita Hippocratis," in FABK.CIUS, " Bibliotheca ' was educated at Metz, Bonn, Berlin, and Leipsic, where
jiedes Hippocrates und seiner Grundsitze," = vols., 1789^ movement among Amejican Jews.
P. GESNHR, "De Divino Hippocrate," 1739: KARL F. MAR- works
hppocrat
Hippocratis,"
739:
1838 ; A. OBTTINGKR,
Among his chief
orks are "Religious Philosophy of the Jews,""Hu-
anity as Religion," " Messiah-Lore of the Jews,"
Uqi
" Apolo]
9*: C.I
cus, " Dissertatio de Vita
" Hippocratis Vita," 1836.
Hippocrates, a Syracusan, shared with his brother
Epicvdes the command of the army which defender1 ,
Syracuse against Marcellus, 213 B.C. ^Died in 212 B.C. Austnan &»ncier, born at Munich in 1831.
Hippocrates OF CHIOS, a noted Greek geometer,
Hirsch de Gerenth, (MAURICE DE,) BARON, an
Left a
large fortune by his father, and marrying a woman
who lived in the fifth century before Christ He studied v/ith a dowry of $20,000,000 he engaged in ex-
at Athens, where he opened a celebrated school. He tensive business operations, and gained a fortune of
first discovered the quadrature of the lune. $200,000,000. With this he entered upon large b
Hip-po-da-mi'a[Gr. 'Imroia/ieia] or Hip-pod'a-me, ne.-olent schemes for the benefit of his fellow- Jews,
A daughter of O2NOMAUS, which see. his gifts aggregating $50,000,000, while those of his
Hip-pod'a-mus ['Imroda/tof] OF MILETUS, an emi- wife were proportionately liberal. He died Decem-
nent Greek architect, lived about 440 B.C. He built ber 10, 1896, and his wife April I, 1899.
the Pirzus of Athens, under the order of Pericles, and Hirscher, heSRsh'er, (JoHANN BAPTIST,) a Swiss
planned the city of Rhodes, about 408 B.C. Catholic theologian, born near Altorf in 1788. His prin-
Hippolyte. See HIPPOLYTUS. cipal work is "Christian Morality," ("Christliche Mo-
Hip-pol'y-te, ['Imro^wn;,! the Queen ol the Amazons, Ia\," 3 vols., 5th edition, 1851.) Died September 4, 1865.
was called a daughter of Mars. The poets feigned that Hirsching, he^Rsh'ing, (FRIEDRICH KARL GOTTLOB,)
she had a girdle coveted by Eurystheus, who ordered , a German antiquary, born at Uffenheim in 1762, became
Hercules to bring it to him. She was killed by Hercules. professor of philosophy at Erlangen in 1792. He pub-
Hippolyte, (Louis MODESTIN FLORVIL,) a
president of Hayti, was born at Cape Haytien in 1827.
He was educated in France, joined the Haytian army,
and distinguished himself. In 1889 he headed the in-
surrection that overthrew President Legitime, and seized
lished several useful works, among which are a "De-
scription of the Best Libraries of Germany," (4 vols.,
1790,) and a "Historical and Literary Manual of Emi-
nent Persons who died in the Eighteenth Century,"
I" Historisch-literarisches Handbuch beriihmter Perso-
j; g hard; g as>; G, H,K,guttural; y,najat; f.,trilled; sasz; thasinMu. (2^="See Explanations, p. 23.)
HIRSCHVOGEL
1292
HJ&RNE
nen," etc., 1794-1815, 17 vols.)
Ihis were edited by J. H. M. Ernesti.
The last 12 volumes of "Reports on the Geology of Massachusetts," (1833-41.)
— • ; Died in 1800. Among his numerous works are "The Geology of the
Hirschvogel, hetRsh'fo'fel, (AUGUSTIN,) a German Connecticut Valley," (1823,) "The Religion of Geology
' rn at Nuremberg in 1506 ; died , and its Connected Sciences," (1851,) and " Illustrations
painter a.tv\ engraver, born
in 1560.
Hirst, (.IENRY B.,) an American poet, born in Phila-
delphia in 1813. He studied law, and was admitted to
the bar in 1843. His first poems appeared in " Graham's
Magazine." He afterwards published " The Coming of
of Surface-Geology," (1857.) By'his exposition of the
fossil footprints of the Connecticut valley he originated
a new branch of science, called Ichnology. He published
in 1848 " Fossil Footprints in the United States." He
was the chief founder and first president of the American
the Mammoth, the Funeral o'f Time, and other Poems," Geological Association. Died in 1864.
(1845, )and "Endymion, a Tale of Greece, in four cantos," See " Silhman's Journal," »oL ili.; "North British Review" foi
'1848.) Died March 30, 1874.
Hirt orHirth, (JOHANN FRIEDRICH,) a German Orien- Hitchcock, (ETHAN ALLEN,) an American writer and
talist and writer, born at Apolda in 1719, was professor military officer, a grandson of Ethan Allen, was born in
of theology at Jena. Died in 1784. i Vergennes, Vermont, in 1798. He graduated at West
HirtiuB.hir'she-us, (AULUS,) a Roman consul and gen- Point in 1817, and served in the Seminole war in Florida,
eral, was a patricilnby birth. Cicero, who was his inti- > I" tne war witn Mexico he was attached to the staff of
mate friend, speaks highly of his talents. He served General Scott, and in 1847 promoted to the rank of
under Czsar in the Gallic war, and supported his party brigadier-general. He was subsequently sent to Cali-
in the civil war. After the death of Caesar, Hirtius f°rr>ia, as commandant of the Pacific division, but he
joined Brutus against Antony, and was elected consul returned in 1854, and the next year resigned his com-
with C. Vibius Pansa. In 43 B.C. these consuls gained mission. lie wrote "Swedenborg a Hermetic Philo-
a victory over Antony at Mutina, (M6dena;) but Hirtius sopher," (1858.) Died in 1870.
was killed in the action. He is supposed to be the i Hitchcock, (PETER,) an American jurist, born in
author of the continuation of " Csesar's Commentaries" \ Cheshire, Connecticut, in 1780, graduated at Yale in
which forms the eighth book of the "Gallic War," and | l8c"- He represented a district of Ohio in Congress
also of two other treatises on the campaigns of Caesar, from 1817 to 1819, and was subsequently judge of the
viz., the Alexandrian and the African. supreme court of the State for twenty-eight years, for
Hirzel, hetRt'sel, (BERNHARD,) a Swiss Orientalist, ?ix Jears of which Period he was chlef Justice-
born at Zurich in 1807, translated the "Sakuntala" of mi?53-
Kalidasa from the Sanscrit into German. Died in 1847.
Died
Hitch'cock, (ROSWELL DWIGHT,) D.D., I.L.D., an
Hirzel, (HANS CASPAR,) a Swiss physician and sen- I American clergyman, was born at East Machias, Maine,
- •* —•--•<- • iit_-.s-_ r. , August 15, 1817. He graduated at Amherst College in
1836, and studied divinity at Andover Seminary, lie
was a professor in Bowdoin College from 1852 to 1855,
ator, born at Zurich in 1725, wrote a "1 realise on Rural
Economy," and " The Rustic Socrates," (1761-74.) Died
'"nisely, hez'le', (JEAN JOSEPH,) a Swiss historian, >;eca.me professor of church historyln Union Theological'
born in 1800, wrote, in French, " Researches on William 3emi"ary '" New York in 1855, and in iSSo was chosen
Tell," (1843.) and other works on Swiss history. '5s J ldent- _ Among his works are a " Lite of Edwaid
Hisham. See HE-SHAM.
Hisinger, hee'sing-er, or Hising, hee'sing, (WiL-
HELM,) a Swedish mineralogist, born in 1766, published,
besides other works, " Lethea Suecica, seu petrificata
Sueciae," (1837-40.) Died in 1852.
HiatiaeuB, his-te-ee'us, |Gr. '[muuof ; FT. HisriiE,
is'te'a',] an able and crafty ruler of Miletus, to whom
Darius intrusted the duty of guarding a bridge over the
Danube during his invasion of Scythia, about 512 B.C.
He refused to desert Darius at the instigation cf Mil-
Robinson," (1863,) an " Analysis of the Bible." (Itioy,)
and "Socialism," (1878.) Died June 16, 1887.
Hit' tell, (JOHN SHERZER,) an American author,
born at Jonestown, Pennsylvania, in 1825. He was
for twenty-five years a journalist in San Francisco,
and wrote " History of the Mental Growth of Man-
kind in Ancient Times," "The Evidences against
Christianity," "The Resources of California," etc.
His brother, THEODORE HENRY HITTELL, bom in
1830, went to California in 1855 and practised law
tiades ; but he afterwards revolted, and was put to death there after 1862. He wrote " History of California,"
by the Persians about 494 B.C. i « General Laws of California," etc.
Hittorf, hit'toRf or ^e'toRr*, (JACQUES IGNACE,) an emi-
Hita, de, dk ee'ti, (GiNES PEREZ,) a Spanish chrcmi- nent architect and antiquary, born at Cologne in 1793,
cler, born in Murcia, lived between 1550 and 1600. He j was a pupil of BeManger. He was appointed architect to
wrote an interesting work, entitled "The Civil Wars of
Granada."
See TICKNOR, "History of Spanish Literature."
the King of France in 1818, after which he visited Italy.
He commenced about 1834 the church of Saint Vincent
de Paul, (in the Italian style,) and designed the remark-
Hitch'cock, (CHARLES HENRY,) Ph.D., an American able works of the Place de Concorde. Among his capital
geologist, a son of Prof. Edward Hitchcock, was born 'works are the Grand Circus, (1840,) the Panorama, the
at Amherst, Massachusetts, August 23, 1836. He grad- roof of which is supported by twelve iron cables, and
aated at Amherst College in 1856. He studied divinity the Cirque-Napoleon, (1851.) M. Hittorf acquired a
at New Haven, and science at the Royal School of European reput lion by these structures, and by his
Mines. London. He was professor of geology at Lafay- writings on classical art, namely, " Polychromic Archi-
ette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, 1866-70, and after- lecture of the Greeks," (1830,) "Modern Architecture
wards was professor of the same science in Dartmouth of Sicily," (1837,) and "Ancient Architecture of Sicily."
College. He publishedmanyscientific papers, andseveral He was a member of the Institute. Died in 1867.
volumes of reports prepared in conneclion wilh various See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
State geological surveys. Hitzig, hit'sic, (JERDINAND,) a German biblical critic,
Hitch'cock, (EDWARD,) an eminent American geol- : born in Baden in 1807. He became professor of theology
ogist, born at Deerfield, Massachusetts, May 24, 1793. at Zurich in 1833. His principal works are a "Transla-
He became pastor of the Congregational church in Con- lion and Exposition of Isaiah," (1833,) and commentaries
way, Massachusetts, in 1821, and professor of chemistry on the other greater prophets, (1841-50.) Died in 1875.
arid natural history in Amherst College in 1825. 1111840 Hitzig, (GEORG HEINRICH FRIEDRICH,) a distin-
he published his "Elementaiy Geology," a valuable guished German architect, born in 1811 ; died in 1881.
work, which passed through rwenty-five or more edi- Hjaerne or Hiaerne, he-eVneh, (URBAN,) a Swedish
tions. From 1845 to '854 he was president of Amherst physician and naturalist, born in 1641, became first phy-
College, the prosperity of which increased greatly under sician to the king Carl XI., and vice-president of tho
his direction. He became about 1845 professor of natu Council of Mines. He wrote, besides other works,
ral theology and geology in that institution. Having
been appointed State geologist for Massachusetts, he
made a geological survey of that State, ami
"Acta et Tentamina chimica," (" Chemical Experiments,"
1712,) and " Oryctographia Suecana," (1716.) Died in
1724-
a, e, i, o, u, y, long; A, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, s/iart; a, e, i, p, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mil; nfit; good; moon:
HJORT
1293
HOBBES
Hjort, he-oRt' or hyoRt, (PEDER,) a Danish granv
manan, born near Copenhagen in 1793. After an ex-
tensive tour in France and Italy, he became professor
of German at Sorbe. He wrote several successful works
on grammar, among which are "Tydsk Grammatik for
Dansktalende," ("German Grammar for the Use of
Danes," 5th edition, i85l,)"Tydsk Lasebog for Dansk-
talende," (" German Reader for the Use of Danes," 3d
edition, 1843,) and "Den Danske Borneven," ("The
Danish Child's Friend." Died November n, 1871.
Hliii, hleen, Hlina, hlee'na, or Lyna, lee'na, [sup-
posed to be derived from klynat to " warm" or " become
warm,"] in the Northern mythology, a goddess, whose
office it is to watch over those whom Frigga wishes to
guard from peril. As Frigga represents the earth's
fertility, so Hlin typifies the mild warmth which protects
the tender plants from the breath of the Frost-giants.
Hlodyn, hlo'din, [in all probability the same as HLU-
_DANA, the Latin name of a deity of the ancient Germans,]
in the Norse mythology, the mother of Thor, and prob-
ably another name for Fiorgyn or Fiorgvin, (also called
the mother of Thor,) the goddess of the earth. Thorpe
derives it from Hafta, (allied to the English "lade" and
" load,") to " heap up," to " load." Fiorgynn (as a mas-
culine noun) was said to be the father of Frigga.
Hlubek, hloo'bek, (FRANZ XAVER WILHELM,) a Ger.
man writer on rural economy, born in Silesia in 1802. His
principal works are " The Nutrition of Plants and Statics
of Agriculture," (1841,) and a "Complete Treatise on
Rural Economy," (2 vols., 1846.) Died Feb. 10, 1880.
Hoad'ley or Hoadly, (BENJAMIN,) an English divine,
corn at Westerham in 1676, took orders about 1700.
His zeal for religious liberty and opposition to the High-
Church principles caused his promotion in 1715 to the see
ofBangor. In 1717 he preached a sermon before the king,
from which arose the great Bangorian controversy. This
was maintained by Snape, Law, and other partisans of
the High Church on one hand, and Hoadley on the other.
He was made Bishop of Hereford in 1721, and of Win-
chester in 1734. He wrote a "Life of Dr. Samuel
Clarke," and a few other works. Died in 1761.
See " Biographia Britannica,"
Hoadley, (BENJAMIN,) M.D., eldest son of the pre-
ceding, was born in London in 1705, and graduated in
1729. In 1742 he was appointed physician to the king's
household, and in 1746 to that of the Prince of Wales.
He wrote " The Suspicious Husband," a comedy, which
was successful, and assisted Hogarth in the " Analysis
of Beauty." Died in 1757.
Hoar, (EBENEZER ROCKWOOD,) an able lawyer, the
son of Samuel Hoar, noticed below, was born at Con-
cord, Massachusetts, in 1816. His mother was a daugh-
ter of the celebrated Roger Sherman. He graduated at
Harvard in 1835, was admitted to the bar about 1840,
and practised in Boston. In 1859 he was appointed a
justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts, was
attorney-general of the United States, 1869-70. and
member of Congress, 1873-75. Died Jan. 31, 1895.
Hoar, (GEORGE FRISBIE,) LL.D., an American Sen-
ator, born in Concord, Massachusetts, August 29, 1826, a
son of Samuel Hoar, noticed below. He graduated at
Harvard College in 1846, and at the Dane Law School,
served in Congress, 1868-76, and was sent to the United
States Senate from Massachusetts in 1877, and suc-
cessively re-elected. He served on the Tilden-
Hayes Electoral Commission, and presided over the
Republican National Convention of 1880.
Hoar, (SAMUEL,) a lawyer, born at Lincom, Massa-
chusetts, in 1778, was the father of the preceding. He
was sent by the Governor of Massachusetts to South
Carolina in 1844, to protect the rights of certain free
negro sailors who had been imprisoned in Charleston ;
but he was driven from that city by a mob before he
could perform his mission. Died in 1856.
Hoare, (PRINCE,) an English artist and dramatist,
born at Bath in 1754, was the son of William Hoare,
noticed below. He studied painting at Rome, and in
1799 was chosen foreign secretary of the Royal Acad-
emy. He is chiefly known as the author of dramas, as
"No Song, No Supper," " Lock and Key," etc. Died
in 1834.
Hoare, (Sir RICHARD COLT,) a noted English anti-
quary, born in 1758, married in 1783 the daughter of
Lord Lyttleton, and inherited the title of baronet in 1787.
He gained distinction as a topographer and antiquarian
by his " Ancient and Modern History of Wiltshire," and
wrote several other works. Died in 1838.
Hoare, (WILLIAM,) R.A., an English historical and
portrait painter, born at Bath about 1706 He was one
of the original members of the Royal Academy. After
studying many years at Rome, he returned to Bath, and
worked with great success, especially in portraits. Died
n 1792.
Ho'bart, (AUGUSTUS CHARLES,) known as HOBART
P \SIIA, a naval commander, born in England, April i,
1822, a son of the Earl of Buckinghamshire. He entered
the royal navy in 1836, commanded the Queen's yacht,
1845-47, and served in the Crimean war. In 1861-65,
being still an officer of the British navy, he commanded
a blockade-runner on the coast of the United States.
In 1867 he entered the Turkish navy, served against the
Cretan insurgents, and was soon made an admiral and
inspector-general of the navy. In 1881 he was made a
marshal of the Turkish Empire. Died in 1886.
Ho'bart, (GARRET AUGUSTUS,) "Vice-President of
the United States, was born in Monmouth county,
Xew Jersey, June 3, 1841. He was admitted to the
l.ar in 1869, was a member of the New Jersey House
1873-78, and of the Senate 1879-85, being president
i if the Senate in 1881. He became very prominent
; in Republican politics, and was elected Vice-President
i for the term 1897-1901. He died November 21,
1899.
Ho'bart, (JOHN HENRY,) D.D., born in Philadelphia
111 '775. was ordained in 1798. He was successively
pastor at New Brunswick, Hempstead, and Trinity
Church, New York, and was chosen Bishop of New
York in 1816. He published numerous theological
works. Died in 1830.
Hobbema or Hobbima, hob'be-ma, (MINDERHOUT j
Ger. MEINDERT; Fr. MINARD,) an excellent Flemish
landscape-painter, was born probably at Coevorden about
1638. Little is known of his personal history. His
favourite subjects were simple rural and sylvan scenes
diversified by a winding stream, a ruined tower, or a dis-
tant village. He excelled in perspective and colouring.
His works are rare, and command very high prices.
'Jver twenty thousand dollars has been paid for one.
Died in December, 1709.
Hobbes, hdbz, (THOMAS,) a famous English philos-
opher, born at Malmesbury in 1588. As tutor in the
family of the Earl of Devonshire, he travelled several
times on the continent with his pupils, and became ac-
quainted with Gassendi, Descartes, etc. In 1628 he pub-
lished a Latin translation of Thucydides, and in 1642
a treatise on government, — "Elementa Philosophica o>
Give." He was a royalist in the civil war, and an ad-
vocate of unconditional obedience to the king. In 1647
he was mathematical tutor to the Prince of Wales,
(Charles II.,) then in Paris. His treatise on "Human
Nature" (1650) was followed by the " Leviathan," (a
complete system of his philosophy, including his politi-
cal, moral, and theological views,) which made a great
sensation, and gave offence to theologians, and — though
it was hostile to liberal principles— even to the royalists.
In 1666 this work and his "De Give" were censured by
Parliament. Soon after the restoration, he received a
pension of one hundred pounds. His paradoxical opin-
ions were warmly controverted by Cudworth, Clarendon,
and others. In 1675 he published a translation in verse
of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey," which drew from
Pope the assertion that "his poetry is too mean for
criticism." In his old age, which was passed a't the
seat of his patron, the Earl of Devonshire, he publisher)
a " History of the Civil War from 1640 to 1660," ana
other works. " A permanent foundation of his fame,"
says Mackintosh, "consists in his admirable style, which
seems to be the very perfection of didactic language.
Short, clear, precise, pithy, his language never has more
than one meaning, which never requires a second
fhought to find. . . . His little tract on 'Human Na-
« as k; 5 as s; g &jn/,- g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, «ara/; R, trilled; s as z; th as in //Sw.
xplanations, p. 23.)
HOBBS
1294
HODGES
ture' has scarcely an ambiguous or a needless word. . . .
Perhaps no writer of any age or nation, on subjects so
abstruse, has manifested an equal power of engraving
his thoughts on the mind of his readers. . . . His style so
stimulates attention that it never tires, and, to those who
are acquainted with the subject, appears to have as much
spirit as can be safely blended with reason." Died 1679.
Hobbs, (ALFRED CHARLES,) an American lock
expert, born at Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1812.
He entered the lock and safe business, invented an
unpickable lock, and became such an expert that he
could open the best safe-locks in a remarkably brief
time. His most famous exploit was in London, with
a Brahma lock, for which an offer of two hundred
guineas was made to any one who could open it
without a key. Hobbs did so in fifty-one hours. He
opened another combination-lock in a few minutes with
his back to the door. His own lock resisted the efforts
of pickers. He died November 6, 1891.
Hob'hpuse, (Sir BENJAMIN,) M.P., an English states-
man, born in 1757, was a prominent member of the House
of Commons from 1797 to 1818, held several civil offices,
and was attached to the party of Fox. He wrote a
" Treatise on Heresy," and " Remarks on France and
Italy." Died in 1831.
Hobhouae, (JOHN CAM,) Lord Broughton, an Eng-
lish statesman and writer, bom in 1786, was a son of the
preceding. He became intimate at college with Lord
Byron, in company with whom he visited Spain, Greece,
and Turkey in 1809. He published in 1812 " A Journey
through Albania, and other Provinces of Turkey, with
Lord Byron," which was long the best account of that
country, and, in 1816, " Letters on the Hundred Days, or
Last Reign of Napoleon," (in 2 vols.) He was elected to
Parliament by the Radicals or Liberals of Westminster
in 1819, and obtained success as a speaker. In 1831
he became secretary of war in the Whig ministry. He
was appointed secretary of state for Ireland in 1833, and
was president of the board of control from 1846 to 1851.
Died in June, 1869.
Hob'son, (JOHN ATKINSON,) an English reform
writer, was born at Derby, July 6, 1858. He was a
University Extension lecturer from 1887 to 1897, and
published "The Physiology of Industry," (1889,)
" Problems of Poverty," (1891,) "The Evolution of
Modern Capitalism," (1894,) "The Problem of the
Unemployed," (1896,) "John Ruskin, Social Re-
former," (1898,) etc.
Hob'son, (RICHARD PEARSON,) an American
naval engineer, was born at Greensboro, Alabama,
August 17, 1870. He graduated at the Naval Academy
in 1889, became a naval constructor, and was on the
cruiser New York during the blockade of Santiago,
where he sunk the collier Merrimac in the harbour
channel to prevent the escape of the Spanish fleet.
He was taken prisoner, but was soon exchanged. He
subsequently attempted to raise the wrecked Spanish
ships, and succeeded with the Maria Teresa.
Hoc'cleve or Oc'cleve, (THOMAS,) an early English
poet and lawyer, is supposed to have been born about
1370. He wrote "The Story of Jonathan," and other
poems. " His poetry," says Hallam, " abounds with
pedantry, and is destitute of all grace and spirit"
Hoche, ^6sh or /;osh, (LAZARE,) a French general, who
rose from a very humble rank in society, was born at
Montreuil, near Paris, in 1768, and entered the French
guards at the age of sixteen. He favoured the Revolu-
tion of 1789, and was made a lieutenant in 1792. Hav-
ing studied tactics, and served with credit at Thionville,
Dunkirk, etc., he became in a short time successively
general of brigade and general of division, and at the
age of twenty-four commanded the army of the Moselle.
In 1793 he defeated Wurmser and drove him out of Al-
sace, soon after which he was arrested by the Jacobin
leader Saint-Just an<f imprisoned at Paris. The fall of
Robespierre in 1794 restored him to liberty and com-
mand. Employed tc subdue the royalists of La Vendee,
he effected much by his address and moderation, and in
1795 defeated the enemy at Quiberon. In 1797, com-
I manding the army of the Sambre and Meuse, he opened
the campaign against the Austrians by a daring passage
of the Rhine in their presence, and defeated them in
, several actions. In the contest between the Director}
ind the Legislative Councils, Hoche favoured the former,
who invoked the aid of his army, but soon issued counter-
oiders and employed another in the service. He died,
of poison, (as was suspected,) in 1797. He was one of
the noblest spirits and ablest generals that the Revo-
lution produced, and, if he had lived, might have been a
formidable rival of Bonaparte.
Hochstetter, vou, ton hoK'stSt'ter, (FERDINAND,)
a German geologist, born at Esslingen, April 30, 1829.
He was naturalist to the Novara expedition around the
world, 1857-59. He lived some years in New Zealand,
and published "Geology of New Zealand," (1864,) and
a much larger work on the same subject, in German, in
1866. He later became a professor in the Vienna Poly-
technic School. He published " Ueber den Ural," (1873,)
and " Die Erde," a popular work. Died at Vienna, July
17, 1884.
Hocquincourt, A', do'kaN'kooR', (CHARLES DE
MONCHY,) born in Picardy in 1 599, became marshal of
France in 1651, and commanded the royal army which
was defeated by the Prince of Condi in 1652. He de-
serted to the Spaniards, and was killed at Dunkirk in
1658.
Ho'dell, (FRAXS OSCAR LEONARD,) a Swedish
dramatist, born in 1840. He published a comic paper,
the " Sondags-Nisse," 1881-90, and wrote and
adapted for the stage more than a hundred plays.
The most popular of these was " Andersson, Peters-
son, and Lundstrom." Died May 25, 1890.
Ho'dfr, Ho'dur, (HotJr,) or Hod, written also
Hoder, the blind god in the Norse mythology. Through
the cunning malice of Loki, he became the slayer of his
brother Balder, whose death 'Vali avenged by killing
Hoder. (See BALDER, and VALI.)
Hodge, (ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER,) D.D., LL.D., an
American theologian, a son of Dr. Charles Hodge,
noticed below. He was born at Princeton, New Jersey,
July 18, 1823, graduated at Princeton College in 1841, and
at Princeton Theological Seminary in 1847, and became
a Presbyterian clergyman. He became a professor
at Princeton in 1877, and published a number of
books on theological subjects. Died in 1886.
Hodge, (CHARLES,) D.D., an eminent American
theologian, born in Philadelphia in 1797. He graduated
at Princeton in 1815, and studied divinity at the Princeton
Theological Seminary, in which he became professor of
Oriental and Biblical literature in 1822. In 1840 he suc-
ceeded to the chair of didactic and exegetical theology,
and in 1852 added to it the professorship of polemic
theology. In 1825 Dr. Hodge established, and was for
many years editor of, the " Biblical Repertory and Prince-
ton Review," at that time the ablest theological quar-
terly in America, and the chief organ of the Old-School
division of the Presbyterian Church. Two volumes of
his contributions to this "Review," entitled "Princeton
Theological Essays," were published in 1846-47, and a
third volume, "Reviews and Essays," in 1857. He died
June 19, 1878.
Hod' ge§, (EDWARD,) Mus. Doc., an English musician
and composer, born at Bristol, July 20, 1796. In 1838
he left England for America, and next year was appointed
organist of Saint John's Episcopal Chapel in New York
He returned to England in 1863, and died in 1867.
Hodges, hoj'ez, (NATHANIEL,) an English physician,
who practised in London, and gained distinction by his
faithful services during the great plague of 1665, when the
most of the doctors fted from the danger. He wrote, in
Latin, an account of this calamity, (1672.) He died in
prison for debt in 1684.
Hodges, (WILLIAM,) R.A., an English painter, born
in London about 1744. He painted landscapes wit'i
moderate success, and was employed as draughtsman
in Captain Cook's second vovage, (1772.) He after-
wards visited India and painted some Indian views. He
published " Select Views in India," (2 vols., 1788,) and
" Travels in India in 1780-85," (I793-) Died in 1797.
a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, $, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; m£t; not; good; moon;
HOD G KIN
129S
HOFER
Hodg'kin, (THOMAS,) an English historian, born)
at Tottenham in 1831. He published " Italy and Her
Invaders," (7 vols., 1880-98,) etc.
HSdg'kln-spn, (EATON,) born at Anderton, Cheshire,
in 1789, is distinguished for his researches respecting the
strength of iron pillars, rails, etc. He discovered thai
an iron rail in the form ol an inverted letter T will sup-
port a greater pressure thin any other. From numerous
experiments he derived formulae for solid and hollow
iron pillars, which are generally adopted. He co-
operated with Mr. Stephenson in the construction of the
tubular Britannia bridge about 1845. Died in 1 86 1.
Hodg'son, (BRIAN HOUGHTON,) a British ethnolo-
gist, born in 1800. While in the government service
in Nepaul, and afterwards, he made a large collection
of the northern Buddhistic literature, and wrote many
valuable papers on the ethnology and zoology of Ne-
paul and Thibet. He collected more than ten thou-
sand birds. Died in 1894.
Hodg'son, (FRANCIS,) an English poet, born in
1781, was a friend of Lord Byron, and provost of
Eton College. He produced a version of Juvenal,
(1808,) "Sacred Lyrics," (1842,) and other poems.
Died in 1852.
Hodgson, (JOHN EVAN,) an English artist, born
at London in 1831. His first picture was exhibited in
1856. He painted historical subjects 1861-69, but
afterwards mainly confined himself to scenes from
Moorish life. He was elected to the Royal Academy
in 1879.
Hodierna, o-de-*R'na, or Adierna, a-de-eVnJ, (Gl-
AMBATTISTA,) a Sicilian astronomer and priest, bom at
Ragusa in 1597, verified the positions of the fixed stars,
and discovered the motions of Jupiter's satellites. His
"Medicseorum Ephemerides" (1656) is the first book,
says Lalande, "in which we find observations on the
eclipses of Jupiter's satellites." He wrote a treatise on
the System of Saturn, (1657,) and other works. Died
in 1660.
Hodius. See HODY.
Ho'djf, [Lat. HO'DIUS,] (HUMPHRY,) D.D., an Eng-
lish divine and eminent scholar, born at Oldcombe in
1659. About 1694 he became chaplain to Archbishop
Tillotson. He was chosen professor of Greek at Oxford
in 1698, and Archdeacon of Oxford in 1704. He pub
lished an excellent work "On the Original Texts of the
Bible, and the Greek and Latin Versions," ("De Bibli-
Drum Textis Originalibus," etc., 1705,) also, "On the;
Illustrious Greek Restorers of the Greek Language,"
(1742,) which is commended by Hallam. Died in 1706
See DR. JBBB, "Notitia de Vita et Scriptis H. Hodii."
Hoe, (RICHARD MARCH,) born in New York City in
1812, is known as the inventor of Hoe's type-revolving
printing-press, which makes the impression on both
sides of the sheet at the same time. Died in 1886.
Hoeck. See yEpmus and HOEK.
Hoefer, ho'fer, [Fr. pron. ho'fair',] (JoHANN CHRIS-
TIAN FERDINAND, a German writer, distinguished for
his learning and versatility, was born at Doeschnitz, in
Thuringia, in 1811. He became in 1834 secretary to
Victor Cousin, whom he assisted in the translation of
the works of Plato. He left Cousin in 1836, after which
he studied medicine, and practised several years in Paris.
In 1843 he was sent to Germany by M. Cousin to
examine the German methods of medical instruction
and practice. He published, besides other works, a
" History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the
Present," (2 vols., 1842.) In 1851 he was selected by
MM. Didot to direct their great biographical dictionary,
"Nouvelle Biographic Generale," for which he wrote
able articles on Aristotle, C«esar, Columbus, Descartes,
Erasmus, and others. Died in 1878.
Hoefnaeghel, hooPna'gel or hoof'na'Hel, (GEORGE,,
a Flemish painter, born at Antwerp in 1545, was painter
to the Elector of Bavaria. He excelled in water-colour
painting. Died at Vienna in 1600.
Hoek or Hoeck, van, also written Honk,
(JAN,) a Flemish painter of history, born at Antwerp
about 1600, was one of the most skilful pupils of Rubens.
He worked for a long time in Germany, and was patron-
ized by the emperor Ferdinand II. He passed his latter
years in Antwerp. His design and colouring are highly
praised He was very successful in portraits. Among
his master-pieces are " Samson and Delilah," and " Christ
on the Cross," (at Bruges.) Died in 1650.
See J. C. WKVKBMAN, "De Schilderkonst der Nederlander3."
Hoek, (ROBERT,) a brother of the preceding, born
in 1609, was a skilful painter. He painted miniatures
which were admired for extreme fineness of touch and
beauty of colour. His principal works are " The Twelve
Apostles," an army, and a camp. Died in 1668.
Hoelderlin. See HOLDERLIN.
Hoelfken. See HOLFKEN.
Hoelty. See HOLTY.
Hoeltzlinus. See HOLTZLINUS.
Hoenir or Hbnir, ho'nir, [etymology unknown,] in
the Norse mythology, a god who, with Lodur, assisted
Odin in creating mankind. He is supposed to have con-
tributed as his portion sense or perception, while Odin
gave breath and vitality, and Lodur animal warmth and
'he flowing (or circulating) blood. (See ODIN.)
Hoepfner. See HOPFNER.
Hoepken. See HOPKEN.
Hoerberg. See HORBERG.
Hoeschel. See HOSCHEL.
Hoest See HOST.
Hoet, hoot, (GERARD,) an eminent Dutch historical
painter, born at Bommel in 1648. He worked mostly at
Utrecht and the Hague. Among his chief works are
the " Rape of the Sabines," and the " Sacrifice of Dido."
"The talent of Hoet," says Descamps, "is known
throughout Europe. He composed with much genius,
and his works display vast erudition." Died in 1733.
See DESCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc
Hoeven, van der, vSn der hoo'ven, (JAN,) an able
Dutch naturalist, born at Rotterdam in 1801, became
professor of zoology at Leyden in 1835. His principal
work is an excellent " Manual of Zoology," (" Hand-
boek der Dierkunde," 2 vols., 1827-33,) which has been
translated into English, (London, 1854.) He died March
10, 1868. His brother ABRAHAM (1798-1855) was pro-
fessor of theology at Amsterdam and Utrecht, and was
considered one of the most eloquent orators of Holland.
Ho'ey, (FRANCES SARAH CASHEL,) an authoress,
born at Bushy Park, near Dublin, Ireland, February 15,
1830. Her maiden name was JOHNSTON. In 1846 she
married a Mr. Stewart, and in 1858 Mr. J. Cashel Hoey.
She published many novels, and translated the " Memoirs
of Mine, de Remusat" from the French.
Ho'ey, (JOSEPHINE SHAW, ) a favourite American
actress, born at Liverpool, England, in 1824. She
married in 1849 John Hoey, for many years manager
and president of the Adams Express Company. She
continued to act until 1865. Died in 1896.
Hoeyer. See HOYER.
Hofer. See HOEFER.
Hofer, ho'fer, (ANDREAS,) a celebrated Tyrolese pa-
triot, born in the valley of the Passeyr in 1767. On
the breaking out of the insurrection against the French
and the Bavarian government, to which the Tyrol had
been lately transferred, he entered into secret negotiations
with the archduke John for the deliverance of the coun-
try. In April, 1809, with the assistance of an Austrian
army, Hrefer, at the head of the Tyrolese peasantry,
defeated the French and Bavarian troops at the Ster-
zinger Moose. In the May following, the Austrians,
under Genera! Chasteler, suffered a defeat from the
superior numbers of the enemy near Worgl. Soon after
this the Tyrolese were again victorious in an engagement
near Mount Isel ; but, the Austrian army being with-
drawn after the battle of Wagram, the country was once
more invaded by Marshal Lefebvre. On the I3th of
August, 1809, Hofer, with his army of Tyrolese peasants,
signally defeated the French commander near Mount
Isel, after a long and obstinate conflict ; but, overpowered
at last by the reinforcements sent from France, he took
refuge in the mountains. Being soon after betrayed bj
€ as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/'; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, (rilled; s as z; th as in this.
anations, p. 23.)
HOFER
1296
HOFFMANN
a former friend, he was tried at Mantua, and was shot
in February, 1810.
See "Andreas Hofer und die Tyroler Insurrection," Munich,
1811: HORMAVR, "Geschichte Andreas Hofer's Sandwirths," etc,
1809 ; BECKER, " Andreas Hofer und der Freiheitskampf in Tyrol,"
jvols., 1842; "Memoirs of Andrew Hofer," translated from the
German by C. H. HALL.
Hofer, ho'fer, (EDMUND,) a distinguished German
novelist, born at Greifswalde, October 19, 1819. He was
educated at Greifswalde, Heidelberg, and Berlin. His
very numerous novels were widely popular, and his de-
scriptions of Pomeranian peasant -life are excellent.
Among his stories are "Auf deutscher Erde," (1860,)
"Land- und Seenovellen," (1871,) "Stille Geschichten,"
(1871,) etc. He also wrote a " History of German Lit-
erature," (1876,) and "Wie das Volk spricht," (1876,) a
collection of rustic sayings. Died May 23, 1882.
Hoff, von, fon hoff, (KARL ERNST ADOLF,) a German
geologist, born at Gotha in 1771, wrote a "History of
the Natural Changes of the Surface of the Globe," (5
vols., 1822-41.) and edited, from 1801 to 1816, "The
Almanac of Gotha," a statistical publication of very
high character. Died in 1837.
Hoffbauer, hof'bow'er, (JoHANN CHRISTOPH,) a Ger-
man writer, born at Bielefeld in 1766, published, besides
other works, " Researches into the Diseases of the Soul,"
(3 vols., 1802-07.) Died in 1827.
Hoffman, (CHARLES FENNO,) a popular American
poet and novelist, born in New York in 1806, graduated
at Columbia College. He studied law, and was admitted
to the bar about 1828. In 1835 ne produced a successful
descriptive work entitled " Winter in the West." He
edited successively "The American Monthly Magazine"
and "The New York Mirror." Among his works are
"The Vigil of Faith, and other Poems," and a number
of songs. " No American," says R. W. Griswold, " is
comparable to him as a song-writer." He published in
1840 "Greyslaer," a novel. In 1849 he was attacked
with a mental derangement. Died at Harrisburg, Penn-
sylvania, June 7, 1884.
See GBISTTOLD, " Poets and Poetry of America," and " Prose
Writers of America;" DUYCKINCK, "Cyclopzdia of American Lite-
rature," vol. ii.
Hoffman, (DAVID,) an eminent American lawyer,
born in Baltimore in 1784, was professor of law in the
University of Maryland from 1817 to 1836. He after-
wards resided in Philadelphia. He published a "Course
of Legal Study," which has been highly commended.
According to Judge Story, " it contains by far the most
perfect system for the study of the law that has ever
been offered to the public." He also wrote or compiled
"Chronicles selected from the Originals of Cartaphilus
the Wandering Jew," (2 vols., 1855.) Died in 1854.
See " North American Review" for January, 1830.
Hoffman, //ofmoN', (FRANCOIS BENotr,) an able
French critic and dramatic poet, born at Nancy in 1760.
He produced many successful operas and dramas, among
which are "Phaedra," (1786,) "Adrien," (1792,) and
" Stratonice," a comedy, (1792.) He wrote literary cri-
tiques for the "Journal de 1 Empire" and the "Journal
des Debats" for many years. " He had," says Sainte-
Beuve, " many qualities of a true critic, — conscience and
independence. . . . He was learned with variety and
without pedantry." Died in 1828.
See SAINTE-BEUVE, " Causeriesdu Lundi" for February 25, 1850;
" Nouvelle Biographic Ge"ne"rale."
Hoffman, (MURRAY,) an American judge, born in
New York, September 29, 1791. He graduated at Co-
lumbia College in 1809. In 1839 he was appointed
assistant vice-chancellor of New York, and was a judge
of the superior court of New York, 1853-61. He pub-
lished various law-books, chiefly on chancery subjects,
besides several works on ecclesiastical law. Died May
7, 1878-
Hoffmann, hof man, (ANDREAS GOTTLIEB,) a German
theologian, born in the county of Mansfeld in 1796, be-
came professor of theology at Jena in 1822. He pub-
lished a "Treatise on Hebrew Antiquities," (1832,) and
wrote many articles for the " Encyclopaedia" of Ersch
and Gruber. Died March 16, 1864.
Hoffmann, (AUGUST HEINRICH,) an eminent lyric
jioet and philologist, called also Hoffmann von Pal-
lersleben, (fll'lers-li'ben,) was born at Fallersleben, in
Hanover, in 1798. He studied at Gottingen and Bonn,
and became in 1835 professor of the German language
and literature at Breslau. He published " German Social
Songs of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,"
and " Mines for the History of the German Language
and Literature ;" also ballads, songs for children, war
lyrics, and other poems, which are greatly admired for
their simplicity, fervour, and pathos. Died in 1874.
See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe , ' " Leven»-
schets van A. H. Hoffmann von Fallersleben. "
Hoffmann, (CASPAR,) a German physician, born at
Gotha in 1572, published numerous works on medicine.
I lied at Altdorf in 1648.
See ERSCH und GRUBER, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."
Hoffmann, hofmln, (CHARLES ALEXANDER,) a
Polish writer, born in Masovia in 1798, produced in 1827
a Polish translation of the works of Dr. Franklin.
Having been identified with the insurrection of 1830, he
was driven into exile in 1832. He was the husband of
Clementina Hoffmanowa. Died July 6, 1875.
Hoffmann, (CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED,) a German juris-
consult, born at Lauban, in Lusatia, in 1692, became
professor of law at Leipsic in 1718, and afterwards at
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. He acquired a high reputation
by his writings, (in Latin,) among which are a " History
of the Roman Law of Justinian," (1720-24,) and "Li-
brary of German Public Law," (" Bibliotheca Juris pub-
lici Germanici," etc., 1734.) Died in 1735.
See ERSCH und I.RLTBKR, "AMsemeine Encyklopaedie ;" HlR-
SCHING. " Historisch-literarisches Handbuch."
Hoffmann, (CHRISTOPH LUDWIG,) an eminent medi-
cal writer, born at Rheda, in Westphalia, in 1721, was
physician to the Electors of Cologne and Mentz. Among
his principal works are treatises " On the Small-Pox,"
(2 vols., 1778,) and "On the Sensibility and Irritability
of the Diseased Parts," (1779.) Died in 1807.
Hoffmann or Hoffmanowa, hof-mi-no'vi, (CLE-
MENTINA,) a popular Polish authoress, whose maiden
name was TANSKA, was born at Warsaw in 1798, and
liberally educated. She produced about 1820, in Polish,
her " Memorial of a Good Mother," which had a great
popularity. She was married to Charles A. Hoffmann,
with whom she removed to Paris about 1832. Among
her works, which were published collectively in 1833, (in
10 vols^,) are letters, historical tales, essays, and biog-
raphies of eminent Poles. Died in 1845.
Hoffmann, (DANIEL,) a German Lutheran divine,
born at Halle about 1538, was professor of theology at
Helmstedt, He was censured for teaching that the
truths of philosophy conflict with the truths of religion.
Died in 1611.
Hoffmann, (ERNST THEODOR WOLFGANG; after-
wards called ERNST THEODOR AMADEUS,) one of the
most remarkable and original of German story-tellers,
(End/tier,) viis born at Konigsbergin 1776. He studied
law, and subsequently received several minor appoint-
ments under the government. In 1816 he became coun-
sellor of the royal court of judicature at Berlin. Died
in 1822, his health having been previously undermined
by dissipation. His gifted and versatile mind led him
to the cultivation of music, poetry, and art But he " is
celebrated chiefly," says Dr. Hedge, " for his successful
use of the magic and demoniac element in fiction. He
does not seek to make the flesh creep and the hair bris-
tle, but aims rather at the diaphragm. He views all
these infrrnalia on the humorous side ; and if any one
trait is particularly prominent in his writings, it is irony."
Menzel, after alluding to the strange combination which
his mind exhibited of manliness, humour, poetry, and
morbid sensibility, remarks, " From the dev:! do^n to a
wry-faced child's doll, from the dissonance of life which
rends the soul down to a dissonance in music which only
rends the ear, the immeasurable kingdom of the ugly,
the repulsive, the annoying, was gathered around him,
and his descriptions paint alternately these tormenting
objects, and the torments which they prepare for a beau-
tiful soul, with inimitable vividness and truth." Again,
he says, " Hoffmann's innermost being was music ; and
i, e 1, 6, u, y, long: a, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, q, obicure; fir, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; m5on;
HOFFMANN
1297
HO CAN
the prayer of Saint Anthony is never wanting to his Hof'land, (BARBARA,) a popular English writer, born
hellish caricatures, nor the Christmas bell to the witches' at Sheffield in 1770, was the daughter of Robert Wreaks,
sabbath." Among his principal works are "Phantasie- She became the wife of Thomas Hofland, the painter, in
stiicke in Callot's Manier," (4 vols., 1814,) and "Sera- 1808. She wrote numerous novels and moral tales, which
pions Briider," (4 vols., 1819-21.) His various other had a wide circulation. The " Son of a Genius
tales, etc. would fill several volumes. I ('813) is probably her most successful work. Died
Hoffmann, (FRANZ,) a German theistic philosopher, i in 1844.
born at Aschaffenburg, January 19, 1804. In 1835 he Hofland, (THOMAS CHRISTOPHER,) an eminent Eng-
was made professor of philosophy at Wurzburg, where lish landscape-painter, born at Worksop, in Nottingham-
he died, October 22, 1882. He was a follower of Baader, i shire, in 1777. He married Mrs. Hoole, who, under the
whose works he edited. Besides works on logic, etc., name of Hofland, became well known as a novelist, and
Hoffmann published eight volumes of philosophical resided mostly in or near London. His subjects were
writings. ! chosen from the river and lake scenery of the British
Hoffmann, [Lat HOFFMAN'NUS,] (FRIEDRICH,) an Islands. He published a richly illustrated volume called
illustrious German physician, was born at Halle in 1660. "The British Angler's Manual," (1839.) Died in 1843.
He studied at Jena, and, after travelling in England and Hofler, hof'ler, (KARL ADOLPH KONSTANTIN,) a
Holland, settled as a physician at Halberstadt in 1688. German historian, born at Memmmgen, in Bavaria,
On the establishment of the university at Halle he was March 26, 1811. He was educated at Munich and Got-
appointed in 1693 its first professor of medicine by tingen, and in Italy. He was (1838-47) a professor of
the Elector Frederick III. of Brandenburg. On the
invitation of Frederick I. of Prussia, he removed in
1708 to Berlin, where he was made royal physician, but
still retained his professorship. He returned in 1712
to Halle, where he died in 1742. Hoffmann rendered
most important services to practical medicine by his ex-
periments with various remedies : his " Elixirium Vis-
cerale" and " Liquor Anodynus Mineralis," commonly
called " Hoffmann's Anodyne," are still popular, and he
was one of the first to bring mineral waters into more
general use. He wrote, in Latin and German, numerous
medical works, among which is " Medicina Rationaiis
systematica," (9 vols., 1718-40.) His complete works
were published in 6 vols. quarto, (1740.)
See SCHULZE, "Vita F. HoffmannL" prefixed to his Works, 1730;
BALDINGER. "Programmade F. Hoffmann! et H. Boerl^
in Medicinam practicam," 1772; LOVKN, " Dissertatio
manno ejusque Medicina Rational! systematical' 1846.
Hoffmann, (HEINRICH,) a German humourist,
bom at Frankfort in 1809. He became a medical
specialist, and while treating children drew comical
pictures to amuse them. These, with humourous
havii Mentis
de F. Hoff-
history in Munich, and after 1851 at Prague. Among
his works are " The German Popes," (1839,) " Collection
of Materials for Prankish History," (1849-52,) " Frank
ish Studies," (1852-53,) "Text-Book of Universal His-
tory," (1850-56,) etc.
Hofmann, hof man, (AUGUST WILHELM,) a German
chemist, born at Giessen, April 8, 1818. He held pro-
fessorships in London, 1845-63, and in the University of
Bonn, 1863-65, and went to Berlin University as pro-
fessor in 1865. Hofmann's is one of the great names
in the history of organic chemistry. He wrote many im-
portant scientific papers. He published "Einleitung in
die moderne Chemie," (1865,) etc. Died May 5, 1892.
Hofmann, (ERNST,) a Russian mineralogist, of Ger-
man descent, born at Overlack, in Livonia, January 20,
1801. He was educated at Dorpat and Heidelberg, and
held professorships in the universities of Kiev and Saint
Petersburg. Died at Dorpat, June 5, 1871. His writings
illustrate Russian geography, geology, and minerals.
Hofmann, von, fon hof man, (JOHANN CHRISTIAN
KONRAD,) a German theologian, founder of the so-called
, ' Erlangen school" of Lutheran theology, was born at
letter-press, were published in 1845 under the title °I Nuremberg, December 21, 1810, and was professor of
"Struwwelpeter," the book being widely translated, theology at Rostock and Erlangen. Died December 20,
and running through more than one hundred and 1877.
forty editions. Died in 1894. Hofmannswaldau, von, fon hofmans-wil'dSw,
Hoffmann, (JOHANN GOTTFRIED,) a German writer sometimes written Hofmandswaldau, ( CHRISTIAN
on political economy, born at Breslau in 1765. He be- HOFMANN,) a German poet, born at Breslau in 1618.
came councillor of state in Berlin in 1808, and attended He published in 1673 a collection of poems, entitled
the Congress of Vienna in 1814. Among his works is "Sinnreiche Heldenbriefe." Died in 1679.
"The Science of Money," ("Die Lehre vom Gelde," See GBRVINUS, " Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalliteratur."
1838.) Died in 1847. Hofrneister, hofmls-ter, (WILHELM,) an eminent
Hoffmann, (JOHANN JAKOB,) a Swiss scholar, born German botanist, born at Leipsic, May 18, 1824. He
at Bale in 1635, obtained in 1667 the chair of Greek in held professorships at Heidelberg and Tubingen. Died
his native city. His principal work is a "Universal January 12, 1877.
' il," etc., (in Hofs
Lexicon, Historical, Geographical, Political,'
Latin, 1667.) Died in 1706.
Hofstede de Groot, hof'sta-deh deh gRot, (Prrrus,)
a Dutch (Frisian) theologian, born at Leer, October 8,
Hoffmann, (JOHANN JOSEPH,) a German scholar, !go2. In 1829 he became a professor of theology at
born at Wurzburg, February 16, 1805. He studied in Groningen. He was the recognized head of the "Gro-
the university of his native town, and affer 1830 devoted , ningen theology," and his party took the name of " Evan-
himself to the study of Japanese, Chinese, and Malay. ] gelicals," in opposition to the "Moderns," (the so-called
He became professor of Japanese at Leyden. Died ; Leyden school,) as well as to the strict "Orthodox" party.
January 23, 1878. His chief work is a great " Japanese ; He published " Theologia Naturalis," " Institutiones His-
Dictionary," which he left incomplete. toriae Ecclesiae," etc. His principal work is " Opvoeding
Hoffmann, (MORITZ,) a German physician and bota- j der Menschheid," (the " Education of Mankind," 1847.)
nist, bom at Fiirstenwalde in 1622, became professor of Ho'gan, ( JAMES FRANCIS,) an Australian author,
surgery at Altdorf, and published several medical and
botanical works. Died in 1698.
Hoffmann, hof man, (TYCHO,) a Danish writer, was
keeper of the seals of Denmark. He wrote " Historical
Portraits of Eminent Danes." Died in 1754.
Hoffmannaegg, von, fon hof'man-seg', ( JOHANN London, ^" The Lost Explorer, (1890,) anc
CENTURIUS,) COUNT, a German botanist, born at Dres- Convict King."
den in 1766. Having explored the botanical riches of Ho'gan, (JOHN,) an Irish sculptor, born at Tallow,
Portugal for several years, he returned to Germany in Waterford county, in 1800. He studied m Rome, 1823
1804, and published with M. Link his magnificent " Por- -29, and settled in Dublin. Among his chief works is
tuguese Flora," (in French, 22 parts, 1809-33.) Died in I "The Drunken Faun," for which he received a medal
-g4o at the Exposition of Paris in 1851. Died about 1858.
Honmannua. See HOFFMANN. Ho'gan, (JOHN JOSEPH,) D.D., a bishop, born a«
Hoffmeiater, hof mis-ter, (FRANZ ANTON,) a German Cahirguillamore, county of Limerick, Ireland, May 10,
musician and composer, born at Roihenburg in 1754. 1829. He was educated in the Roman Catholic msti-
Died at Vienn«, February 10, 1812. I tutions of Saint Louis, Missouri, was ordained a pnest
was born in Ireland in 1854, and was taken to Aus-
tralia in infancy. He became a journalist, and in
1887 went to London, where he published " The Irish
in Australia." Later works we're " The Australian in
€ as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as mt/us.
82
Explanations, p. 23.)
HOGARTH
1298
HOHENSTA UFEX
in 1852, became Bishop of Saint Joseph in 1868, and
Bishop of Kansas City in 1880.
Ho'garth, (DAVID GEORGE,) an English archae-
ologist, born in Lincolnshire in 1862. After 1887 he
was engaged in active explorations in Asia Minor,
Cyprus, and Egypt, and was correspondent for the
" Times" during the Turko-Greek war of 1897. He
published various antiquarian works.
Ho'garth, (GEORGE,) a Scottish writer on music, born
in 1783, was the father-in-law of Charles Dickens, the
novelist. He published " Musical History, Biography, „
and Criticism," (2 vols., 1836,) which is highly com- Dunse m
mended, and "Memoirs of the Musical Drama," (2 vols.,
1838.) He became musical and dramatic critic for the
London "Daily News" in 1846. Died in 1870.
Hogarth, (WILLIAM,) a celebrated satirical painter,
ing Tales," (1820,) "The Three Perils of Man," etc.,
and contributed to " Blackwood's Magazine." In 1820
he married Margaret Phillips, and resided afterwards
on a farm at Altrive. Hogg is one of the principal
actors and interlocutors in Christopher North's famous
" Noctes Ainbrosianae." Died in 1835.
See WILSOH, '
of Hogg's Worl
" Life of James Hogg," pr<
siana;," New York, 1855.
Hogg, (ROBERT,) LL.D., a Scottish botanist, born at
1818. His works include " Hand-Book of
Hardy Annuals," "Manual of Fruits," "British Pomol-
ogy," "Gardener's Manual," etc. Died March 14, 1897.
Hohenlohe, ho'en-lo'eh, a celebrated family of Ger-
man princes. The Protestant line includes the houses
born in London in 1697, was apprenticed to a silversmith, °{, Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Hohenlohe-Oehnngen, and
whom he left in 1718. He then earned a subsistence I Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen. The Catholic line includes the
for some time by engraving, and studied drawing in the ! houses of Hohenlohe-Bartenstem-Bartenstein, Hohen-
academy of Sir James Thornhill, whose daughter he I uhe-Bartenstem-Jagstberg, and
married in 1730. He acquired skill in portraits, but1 bure-SdiillingMuriL
soon exchanged that branch of art for one more suited WohPnloho.Tn»»lfin»=n h~',
to his original genius, — the dramatic or satirical species,
in which he is unrivalled. In 1733 he published a
series of engravings called the " Harlot's Progress,"
which had a large sale, and was followed by the " Rake's
Progress," " Marriage a la Mode," " Industry and Idle-
ness," " Beer Lane," and " The Enraged Musician." His
pictures abound in comic humour, and display great skill
in caricature, as well as great originality and fertility of
invention. His works have also the merit of conveying
useful lessons of morality. In 1753 he published his
"Analysis of Beauty," in which he maintains that a
_______ _______ ^^... «* .,^-
of war uiideVk'ing Louis
Hohenlohe-Walden
Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, ho'en-lo'eh ing'el-fing'en,
(FRIEDRICH LUDWIG,) PRINCE, a Prussian general, born
in 1746. He distinguished himself in the campaigns of
i 792 and 1 793, and obtained command of an army in 1 795.
He commanded the Prussian forces which were defeated
by Napoleon at Jena on the I4th of October, 1806. On
the i6th the king gave him command of all the troops
that had escaped from Jena and Auerstadt. He was
compelled to abandon Berlin to the enemy, and soon after
was taken prisoner, with about 15,000 men, at Prentzlow.
He retired to private life, and died in 1817 or 1818.
Holu-iilohe-SchUlingafurst, von, fon ho'en-lo'eh-
shil'lings-furst', (CHLpDwiG KARL VICTOR,) PRINCE, a
He early
Himself a
was the
In'^sii'he'b'ecame leader of 'he liberals in every anti-clerical movement in
general of division and aide-de-camp to Napoleon whom Bavarla- Though he had always been a zealous anti-
he followed in the Russian campaign. After the battle Prusslan. he was accused during the Austro-Prussian
of Waterloo he went to Brazil, where he died in 1830 war °' favourlng Bismarck's designs, and subsequently
Hogendorp, van, (GijSBERTKAREL,) COUNT, a Dutch alded m establishing the new empire. In 1874 he was
statesman, brother of the preceding, born at Rotterdam sent as Gerrnan ambassador to Paris, and in 1885 he
in 1762. He united with several others to form a pro- was aPP°inted governor of Alsace-Lorraine. In 1894
visional government in 1813, and was president of the I16 liecame chancellor of the German empire, succeed-
commission which framed a new constitution. He was '"8 '" tnat office Count de Caprivi, who was the succes-
minister of foreign affairs, aftd vice-president of the sor "f Prince Bismarck. He resigned in 1900.
council, until he resigned in 1816. He wrote "Consider- Hohenlohe-SchillingBfurst, von (GusTAV
ations on the Political Economy of the Low Countries,'
(10 vols., 1818-23.) Died in 1834.
ADOLF,) PRINCE, a German cardinal, a brother of the
preceding, born at Rottenburg, February 26, 1823. He
Hogg, (jABEZ,)an English surgeon and author, i studied law and divinity at Erfurt, Bonn Breslau, Munich,
was born at Chatham in 1817. He practised as an an^ Rome' *** ortia'»td a Prl.est b? Jluf IX" ln '849-
__h,h i • «, i ar|d was made secret chamberlain and almoner to the
f UdJ °f : pope, and Bishop of Edessa. In ,866 he was made a
Jtography, and issued a series of illustrated school- ^rHdi'nal iest, ^d in ,879 a cardinal-bishop and arch-
books, some of which were highly successful. His i jes, ofHSanta Maria Maggiore, holding the see of Al-
work on the microscope (1854) reached its fifteenth £ano. In ,8g4 he resjgrfeed his bishopric and retired
edition in 1898, and Is the accepted text-book on this temporarily to Germany. Died in Rome, Oct. 30, 1896.
e published various medical works on Hohenlohe- Waldenburg-SchillingBfurst, ho'-
ophthalmological subjects, and numerous other scien- en-lo'eh wil'den-booRG' shil'lings-fuRst', (ALEXANDER
tific works. LEOPOLD FRANZ EMMERICH,) PRINCE OF, a Hungarian
H6gg,(J AMES,)" the Ettrick Shepherd," born in Ettrick prelate, born at Kupferzelle in 1794. Died in 1849.
Forest, in Scotland, in 1772, was the son of a shepherd, Hohenstaufen, ho'^n-stow'fen, [from hack, "high,"
and followed his father's employment until he was thirty and Staufen, "hill" or "eminence,"] in the singular,
years of age. In 1803 a collection of his poems was pub- Hohenstaufe, ho'en-stow'feh, a celebrated family of
lished, under the title of "The Mountain Bard," the German princes, who reigned from 1138 to 1254. The
proceeds of which (about £300) enabled him to take a first of the line, FRIEDRICH VON BUREN, received the
farm. He failed, however, in this enterprise. After many name on account of having removed his dwelling from
struggles with adversity, he went to Edinburgh, to try i a valley auf 'den Staufen, ("up the hill" or "mountain.")
LI,, f » .1 L' _1 ^ _O TT • • 1 J J JL J
his fortune in authorship, about 1810. Having issued a
literary periodical called " The Spy," without success, he
was encouraged by his friends to devote himself to poetry,
and in 1813 gave to the public the "Queen's Wake,"
which procured him a high reputation as a poet. It is
generally considered as his best work. His success stimu-
lated him to the rapid production of many other poems,
among which are "The Pilgrims of the Sun," (1815,)
"Poetic Mirror," "Sacred Melodies," and "The Border
Garland," (1819.) He wrote, in prose, "The Brownie
of Bodsbeck, and other Tales," (1818,) "Winter Even-
His son, FRIEDRICH VON STAUFEN, was rewarded by
the emperor Henry IV. for his eminent services by the
duchy of Suabia and the hand of his daughter Agnes.
Henry also made him Regent of Germany while he fought
against the pope in Italy. Friedrich died in 1 105, leaving
two sons, Friedrich and Conrad, the latter of whom was
crowned King of Germany, with the title of CONRAD
III. His nephew, FRIEDRICH BARBAROSSA, the most
celebrated of the line, was chosen emperor in 1 152. (Set
FREDERICK I. of Germany, and KYFFHAUSER.) The
Hohenstaufen line ended with CONRADIN in 1268.
«, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, \, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; not; good; moon;
HOHENZOLLERN
1299
I
Hohenzollern, ho'en-tsorie'Rn, the name of an an-
cient princely German family, from which the imperial
house of Germany and the reigning families of Roumania
and Bulgaria are descended. The name is derived from
the castle of Zollern, in Suabia, which is said to have
been built by Tassillon, or Thasilio, about 8<x/ A.D.
Hoijer, ho'e-yer, (BENJAMIN CARL HENRIK,) an emi-
nent Swedish philosopher, born in Dalecarlia in 1767.
His promotion was hindered by the liberal political
principles of his youth. He produced a treatise "On
the Progress of Critical Philosophy," an " Outline of
the History of the Fine Arts," and other works. In 1808
he became professor of philosophy at Upsal, where he
gained a high reputation as a lecturer. Died in 1812.
Ho'kan-aon, (OLOF,) a Swedish orator, originally a
peasant, born in the province of Bleking in 1695, was
elected in 1726 to the Diet, in which he acquired great
influence by his prudence and eloquence. Died in 1769.
Holanda, de, da o-Un'da, (FRANCISCO,) a Portuguese
'ainter, born in 1518, studied in Rome, and appears to
,ave returned to Portugal. He painted portraits for
Charles V. of Germany, and was skilful in miniature.
Under the patronage of John III. he painted oil pictures
for the palaces and churches of Lisbon. Died in 1584.
Holbach, d', dol'baK or dol'bfk', (PAUL THIERRY or
THYRY, also given as PAUL HEINRICH DIETRICH and
PAUL FRIEDRICH,) BARON, a skeptical philosopher,
born at Heidelsheim (Palatinate) in 1723. He inherited
a fortune, and passed all his life, except childhood, in
Paris, where he was the patron and associate of the
Encyclopaedists. Diderot, Helvetius, Grimm, Rousseau,
and other authors often met at his table. He translated
from the German several works on chemistry and mine-
ralogy. His atheistic opinions were developed in his
" System of Nature," (" Le Systeme de la Nature," 1 770,)
under the pseudonym of MIRABAUD, the morality of
which book Voltaire stigmatized as execrable. It was
also refuted by Frederick the Great. Holbach was the
reputed author of other works, among which were " The
Social System," (1773,) and "La Morale universelle,"
(1776.) Died in 1789.
See DIDEROT, " MemoireV'/ojriixr; ROUSSEAU, " Confessions;"
DAMIRON, " NUmoire sur Thierry d'Holbach," 1851.
Holbein VON HOLBEINSBERG, hol'bin fon hol'binz-
b?RG', (FRANZ,) a popular German dramatist and actor,
born near Vienna in 1779; died in 1855.
Holbein, (HANS,) THE ELDER, a German painter of
Augsburg, born about 1450. Among his master-pieces
are the scenes from the life of Saint Paul in the church of
Saint Paul at Augsburg. He died in 1526, leaving three
sons, AMBROSE, BRUNO, and HANS, who were artists ;
the last-named rose to great eminence.
Holbein, (HANS,) THE YOUNGER, one of the most
celebrated German painters, born at Griinstadt in 1497.
At an early age he removed to BSle, where, after prac-
tising his art for a time, he was recommended by Erasmus
to the English chancellor, Sir Thomas More. After
residing in his family about three years, Holbein was
introduced to King Henry VIII., who gave him abundant
employment and bestowed upon him a large pension.
He devoted himself, while in England, chiefly to portrait-
painting; and his numerous productions in this depart-
ment are esteemed master-pieces. His drawings, upwards
of eighty in number, representing the principal person-
ages of Henry's court, are characterized by Walpole as
" exceedingly fine, and possessing a strength and vivacity
equal to the most perfect portraits." Holbein died in
London, of the plague, in 1554, or, according to R. N.
Wornum and others, in 1543. Among his greatest his-
torical pictures are the celebrated " Dance of Death,"
the "Adoration of the Shepherds and Kings," and a
" Last Supper." His portraits of Sir Thomas More and
of Erasmus also deserve especial mention. " His works,"
observes Cunningham, " have sometimes an air of stiff-
ness, but they have always the look of truth and life.
He painted with g-reat rapidity and ease, wrought with
his left hand, and dashed off a portrait at a few sittings."
Holbein was also a skilful architect and wood-engraver.
See HEGNHR, " Leben Hans Holbein's," Berlin, 1827; Das-
CAUPS, " Vies des Peintres Fiamands, Allemands," etc. ; R. N. WOR-
mjM, "Life of Holbein;" NAGLER, "Allgemeines ICiinstler-Lexi-
'.on:" CUNNINGHAM, "Lives of Painters, Sculptors," etc. ; KARL
FRIEDRICH VON RUMOHR, " H. Holbein der Jiingere in seinem Vet-
haltniss zum Deutschen Formschnittwesen," 1830; "Edinburgh
Review" for April, 1867.
Holbein, (SIGISMUND,) a German painter and en-
graver, is supposed to have been an uncle of the pre-
ceding. Died after 1540.
Holberg, von, fon hol'be'RG, (LuDwic,) BARON, an
eminent Danish author and comic poet, born of pool
parents, at Bergen, Norway, in 1684. In youth he was
employed as a private tutor, and learned French, Italian,
and English. He studied philosophy at Oxford, England,
for about two years. Impelled by a love of travelling,
he visited many countries of Europe, and was afterwards
professor of eloquence at Copenhagen. About 1720 he
published his heroic-comic poem " Peder Paars," which
was immensely popular. His celebrity was increased
by numerous comedies which appeared between 1723
and 1746. One of his best comedies is " The Busy Idler ;
or, The Man who never has Time." His fertile mind
enriched nearly every department of literature, and raised
him to affluence. His talent for satire is displayed in
"Niels Klim's Subterranean Journey," in Latin, (1741,)
the plan of which resembles "Gulliver's Travels." He
also wrote a "History of Denmark," (1735,) and a
" Universal History." Frederick V. created him a baron
in 1747. He is the founder of the Danish theatre, and
the first Danish author who excelled in humorous and
satirical composition. Died in 1754.
See his Autobiography, in Latin, 1727-44, (English translation,
London, 1827;) and his Life, in German, by ROBERT PRUTZ, 1857;
K. L. RAHBEK, "Om L. Hoiberg som Lystspildigter," etc, a vols.,
1815-16: P. T. WANDAL, " Levensbeschrijving van L, Holberg,"
1765; WBRLAUFF," HistoriskeAntegnelser til L. HolbergsLystspil,"
1838; HOWITT, "Literature and Romance of Northern Europe,"
chap. xxi. ; "Nouvelle Biographic Gt£n£rale;" C. L. BRIGHTWKLL,
"Annals of Industry and Genius," London, 1863: "North British
Review" for July, 1869.
Hol'bpurne, (Sir ROBERT,) M.D., an eminent Eng-
lish lawyer, was a member of Charles I.'s privy council
during the civil war. He published several legal treat-
ises. Died in 1647.
Hol'brook, (JOHN EDWARDS,) M.D., a distinguished
American naturalist, born in Beaufort, South Carolina,
in 1795. He graduated at Brown University in 1815;
and, having taken his medical diploma at Philadelphia,
he prosecuted his professional studies for four years in
Europe. He returned to the United States in 1822, and
in 1 824 succeeded to the cljair of anatomy in the Medical
College of South Carolina. In 1842 appeared his "Amer-
ican Herpetology, or a Description of the Reptiles in-
habiting the United States," (5 vols. 410,) which is said
to have laid the foundation of that branch of science in
this country. Died September 8, 1871.
Holcombe, hol'kum, (WILLIAM H.,) an American
homceopathist, born at Lynchburg, Virginia, in 1825. He
became a resident of New Orleans. Besides several
volumes of homoeopathic literature, he published " Our
Children in Heaven," (1868,) " Poems," and other works,
including several brochures setting forth New Church
(Swedenborgian) views. Died November 28, 1893.
Hoi' croft, (THOMAS,) an English dramatist and trans-
lator, born in London in 1744. He was successively a
groom, shoemaker, school-master, and actor. He wrote
numerous dramas and several novels. His comedies
"Duplicity," (1781,) and "The Road to Ruin," (1792,)
were very successful. He made good translations of
numerous French and German works, among which are
Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy," "The Posthumous
Works of Frederick the Great," (1789,) and "Tales of
the Castle." He was indicted for treason with Hardy
and Horne Tooke in 1794, but was discharged without a
trial. Died in 1809.
See "Memoirs of his Life," by himself, 3 vols., 1815; "Edin-
burgh Review" for April, 1804, and October, 1806.
Holda, h61'da or hol'di, written also Holle, [probably
from the German hold, "kind," "propitious," "lovely,"1!
an ancient German goddess, corresponding in some re-
spects to the Frigga of the Northmen. She presides over
aerial phenomena, and imparts fertility to the earth.
Hol'den, (EDWARD SINGLETON,) an American astron-
omer, born at Saint Louis, Missouri, November 5, 1846.
He graduated at Washington University in 1866, and at
West Point in 1870. He served in the artillery and en-
€ as/i,- jas j; gAard; gas/';G, H, K, guttural; a, nasal; R, trilled: sasz; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23
HOLDEN
1300
HOLLAND
gineer corps, United States army, was in 1873 ap-
pointed professor of mathematics in the navy, became
director of the Washburn Observatory in 1881, presi-
dent of the University of California in 1883, and was
director of the Lick Observatory 1888-98. He pub-
lished " Astronomy," (1877,) and other works.
Hol'den, (GEORGE,) an eminent English Hebraisf,
born near Lancaster in 1793, became perpetual curate
of Mayhull, at Liverpool. Among his principal works
are "An Attempt towards an Improved Translation of
the Proverbs of Solomon," (1819,) and "The Scripture
Testimonies to the Divinity of our Lord," (1820.)
Holden, (HENRY,) a learned Roman Catholic priest,
born in Lancashire, England, in 1596, lived for many
years in Paris. He wrote, in Latin, an " Analysis of
Divine Faith," (1652,) which was commended by Dupin.
and other works on theology. Died in 1662.
Holden, (Sir ISAAC,) an English inventor, born at
Hurlet in 1807. He discovered the principle of the
lucifer match in 1829, (but had been anticipated,)
and made important inventions in wool-combing
machinery. He was made a baronet in 1893. Died
in 1897.
Hol'der, (CHARLES FREDERICK,) an American
author, bom at Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1851. His
works include "Life of Louis Agassiz," "Charles
Darwin's Life and Work," and numerous works of
popular natural history.
HoI'der, (JOSEPH BASSETT,) M.D., an American zool-
ogist, born at Lynn, Massachusetts, October 26, 1824.
He graduated in medicine in 1850, served in the medical
department of the United States army, and was one of
the founders of the American Museum of Natural His-
tory in New York. His principal works are a " History
ol the North American Fauna," (1878,) and "History
of the Atlantic Right Whales," (1883.) Died in 1888.
Hol'der, (WILLIAM,) F.R.S., an English writer, born
In Nottinghamshire in 1614, published, besides other
works, "Elements of Speech," (1669,) and "Treatise on
the Natural Grounds and Principles of Harmony," (1694,)
which, says M. Fetis, "is one of the best works on that
subject." It is said that he taught a deaf-mute to speak.
Died in 1697.
Holderlin or Hoelderlin, hol'der-leen', QOHANN
CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH,) a German poet, born at Lauffen
in or about 1770. He wrote "Hyperion, or the Hermit
in Greece," (2 vols., 1799,) a romance, which has some
beautiful passages, and "Lyric Poems," (1826,) which
are admired for fervour of fancy and depth of thought.
Died in 1843.
Holds'wprth, (EDWARD,) an English scholar, born in
1688, was educated at Oxford. He wrote a Latin poem,
called " Muscipula," ("Mouse-trap.") Died in 1747.
Holdaworth, written also Holsworth, Olds-worth,
and Oldisworth, (RICHARD,) an English divine, born
at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1590. He became professor
of divinity at Gresham College in 1629, and master of
Emanuel College in 1637. He left, besides other works,
"Valley of Vision," in twenty-one sermons, (1651.)
Died in 1649.
Hole, (MATTHEW,) an English religious writer, born
about 1640, was vicar of Stoke Courcy, in Somersetshire.
He wrote " Discourses on the Liturgy of the Church of
England," (6 vols., 1714-16,) and other works. Died
about 1730.
Hole, (RICHARD,) an English poet, born at Exeter.
He produced a poetical version of Homer's "Hymn to
Ceres," (1781,) "Arthur," a poetical romance, (1789,)
and a few other works. He became rector of Farring-
don in 1792. Died in 1803.
Holfken or Hoelfken, liolf ken, (GusTAV,) a German
writer on national economy, born at Hattingen, in Prus-
sia, in iSn. He published, besides other works, "The
Condition, Policy, and Development of the Power of
England," (2 vols., 1846.)
Holger (hol'ger) the Dane, a half-mythical national
hero of Denmark, whose legend in its present form was
worked up by Saxo Grammaticus. It is believed, how-
ever, that the French or Walloon form of the name
I (OciER THE DANE) is older than the other, and that the
1 word " Dane," as here used, at first signified not an inhabi-
tant of Denmark, but a dweller in theaSrwor forest-region
now called Ardennes. The Danish legend represents
Holger as sleeping for ages in a vault under the castle
of Kronborg. with his beard grown through a table of
stone. At some future time he will awake, break the
table, and rescue his country from her enemies.
Hol'inS-hed or HolTngS-hed, (RAPHAEL,) an Eng-
lish annalist, the date and place of whose birth are
unknown. He published valuable chronicles of England,
Scotland, and Ireland, (1577.) Modern historians have
borrowed largely from him. Died about 1580.
Hol'kar, (Jeswunt Rao, jSs'wunt rl'o,) a son of
fuckagee, noticed below, was an able warrior, and 3
formidable enemy of the British. He defeated Scindia
in 1802, and raised a large army. In the spring of 1804
war broke out between him and the British. Holkar
defeated Colonel Monson's division of 12,000 men in
July, near the Chumbul and Bannas Rivers. In Novem-
ber of 1804 he was surprised and routed by Lord Lake
at Furruckabad. He made a treaty of peace in January,
1806. Died in i8tl.
Holkar, (MulTiar Ra'p or Row,) a Mahratta chie£
born at Hoi, in the Deccan, in 1693. Having distinguished
himself in war, be became ruler of a large part of Malwa.
He died in 1766.
A daughter-in-law of the preceding, named AHALYA
BAEE, (a-ha'le-J bl'ee,) or ALYA BHYE, (then a widow,)
succeeded to the government on the death of Mulhar
Rao Holkar, and during an administration of more than
thirty years displayed extraordinary virtues both as a
woman and a ruler. She was equally distinguished for
her wisdom, her humanity and benevolence, and her
moderation and sense of justice. Died in 1795.
Fora very interesting account of her character and administration,
see SIR JOHN MALCOLM'S " History of Central India."
Holkar, (Tuckagee,) supposed to be a nephew of
Mulhar Rao Holkar, obtained possession of his do-
minions in 1767. He was the ally of Scindia against
the Rajpoots. Died in 1797.
Holl, hoi, (EL1AS,) an eminent German architect, born
at Augsburg in 1573, studied his art in Venice His
capital work is the Rathhaus, or Town Hall, of Augs-
burg, (i6i8,)one of the finest structures for that purpose
in Germany. He built also the arsenal, the church
called " Mariahilf," and other public edifices of Aups-
burg. Died in 1636.
H611, (FRANCIS,) an English engraver, born in Camden
Town, March 23, 1815. His brother, WILLIAM HOLL,
(1807-71,) was also distinguished as an engraver. Francis
died at Godalming, January 14, 1884.
Holl, (FRANK,) an English painter, a son of Francis
Holl, was born at Kentish Town, London. July 4, 1845,
and was educated at University College, London. Hi'
reputation for history, life-pictures, portraits, etc., \s very
great. In 1878 he was elected an associate of the Royal
Academy, and a Royal Academician in 1883. Died
July 21, 1888.
Holland, (EDWIN CLIFFORD,) an American poet and
journalist, born in Charleston, South Carolina, about
1794. He edited for some time the " Charleston Times,'
and became noted as a satirist and controversialist. In
1814 he published a volume of "Odes, Naval Songs,
and other Poems," originally contributed to Dennie's
"Port-Folio." Died HI 1824.
Hol'land, (HENRY,) an eminent English architect,
born about 1746. He was patronized by the Prince of
Wales, (afterwards George IV.,) for whom he designed
the Pavilion at Brighton, and Carlton House, the portico
of which was much admired. He was architect of the
old Drury Lane Theatre, begun about 1790, and after-
wards burned. Died in 1806.
Holland, (Sir HENRY,) M.D., F.R.S., an eminent
English physician, born at Knutsford, in Cheshire, in
October, 1788. Having graduated at Edinburgh in 1811,
he made the tour of Europe, and published, on his re-
turn, " Travels in the Ionian Isles, Albania, and Greece,"
(1815.) He settled in London, and gradually rose to
ereat distinction in his profession. He became phy-
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; A, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon;
HOLLAND
1301
HOLMAN
sician-in-ordinary to Prince Albert in 1840, and to Queen
Victoria in 1852. In 1853 ne was created a baronet
His principal work is " Medical Notes and Reflections,"
(1836.) Died in 1873. He married in 1834 Saba, eldest
daughter of the Rev. Sydney Smith. She wrote a "Me-
moir" of her father. She died in 1867.
Holland, (HENRY RICHARD VASSALL Fox,) LORD,
in English peer, born in Wiltshire in 1773, was the only
son of Stephen Fox, second Lord Holland, and Mary
Fitzpatrick. By the death of his father he succeeded to
the peerage in 1774, at the age of one year. He inher-
ited a large share of the talents and noble dispositions
of the family of Fox. He was educated at Oxford, and
married Lady Webster in 1797. In the House of Lords
he spoke frequently against the administration, and sup-
ported the measures of his uncle, the famous orator
Charles James Fox. His powers as a speaker were of
a very high order. In 1802 he visited Paris, in company
with his uncle and Lady Holland. He held the office
of privy seal a few months in :8o6. Throughout his
career he was constant to the Whig party ; and when
they came into power in 1830 he was appointed chan-
cellor of the duchy of Lancaster. He published an
Bells," (1859,) "Rubbing the Gilt Off," (1860,) "Odd
Journeys," (1860,) "Ways of Life," (1861,) "Ragged
London," (1861,) "Underground London," "Rough
Diamonds," "To-Day," (1864,) "Miscellanea," (3 vols.,
1874,) "The Story of Liecester Square," (1892,) etc.
Hol'lins, (GEORGE N.,) an American naval officer,
born at Baltimore about I Soo. H e became a commander
in 1841, and bombarded Greytown, in Nicaragua, in 1851.
He took arms against the Union in 1861, and commander',
the naval forces which were defeated by Captain Farragut
below New Orleans in April, 1863. Died January iS,
1878.
Hollina, (JOHN,) an English painter of genre and
portraits, born at Birmingham in 1798; died in 1855.
Hol'lis or Hol'les, (DENZIL,) LORD, an English poli-
tician, second son of the Earl of Clare, and orother-in-
law of the Earl of Strafford, was born at Haughton in
1597. In the reign of Charles I. he was one of the
leaders of the opposition in Parliament, and in 1629 was
condemned to imprisonment during the king's pleasure.
He was one of the five members whom the king rashly
attempted to arrest in the House of Commons on a
charge of treason, (1642.) After the division between
excellent "Life of Lope de Vega," (1817,) and "Three ; the Presbyterians and Independents occurred, Hollis
Comedies from the Spanish," which are rendered with was the leader of the former. He was expelled from Par-
great poetical felicity. His " Foreign Reminiscences" liament at the time of Pride's Purge, and fled to France,
appeared after his death, which occurred in 1840. In "
his time Holland House was the favourite resort, as
Macaulay says, "of wits and beauties, of painters and
poets, o/ scholars, philosophers, and statesmen."
Holland, (JosiAH GILBERT,) M.D., (TIMOTHY TIT-
COMB,) a popular American author, born at Belchertown,
Massachusetts, in 1819. In 1847 ne became associate
editor of the " Springfield Republican." He published a
" History of Western Massachusetts," (1855,) "The Bay
Path, "a novel, (1857,) "Titcomb's Letters to Young Peo-
ple," (1858,) " Gold Foil," (1859,) " Miss Gilbert's Career,"
(1860,) "Bitter-Sweet, a Dramatic Poem," (1867,)
"Sevenoaks," (1876,) and "Nicholas Minturn,"
(1877.) In 1870 he became editor of " Scribner's
Magazine." Died October 12, 1881.
Holland, LORD. See Fox, (HENRY.)
Holland, (NATHANIEL.) See DANCE.
Holland, (THOMAS ERSKINE,) a British legal
author, was born at Brighton in 1835. He became
professor of English, and afterwards of international,
law at Oxford. Of his works on legal subjects the
best known is his " Elements of Jurisprudence," which
has become a text-book in most of the law schools of
England and America.
Hollanda. See HOLANDA.
Hollar, hol'laR, (WENZEL or WENCESLAUS,) a cele-
brated Bohemian engraver and designer, born at Prague
in 1607. Having met with the Earl of Arundel in Co-
logne, he accompanied him on his return to London,
He favoured the restoration, was created a peer by
Charles II. in 1660, and was sent as ambassador to
France in 1663. Died in 1680.
See "Memoirs of Denzil Holies," 1699; HUME, "History of
England;" " Biographia Britannica;" GUIZOT, "Monk's Contem-
poraries," London, 1865.
Hollis, (THOMAS,) a munificent benefactor of Har-
vard College, born in England in 1659. He was for
many years a successful merchant in London, where he
died in 1731. He founded two professorships in Harvard,
— the Hollis divinity professorship and the professorship
of mathematics. Besides books and philosophical ap-
paratus, his bequests to the college in money amounted
to about ,£5000, — probably equal to more than five times
as much as these figures would represent at the present
time.
HoLUs, (THOMAS,) F.R.S., an English gentleman and
republican, born in London in 1720, was an ardent friend
of civil and religious liberty, and noted for his public
spirit. He possessed a large fortune, which he used
liberally for charitable purposes and in the publication
of books. He published good editions of Toland's " Life
of Milton," (1761,) and Algernon Sidney's Works. Died
in 1774.
Hollis, (THOMAS PELHAM.) See NEWCASTLE,
DUKE OF.
Hollmann, hol'man, (SAMUEL CHRISTIAN,) a Gei-
man philosopher, born at Stettin about 1696, was pro-
fessor of philosophy at Gottingen for about fifty years.
He wrote, in Latin, several works on philosophy, meta-
and was employed to engrave some of the pictures of his physics, and logic. Died in 1787.
gallery. In 1639 he brought out his "Ornatus Mulie- ! Hollo-way, (THOMAS,) a skilful English engraver,
bris Anglicanus," an admirable work, illustrating the j born in London in 1748. He engraved the plates for
dress of Englishwomen of all classes at that time. Lavater's " Physiognomy," and the Cartoons of Raphael
Owing to the troubled state of the country, he was, not-
withstanding his genius and industry, soon reduced to
great poverty. Many of his works are etchings. Died
in London in 1677.
Hollerius. See HOULLIER.
Holies. See HOLLIS.
Hol'ley, (HORACE,) D.D., born at Salisbury, Con-
necticut, in 1781, graduated at Yale College in 1803.
He became minister of the Hollis Street Unitarian
Church, Boston, in 1809, and president of Transylvania
University, Kentucky, in 1818. He published a volume
of sermons. Died in 1827.
See a " Memoir of Dr. Holley," by his widow.
Holley, (MARIETTA,) an American author, born
in Jefferson county, New York, in 1844. Her works
are of a humourous character, and include " My Opin-
ions and Betsy Bobbett's," " Samantha at Saratoga,"
"Sweet Cicely," etc.
Hol'lingi-head, (JOHN,) an English author, born
at London, September 9, 1827. He became a journalist
and theatrical manager. He published " Under Bow
at Windsor. He spent several years on the latter, and had
the title of engraver of history to the king. Died in 1827.
Holly, (JAMES THEODORE,) D.D., an American-
Haytian bishop, born of coloured parents, at Washing-
ton, D.C., in 1829. Though bred a Roman Catholic, he
in 1856 became a presbyter in the Episcopal Church.
In 1 86 1 he founded an American colony of coloured per-
sons in Hayti, where he became a missionary. In 1874
he was consecrated Bishop of Hayti.
Hol'man, (JAMES,) an Englishman, distinguished at
" the Blind Traveller," was born about 1788. He served
for some years in the royal navy, until he became blind,
(about 1812.) He performed a journey through several
countries of Europe, (1819-21,) of which he published
a narrative in 1822. After that date he visited the other
continents, and published "Travels through Russia,
Siberia," etc., (1825,) and a " Voyage round the World,"
(4 vols., 1840.) He was arrested as a spy by the Rus-
sians. Died in 1857.
Holman, (JOSEPH GEORGE,) an actor and dramatist,
born in London. After performing in London and Dub-
« as k; 9 as i; g hard; g asj; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( JJ^"See Explanations, p. 23. )
HOLMES
1302
HOLT
lin, he emigrated to the United States in 1800, and was
manager of the Charleston Theatre. He wrote a few
comic operas. Died in 1817.
Holmes, homz, (AuiEL,) D.D., an American divine,
born at Woodstock, Connecticut, in 1763, graduated at
Yale in 1783. He was pastor of the First Congrega-
tional Church, Cambridge, Massachusetts, from 1792 to
1832. In 1805 he published "American Annals," the
result of great industry and research. " We consider
it," says Professor Sparks, "among the most valuable
productions of the American press." He was the father
of Dr. O. W. Holmes, noticed below. Died in 1837.
Holmes, homz, (ALFRED,) an English violinist and
composer, born in London in 1837. His opera " Inez de
Castro," and his symphonies " The Youth of Shak-
speare," " Robin Hood," and " The Siege of Paris," were
performed with considerable success. Died at Paris,
March 4, 1876.
Holmes, homz, (GEORGE,) an English antiquary, born
in Yorkshire in 1662, was clerk to the keepers of the
records in the Tower. Died in 1749.
Holmes, (GEORGE FREDERICK,) LL.D., an American
educator, born at Georgetown, British Guiana, August
2, 1820. He was educated in the University of Durham,
England, was admitted to the bar in South Carolina in
1842, and held professorships in Richmond College, Wil-
liam and Mary College, the University of Mississippi,
(of which he was president, 1848-49,) and the University
of Virginia. He published English grammars, two His-
tories of the United States, and other works, besides
many review articles, etc. Died November 4, 1897.
Holmes, (ISAAC EDWARD,) a political leader in South
Carolina, born in Charleston in 1796, rose to eminence
at the bar, took a conspicuous part in the nullification
movement of South Carolina in 1832-33, and from 1839
to 1851 was a member of Congress. Died Feb. 24, 1867.
Holmes, (MARY JANE,) an American novelist,
born at Brookfield, Massachusetts. Her works include
"Tempest and Sunshine," (1854,) "Lena Rivers,"
"Edith Lyle," "Gretchen," (1887,) etc.
Holmes, (NATHANIEL.) See HOMES.
Holmes, (OLIVER WENDELL,) M.D., a distinguished
American author, wit, and poet, was born in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, August 29, 1809. He graduated at Har-
vard in 1829, and commenced the study of law, but soon
abandoned it for medicine. Early in 1833 he visited
Europe, where for nearly three years he pursued his
medical studies, attending the hospitals of Paris and
other large cities. He returned to his native country
in 1835, and took the degree of doctor of medicine at
Harvard in 1836. In 1838 he was elected professor of
anatomy and physiology in Dartmouth College. About
two years afterwards he resigned this position, and in
1847 was chosen to fill the same chair at Harvard Uni-
versity, as successor to Dr. Warren. Holmes had dis-
tinguished himself as a poet even before he left college.
In 1836 he read before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, at
Cambridge, " Poetry, a Metrical Essay," which was soon
after published in a small volume, with a number of his
other poems. In 1857-8 he contributed to the " Atlantic
Monthly" a series of papers entitled "The Autocrat of
the Breakfast-Table," which were followed in 1859 by
another series, called "The Professor at the Breakfast-
Table," and in 1872 by "The Poet at the Breakfast-
Table." These contributions abound in humour and wit,
and exhibit a shrewd insight into human character. His
other principal productions are "Elsie Venner," (1861,)
and "The Guardian Angel," (1868,) besides numerous
minor works, among which are " Mechanism in Thought
and Morals," (1870,) "Songs of Many Seasons," a col-
lection of poems, (1874,) "John L. Motley, a Memoir,"
(1878,) "The Iron Gate, and Other Poems," (1880,) and
a biography of Emerson, (1885.) As a poet, Dr. Holmes
was especially distinguished for wit and humour joined
with a remarkable felicity of expression. As a song-
writer he had few, if any, superiors in America ; but
he particularly excelled in the playful vein. Among
his effusions of this class we could not, perhaps, select
an example which better exhibits his playful fancy or his
wonderful facility and fertility of resources as a versifier,
than his lines addressed to Agassiz when setting out on
his scientific tour in South America. Died Oct. 7, 1894.
See DUYCKINCK, "Cyclopaedia of American Literature," vol. iL :
Marcli 1849, (by WHITTIER ;) " Saturday Review," Oct. 13, 1
Holmes, (ROBERT,) D.D., an English divine, born in
Hampshire in 1749. In 1790 he was chosen professor
of poetry at Oxford, and in 1804 Dean of Winchester.
He wrote odes, tracts, and sermons, and commenced an
edition of the Septuagint, which was finished by Parsons.
Died in 1805.
Holmes, (THEOPHILUS H.,) an American general,
born in North Carolina, graduated at West Point in
1829. He became a general in the Confederate army
in r86i, and commanded in Arkansas in 1862-63. Died
June 21, 1880.
Holmskiold, holm'ske-old', (THEODOR,) a Danish
physician and naturalist, born in 1732. He published a
fine work on the Fungi in 1790. Died in 1793.
Holmstrom or Holmstrcem, holm'stRbm, (ISRAEL,)
a popular Swedish poet, born at Stockholm, followed
Charles XII. in his campaigns, with the title of councillor
of war. Died in 1708.
Hol-o-fer'nes, an Assyrian general, who lived at an
uncertain epoch, and was killed by Judith, a patriotic
Jewess.
See the Apocryphal Book of Judith.
Hol'royd, (JOHN BAKER,) Earl of Sheffield, an English
political writer and military officer, bom in Yorkshire in
1741. He edited some posthumous works of Gibbon.
Died in 1821.
Hoist, hoist, (HANS PETER,) a Danish poet, born at
Copenhagen in i8n. He published "National Ro-
mances," (1832,) " Poems," (" Digte," 1840,) and other
works, written in an elegant style. His poem called
"Adieu" ("Farvel," 1840) has been translated into
many languages. Died in 1893.
See P. L. MOLLER, notice in the " Dansk Pantheon."
Hoist, von, fon hoist, (HERMANN EDUARD,) a Ger-
man historian, born at Fellin, in Livonia, (Russia,) June
19, 1841. He was educated at Dorpat and Heidelberg.
He removed to New York in 1867. In 1872 he was
called to a professorship of history at Strasburg, and in
1874 was made professor of modern history at Freiburg.
He later visited the United States, and became pro-
fessor of history at the University of California in 1892.
His writings include a very able "Constitutional His-
tory of the United States," and a " Life of J. C. Cal-
houn."
Holstein, hol'stln, (JOHAN LUDWIG,) a worthy Dan-
ish statesman, born at Ltibtz in 1694, became prime
minister in 1735, and president of the Royal Academy
of Sciences in 1742. Died in 1763.
Hol-ste'nI-us, [Ger. pron. hol-sta'ne-as,] (LuCAS,)
the Latin form of the name of LUCAS HOLSTE, (hol'steh,)
an eminent German scholar, born at Hamburg in 1596.
He studied at Leyden, and went to Paris, where he joined
the Roman Catholic Church in 1626. His friend Peiresc
recommended him to Cardinal Barberini, whom he ac-
companied to Rome in 1627. He became librarian to
Barberini in 1636, and librarian of the Vatican in the
pontificate of Innocent X. He projected great literary
works, some of which he left unfinished. In 1630 he
published a Greek and Latin edition of Porphyry's " Life
of Pythagoras," to which he added an excellent notice
of Porphyry. Among his other published works is
" Demophili, Democratis et Secundi Sententias Morales
Graece et Latine," ("The Moral Maxims of Demophilus,
Democrates, and Secundus, in Greek and Latin " with
notes, 1638.) Died in 1661.
See WILKBNS, " Leben des gelehrten Luc* Holstenn_ ' 1723,
NICEKON, "Me"moires," vol. xxxi. ; M5LLER, "Cimbria Literate;**
"Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Holt, (FRANCIS LUDLOW,) an English barrister, was
queen's counsel and vice-chancellor of Lancashire from
1826 to 1844. For many years he was editor of Bell's
" Weekly Messenger." Died in 1844.
a, e, i, 5, u, y, long: i, e, o, same, less prolonged; a, e, I. o, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure: far, fall, lit; mf t; nftt; good; moon;
HOLT
HO MB ERG
Holt, (Sir JOHN,) an eminent English judge, born at
Thame in December, 1642, was entered at Gray's Inn in
1658, and called to the bar in 1663. Having become
eminent in his profession, he was chosen recorder of
London; but for his firm opposition to the despotic
measures of James II. he was removed. He distin-
guished himself in the Convention Parliament of 1688,
and at the accession of William III. was appointed lord
chief justice of the king's bench in 1689. In 1700 he
declined the office of lord chancellor. He performed
the duties of chief justice with wisdom, honour, and
courage, until the end of his life. " His name," says
Mackintosh, " never can be pronounced without venera-
tion as long as wisdom and integrity are revered among
men." Died in 1709.
See LORD CAMPBELL, " Lives of the Chief Justices ;" "Life
of Sir John Holt," (anonymous,) 1764; Foss, "The Judges ol
England."
Holt, (JOHN,) an English writer and teacher, born in
Cheshire in 1742. He wrote, besides a few other works,
"Characters of the Kings and Queens of England," (3
vols., 1786-88.) Died in 1801.
Holt, (JOSEPH,) an American minister of state, born
in Breckinridge county, Kentucky, about 1807. He
practised law at Louisville. In March, 1859, he was
appointed postmaster-general. He succeeded John B.
Floyd as secretary of war in December, 1860, and by his
energy and zeal for the Union rendered important
services in the critical times which ensued. About Sep-
tember, 1862, he became judge-advocate-general of the
armv. Died August I, 1894.
Holte, holt, (JOHN,) an English school-master, born
in Sussex about 1470, wrote the first Latin grammar
ever printed in England, which was dated about 1497.
Holtei, von, fon hol'tf, (KARL,) a German poet and
dramatist, born at Breslau in 1797. He produced many
comedies and dramas, among which are "The Old
General," and " Glory and Poverty," a volume of poems,
(1826,) "German Songs," (1834,) and memoirs of his
life, entitled " Forty Years," (1843-50.) Died in 1880.
Holty or Hoelty, hbl'tee, ( LUDWIG HEINRICH
CHRISTOPH,) an excellent German lyric poet, born at
Mariensee, near Hanover, in 1748. He studied at Gbt-
tingen, where he formed friendships with Voss, Stoll-
berg, and others. He supported himself for a time by
translating from the English, and giving lessons, until his
health failed. His elegies, idyls, and odes are admired
for tenderness of feeling, artless grace, and naivetl. He
died prematurely in 1776. The first edition of his poems
appeared in 1783.
TBR
and Poetry of Europe ;" notice of Holty i
published by Voss in 1804.
Holtzlinus, holts-lee'nus, (JEREMIAS,) a German
philologist, born at Nuremberg; died at Leyden in 1641.
Holtzmann, holts'man, (ADOLF,) a German philolo-
gist, born at Carlsruhe, May 2, 1810. He was educated
at Berlin, Munich, and Paris, and became professor of
German at Heidelberg, where he died, July 3, 1870.
Among his numerous works are translations of the
" Mahabharata" and the " Ramayana," and an " Old-
German Grammar," of which only one volume has been
published.
His son, HEINRICH JULIUS, born in 1832, published
a large number of theological works, becoming a rep-
resentative of the advanced modern school in theology.
Holub, ho'loop, (Dr. EMIL,) a Bonemian traveller,
born at Holitz, October 7, 1847. He practised the pro-
fession of medicine in the diamond-region of South
Africa, and became a high authority on the ethnology,
geography, languages, and natural history of trans-
equatorial Africa. Among his works are " Seven Years
in South Africa," (1880-81,) "African Colonization,"
(1882,) etc.
Hol'w^ll, (JOHN ZEPHANIAH,) born in Dublin in 1711.
Having studied surgery, he went to India in I732> an<^
became a member of the council at Calcutta about 1755.
He was one of those who survived the confinement in
the " Black Hole," of which he published a narrative,
(1757.) He succeeded Colonel Clive as Governor of
Bengal in 1759. Holwell also published "Interesting , «lle Biographic Giinerale."
€ as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/'; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
Historical Events relative to Bengal and Hindostan, with
the Mythology of the Gentoos," (3vols., 1764-71.) Died
in 1798.
Hol'y-day, (BARTEN,) D.D., an English divine, bor»
at Oxford in 1593, was chaplain to Charles I. He wrote
" Survey of the World," a poem, and translated Juve-
nal and Persius. Died in 1661.
Holyoak, hol'yok, (FRANCIS,) an English clergyman,
born in Warwickshire about 1567, published a "Dic-
tionary of Latin Words," (1606,) which was enlarged
by his son Thomas. Died in 1653.
HSl'yoake, (GEORGE JACOB,) an Engjjsh agitator,
born at Birmingham, April 13, 1817. He for many years
edited " The Reasoner" and " The Present," organs of
" secularism" in civilization and morals, and was for a
time imprisoned on a charge of atheism, although he
asserted that his system was not opposed to theology,
though apart from it He all his life refused to take an
oath, from which circumstance he incurred much loss.
He published a large number of books, among which
are a " History of Co-operation," (1874,) " Self-Help
a Hundred Years Ago," (iSSS,) "Sixty Years of an
Agitator's Life," (1892,) and "Public Speaking and
Debate," (1895.)
Holyoke, hol'ySk, (EDWARD AUGUSTUS,) M.D., an
American physician, was born in Marblehead, Massa-
chusetts, in 1728. He graduated at Harvard in 1746,
and for seventy-nine years followed his profession with
I eminent success in Salem, where he died, March 31, 1829.
i At the age of ninety-two he performed the operation of
paracentesis, and on his hundredth anniversary partook
of a public dinner given him by the physicians of Salem
and Boston.
See " Memoirs of Edward A. Holyoke," Boston, 1829.
Hol'yoke, (SAMUEL,) an American teacher and com-
poser of vocal and instrumental music, born at Boxford,
Massachusetts, in 1771. He published " Harmonia
Americana," (1791,) "The Columbian Repository of
Sacred Harmony," (1809,) and other works. Died in
1816.
HoVy-wood, Hall-fax, or Sac'ro Bos'co, (JOHN,)
a noted mathematician of the thirteenth century, was
professor of mathematics in the University of Paris.
The time and place of his birth are unknown. He wrote
a work entitled " De Sphaera Mundi."
Holzbauer, holts'bSw'er, (!GNAZ,) a German com-
poser, born in Vienna in 1711, produced operas, sym-
phonies, etc. " He has a good style," says Mozart, " and
composes very fine fugues." Died in 1783.
Holzer, holt'ser, (JOHANN,) an eminent German
fresco-painter and engraver, was born near Marienburg,
in the Tyrol, in 1709. He painted numerous frescos in
Augsburg of religious subjects, among which is "The
Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian." He produced spirited
etchings of " The Adoration of the Magi," after Berg-
miiller, of the "Ecce Homo," after his own design, and
of other paintings. Died in 1740.
Homann, ho'man, QOHANN BAPTIST,) a German
geographer and engraver of maps, born at Kamlach, in
Suabia, in 1664. He settled in Nuremberg, and published
many maps, which were more than ordinarily accurate
He formed a large collection of the same, under the title
of "Atlas," (1716.) His establishment, called "Officina
Homanniana," was well known throughout Europe.
Died in 1724.
Homberg, hom'be'RG, (WiLHELM,) M.D., an excel-
lent chemist, born of German parents at Batavia, in Java,
in 1652, came to Europe at an early age. He studied
chemistry and other natural sciences with Otto Guericke
and Boyle, and visited the principal capitals of Europe
in pursuit of knowledge. About 1685 he practised medi-
cine at Rome with success, and in 1691 removed to
Paris, where he was chosen a member of the Academy
of Sciences, to which he contributed many memoirs.
He was patronized by the Duke of Orleans, who chose
him as his first physician. He discovered boracic acid
and Homberg's pyrophorus. Died in Paris in 1715.
See FONTKHBLLK, " filoge de Homberg;" NICERON, "Mi-
ires;" F. HOEFER, " Histoire de 1» Chimie," tome ii. ; "Noo-
Explanations, p. 23.)
HOME
HOMER
Home, (DAVID.) See HUME.
Home, (DAVID,) a Scottish Protestant minister, who
lived in France during the reign of James I. of Eng-
land. He wrote "Apologia Basilica," (1626.)
Home, (Sir EVERARD,) an eminent Scottish surgeon,
born in the county of Berwick in 1756, studied medicine
with his brother-m-law, the celebrated John Hunter.
He practised in London with distinction, and was presi-
dent of the Royal College of Surgeons. He published
" Lectures on Comparative Anatomy," and other pro-
fessional works. Died in 1832.
Home, (HENRY,) Lord Kames, a Scottish judge, born
at Kames m 1696, was called to the Edinburgh bar in
1724. After publishing several legal treatises, which
were well received, he was appointed in 1752 a judge of
the court of sessions, and took the title of Lord Kames.
In 1758 he wrote a valuable work, entitled " Historical
Law Tracts." His greatest work, " Elements of Criti-
cism," (1762,) was regarded by some as an admirable per-
formance, and is highly commended by Dugald Stewart
Dr. Johnson said, "The Scotchman has taken the right
method in his ' Elements of Criticism.' " He was ap-
pointed one of the lords of justiciary in 1763. Died in 1782.
See LORD WOODHOUSELEE, "Memoirs of the Life of Henry
Home," i8of-io, a vols. ; WILLIAM SMELLIE, "Life of Lord
K.vnes," 1800 : CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent
Scotsmen."
Home or Hume, (JoHN,) a popular Scottish drama-
tist, born at Ancrum in 1724. He was licensed to preach
in 1747, and settled at Athelstaneford. In 1756 he
became at once distinguished by the publication of his
"Tragedy of Douglas," which was performed first at Edin-
burgh with unbounded applause, and is still very popular
on the stage. " I think nobody can bestow too much praise
on Douglas," says Professor Wilson. " There has been
no English tragedy worthy of the name since it ap-
peared." It rendered the author so obnoxious to the
elders of the Kirk that he retired from the ministry.
He was patronized by the Earl of Bute, who procured
him a pension of £300. Home wrote several other
dramas, much inferior to "Douglas," and a " History of
the Rebellion in 1745." Mrs. Siddons once said "she
never found any study [which, in the technical language
of the stage, means the getting verses by heart] so easy
as that of Douglas." Died in 1808.
See SIR WALTER SCOTT'S critique on the " Life and Writings of
John Home," in the "Quarterly Review" for June, 1827; HENRY
MACKENZIE, " Life of John Home," prefixed to a collection of his
works, 3 vols. 8vo, 1822; "Noctes Ambrosianae" for April, 1822;
CHAMBERS, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Ho'mer, [Gr. 'O^poc; Lat. HOME'RUS ; Fr. HOMERE,
o'maiR'; Ger. HOMER, ho-maR';* It. OMERO, o-ma'ro,l
the reputed author of the two great epics the " Iliad" ana
the " Odyssey," and the most celebrated poet that ever
lived, is generally supposed to have been born at Smyrna,
or Chios, t (Scio,) and to have flourished about one thou-
sand years before the Christian era ; but both the place
and the century of his birth are involved in the greatest
uncertainty. The best ancient authorities, including
Aristotle and Aristarchus, represent him as contemporary
with the Ionian migration which occurred about one
hundred and forty years after the Trojan war. Of the
two great poems above named, the " Iliad" has been
aptly called " the beginning of all literature." In the
opinion, indeed, of the greatest critics of antiquity, it was
• See principles of German pronunciation, in the Introduction.
t If the weight of authorities is m favour of Smyrna, the greater
•umber would seem to be on the side of Chios. (See Smith's " Clas-
sical Dictionary.") Byron appears to give the preference to the lat-
ter ; for he calls Homer
"The blind old man of Scio's rocky isle."
Bride of Abytfos, canto ii
It has been suggested (and it seems highly probable) that Homer,
though born at Smyrna, may have afterwards removed to Chios,
where his family, or a branch of it, (the Homeridje,) are said to have
Hired for several generations. Seven different cities are said to have
disputed for the honour of having given birth to Homer, as expressed
m the following couplet by Antipater of Sidon :
'Eirra
,
X/ivpya, XiiK. KoAo^wc, Idaxi), IIvAot , 'Apyof , Afliji ai.
Literally. " Seven cities (or states) contended for the wise race of
Homer, [i.e. the race or origin of the wise Homer,] Smyrna, Chios,
Colophon, Ithaca, Pylos, Argos, and Athens." Some writers substi-
tute Salamis for Ithaca »nd Rhodes ("PoSiw) for Pylos.
not only the beginning, but the end ; it was not merely
the first attempt at the production of a great poem, but
the faultless model which excited alike the admiration and
despair of all succeeding poets. In the words of Aris-
totle, 'Ofajpof . . . te£a xo2 diai'oip Travraf irntp$efoj}K£.\
" Hie omnes sine dubio," says Quintilian, "in i mini genere
eloquentiae procul a se reliquit"§ Some other ancient
writers speak in even stronger terms of praise.
Among the ancients, none appears ever to have doubted
that Homer was a real personage, and that he was the
author of the most wonderful poem of antiquity, (the
" Iliad.") But before or about the time of the Christian
era there was a class of critics who denied that the
" Iliad" and " Odyssey" were the productions of the same
author. They were called Xupi'sovrff, or " Separators."
It cannot be denied that there is a remarkable difference
between those works, not in one or two points only, but
in several important respects. Perhaps the most striking
difference is that which exists in respect to the character
of the gods in the two poems. The gods of the " Iliad"
are completely human in their character, — unless it be
that they have more than human foibles or vices. They
are capricious and selfish, and seldom, if ever, show
much regard for justice. The deities of the " Odyssey"
appear as the rewarders of merit and the avengers of
sin or crime. There is, moreover, a marked difference
in the spirit or tone of the two poems. To explain this
difference, Longinus tells us that the " Iliad" was com-
posed by Homer when he was in the vigour of life, while
the " Odyssey" was the production of his old age.
Modern critics had seemed disposed to leave the ques-
tion of Homer's age and the authorship of the Homeric
poems very much where they had been left by the writers
of antiquity, until a little before the close of the last cen-
tury, when F. A. Wolf startled the world by announcing
a new theory respecting the Homeric poems, (1795.) He
maintained that, as writing was not in use among the
Greeks until long after the time in which those poems
must have been composed, it would have been wholly
impossible for an^r poet, however great his genius, to
compose and retain in memory even one such work as
the "Iliad" or "Odyssey." For this and other reasons,
he concludes that the two great epics which go under the
name of Homer were really produced by a number of
different authors, and that these separate productions
were, after the introduction of the art of writing, thrown
together as they happened to fit, so as to form a continu-
ous whole. The inconclusiveness, not to say absurdity,
of such a train of reasoning must, we think, be obvious
to every unbiassed mind. We meet, even now, with
persons who by two or three perusals can commit to
memory the whole of such a poem as the " Lady of the
Lake." " Who can determine," says Miiller, " how
many thousand verses one thoroughly filled with his sub-
ject . . . might produce in a year and confide to the
faithful memory of disciples devoted to their master and
his art ?" When we take into consideration the fact
that the mental activity of the ancients, instead of being
divided and diluted among an endless variety of studies
or pursuits, was concentrated and constantly exercised
on a comparatively few, the retaining of even two such
works as the " Iliad" and " Odyssey" will not, perhaps,
seem more incredible than many feats of memory which
are known to have been performed in modern times.
Nor must it be forgotten that the poetry of Homer, unlike
that of many of our great modern poets, is, generally
speaking, remarkable for the simplicity and directness of
its language ; and these qualities, added to the marvellous
facility and animation of the narrative, render the verse
extremely easy to be learned and retained in memory.
The consummate art with which the various parts of
the " Iliad" (though sometimes seemingly disconnected)
are arranged and adapted so as to delay the denouement
and yet to heighten the interest till near the very end,
proves the poem to have been, beyond all reasonable
doubt, the work of one master-mind. But this master-
mind may very probably have used materials prepared
t " Homer has surpassed all [other writers] in diction (or expres-
sion) and in thought"
J " In every kind of eloquence he undoubtedly has left all [others]
far behind him."
I, e, T, 5, 5, y, kng; a,e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1,6, u, Jf, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m!t; not; good; moon:
HOMER
HONDEKOETER
(or him by preceding poets, just as the consummate
architect, when erecting an edifice designed to be the
admiration of all coming time, may avail himself of the
materials, and, for subordinate parts of the building, even
of the designs, furnished by inferior workmen. There
seem, indeed, to be strong reasons for believing that
before the time of Homer there existed many poems
treating of the events of the Trojan war, and that he, in
selecting and combining the facts necessary to the plot
>f his great work, occasionally adopted some of the finest
l_ies of his predecessors, at the same time changing or
adapting others to suit his purpose, so as to give the
whole poem the impress of his matchless skill and tran-
scendent genius. This supposition will perhaps best
explain the introduction into the poem of such a great
variety of words or phrases differing in different parts of
the work, as well as the marked diversity of dialects. It
is well known that Shakspeare used freely, in some of
his historic dramas, not only the ideas, but, in repeated
instances, the very lines, of some of the poets that had
gone before him. At other times he appears to have
adopted some of the leading ideas, and perhaps many
of the expressions, of previous dramatists, and yet to
have so cast them into the mould of his own mind, and so
coloured them with the hues of his wonderful imagina-
tion, that he may be said to have surpassed the fabled
achievements of the alchemists, and transmuted his crude
materials into something far more precious than gold.
But, while we claim it as a point established, that the
" Iliad" is virtually and essentially the production of a
single poet, we must admit that the question is still un-
decided whether the same Homer was also the author
of the "Odyssey." "If," says the learned and accom-
plished critic already quoted, "the completion of the
1 Iliad' and ' Odyssey' seems too vast a work for one
man, we may perhaps have recourse to the supposition
that Homer, after having sung the ' Iliad' in the vigour of
his youthful years, in his old age communicated to some
devoted disciple the plan of the ' Odyssey,' which had long
been working in his mind, and left it to him for comple-
tion." (K. ( ). Miiller's " History of Greek Literature.")
The prevailing belief that Homer was blind appears to
have taken its origin from one of the so-called Homeric
hymns addressed to the Delian Apollo, the author of
which calls himself the blind poet who lived in rocky
Chios. The hymn in question was considered by some
of the most judicious of the ancient writers to be the
p. oduction of Homer himself; but this view is not ac-
cepted by the best modern critics. The wonderful accu-
racy of many of the descriptions in the "Iliad" utterly
precludes the idea of their having been written by a
poet who had not himself been an eye-witness of the
scenes which he paints so admirably. But he might, per-
haps, have described in his blind old age scenes which
had been indelibly stamped upon his memory in youth
jr early manhood. (See, on the various questions con-
nected with the Homeric poems, Colonel W. Mure's
"Critical History of the Literature, etc. of Ancient
Greece," (1850,) and the able article on " Homerus," in
Smith's " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography.")
See, in addition to the works referred to in the article, OLOF
CELSIUS, " Dissertatio de Homeri Vita et Scriptis," 1714 ; LuooLPk
KUESTKR, "Historia critica Homeri," 1696; THOMAS BLACKWELL,
"Enquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer," 1735; KOPPBN,
" Ueber Homer's Leben und Gesange," 1788 : CARL ERNST Sciiu-
BARTH, " Ideen uber Homer und sein Zeitalter," 1821 ; MATTHIAS
ASP, " Disputationes de Homero," 1714; J. E. TURR, " Hometus
en zijn Scnriften," 1810; ALPHONSK DH LAMARTINE, "Homere,"
1852; FORTIA D'URBAN, " Homere et ses ficrits," 1832; BERNARD
THIBRSCH, " Das Zeitalter des Homer," 1824; J. PASCHIUS, "Di»-
eertatio de Poetarum Principe Homero," 1687 ; EDOUARD JUSTE,
" Dissertation sur 1'Origine des Poemes attribu^s a Homere,'' 1849;
'* Homer and his Successors in Epic Poetry," in the " Quarterly Re-
view" for January, 1857; MATTHEW ARNOLD'S admirable observa-
•ions " On Translating Homer." in liis " Essays," 1865.
Ho'mer, (Rev. HENRY,) an English scholar, born at
Birdingbury in 1752, was educated at Cambridge. He
edited several Latin authors, and, in partnership with
Dr. Combe, published a complete edition of Horace.
Died in 1791.
Ho'mer, (WlNSLOW,) an American painter, born in
Boston, Massachusetts, February 24, 1831. He learned
in youth the business of a lithographer, and afterwards
began to draw on wood for engravers. In 1859 he estab-
lished himself in New York, and was for a time artist
and war-correspondent for a newspaper of that city. His
war-pictures, and especially " Prisoners at the Front,"
(1865,) gave him great fame. He is a member of the
National Academy, and resides at Scarborough, Maine.
Homci<;. See HOMER.
Homeridae, ho-mer'e-dee, (singular, Ho-mgrl-deS,)
or Ho'mer-ids, the name applied to the family of the
poet Homer. (See HOMER, note t.)
Homerus. See HOMER.
Homes or Holmes, homr, (NATHANIEL,) D.D., an
English theologian, ejected for nonconformity in 1662, was
a believer in the fifth monarchy. He wrote the " Resur-
rection Revealed," and other works. Died in 1678.
Homeyer, h6'm!-er, (KARL GUSTAV,) a German
jurist, born at Wolgast, in Pomerania, August 13, 1795.
He studied in Berlin, Gottingen, and Heidelberg; in
1824 was made extraordinary, and in 1827 ordinary, law-
professor in Berlin. His principal works are an edition
of the " Sachsenspiegel," and " Die Haus- und Hof-
marken," (1870.) Died October 20, 1874.
Homeyer, von, fon ho'mi er, (ALEXANDER,) a Ger-
man soldier and naturalist, born at Vorland, in Pome-
rania, January 19, 1834. In 1874 he led an expedition
into Central Africa. He is noted as an ornithologist and
entomologist.
Homeyer, von, (EuGEN FERDINAND,) a German
ornithologist, born at Herdin, November 11, 1809. His
best-known work is "The Migration of Birds," (iSb'i,)
and he is the owner of the largest collection ever made
of European birds.
Ho-mil'J-us, jGer. pron. ho-mee'le-as,J (GOTTFRIED
AUGUST,) an eminent German organist and composer of
church music, born at Rosenthal, in Bohemia, in 1714.
Among his best works are a cantata for Christmas, and
a number of motets. He was organist and director of
music at Dresden. Died in 1785.
Hommaire de Hell, X;o'm5R' deh /;el, (!GNACH
XAVIER MORAND,) a French geologist, born at Altkirch
in 1812, explored the regions which border on the Black
and Caspian Seas, and left an account of his travels, in
3 vols. Died at Ispahan in 1848.
Hommel, hom'me.1, [Lat. HOMME'LIUS,] (KARL FER-
DINAND,) a learned jurist and ingenious writer, born at
Leipsic in 1722. He became professor of feudal law at
Leipsic in 1752, and of civil institutes in 1756. Among
bis works are " Literatura Juris," (1761,) a very piquant
treatise on legal literature, " Rhapsodia Qujestionum in
Foro quotidie obvenientum," (" Questions occurring daily
in the Forum," 5 vols., 1765-79; 4th edition, 7 vols.,
1787,) and "Sceleton Juris civilis," ("Skeleton of Civil
Law," 4th edition, 1767.) Died in 1781.
Hommelius. See HOMMEL,
Hompesch, von, fon hom'pe'sh, (FERDINAND,) the
last grand master of the Knights of Malta, was born at
Dusseldorf in 1744; died in 1803.
Honain, (or Honein,) ho-mn', (Aboo-Yezeed or
Abu- (Abou-) YezSd, S'boo yeh-zeed',) otherwise
called Honain-Ben-Ishak, (b?n is'hik',) an Arabian
physician, born at Heerah, (Hirah,) in Mesopotamia, liveo
mostly at Bagdad. Died about 875 A.D. He translated
into Arabic the works of Hippocrates, Galen, Euclid, etc.
See IBN- KHALLIKAN, " Biographical Dictionary ;" HAJI-KHALJA.
" Lexicon Bibliographicum."
Hondekoeter, hon'deh-koo'ter, (GILES,) a noted
Dutch landscape-painter, born at Utrecht in 1583, was
the son of the Marquis of Westerloo. He often added
to his landscapes highly-finished figures of birds.
Hondekoeter, (GYSBRECHT,) a son of the preceding,
and a painter of poultry, was born in 1613 ; died in 1653.
Hondekoeter, (MELCHIOR,) an excellent painter, a
son of the preceding, was born at Utrecht in 1636. He
studied with his father and his uncle, John B. Weenit
He painted poultry, pea-fowls, and other birds, with a
skill that has never been surpassed. The backgrounds
of his pictures are adorned with beautiful landscapes.
Among his works is "The Entrance of the Animals into
the Ark." Died in 1695.
See JAKOB CAMPO WBYERMAN. "De Schilderkonst der Neder-
landers."
€ as k: c as s: g hard; g as /; <:. H. Vi.gvitura!: N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23.;
HONDIUS
1306
HOOD
Hondius, hon'de-us, or Hondt, h6nt, (ABRAHAM,) a
Dutch painter and engraver, born at Rotterdam in 1638.
He painted hunting-scenes, anin.als, and landscapes
with success. " He often equals the best masters," says
Descamps. Among his works are " The Burning of
Troy," and " The Animals entering the Ark." He worked
some years in England, where he died about 1692.
Hondiua, (HENDRIK,) an engraver of maps and por-
traits, born at Ghent in 1573. His principal work is a
series of portraits of one hundred and forty-four artists,
mostly Flemings. He also engraved some pictures by
Albert Diirer and Holbein. Died at the Hague in 1610.
See BASAN, " Dictionnaire des Graveurs ;" STRUTT, " Dictionary
of Engravers."
Hondius or De Hondt, deh h6nt, (HENRY,) called
THE YOUNGER, born in London in 1580, was accounted
;he best engraver of the family. He engraved portraits,
landscapes, and history after several Flemish painters.
Among his works are portraits of Queen Elizabeth and
James I. Died at Amsterdam about 1650.
See BASAN, "Dictionnaire des Graveurs."
Hondiua or De Hondt, (JossEor JODO'CUS,) a skilful
Flemish engraver and geographer, born at Wacken about
1550, was the father of the preceding. He had a high
Deputation as an engraver on copper. He worked in
London, and afterwards settled in Amsterdam, where he
engraved maps of superior quality, and published new
editions of the " Grand Atlas" of Mercator. Died in 161 1.
Hondt, hont, (WlLLEM,) a Flemish engraver, a bro-
ther of Henry the Younger, born at the Hague in 1601.
Hone, ho'neh, (GEORG PAUL,) a German lawyer, born
at Nuremberg in 1662, wrote " Iter Juridicum," and other
works. Died in 1747.
Hone, (NATHANIEL,) a portrait-painter, born in Dub-
lin about 1730; died in 1784.
Hone, (WILLIAM,) an English writer, born at Bath in
1779, resided in London, and failed several times as a
bookseller. He wrote " The Political House that Jack
Built," a satire, which was illustrated by Cruikshank
and ran through fifty editions. He was prosecuted for
his Parody on the Liturgy in 1818, and, having ably
defended himself, was acquitted. In 1826 he began to
issue in weekly numbers his " Every-Day Book," which
had a large sale, and was commended by Professor
Wilson, Scott, Lamb, and Southey. It was followed by
the "Table-Book" and the "Year-Book," which were
well received, but did not save the author from insol-
vency. He was in prison for debt about three years.
Died in 1842.
See "The Early Life and Conversion of William Hone," written
by himself
Honey-wood, hun'ne-wood, (SAINT JOHN,) an Amer-
ican poet, born in Massachusetts in 1765 ; died in 1798.
See GRISWOLD, " Poets and Poetry of America."
Honore de Sainte-Marie, o'no'ri' deh saNt'mi're',
[Lat. HONORIUS DE SANCTA MARIA,] called, after he
entered the cloister, BLAISE VAUXELLE, (vS-seV,) a
learned monk, born at Limoges in 1651 ; died in 1729.
Ho-no'rl-us J-, a native of Campania, was elected
Pope or Bishop of Rome in 626 A.D. He is charged
with assenting to the heresy of Monothelism. The Council
of Constantinople, held in 680, condemned his doctrine
on this point Died in 638.
Honoriua U, POPE, previously known as Cardinal
Lamberto and Bishop of Ostia, succeeded Calixtus II.
in 1124. Tebaldus was chosen pope at the same time
by a number of bishops, but forbore to contest his
claim. Honorius died in 1130. See, also, CADALOUS.
Honorius 1 1 1 , elected Pope in 1216, was a Roman
oy birth. His proper name was CENCIO SAVELLI. He
crowned Frederick II. Emperor of Germany in 1220, in
the hope that he would lead a crusade against the Turks.
He was more successful in instigating the King of France
to a crusade against the Albigenses. He died in 1227,
and was succeeded by Gregory IX.
Honorius IV, POPE, (Cardinal GIACOMO Savelli,)
a native of Rome, was elected in 1285 as successor to
Martin IV. Died in 1287.
Ho-no'rf-us, (FLAVIUS,) a Roman emperor, the sec
ond son of Theodosius the Great, was born at Constan-
tinople in 384 A.D. At the death of his father, in 395, he
inherited the Western Empire, (his elder brother Area-
dius having obtained the Eastern,) under the guardian-
ship of Stilicho, a famous general, whose daughter he
married. His court was held at Milan, and afterwards
at Ravenna. About 402 Alaric the Goth invaded Italy,
and was defeated by Stilicho at Pollentia. In 408 Stili-
cho was put to death by order of Honorius, who was a
man of weak and vicious character. From this event
may be dated the fall of the Roman power. Rome
was taken and pillaged by Alaric in 410, and the empire
went rapidly to ruin. He died, without issue, in 423,
and was succeeded by Valentinian III.
See GIBBON, " History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire;" SOZOMKN, " Historia Ecclesiastica ;" JORNANDBS, "De
Rebus Getitis ;" TILLEMONT, " Histoire des Empereurs."
Honorius de S a net a Maria. See HONOR* DB
SAINTE-MARIE.
Hontheim, von, fon hont'hlm, (JoHANN NIKOLAUS,)
a German jurist and Catholic priest, born at Treves in
1701. He became Bishop (in partibus) of Myriophis in
1748, and suffragan of the see of Treves. He published
under the pseudonym of JUSTINIUS FEBRONIUSB famous
book against the usurpations of the popes, entitled " De
Statu Ecclesiae et legitima Potestate Romani Pontificis,"
(5 vols., 1763,) which was often reprinted. Died in I79a
Honthorst, hint'horst, or Hundhorst, hunt'hoRst,
(GERARD,) a Flemish painter, called also by the Italians
GERARDO DELLA NOTTE, ("Gerard of the Night,") be-
cause he excelled in nocturnal scenes. He was born at
Utrecht in 1592, and was a pupil of A. Bloemaert. He
worked in Rjme and in England, where he painted
portraits of the royal family and gained a high repu-
tation. Among his works is "The Prodigal Son." He
was a good colorist, and excelled in design. Died at
the Hague in 1660. His brother WILLEM was a suc-
cessful portrait-painter. Died at Berlin in 1683, aged
about eighty.
See PILKINGTON. " Dictionary of Painters."
Hood, (ALEXANDER.) See BRIDPORT.
Hood, hood, (EDWIN PAXTON,) an English dissenting
minister, born at Westminster in 1820. He wrote "Self-
Formation," "William Wordsworth," a biography,
Life of Swedenborg," "Lamps, Pitchers, and Trum-
pets," " Oliver Cromwell," (1882,) " Scottish Character-
istics," (1883.) etc. Died June 12, 1885.
Hood, hood, (JOHN B.,) an American general, born
in Bath county, Kentucky, in 1831, graduated at West
Point in 1853. He commanded a division of Lee's army
at Antietam, September, 1862, and at Gettysburg, July
1-3, 1863. He lost a leg at the battle of Chickamauga,
September 20, 1863, soon after which he was promoted
to be a lieutenant-general. In the spring of 1864 he
commanded a corps of the army opposed to General
Sherman in Northern Georgia. He succeeded General
Johnston in July as commander-in-chief of that army,
which was then near Atlanta. General Johnston was
removed because he had adhered to a cautious and de-
fensive policy. Hood assumed the offensive, and attacked
General Sherman on the 22d of July, and again on the
28th, but was repulsed with heavy loss. He was com-
pelled to abandon Atlanta on the 1st of September, 1864.
(See SHERMAN, W. T.) After he had damaged the rail-
road by which Sherman's army was supplied, General
Hood invaded Middle Tennessee, attacked Genera]
Schofield at Franklin, November 30, and besieged Nash-
ville. He was defeated on the ifjth of December, 1864,
by General Thomas, at the decisive battle of Nashville,
where he lost fifty pieces of cannon, and was relieved of
the command in January, 1865. Died August 30, 1879.
See " Southern Generals," New York, 1865.
Hood, (ROBIN,) a famous English outlaw, who is sup-
posed to have lived in the reign of Richard I. Sherwood
Forest was his head-quarters. His exploits are the sub-
ject of many popular ballads, which applaud his gal-
lantry to the ladies and his generosity in sharing among
the poor the spoils of the rich. He was the chief of a
numerous band, who seem to have lived chiefly on the
products of the chase.
See W. W. CAMPBELL, " Historical Sketch of Robin Hood and
Captain Kidd," New York, 1853; "Edinburgh Review" for July,
1847: " North American Review" for January, 1857.
a, e, I, o, u, y, /(7«f; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, p, ofaeiire; far, fill, fit; met: nfttjgood; mo"on
HOOD
i3°7
HOOK
Hood, (SAMUEL,) VISCOUNT, an English admiral,
born at Butley in 1724, entered the navy in 1740, and
became captain in 1754. In 1780 he was made a rear-
admiral, and was second in command in the West Indies.
The next year he succeeded Rodn»y in command of the
fleet, with which he fought De Grasse near the mouth of
the Chesapeake, but failed to relieve the British army at
Yorktown. He took part in the victory over De Grasse
in April, 1782, and was rewarded with the title of Baron
Hood of Catherington. In 1784, after a close contest
with Fox, he was elected to Parliament, and in 1788 ap-
pointed a lord of the admiralty. In 1793 he commanded
against the French in the Mediterranean and at the siege
of Toulon. He was made, in 1796, Viscount Hood of
Whitley, and afterwards an admiral. Died in 1816.
See CAMPBELL, " Lives of British Admirals."
Hood, (Sir SAMUEL,) cousin of the preceding, was a
vice-admiral in the British navy, and a brave and skilful
officer. He took part in the victory of Rodney over De
Grasse in 1782, and in the battle of the Nile, (1798.) In
1806 he was returned to Parliament for Westminster,
and captured three French ships near Rochefort. He
was afterwards appointed to command in the East Indies,
where he died in 1814.
Hood, (THOMAS,) a famous English humourist and
popular author, born in London in 1798, was the son of
a bookseller. He served an apprenticeship to an en-
graver, but soon exchanged that employment for literary
pursuits. In 1821 he became sub-editor of the " London
Magazine," by which he gained access to the society of
many authors who have since risen to eminence. His
" Whims and Oddities" (1826) displayed an abundant
vein of inimitable wit and comic power. He issued the
" Comic Annual" from 1830 to 1842, which was followed
by his " Comic Album," " Whimsicalities," and " Hood's
Own." His tales and novels were less successful than
his humorous works. Among his most popular poems
are the " Song of the Shirt," (which first appeared in
" Punch,") the " Bridge of Sighs," and the " Dream of
Eugene Aram." He was editor of " The Gem" for one
year, and, in the latter years of his life, editor of the
" New Monthly Magazine." Like poor Yorick, he was
"a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy." As
a punster he is unrivalled. Some of his serious poems
are exquisitely tender and pathetic. In 1844 he began to
issue " Hood's Magazine," for which he wrote until his
last illness. A pension of £100 which had been granted
to him was transferred to his widow. Died in 1845.
"London Magazine" for December, 1826; "British Quarterly Re-
Yiew" for October, 1867.
Hood, (THOMAS, or " TOM,") a son of Thomas Hood,
the humorist and poet, already noticed. He was born
at Wanstead, England, January 19, 1835, and was edu-
cated at Pembroke College, Oxford. Among his works
are " Pen and Pencil Pictures," (1854-55,) a volume of
Poems, (1861,) some books for children, and a number
of novels. In 1865 he became editor of " Fun," a Lon-
don comic paper. Died November 20, 1874. His talent
was much like his father's, but not so brilliant.
Hooft, hoft, (NiKLAAS,) a Dutch historical painter,
born at the Hague in 1664; died in 1748.
Hooft or Hoofft. (PiETER CORNELIS,) an excellent
Dutch poet and historian, born in Amsterdam in March,
1581. After leaving college he travelled in France and
Italy, and filled several civil offices. He published about
1602 " Granida," a tragi-comedy, which is a master-piece.
He wrote other dramas, and erotic poems of great
merit, and translated Tacitus into Dutch. His chief
prose works are a " Life of Henry IV. of France," (1626,)
and a " History of the Netherlands,";" De Nederlandsche
Historien," 2 vols., 1642-54,) which is esteemed a model
of grace, purity, and vigour, both in thought and style,
He has the honour of rendering his vernacular language
more polished and classical than it was before his rime.
He was a friend of Grotius. " Though deeply religious,"
says the " Biographic Universelle," "he never ranged
himself under the banner of any outward communion."
Many critics assjgn him the highest place as a writer of
Dutch prose ; but, though a great purist, his style abound*
'n Latin idioms. Died at the Hague, May 21, 1647.
See ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" and VAM
KAMPEN'S article on " Hollandische Sprache und Literatur," in the
same work : also." Nouvelle Biographic G£ne>a!e ;" JAN VAN KRUYPF,
838; LONGFELLOW, "Poets and Poetry of Europe;" " Fraser'j
Magazine" for March, 1854.
Hooge, de, deh ho'ceh or ho'neh, written alsoHoogh,
(PiETER,) a Dutch painter of genre, born about 1644.
Little is known of his history. His colour is good, his
design correct, and his manner natural. He represents
the effects of light with great skill. Among his works
(which command high prices) are a " Supper," an "In-
terior," and a "Guard-Room." Died in 1708.
See DESCAMPS, " Vies des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc
Hooge or Hooghe, de, (ROMEYN,) an eminent Dutch
designer and engraver, was born at the Hague about 1 640,
or, as others say, about 1650. He worked for a long time
in Paris, and passed his latter years at the Hague. He
had a rich imagination and great facility, but was deficient
in correctness. Among his works are " The Entrance of
Louis XIV. into Dunkirk," and "The Assassination of
De Witt." Died in 1725.
See J. C. WEYERMAN. "De Schilderkonst der Nederlandere."
Hoogeveen, ho'geh-van' or ho'Heh-van', sometimes
written Hoogeven, (HENDRIK,) a Dutch Hellenist, born
at Leyden in 1712, was successively rector of the gym-
nasiums of Breda, Dort, and Delft, and was an excellent
grammarian. He is the author of a valuable treatise
on " Greek Particles," (" Doctrina Particularum Linguae
Graecae," 2 vols., 1769,) and " Dictionarium Analogicum
Unguaa Graecae," (Cambridge., 1800.) Died in 1791.
See ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" HARLKSS,
"Vitas Philologorum."
Hoogstaad, van, vSn hoo'stit', (GERART,) a Flemish
painter of history and portraits, born at Brussels, was
living in 1661.
Hoogstraaten, van, vSn hSc'stRa'ten, (DAVID,) a
Dutch scholar, a nephew of the following, was born at
Rotterdam in 1658, and became a classical professor at
Amsterdam. He compiled a Latin-Dutch Dictionary,
(1704,) and wrote several elegant Latin poems, " Poe-
mata," (1710.) Died in 1724.
Hoogstraaten, van, (SAMUEL,) a Dutch painter,
born at Dort in 1627, was a pupil of Rembrandt, and
the master of Houbraken. He painted portraits, land-
scapes, etc. with success, and wrote a good work on the
theory of painting. Died in 1678.
His father, DIRCK, born at Antwerp in 1596, was also
a skilful landscape-painter. Died in 1640.
See PILKINGTON'S "Dictionary of Painters."
Hoogvliet, h5c'vleet or hoH'vleet, (ARNOLD,) a popu-
lar Dutch poet, born at Vlaardingen in 1687, was edu-
cated for a merchant, and held the position of cashier in
his native place. His reputation is founded on an epic
poem, called "Abraham the Patriarch," (1727.) which
was received with extraordinary and durable favour.
"No book in Dutch literature," says Marron, "has
been honoured with a more decided national adoption."
(" Biographic Universelle.") He afterwards published a
collection of poems on various subjects, which are not
unworthy of his name. Died in 1 763.
See JAN VAN KRUVFF, " Leven van A. Hoogvliet," 1782; WlL-
LEM TERPSTRA, "Oratio de A. Hoogvlietio Poeta," 1816.
Hoogzaat, hoc'zit, (JAN,) an able Dutch painter,
born at Amsterdam in 1664. He decorated the chateau
of Loo for William III. of England. Died in 1712.
Hook, hook, (JAMES,) an English composer and mu-
sician, born at Norwich in 1746. He was employed as
organist at Vauxhall Garden, London, for many years,
and composed numerous popular ballads, songs, con-
certos, etc. Died in 1827.
Hook, (JAMES,) LL.D., an English writer, brother of
Theodore E. Hook, was bom in London about 1771. He
was educated for the church, and in 1825 was appointed
Dean of Worcester. His principal works are two
novels, called "Pen Owen" and "Percy Mallory."
Died in 1828.
Hook, (JAMES CLARKE,) an English painter, born in
London, November 21, 1819. In the early part of his
as/t; casjv ghard; g as ;'; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: sasz.- ill as in this. (JlJP'See Explanations, p. 23.)
HOOK
1308
HOOKER
career he painted subjects from Italian history and
scenes from Shakspeare, but later has executed many
marine pieces and scenes from English domestic life.
He became an associate of the Royal Academy in 1850,
and a full Academician in 1860.
Hook, (THEODORE EDWARD,) born in London in
1788, was the son of James, the musical composer, noticed
above. He was an excellent vocalist, an expert mimic,
and a prodigy of colloquial power. In 1805 he wrote
"The Soldier's Return," an operatic farce, which was
very successful. He was addicted to punning, to extrava-
gant dissipation, and to audacious practical jokes. His
brilliant wit and marvellous faculty of improvisation
rendered him an idol of the gay world, and commended
him to the favour of the prince-regent, who procured his
appointment in i8i2as treasurer to the colony of Mauri-
tius, with a salary of about ^2000. In 1818, a large de-
ficit being found in his treasure-chest, he was sent home
charged with peculation. The legal inquiry, however,
proved nothing against him except a culpable negligence
of his official duties. In 1820 he became editor of the
"John Bull" newspaper, which was very successful in a
1 Gilbert Gurney," a novel, which contains an autobiog-
raphy of himself. In 1836 he was editor of the " New
Monthly Magazine." Died in 1841.
See R. H. BARHAM, " Life and Writings of Theodore Hook,"
1848; "Life of T. Hook," from the "Quarterly Review," London,
1853 : R. H. HORNK, " New Spirit of the Age," 1844 : " Quarterly
Review" for May, 1843, (vol. bociL ;) " Noctes Ambrosianz ;" Moin,
" Poetical Literature of the Past Half-Century ;" SAMUEL SMILES,
"Brief Biographies;" "Memories of Authors," in the "Atlantic
Monthly ' for April, 1865.
Hook, (WALTER FARQUHAR,) an English theologian,
a nephew of the preceding, was born in London in
1798. He became vicar of Leeds in 1837, and Dean
of Chichester in 1859. Among his works are "Hear
the Church," (28th edition, 1838,) "Ecclesiastical Biog-
raphy," (8 vols., 1845-52,) "Church Dictionary," (7th
edition, 1854,) and "Lives of the Archbishops of Can-
terbury," (9 vols., of which the first volume was published
in 1860.) He was noted for his zeal and success in the
cause of church extension. Died October 20, 1875.
Hooke, hook, (NATHANIEL,) a Roman Catholic his-
torian, born about 1690, was an intimate friend of Pope the
poet. His principal work is "The Roman History from
the Building of Rome to the End of the Commonwealth,"
(4 vols. 4to, 1733-71,) which was often reprinted, and is
commended as a faithful compilation. I le was employed
by Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, as editor of her
Memoirs, (1742.) Died in 1764.
Hooke, (ROBERT,) M.D., an English philosopher,
born at Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight, in 1635, and
noted for his inventive faculty, mechanical genius, and
scientific acquirements. In 1662 he was chosen curator
of experiments to the Royal Society, of which he was
a Fellow, and afterwards secretary. About 1666 he
became professor of geometry in Gresham College, and
city surveyor of London. Among his multifarious
accomplishments was skill in architecture, which he
exercised in drawing the plan of Bedlam and other
public buildings in London. He wrote many memoirs
on various branches of natural science. He had a
dispute with Hevelius on the subject of the telescope,
and attacked Newton's theory of light and colours.
He claimed the invention of the barometer, quadrant,
balance-spring for watches, etc. Died in 1702.
See "Biographia Britannica;" WALLER, "Life of R- Hooke;"
WOOD, "Gresham Professors."
Hook'er, (HERMAN,) an American Episcopalian di-
vine, born at Poultney, Rutland county, Vermont. He
published, among other works, "The Portion of the
Soul," etc., (1835,) "The Philosophy of Unbelief in
Morals and Religion," and "Uses of Adversity," (1846.)
Died in 1857.
See GRISWOLD, " Prose Writers of America."
Hook'er, (hook'?r,) otherwise called VSw'elL.
(JOHN,) M.P., an English historian, born at Exeter
about 1524, was uncle of Richard Hooker, noticed
below. He represented Exeter in Parliament in 1571.
He compiled a large part of Holinshed's "Chronicles,"
(1586,) and wrote a treatise on the order and usage of
Parliaments, and a few other works. Died in 1601.
Hook'er, (JOSEPH,) an American general, born in
Hadley, Mass., November 13, 1814, graduated at West
Point, in 1837. He served as captain in the Mexican
war, (1846-47,) and gained the brevet of lieutenant-
colonel at Chapultepec. Having resigned his commis-
sion about 1853, he lived several years in California. He
was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers about
May, 1861, served at the battle of Williamsburg, and in
the "seven days' battles" near Richmond, June 26-July
I, 1862. He became a major-general in July, and com-
manded a corps at the battle of Antieta'm, September
17, 1862, a few days after which he was promoted to
the rank of brigadier-general in the regular army. He
commanded a grand division under General Burnside
at Fredericksburg in December, 1862, and succeeded
Burnside as commander of the army of the Potomac in
January, 1863. This army, which probably amounted
to 100,000 men or more, engaged the enemy at Chan-
cellorsville, May 2 and 3, and was defeated, but was not
pursued. During this battle he was stunned by a
cannon-ball. He was relieved of the command on the
28th of June, 1863, and was sent to Tennessee with two
corps in September of that year. He contributed to the
victory gained by General Grant at Lookout Mountain,
November 24 and 25, 1863, and commanded a corps of
the army which General Sherman moved from Dalton
to Atlanta, May-August, 1864. He afterwards had
command of the Northern Department. Died in 1879.
Hooker, (Sir JOSEPH DALTON,) an eminent
botanist and traveller, a son of Sir William Jackson
Hooker, was born in 1817. He studied medici»e, and
in 1839 sailed as surgeon with the expedition of Sir
James Ross to the Antarctic Ocean. On his return he
published " Flora Antarctica," (2 vols., 1844-47,) the
descriptions and illustrations of which are highly com-
mended. Between 1848 and 1852 he explored the bo-
tanical productions of the Himalayas, and published
" Himalayan Journals," (2 vols., 1854,) and " Flora In-
dica." He accompanied Asa Gray through the western
United States in 1877. In 1855 he became assistant
director at Kew, and succeeded his father as director
in 1865. Of his various botanical works the best
known is " The Student's Flora of the British Islands,"
(1870.) The most important are "Genera Planta-
mm," (with Bentham, 1862-83,) and "Index Kcw-
ensis," (with Jackson, 1893 et seq.)
Hooker, (RICHARD,) an eminent English divine and
author, born at Heavytree, near Exeter, in 1553. After
graduating at Oxford, he took orders in 1581, and in an
unguarded hour married a scolding wife. By the favour
of Sandys, Bishop of London, he became Master of the
Temple in 1585. Here he was involved in a controversy
with Mr. Travers, a Calvinist, who was also a lecturer
in the Temple. One of the consequences of this dispute
was the production of his great argument for the consti-
tution and discipline of the Anglican Church, entitled
"The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity." After he began
this work, desiring a more retired station than the
Temple, he obtained in 1591 the rectory of Boscombe,
to which the prebend of Salisbury was added. From
1595 until his death he was rector of Bishopsbourne.
His work above-named was published from 1594 to
1597. It is regarded as a great bulwark of the Church,
a monument of sound learning, and a noble model of
literary excellence. According to Hallam, "the finest
as well as the most philosophical writer of the Eliza-
bethan period is Hooker. The first book of his ' Eccle-
siastical Polity' is at this day one of the master-pieces
of English eloquence. ... So stately and graceful is the
march of his periods, so various the fall of his musical
cadences upon the ear, so rich in images, so condensed
in sentences, so grave and noble his diction, that I
know not whether any later writer has more admirably
displayed the capacities of our language, or produced
passages more worthy of comparison with the splendid
monuments of antiquity." ("Introduction to the Litera-
ture of Europe.") Died in 1600.
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, Jf, short; a, ?, i, p. obscure; fir, fill, fit; met; nSt ; good; moon
HOOKER
'3°9
HOPE
Hooker, (Rev. THOMAS,) one of the founders of Con-
necticut, was born at Marfield, England, in 1586. After
preaching in Holland, he emigrated in 1633 to Boston,
Massachusetts, and was the first pastor of Cambridge.
In 1636, in company with Samuel Stone, he founded the
city of Hartford, where he was minister until his death.
He was a very influential man in the churches, and wrote
many treatises, among which is the "Application of
Redemption." Died in 1647.
See E. W. HOOKER. "Life of Thomas Hooker," 1849.
Hooker, (WILI.IAM JACKSON,) F.R.S., a distinguished
English botanist, born at Norwich in 1785. He pub-
lished in 1811 "A Journal of a Tour in Iceland in 1809,"
and described, with Dr. Taylor, British mosses in
"Muscologia Britannica," (1818.) His "Flora Scotica"
appeared in 1821. He produced an excellent "Flora
Exotica," (3 vols., 1823-27.) For many years he was pro-
fessor of botany in the University of Glasgow. Among
his greatest works are "Icones Filicum," or "Figures
and Descriptions of Ferns," (with Dr. Greville, 2 vols.,
1829-31,) " Flora Boreali-Americana," (2 vols., 1829-40,)
and a "British Flora," (1830; 6th edition, 1850,) which
gives a complete description of British plants, arranged
after the natural method. He was appointed about 1840
director of the royal gardens at Kew, which have been
greatly improved under his superintendence, and are
said to surpass all other gardens in the world in the
number and variety of the plants. He was the father
of Dr. J. D. Hooker, noticed above. Died in 1865.
Hooiakoo, Houlakou, HtUaktt, hoo'lS-koo', or
Hoolagoo, hoo-la-goo', sometimes very improperly
written Hulakoo, a grandson of Jengis Khan, born in
1217, was the first of the Eel-Khans, (Ilkhans or Ilchans,)
or Mongol kings of Persia. He was commanded by
his elder brother Mangoo (the father of Kooblai Khan)
to complete the conquest of Persia, which he accom-
plished about the year 1255. He exterminated the Is-
maeelians, or Assassins, and afterwards directed his forces
against Bagdad, which he took in February, 1258, and
delivered up to pillage and massacre. If we may believe
the statements of the Moslem historians, nearly 800,000
persons, including Motassem (the last of the Abbasside
caliphs) and his eldest son, perished on that occasion.
As a warrior, Hooiakoo was distinguished for his san-
guinary cruelty : he was nevertheless a patron of science,
and the celebrated Eel-Khanee (or -Khannee) astro-
nomical tables were prepared under his auspices, and
derive their name from his title of Eel-Khan, signifying
the prince or chief of the tribe. He died in 1265, and
was succeeded by his son, Abaka Khan.
See MALCOLM, "History of Persia," vol. i. chap. x. : VON
HAMMER, "Geschichte der Ilchane:" D'OHSSON, "Histoire des
Mongols."
Hoole, hool, (Rev. CHARLES,) born at Wakefield,
England, in 1610, taught school with credit in London,
etc., and was afterwards rector of Stock. He wrote a
" Latin Grammar," and other school-books. Died in 1666.
Hoole, (ELIJAH,) an English Orientalist and Wesleyan
minister, born at Manchester about 1798. He served as
a missionary in India, and published " Madras, Mysore,
and the South of India." Died in 1672.
Hoole, (JOHN,) an English dramatist and translator,
born in London in 1727, was educated in Grub Street.
He was a friend of Dr. Johnson, and was a clerk in the
East India House about forty years. He wrote several
tragedies, and translated into bad or insipid verse the
great poems of Tasso and Ariosto. In reference to his
version of Tasso, (published in 1763,) Sir Walter Scott
called Hoole a " noble transmuter of gold into lead."
His "Orlando Furioso" appeared in 5 vols., 1773-83.
Died in 1803.
See "Biographia Dramatics."
Hoole, MRS. See HOFLAND, (BARBARA.)
Hooniay oon or Humayflu, hoo'mi'yoon', Emperor
of Hindostan, of the dynasty of the Great Moguls, was
the eldest son of Baber. He was born at Cabool in 1508,
and ascended the throne in 1530. Agra was his capital.
He was defeated by the Afghans in 1540. His brothers
having rebelled against him, he was driven out of his
kingdom, and took refuge at the court of Persia. In
1545 he returned with an army and recovered his throne.
He gained decisive victories over the Afghans, umlei
Sekunder Shah, on the Sutlej, in 1554, and at Sirhind in
'555- He died in 1556, and was succeeded by his son,
the celebrated Akbar. He was versed in astronomy, and
wrote several poems.
See "Private Memoirs of Houmaioon," translated from the Per-
sian by MAJOR C. STEWART; FERISHTA, " History of the Rise of
the Mahomedan Power io India," translated by GENERAL HRIGGS;
W. ERSKINE, " History of India under Baber and Humayun," 2 vols.,
1854; ABOOL-FAUHL, " Akbar-Nameh."
Hoop'er, (GEORGE,) D.D., an English prelate, born
at Grimley in 1640, was educated at Oxford, and was
an excellent classical and Oriental scholar. In 1677 he
was almoner to Mary, Princess of Orange, and in 1691
became chaplain to William and Mary, and Dean of Can-
terbury. He obtained the bishopric of Saint Asaph in
1703, from which he was afterwards transferred to that
of Bath and Wells. He published numerous religious
works. Died in 1727.
Hooper or Hoper, (JOHN,) an English reformer and
martyr, born in Somersetshire about 1495. While a stu-
dent at Oxford, he was converted to the Protestant faith.
In 1539, to escape the Bloody Statutes of Henry VIII., he
retired from England and passed several years at Zurich.
At the death of Henry he settled in London, where he
became an eminent and eloquent preacher. In 1550 he
was made Bishop of Gloucester, and in 1552 received
the bishopric of Worcester in commendam. Soon after
the accession of Mary he was condemned as a heretic,
and, refusing to recant, was burned at the stake in 1553.
He wrote numerous theological works.
See Fox, " Book of Martyrs ;" BUKNET, " History of the Reforma-
tion."
Hoop'er, (LuCY,) an American writer, born at New-
buryport, Massachusetts, in 1816, wrote sketches entitled
"Scenes from Real Life," (1840,) "The Poetry of Flow-
ers," and other works. She died in 1841, and her "Literary
Remains" were published in 1842, with a Memoir.
See GRISWOLD, " Female Poets of America ;" " Democratic Re-
view" for July, 1842.
Hooper, (Lucv HAMILTON,) an American author,
born at Philadelphia in 1835. Her maiden name was
JONES. She published " Poems," and " Under the Tri-
color," a novel. For a long time she was a newspaper
correspondent in Paris. Died August 31, 1893.
Hooper, (ROBERT,) a British medical writer, was born
in 1773. Among his works are a "Medical Dictionary,"
(1798; 8th edition, by Dr. Grant, in 1839,) and "Sur-
geon's Vade-Mecum," (3d edition, enlarged by Dr.
Dunglison, 1824.) Died in 1835.
Hooper, (WILLIAM,) an American patriot, was born
in Boston in 1742. He graduated at Harvard in 1760,
studied law with James Otis, and rose to eminence in
his profession in Wilmington, North Carolina. In 1774
he was chosen one of the delegates to the first Conti-
nental Congress. Soon after signing the Declaration of
Independence, in 1776, he resigned his seat. Died in 1790.
Hoorn van Vlooswyck, hoRn vSn vlos'wik,(PiETER
NIKLAAS,) BARON, a Dutch nobleman, born at Amster-
dam in 1742, possessed an immense fortune. Having a
taste for art, he formed a splendid collection of gems,
cameos, mosaics, etc. Died in 1809.
Hooinbeek or Hoornbeck, hoRn'bak, (JAN,) »
Dutch writer on theology, born at Haarlem about 1616,
was professor at Utrecht. Died in 1666.
Hoorne, COUNT. See HORN.
Hoorne, van, vin hoR'neh, or Home, (JAN,) a Dutcu
anatomist, was born at Amsterdam in 1621. He became
professor of surgery at Leyden about 1650, and gained a
high reputation. He published, besides other works on
anatomy, a " Brief Introduction to the History of the
Human Body," (" Brevis Manuductio ad Historian!
Corporis humani," 1660,) a work of much merit Died
in 1670.
See EsscHundGRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyldopaedie ;" CHARLES
DRELINCOUKT, "Oratiode J. van Home," 1670.
Hope, (ALEXANDER JAMES BERESFORD,) M.P., an
author and connoisseur, son of Thomas Hope, noticed
below, was born in London in 1820. Among his works
are an essay on " Newspapers and their Writers," "The
English Cathedral of the Nineteenth Century," and
"Worship in the Church of England." Died in 1887.
< a.s k, c as s; g hard: g as/V G, H, K,.?uttiir,jl; N, nasal; R, trilled: Bass; th as in this.
See Explanations, p.
HOPE
1310
HOPKINS
Hope, (ANTHONY.) See HAWKINS, (ANTHONY
HOPE.)
Hope, (Rev. FREDERICK WILLIAM,) F.R.S., an Eng
lish entomologist, born about 1800, wrote " The Coleop
terist's Manual." Died in 1862.
Hope, (Sir HENRY,) a British admiral, born in 1787;
died in 1863.
Hope, (JAMES,) a British physician of the present cen
tury, was physician to Saint George's Hospital, London,
and published " Principles and Illustrations of Morbid
Anatomy," (1834,) and a "Treatise on Diseases of the
Heart and Great Vessels," (1839.) Died about 1840.
Hope, (JOHN,) M.D., F.R.S., a Scottish botanist, born
in 1725, was educated at Edinburgh and Paris, and
practised in the former city. In 1761 he was appointed
king's botanist in Scotland, and superintendent of the
royal garden, and in 1786 regius professor of botany in
the University of Edinburgh. He commenced a work
on botany, which he did not live to finish. Died in 1786.
Hope, (JOHN,) Earl of Hopetoun, a British general,
born near Linlithgow in 1766, was a younger son of the
second Earl of Hopetoun. After passing through the
inferior grades, he was made a colonel in 1796, and re-
turned to Parliament. In 1800 he served as adjutant-
general under General Abercrombie in Egypt, and in
1802 obtained the rank of major-general. Having been
made lieutenant-general in 1808, he took part in the
battle of Corunna, in 1809, and at the death of Sir John
Moore succeeded him in the command. He was com-
mander-in-chief in Ireland about 1812. In 1814 he was
raised to the peerage, as Baron of Niddry, and at the
death of his elder brother, in 1816, inherited his title.
Died in 1823.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Hope, (Sir THOMAS,) a Scottish lawyer, born in Edin-
burgh. He was knighted and appointed king's advocate
in 1627, after gaining distinction at the bar. He wrote
valuable legal treatises. His father, Henry Hope, was
related to the wealthy family of Hope in Amsterdam.
Died in 1646.
Hope, (THOMAS,) an English novelist and miscellane-
ous writer of rare merit, born about 1770, was a member
of the wealthy family of Hope of Amsterdam. After
traversing Europe, Asia, and Africa, to gratify his pas-
sion for architecture, and retiring from business with an
immense fortune, he settled in London, and distinguished
himself as a patron of the fine arts. He formed galleries
of paintings and statues, and magnificent collections of
lare works of art. In 1807 he published a work on
" Household Furniture," which produced quite a revolu-
tion in upholstery and an improvement in the public
taste. Soon after appeared " The Costume of the An-
cients," and " Modern Costumes," which evince great
antiquarian lore. In 1819 he published, anonymously,
"Anastasius; or, Memoirs of a Modern Greek," which
was attributed to Byron, and made a vivid sensation
by its surprising combination of Oriental romance and
classic learning. " Mr. Hope will excuse us," says Syd-
ney Smith, "but we could not help exclaiming, in read-
ing it, 'Is this Mr. Thomas Hope? — is this the man of
chairs and tables ?— the CEdipus of coal-boxes ? — he who
meditated on muffineers and planned pokers? Where
has he hidden all this eloquence and poetry up to this
hour?' The work before us places him in the highest
list of eloquent writers and of superior men." Byron
said he would have given his two most approved poems
to have been the author of "Anastasius." Hope also
wrote an " Essay on the Origin and Prospects of Man,"
and a "Historical Essay on Architecture," (1835.) which
was received with favour. He married in 1807 Louisa
Beresford, a daughter of W. Beresford, Archbishop of
Tuam. Died in 1831.
See SYDNEY SMITH'S article in the " Edinburgh Review" for
March, 1821, (vol. uocv.,) also for July, 1807; "Quarterly Review,"
rol. xxiv.
Hope, (THOMAS CHARLES,) an eminent teacher of
chemistry, born in Edinburgh in 1766, was a son of John
Hope, the botanist, noticed above. He became profesioi
of chemistry at Glasgow in 1787, and discovered a new
earth, which he named "Strontites," about 1792. In
1798 he succeeded Dr. Black in the chair of chemistry
in Edinburgh, where he lectured until 1843. He was
reputed the most popular teacher of chemistry in Great
Britain. He wrote several short treatises, one of which
is "On the Point of Greatest Density of Water," (1805.)
Died in 1844.
Hope, (Sir WILLIAM JOHNSTONE,) M.P., a British
naval officer, born at Finchley in 1766. As post-captain,
he served with distinction under Lord Howe against the
French in 1794. In 1819 he was raised to the rank of
vice-admiral, and the next year became a lord of the admi-
ralty. He was knighted in 1825. He was a member of
the House of Commons for thirty years. Died in 1831.
Hoper. See HOOPER, (JOHN.)
Hopfner or Hoepfher, hopfner, (ToHANN GEORG
CHRISTIAN,) a German archaeologist, born at Leipsic in
1765. He published, besides other works, a " Manual
of Greek Mythology," (1795.) Died in 1827.
HSpital. See L'HOpiTAL.
Hopken or Hoepken, hop'ken, (ANDERS JOHAN,)
a Swedish statesman and writer of great merit, born
in 1712, became a member of the senate in 1746. He
was one of the first who formed the Swedish language
on the models of Greece and Rome. His Eulogies on
Count Tessin and Ekeblad are greatly admired. Died
in 1789.
See E. M. FANT," Aminnelse-Tal ofver A. J. von Hopken," 1789;
GVLDHNSTOLPK, " Aminnelse-Tal bfver A. J. von Hopken," 1789.
Hop'kini, (CHARLES,) born at Exeter in 1664, was
the son of Bishop Ezekiel Hopkins. He was intimate
with Dryden and Congreve, wrote several tragedies,
and translated Ovid's "Art of Love." Died in 1699.
His brother JOHN, born in 1675, was the author of a
collection of poems entitled "Amasia," (3 vols., 1700,)
and other poems, among which is "The Triumphs of
Peace, or the Glories of Nassau," (1698.) Died after
1700.
Hop'kin§, (EDWARD,) Governor of Connecticut, born
in London in 1600, emigrated to Boston, Massachu-
setts, in 1637. He was chosen Governor of Connecticut
in 1640, and was re-elected every other year until 1654.
Soon after this he returned to England, where he was
appointed warden of the fleet and commissioner of the
admiralty, and was elected to Parliament. Died in 1657.
Hopkins, (EDWARD JOHN,) an English musician
and composer, born at Westminster, June 30, 1818.
Since 1843 he has been organist of the Temple Church
in London. He published "The Organ, its History and
Construction," and has composed anthems, chants, and
psalm-tunes. His brother, JOHN HOPKINS, born in
1822, has also distinguished himself as a composer of
sacred music.
Hopkins, (EsEK,) an American naval officer, born
in Scituate, Rhode Island, in 1718. He was appointed
commander-in-chief of the navy in 1775. He captured
a British fort at New Providence, and several vessels of
war, in 1775 or 1776. Died in 1802.
Hopkins, (EztKlEL,) an English Calvinistic divine,
born at Sandford, Devonshire, in 1633, was a popular
preacher, and one of the standard theologians of Eng-
land. He became Bishop of Raphoe in 1671, and Bishop
of Londonderry in 1681. He was driven from this place
by the Catholic insurgents in 1688. Among his works
(which are admired even by many who are not Calvinists)
are a "Treatise on the Vanity of the World," (1663,)
" Sermons," (4 vols., 1691-96,) the "Doctrine of the Two
Covenants," and " Exposition on the Lord's Prayer,"
(1692.) His style is remarkable for sententious brevity.
Died in 1690.
Hopkins, (JoHN,) an English teacher, who graduated
at Oxford in 1544, is chiefly noted for his share in the
poetical version of David's Psalms by Sternhold and
Hopkins. He is supposed to have been a clergyman.
Hopkins, (JOHN HENRY,) an Episcopal theologian,
born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1792, came to the United
States in 1800. He became rector of a church at Pitts-
rg in 1824, and was chosen Bishop of Vermont in
1832. Among his numerous works are "The Primitive
Creed Examined and Explained," (1834,) a "Scriptural,
Ecclesiastical, and Historical View of Slavery," (1864,) in
which work he advocates the Southern view of slavery,
and "The Law of Ritualism," (1866.) Died in 1868
», e, i, 6, u, y, long: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, J, short; a, e, j, o, obscure, far, (311, fat; mit; not; good; moon
HOPKINS
HOPPIN
Hopkins, (JOHN HENRY,) D.LI., an American clergy
man, a son of Bishop J. II. Hopkins, already noticed
was born at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, October 28, 1820
He graduated at the University of Vermont in 1839, anc
at the General Theological Seminary (Episcopal) in
1850, took priest's orders in 1872, founded the "Church
Journal," (New York,) and edited the same, 1853-68
He published a "Manual of Matrimony," (1845,) "Carols
Hymns, and Songs," (1863 ; 3d edition, 1882,) "Canticles
Noted," (1866,) "Life of Bishop Hopkins," (1872,
" Poems by the Wayside," (1883,) etc. He also editec
the writings of Dr. Milo Mahan, and wrote his memoir
Hopkins, (JOHNS,) an American philanthropist, born
in Anne Arundel county, Maryland, May 19, 1795. He
acquired a large fortune as a wholesale grocer of Balti-
more. He founded a noble free hospital, a convalescent
hospital, a coloured orphanage, and the Johns Hopkins
University, endowing these institutions with more than
eight millions of dollars. He was a member of the
Society of Friends, and lived and died a bachelor. Diec
at Baltimore, December 24, 1873.
Hopkins, (LEMUEL,) M.D., born at Waterbury, Con-
necticut, in 1750. He practised medicine at Litchfielc
from 1776 to 1784, and at Hartford until 1801. He wrote
"The Hypocrite's Hope," and other poems. He was
associated with Barlow and Trumbull in writing "The
Anarchiad," a poem. Died in 1801.
Hopkins, (MARK,) a Presbyterian theologian, born in
Stockbridge, Massachusetts, in 1802, graduated at Wil-
liams College in 1824. He became professor of moral
philosophy in that college in 1830, and was president of
the same from 1836 to 1872. He published " Lowell Lec-
tures on the Evidences of Christianity," "Miscellaneous
Essays and Discourses," (1847,) "Lectures on Moral
Philosophy," (1858,) "The Law of Love and Love as a
Law, or Christian Ethics," (1869,) "Outline Study of
Man," (1873,) and " Strength and Beauty," (1874.) He
received the degree of D.D. from Dartmouth College in
1 837, and that of LL. D. from the University of New York
in 1857. Died June 17, 1887.
Hopkins, (SAMUEL,) an American divine, born at
Waterbury, Connecticut, in 1721, is called the founder
of the Hopkinsian school. He studied theology under
Jonathan Edwards, was ordained a minister in 1743, and
began in that year to preach at Housatonnoc, now
Great Barrington. In 1769 he removed from that place
to Newport, Rhode Island. " Dr. Hopkins," says Allen,
"was a very humble, pious, and benevolent man. . . . His
life was spent chiefly in meditation ; his preaching had
but little effect." He published a " System of Doctrines
contained in Divine Revelation Explained and Defended,"
(1793,) and also wrote a " Dialogue against Slavery,"
(1776,) etc. He forms a prominent character in Mrs.
Stowe's " Minister's Wooing." Died in 1803.
Hopkins, (STEPHEN,) an American statesman, born
at Scituate, Rhode Island, in 1707, was a farmer in his
youth, and afterwards a merchant. He was chief justice
of the superior court from 1751 to 1754, and subsequently
Governor of Rhode Island. In 1774 he was elected to
Congress, and signed the Declaration of Independence
in 1776. The unsteadiness of his hand indicated by his
signature was occasioned not by fear, but by a nervous
affection. He continued in Congress until 1779. Died
in 1785.
Hopkins, (Rev. WILLIAM,) a learned antiquary, born
at Evesham, England, in 1647, was made prebendary of
Worcester in 1675, and vicar of Lindridge in 1686. Died
in 1700.
Hopkins, (WILLIAM,) an English Arian writer, born
*t Monmouth in 1706, became vicar of Bolney in 1731.
He wrote a treatise in favour of Arianism, and translated
the book of Exodus, (1784.) Died in 1786.
Hop'kin-son, (FRANCIS,) an eminent author, wit, and
patriot, born in Philadelphia in 1737. He graduated at
the college of his native city, and chose the profession
of the law. Having visited England in 1765, and passed
two years there, he returned home, settled at Borden-
town, and married Miss Ann Borden. From 1774 to
1 777 he published " The Pretty Story," " The Prophecy,"
tnd the " Political Catechism," three humorous and
popular essays, which contributed to foment f.,e spirit
of freedom and to prepare the people for national inde-
pendence. He represented New Jersey in the Conti-
nental Congress of 1776, and signed the Declaration of
Independence. He was appointed judge of the admi-
ralty of Pennsylvania in 1779, and in 1790 judge of the
district court of the United States. Besides the above
essays, he wrote the " Battle of the Kegs," a ballad, and
other works, in prose and verse. Died in 1791.
See SANDERSON, " Biography of the Signers to the Declaration
of Independence;" "National Portrait -Gallery of Distinguished
Americans," vol. iii.
Hopkinson, (JOSEPH,) LL.D., an American jurist,
author of " Hail Columbia," and son of the preceding,
was born in Philadelphia in 1770. He was educated at
the University of Pennsylvania, studied law, and rose to
eminence in his profession in his native city. He was
the leading counsel for Dr. Rush in his famous libel
suit against William Cobbett in 1799, and was also em-
ployed in the trials under the alien and sedition laws
before Judge Chase in 1800, and in the impeachment of
the latter for alleged misdemeanour in office during these
trials, before the United States Senate, in 1805. From
1815 to 1819 he was a representative in Congress, in
which he distinguished himself as a speaker, particu-
larly in opposition to the United States Bank, and on
the Seminole war. In 1828 he was appointed by Presi-
dent Adams judge of the United States court for the
eastern district of Pennsylvania, which position he held
till his death, in 1842.
See "Lives of Eminent Philadelphians," 1859,
Hop'per, (ISAAC TATEM,) a distinguished philanthro-
pist, a member of the Society of Friends, born near Wood-
bury, New Jersey, in 1771. He resided many years in
Philadelphia, but passed the latter part of his life in New
York. He was a man of great energy, courage, and intel-
lectual acuteness, and distinguished for his life-long efforts
to promote benevolent and humane objects, — especially
negro emancipation. In the controversy which resulted
in the separation of the Society of Friends in 1827, he
was one of the most zealous adherents of the anti-
orthodox party. Died in 1852.
See LYDIA M. CHILD, " Life of I. T. Hopper," 1853 ; " Lives of
Eminent Philadelphians," 1859.
er, (THOMAS,) an English architect, born at
Rochester about 1775. After being employed by the
prince-regent on Carleton House, he erected many castles
and mansions for the nobility, among which Penrhyn
Castle is regarded as one of the best. He possessed
superior conversational powers, and associated freely
with people of distinction. Died in 1856.
Hoppers, hop'pers, or Hopper, hop'per, (JOACHIM,)
[Lat. HOPPE'RUS,] a Dutch jurist, born in Friesland in
1523. Ln 1566 he became privy councillor at Madrid,
and chancellor for the affairs of the Netherlands. He
was more moderate than the other ministers of Philip
[I. Among his works is one " On the Legal Art," (" De
Juris Arte Libri tres," 1553.) Died in 1576.
See MOTLEY, " Rise of the Dutch Republic," part ii. chap T.,
and part iv. chap. iv.
Hop'pin, (AUGUSTUS,) an American artist, born in
Providence, Rhode Island, in 1828. He pursued a col-
egiate course at Brown University, and entered upon
:he profession of law, but subsequently devoted himself
o drawing on wood. He illustrated "The Autocrat of
he Breakfast-Table," the poem of "Nothing to Wear,"
md numerous other subjects. Died April I, 1896.
Hoppin, (JAMES MASON,) D.D., an American scholar,
>orn at Providence, Rhode Island, January 17, 1820.
rle graduated at Yale College in 1840, and studied in the
Jniversity of Berlin, was professor of homiletics and
jastoral theology in Yale College, 1861-79, and in 1879
jecame professor of the history of art in the same insti-
ution. His principal books are " Notes of a Theological
Student," (1854,) "Old England," (1867,) "Office and
Work of the Christian Ministry," (1869,) "Life of
Admiral Foote," (1874,) "Memoirs of Henry Armitl
Brown," (1880,) and " Homiletics," (1881.)
Hoppin, (THOMAS F.,) an American painter and de-
igner, brother of Augustus Hoppin, born in Providence,
t as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, ^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; til as in Ms. (3^=See Explanations, p. 33.)
HOPPNER
1312
HORMA YR
Rhode Island, in 1816. Among the most important of
his designs are the figures on the great window of Trinity
Church, New York.
Hopp'ner, (JOHN,) R.A., an excellent English por-
trait-painter, born in London in 1759. He studied in
the Royal Academy, and was patronized by the Prince
of Wales. For many years he was the most fashionable
portrait-painter of London, except Sir Thomas Lawrence.
H</ppner was very successful in portraits of women. His
colouring is natural and powerful, and his tones are
mellow and deep. His works have a charming air of
facility and negligence. Died in 1810.
See CUNNINGHAM, "Lives of Painters," etc.
Hop'tpn, (ARTHUR,) a learned English mathema-
tician, born in Somersetshire in 1588, was intimate with
Selden. He wrote "Speculum Topographicum," (1611,)
and a few other works. Died in 1614.
Hopton, (Sir RALPH,) an English royalist officer, who
fought for Charles I. in the civil war. He obtained some
success in Cornwall in 1643. In 1646 he commanded
about 8000 men at the battle of Torrington, where he
was defeated by Fairfax. Died about 1652.
Hopton, (SUSANNA,) an English authoress, born in
1627, wrote " Hexameron, or Meditations on the Six
Days of Creation." Died in 1709.
Horace, hor'ass, [Lat. HORA'TIUS; Fr. HORACE,
o'riss'; Ger. HORAZ, ho-rits'; It. ORAZIO, o-rlt'se-o,] or,
more fully, Quin'tus Hora'tius Flac'cus, an excellent
and popular Latin poet, born at Venusia, (now Venosa,)
in Italy, in December, 65 B.C. His father was a freed-
man, who gained a competence as a coactor, (collector of
indirect taxes or of the proceeds of auctions,) and pur-
chased a farm near Venusia, on the bank of the Aufidus,
(Ofanto.) At an early age he was sent to Rome, and
became a pupil of the noted teacher Orbilius Pupillus,
with whom he learned grammar and the Greek language.
About his eighteenth year, he went to prosecute his
studies in the groves of the Academy at Athens, — then
the principal seat of learning and philosophy, — where he
remained until the death of Julius Csesar (in 44 B.C.)
involved the empire in a civil war. As Brutus passed
through Athens, Horace, with patriotic ardour, joined
his army, was made a military tribune, took command
of a legion, and witnessed the fatal defeat of the cause at
Philippi, where he threw away his shield. (Carmina, ii.
7.) llis estate having been confiscated, he went to Rome,
where he supported himself a short time by acting as clerk
in the treasury. His early poems having excited the
interest of Virgil and Varius, they recommended him to
Maecenas, in whom he found a liberal patron and intimate
friend. Thenceforth his life was eminently prosperous,
and serenely passed in congenial studies and patrician
society. Preferring independence to the tempting prizes
of ambition, he refused the office of private secretary
to Augustus, who treated him with particular favour.
He had a true relish for rural pleasures and the charms
of nature, which he often enjoyed at his Sabine farm or
his villa in Tibur. Died in November, 8 B.C. He was
never married. He was of short stature, and had dark
eyes and hair. His character, as deduced from his writings,
is well balanced, and unites in a high degree good sense,
good nature, urbanity, and elegant taste. His poems,
consisting of odes, satires, and epistles, may all be con-
tained in one small volume. His chief merits are a calm
philosophy, a graceful diction, an admirable sense of
propriety, and a keen insight into human nature, which
have attracted an admiration growing from age to age,
and have rendered him, next to Virgil, the most illus-
trious poet of ancient Rome. " It is mainly," says " Black-
wood's Magazine" for April, 1868, "to this large and
many-sided nature of the man himself that Horace owes
his unrivalled popularity, — a popularity which has indeed
both widened and deepened in its degree in proportion
to the increase of modern civilization." His " Epistles"
are among the few poems which represent the most per-
fect and original form of Latin verse. There is no very
good English translation of Horace's entire works : that
of Francis (4 vols., 1747) is perhaps the best. Lord Lyt-
ton's translation of the Odes (1869) is highly praised.
See SUETONIUS, " Vita Horatii ;" MASSON, " Vita Horatii," 1708 ;
HENRY H. MILMAN, "Life of Q. Horatius Flaccus," 1854: VAN
OMMBRN, " Horaz als Mensch und Bilrger von Rom," i8oa; C
FRANCKB, " Fasti Horatiani," 1839 : WALCKBNAKR, " Histoire de la
Vie et des Poe'sies d'Horace," 2 vols., 1840; I. MURRAY, "Ori-
ginal Views of the Passages in the Life and Writings of Horace,"
1851 : J. (or F.) JACOB, Horaz und seine Freunde, 1852 ; ERSCH
und GRUBSR, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" see, also, the excellent
article on Horatius in SMITH'S "Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Biography," by the late DKAN H. H. MILMAN, (author of the " Life
of Q. Horatius Flaccus;") "Horace and his Translators," in the
" Quarterly Review" for October, 1858 ; " Horace and Tasso," in the
" Edinburgh Review" for October, 1850.
Horae, ho'ree, iGr. 'Cp<u ; Fr. HEURES, UR, or HORES,
OR,] the Hours or Seasons, which the ancients imagined to
have charge of the gates of heaven or doors of Olympus.
They appear to have been originally personifications
of the order of nature and of the seasons. They were
also regarded as goddesses of justice, peace, and order.
Milton associates them with the Graces :
" while universal Pan,
Knit with the Graces and the Hours in dance,
Led on the eternal Spring."
Paradise Lost, book iv.
Ho-ra-pollo or Ho'rus A-pol'lo, [Gr. 'QpairoUuv ;
Fr. HORAPOLLON, o'ri'po'loN',] the celebrated author
of a Greek treatise on the Egyptian hieroglyphics. His
name and the epoch in which he lived have been the
subject of much discussion. Recent critics favour the
opinion that he lived at Alexandria about the fifth century.
See SMITH, " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography ;" A. S
CORBY, "The Hieroglyphics of Horapollo," 1840: GOULANIOF
" Essai sur les Hie"roglyphes d'Horapollon," 1827.
Horapollon. See HORAPOLLO.
Horatius. See HORACE.
Horatius, ho-ra'she-us, (in the plural, Horatii, ho-
ra'she-T,) a hero of the early Roman legends, who witt
his two brothers fought against the three Curiatii for
the supremacy of Rome over Alba. His brothers fell ir.
the first onset By a feigned flight he separated hu
antagonists, and slew them one after the other.
Horatius Codes. See COCLKS.
Horberg or Hoerberg, hoR'be'RG, (PEHR,) an emi-
nent Swedish painter, born in Smaland in 1746. He
practised his art with success at Olstorp, chiefly on reli-
gious subjects, and received the title of historical painter
to the king. Died in 1816.
See his Autobiography," (in Swedish,) published in 1817, and
translated into German by SCHILDBNBR, 1819 ; C. MOLBECH, " Leben
und Kunst des Malers IV Hoerberg," 1819; " Biographiskt-Lexicon
ofver namnkunnige Svenska Man.
Hor'be-ry, (MATTHEW,) D.D., an English divine,
born in Lincolnshire in 1707, was educated at Oxford.
He became canon of Lichfield, vicar of Hanbury, and
rector of Standlake. His sermons were published in
several volumes, (1745-74,) and were pronounced excel
lent by Dr. Johnson. Died in 1773.
Horebout, ho'reh-bSwt', (GERARD or GUERARD,) a
Flemish painter of high reputation, was born at Ghent.
He removed to England, and became first painter to
Henry VIII.
Hores. See HoRvt
Horfelin, de, da oR-fl-leen', (ANTONIO,) a Spanish
painter of history and portraits, born at Saragossa in
1597 ; died in 1660.
Horleman or Harleman, hoR'leh-man', (CARL,)
BARON, a Swedish architect, born at Stockholm in 1700,
designed the cathedral of Calmar, and completed the
royal palace at Stockholm. He was ranked among the
greatest architects of Sweden. Died in 1753.
Hoi 'man, (WILLIAM,) of Eton College, an English
botanist, born at Salisbury. He published " Herbarum
Synonyma." Died in 1535.
Hormayr, von, fon hoR'miR, (JOSEPH,) a German
historian, born at Innspruck in 1781. He fomented a
revolt in the Tyrol against the French in 1809, and was
appointed historiographer of Austria in 1815. He be-
came councillor for the foreign department of Bavaria
in 1828, and minister from Bavaria to Hanover in 183*.
Among his works area " History of Tyrol," (1808.) "The
Austrian Plutarch, or Lives of all the Austrian Princes,"
(20 vols., 1807-20,) "General History of Modern Times,
178710 1 815," (1817-19, 3 vols., (and " Vienna, its History
and Curiosities," (9 vols., 1823-25.) Died in 1848.
See BROCKHAUS, " Conversations- Lexikon ;" " Foreign Quarterlj
Review" for January, 1845.
V e, I, o, u, y, long: a, e, d, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; 0r, fill, fit; m8t; not; good; m<5on;
HORMISDAS
HORNECK
Hor-mis'das [Persian, HORMOOZ) I., King of Persia,
son of Shahpo'or (or Sapor) I., began to reign in 271
A.D. After an uneventful reign of fourteen months, he
died in 272, and was succeeded by his son, Bahram I.
See FIRUOUSKE, "Shah Namah;" MIRKHOND, " Histoire del
Sassanides."
Hormisdas H., King of Persia, of the Sassanide
dynasty, was the son of Narses, whom he succeeded
in 303 A.D. He died in 311, leaving the throne to his
infant son, Shahpoor II.
Hormisdas ITT., a son of Yezdejerd III., became
King of Persia in 457 A.D. He was defeated and deposed
by his brother Fyrooz about 460.
Hormisdas IV., King of Persia, a son of Chosroes
(Khosroo) I., began to reign in 579 A.D. He waged war
against Tiberius, Emperor of the East, by whose army
he was defeated in several battles. Provoked by his
tyranny, his subjects revolted against him, and he was
deposed and put to death in 591 A.D.
Hormuzd. See ORMUZD.
Horn, hoRn, (ARVID BERNARD,) COUNT, a Swedish
statesman, born in 1664. His influence secured the
elevation of Frederick of Hesse-Cassel to the throne in
1720. He became the head of the party of "Bonnets,"
which was in power until 1738. Died in 1742.
See GUSTAV HORN, "A. B. Horn," 1853; THOMABUS, "Svensk
Plutarch."
Horn or Home, (CHARLES EDWARD,) born in Lon-
don in 1786, was noted as a composer of music. He was
the author of " The Deep, Deep Sea," and other popular
songs. He died in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1850.
Horn, hoRn, (FRANZ CHRISTOPH,) a German critic,
born at Brunswick in 1781. He published several novels,
a " Critical History of German Poetry and Eloquence,"
(4 vols., 1822-29,) a"d "The Dramatic Works of Shak-
spe.ire," ("Shakespeare's Schauspiel?," 5 vols., 1823-
31.) Died in 1837.
See " Franz Horn : biographisches Denkmal," Leipsic, 1839.
Horn, hoRn, (FREDRICK,) Count of Aminne, a Swedish
general in the French service, born at Husby in 1725.
As aide-de-camp of Marshal D'Estr^es, he had an im-
portant part in the victory of Hastenbeck, (1757.) He
obtained the rank of lieutenant-general ir\ the Swedish
army in 1778. Died in 1796.
His son, COUNT HORN, was an accomplice in the as-
sassination of Gustavus III. in 1792, for which he was
banished for life. Died in 1823.
Horn, [Lat HOR'NIUS,] (GEORG,) a German historian,
born at Greussen in 1620. He became professor of his-
tory at Leyden about 1648, and wrote, in Latin, works
on history and geography, among which are an " Eccle-
siastical and Political History," (1665,) and "Noah's
Ark, or a History of the World," (1666.) Died in 1670.
See JOHANN ADAM FLESSA, "Dissertatio de Vita G. Horaii,"
1738.
Horn, (GusTAF,) COUNT OF, an able Swedish general,
born in Upland in 1592. Having served with credit in
Poland and Livonia, he was appointed a senator about
1624. At the battle of Leipsic, in 1631, he commanded
the left wing, and contributed to the victory. After
Gustavus Adolphus was killed at Liitzen, Horn gained
Borne advantages over the enemy, but was taken prisoner
at Nordlingen in 1634. Restored to liberty in 1642, he
was made commander-in-chief of the Swedish army in
the war against Denmark, in which he was successful.
The queen rewarded him (about 1652) with the office of
Constable of Sweden and the title of count. Died in 1657.
See EMPORAGIUS, " Likpredikan ftfver G. C. Horn," 1660; FLO-
RANDER, "Encomium Miiitiz Hopianae," 1648; J. F. AP LUND-
BLAD, " Svensk Plutarch,"i823 ; " Biographiskt- Lexicon ofver namn-
kunnige Svenska Man."
Horn, (UFFO DANIEL,) a German litttrateur, born at
Tratenau, m Bohemia, in 1817; died in 1860.
Horn or Hoorn, de, deh hoRn, also written Hoorne
and Homes, (PHILIPPE DE MONTMORENCY-NIVELLE,)
COUNT, a Flemish noble, born in 1522, was the son of
Joseph de Nivelle and Anne of Egmont. After the death
of his father, his mother married Count de Horn, whose
name and vast fortune he inherited. He distinguished
himself at the battles of Saint-Quentin and Gravelines,
»nd served Philip II. of Spain many years as admiral
of the Low Countries, president of the council of state,
governor of Gueldres, etc. Arrested by the Duke of
Alva, with Count Egmont, on a charge of treason, he
was unjustly condemned and executed in 1568.
Horn'aday, (WILLIAM TEMPLE,) an American
zoologist, was born at Plainfield, Indiana, in 1854.
He visited various parts of the world to collect wild
animals, and was chief taxidermist of the National
Museum 1882-90, in business at Buffalo 1890-96, and
director of the New York Zoological Park after 1896.
He published " Two Years in the Jungle," " The Man
who became a Savage," "The Extermination of the
American Bison," etc.
Homt>low-er, (JOSEPH C.,) an American jurist,
born at Belleville, New Jersey, in 1777. He was chief
justice of the supreme court of New Jersey from 1832
\ to 1846. He decided in 1856 that Congress had no
right to pass a law for the rendition of fugitive slaves.
Died at Newark in June, 1864.
Home, horn, (GEORGE,) D.D., an English bishop and
author, born at Otham, in Kent, in 1730, was a good He-
brew scholar. He was chosen vice-chancellor of Oxford
in 1776, Dean of Canterbury in 1781, and Bishop of
Norwich in 1790. He wrote against the philosophy of
Newton, and published treatises in favour of John Hut-
chinson, and other works on theology. His " Commentary
on the Book of Psalms" (2 vols., 1771) is esteemed an
excellent performance, and has often been reprinted.
He was a friend of Dr. Samuel Johnson. Died in 1792.
Home, (RICHARD HENGFST,) an English poet and
dramatist, born in London about 1803. He produced,
besides other dramas, a tragedy entitled " Gregory the
Seventh," (1840.) His reputation is founded on "Orion,
an Epic Poem," (1843,) which was announced at the
price of one farthing, as a sarcasm upon the low esti-
mation into which epic poetry had fallen. After three
editions had been sold, the price was raised to one
shilling, and finally to five shillings. Among his other
works are "The New Spirit of the Age," (2 vols.. 1844,)
and "Ballads and Romances," (1846.) From iS,2 to
about 1870 he lived in Australia. Died March 13, 1884.
Home, (THOMAS HARTWELL,) D.D., an eminent
English author, born in 1780, was educated in London.
| He passed eight years in the labour of a barrister's
clerk, and acquired some knowledge of law, while his
leisure was diligently improved in literary studies. In
1818 he published his principal work, the "Introduction
to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scrip-
tures," (3 vols., 1818 ; loth edition, enlarged, 1850,) which
is considered the most complete and valuable work on
that subject, and was soon adopted as a class-book in all
the universities and colleges of England and in some of
those in the United States. Having no sectarian tend-
ency, it is appreciated by Christians generally, and ha»
conduced greatly to the diffusion of sound biblical litera-
ture. In 1819 Home was ordained by the Bishop of
London, and obtained a prebend in Saint Paul's Cathe-
dral, besides other livings. Among his other numerous
publications are "Deism Refuted, "(1819,) and a "Manual
of Biblical Bibliography," (1839.) Died January 27, 1862.
Home Tooke. See TOOKE.
Home, van, (JAN.) See HOORNE.
Horneck, hoR'nSk, (ANTHONY,) D.D., was born at
Bacharach, in Germany, in 1641, removed to England
about 1660, and became prebendary of Exeter, West-
minster, and Wells. He wrote many devout religious
works, among which are "The Great Law of Consider-
ation," (1677; nth edition, 1729,) and "The Happy
Ascetic," (1681.) His writings were commended by
Doddridge as " exceedingly pathetic and elegant." Died
in 1696.
See his Life, by BISHOP KIDDER,
Horneck, von, fon hoR'n?k, (OTTOKAR,) called alsr
OTTOKAR von Steiermark, (st!'er-maRk',) one of the
earliest who wrote in the German language, was the
author of a " History of the Great Empires of the World
to the Death of Frederick II.," (1280,) and a chronicle
in rhyme. It has been published in Petz's " Austrian
Historians," and is valued for its interesting account of
the manners and customs of that age.
€ as k; c as s; g hard; g zsj ; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (J[5=See Explanations, p. 23.)
83
HORNEMAN
HORSLEY
Horneman, hoR'neh-man', (JENS WILKEN,) a Dan-
ish botanist, born at Marstal in 1770, became professor
of botany at Copenhagen in 1808. He continued the
" Flora Danica," a magnificent work, which other natu-
ralists cojnmenced, and which appeared in 14 vols.
folio, (1806-40.) He wrote "Economical Botany for
Denmark," (1798,) and other works. Died in 1841.
See his Autobiography ; ERSLEW, " Forfatter- Lexicon."
Hornemann, hoR'neh-man', (FRiEDRiCH CONRAD,)
a German traveller, born at Hildesheim in 1772, at-
tempted in 1797 to explore Northern and Central Africa
He left Moorzook with a caravan bound for Bornoo in
April, 1800, after which date he was never heard from.
Hor'ner, (FRANCIS,) an eminent British statesman
and lawyer, born in Edinburgh in 1778, was educated in
the university of that city, and studied law with his friend
Henry Brougham. Having removed to London in 1803,
he was welcomed by the leading Whigs, such as Fox,
Mackintosh, and Romilly, who hastened to enlist his
eminent abilities in the public service. In 1806 he was
returned to Parliament for Saint Ives. The death of
Fox having produced a change of ministry and a disso-
lution of the House, Homer was returned for Wendovei
in 1807. He acquired great influence in Parliament by
his integrity, wisdom, liberality, and knowledge of politi-
cal economy. In 1810 he was a member of the Bullion
committee and author of a part of the "Bullion Report,"
and made an able speech on that question. In 1813-14
he was recognized as one of the leaders of his party, and
in 1816 he made a speech on Catholic claims, which was
his last speech in the House. Compelled by ill health
to retire from business, he set out on a journey to the
south of Europe, and died, greatly lamented, at Pisa, in
1817. He was one of the originators of the " Edinburgh
Review," for which he wrote numerous articles. " He
died at the age of thirty-eight," says Lord Cockburn,
" possessed of greater public influence than any other
private man." "No eminent speaker of Parliament,"
says Sir J. Mackintosh, " owed so much of his success
to his moral character. His high place was therefore
honourable to his audience and to his country."
See "Memoirs and Correspondence of F. Homer," published by
his brother, LEONARD HORNHR, in 1843: CHAMBERS, "Biographical
Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen :" "Edinburgh Review" for Octo-
ber, 1843; "Quarterly Review" for May, 1843.
Homer, (LEONARD,) F.R.S., a British geologist, and
jrounger brother of the preceding, took a prominent part
in the organization of the London University, of which
he was appointed warden in 1827. About 1833 he be-
came inspector of factories, in which capacity he con-
tributed largely to the moral and physical improvement
of the operatives. He wrote articles on the "Mineral
Kingdom" for the " Penny Magazine," " On the Employ-
ment of Children in Factories," (1840,) and other short
works. Died in 1864.
Hor'ner, (WILLIAM E.,) an American anatomist,
born in Virginia about 1790, became in 1816 demon-
strator of anatomy to Dr. Wistar, of the University of
Pennsylvania, and in 1831 succeeded Dr. Physick as
professor of anatomy in that institution. Died in 1853.
(See WISTAR, CASPAR.)
Hornius. See HORN, (GEORG.)
Hor'nung, (ERNEST WILLIAM,) an English nov-
elist, born in 1866. He has written several novels of
Australian life, and "The Unbidden Guest," (1894,)
"Young Blood," and " Some Persons Unknown."
Horrebow or Horreboe, hoR'reh-bo, (CHRiSl-OF-
FER,) a Danish astronomer, born at Copenhagen in 1718.
He succeeded his father as professor of astronomy
about 1750, and published, besides other works, a Latin
treatise " On the Annual Parallax of the Fixed Stars,"
(1747.) Died in 1776.
Horrebow. (NIKOLAUS,) a Danish author, born at
Copenhagen in 1712, became a judge of the supreme
court In 1750 he was sent by government to explore
Iceland, of which he wrote a description, said to be very
correct. Died in 1750.
Horrebow or Horreboe, (PEDER,) an eminent Dan-
Wh astronomer, the father of Christoffer, noticed above,
was born in Jutland in 1679. He became professor
of astronomy at Copenhagen in 1710. He determined,
the parallax of the sun more exactly in his " Clavis As-
tronomias," a treatise on physical astronomy, in which
he favours the theory of Descartes. He wrote other
works, among which is "Copernicus Triumphans, sive
de Parallaxi Orbis Annui," (1727.) Died in 1764.
See KRAFT og NYERUP, " Litteraturlexicon ;" NVERUP, " Uni-
versitaets Annalen."
Horrebow, (PEDER,) a son of the preceding, born in
1728, observed the transit of Venus in 1761, and wrote
an account of it Died in 1812.
Hor'rocks or Hor'rox, (JEREMIAH,) a distinguished
English astronomer, born at Toxteth, near Liverpool, in
1619, was educated at Cambridge, took orders, and be-
came curate of Hoole. He was the author of the true
theory of lunar motion, and was the first who observed
the transit of Venus, (in 1639,) which he had successfully
foretold, and of which he wrote an account, entitled
"Venus sub Sole visa." His other works on astronomy
were published by Dr. Wallis in 1672. " His investiga-
tions," says the " Edinburgh Review" for October, 1843,
" are all stamped with the clear indications of a genius
of the first order ; and he doubtless would have achieved
far greater discoveries had not his privations and suc-
cesses, his toils and triumphs, been together cut short by
his premature death, in 1641."
See A. B. WHATTON, "Memoir of the Life and Labours of J.
Horrox," 1859.
Horsburgh, hors'bur-eh, or Horsbury, hors'ber-e,
(JAMES,) F.R.S., a Scottish hydrographer, born at Elie
in 1762, was for some years captain of a merchant-ship
navigating the East Indian seas. In 1809 he was ap-
pointed hydrographer of the East India Company. He
was author of a valuable work entitled " Directions for
Sailing to and from the East Indies, China," etc., (1809.)
Died in 1836.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen,"
(Supplement;) "NouvelTe Biographic GeWrale."
Horse'field, (Rev. THOMAS W.,) an English anti-
quary, published the " History and Antiquities of Sus-
"x." Died in 1837.
Hora'field or Horsefield, (THOMAS,) M.D., F.R.S.,
an eminent naturalist and traveller, born in Pennsylvania
in 1773. He explored the natural history of Java for
many years, and returned to England about 1820. He
published "Zoological Researches in Java," etc., (1821-
24.) The plants which he collected were described in
an excellent work entitled " Plantae Javanicae Rariores,"
(1838-52, with fifty coloured engravings,) in which he
was aided by Robert Brown and J. J. Bennett He also
wrote several smaller works. Died in London in 1859.
Horsley, (CHARLES,) an English composer, born at
Kensington in 1821. He composed oratorios entitled
"Davicf1 and "Joseph," (1852.) Died in New York,
March 2, 1876.
Horaley, (JOHN,) F.R.S., an eminent British anti-
quary, born in Mid-Lothian in 1685, became pastor of a
dissenting church at Morpeth. He wrote an excellent
work entitled " The Roman Antiquities of Britain "
(" Britannia Romana," 1732.) Died in 1731.
See RHV. J. HODGSON, " Memoirs of the Life, etc of John Hoi*
ley," London, 1X31 : CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Emi-
nent Scotsmen ;" NICHOLS, " Literary Anecdotes."
Horsley, (JOHN CALLCOTT,) an English historical
painter, born in London in 1817. His cartoon of "Saint
Augustine Preaching" (1843) received one of the prizes
of .£200 from the Commission of Fine Arts. He was
one of the artists commissioned to adorn the House
of Lords, in which he painted a fresco of the " Spirit of
Religion," (1845.) Among his master-pieces are " L'Alle-
gro and II Penseroso," (1851,) "Lady Jane Grey and
Roger Ascham," (1853,) and a "Scene from Don Quix-
ote," (1855.)
Hor8ley,(SAMUEL,) LL.D., an eminent English bishop
and writer, born in London in 1733, was educated at Cam-
bridge. In 1759 he obtained the rectory of Newington
Butts, and, after receiving other preferments, became
Bishop of Saint David's in 1788, of Rochester in 1793,
and of Saint Asaph in 1802. To superior talents he
joined profound learning, both classical and scientific.
i, e, i, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonped; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; n&t; good; moon;
HORSLEY
'3*5
HOSACK
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1767,
and secretary of the same in 1773. In 1783 he gained
distinction by a controversy with Dr. Priestley on Unita-
nanism, in which it is usually conceded that Horsley
had the advantage. He published in 1796 an excellent
treatise "On the Prosodies of the Greek and Latin Lan-
guages," and " Critical Disquisitions on the Eighteenth
Chapter of Isaiah." Among his numerous publications
are sermons, treatises on mathematics, and several ad-
mired performances in biblical criticism. Died in 1806.
See " Edinburgh Review" for February, ign; "London Quar-
terly Review" for May, 1810, (vol. xvii.)
Hors'ley, (WILLIAM,) an English song-writer of high
merit, born November 15, 1774. His glees and madri-
gals are among the best ever written. He was the father
of Charles Horsley, before noticed. Died June 12, 1858.
Hors'man, (EDWARD,) a British lawyer and poli-
tician, born in 1807. He represented Stroud in Parlia-
ment from 1853 to 1868. He was one of those who were
called " Adullamites," who voted against the Reform
bill in 1866, although elected as Liberals. Died in 1876.
Horst, hoRst, [Lat. HOR'STIUS,] (GREGOR,) a German
physician, was born at Torgau, in Saxony, in 1578. He
became professor at Ulm in 1622, and was surnamed
THE GERMAN JEscuLAfivz. Among his chief works
are " On Diseases and their Causes," (" De Morbis
eorumque Causis," 1612,) and "Anatomy of the Human
Body," (1617.) Died in 1636.
See BAYLE, "Historical and Critical Dictionary ;" ERSCH and
GRUBER, "Allgemeine Encyklooaedie ;" FRKHER, "Theatrum Eru-
ditorum. "
Horst, van der, vSn der hoRst, (NIKOLAAS,) a Flem-
ish painter of history and portraits, born at Antwerp,
was a pupil of Rubens. His works are highly prized.
Died in 1646.
Horstiua. See HOKST.
Horstius, hoR'ste-us, (JACOBUS,) a Dutch religious
writer, originally named MERLER, was born at Horst
about 1597. He wrote, in elegant Latin, "Paradise of
the Christian Soul," (" Paradisus Animae Christianse,"
1630.) Died in 1644.
Horstius, hoR'ste-us, (JAKOB,) a German physician,
born at Torgau in 1537 ; died in 1600.
Hort or Horte, (JosiAH,) an English theologian,
educated at a dissenting academy with Dr. Watts, who
expressed a high opinion of him. He became Bishop
of Kilmore and Ardagh in 1727, and Archbishop of
Tuam in 1747. A collection of his sermons was pub-
lished. He died at an advanced age in 1751.
Hortemels, //oR'teh-mels' or /ioRt'mel', (FR£D£RIC,)
a French engraver, born at Paris about 1688.
Hortemels, (MARIE MADELEINE,) an able engraver,
born in Paris about 1688, was the wife of the celebrated
engraver Nicolas Cochin. Died in 1777.
Hortense Eugenie de Beauharnais, oR't&Nss'
uh'zhi'ne' deh bo'iR'nJ)', Queen of Holland, and mother
of the emperor Napoleon III., was born in Paris in
1783. She was the daughter of Alexandre, Vicomte de
Beauharnais, and Josephine Tascher, afterwards Empress
of France. Her personal charms and amiable character
rendered her a favourite with Napoleon and the ornament
of his court Against her own inclination, and through
the influence of her mother, she became in 1802 the wife
of Louis Bonaparte, with whom she did not live happily.
It is said that she wept abundantly at the performance
of the ceremony. In 1806 her consort Louis was made
King of Holland. On this occasion Hortense said she
would have preferred the throne of Naples. " I would
have rekindled," said she, " the flame of the fine arts
in Italy." She disliked the Dutch fogs, and deemed
sunshine and Parisian society indispensable blessings.
Hortense was the mother of three sons, whom by the
edicts of 1804 and 1805 the emperor had preferred as
successors to his crown : i. NAPOLEON Louis CHARLES,
who died in 1807 ; 2. NAPOLEON Louis, who died at
Pesaro in 1831; 3. CHARLES Louis NAPOLEON, the
late Emperor of France. In 1810 Louis abdicated his
throne, and was separated from his wife, who, with her
sons, returned to Paris. At the restoration of 1814 she
was created Duchess of Saint-Leu, through the favour
of some of the allied powers. Louis XVIII., after an
interview with her, declared he had never seen a woman
who united so much grace and dignity. After sharing the
brief and brilliant triumphs of the Hundred Days, she
was compelled to fly from France. The authorities of
Geneva refused her an asylum ; but she received a
hospitable offer from the canton of Thurgau, where she
purchased the castle of Arenenberg in 1817. For many
years she passed the summer at this place and the winter
at Rome. When Louis Napoleon was exiled to the
United States, in 1836, she wished to go with him, but
had not sufficient strength to bear the voyage ; and she
died in 1837, in the arms of her son, who, learning her
illness, had returned home. We should not omit to
mention that she excelled in music, and composed the
popular air of " Partant pour la Syrie," one of the
favourite national songs of France.
Sec LASCBLLES WRAXALL, " Memoirs of Queen Hortense ;"
COMTS DE LAGARDE, " Esquisse biographique sur la Reine Hor-
tense," 1853 ; " Foreign Quarterly Review" for July, 1838.
Hortensius. See DESJARDINS.
Hor-ten'sl-us, (LAMBERT,) a Dutch philologist, born
at Montfort about 1500. He wrote "On the German
War," (" De Bello Germanico," 1560,) and annotations
on Virgil's ".(Eneid," (1567.) Died about 1575.
Hortensius, hor-ten'she-us, (QuiNTUS,) an eminent
Roman orator, born of an equestrian family in 1 14 B.C.
At an early age he acquired celebrity in the Forum,
where, a few years afterwards, he maintained a spirited
and generous rivalry with Cicero, who applauds his elo-
quence and calls him his friend. After serving in the
army of Sulla in Asia, he became successively quaestor,
sedile, praetor, and, in 69 B.C., consul. In the previous
year he was counsel for Verres, when Cicero made his
memorable speech for the prosecution. His orations
and other works are all lost. His eloquence is said to
have been ornate, flowery, Oriental in exuberance, and
enlivened with sententious and brilliant passages. He
had a retentive memory, a sonorous voice, and a grace-
ful gesture. Died in 50 B.C.
See ONOMASTICON TULLIANUM : PLINY, " Natural History,"
books ix., x., xxxiv. ; QUINTILIAN, books iv., x., xi., xii. ; LINSBN,
"Dissertatio de Hortensio Oratore," Abo, 1822.
Horto, ab, ab OR'IO, or de la Huerta, da 1J weR'ti,
(GARCIA,) called also Garcia da Orta, a Portuguese
botanist, went to India as physician to the viceroy, and
wrote "On the Plants and Drugs of India," (1563.)
See BARBOSA MACHADO, " Bibliotheca Lusitana."
Hor'tpn, (THOMAS,) D.D., born in London about
1600, was professor of divinity in Gresham College, and
published a number of sermons. Died in 1673.
Horuc. See BARBAROSSA.
Ho'rua, [Gr. 'Qpof, possibly related etymologically to
the Sanscrit S&rya, Lat. Sol, and Sp. Sur,] the Egyptian
god of the Sun, was regarded as the son of Isis and Osiris.
(See OSIRIS and HARPOCRATES.) His Egyptian name
was Har. He had a hawk's head. The god Harpocrates
is often called the younger Horus, or Horus the child.
Horus Apollo. See HORAPOLLO.
Horush. See BARBAROSSA.
Horvat, hor'vat, (IsTVAN, or STEPHEN,) called "the
Hungarian Varro," was born at Stuhlweissenberg in
1784. He wrote " Primitive Magyar Families," (1820, a
monumental work,) and various histories. Died in 1846.
Horvdth, hoR'vSt, (MICHAEL,) a Hungarian histo-
rian, born at Szentes in 1809. He became Bishop of
Csanad in 1848, and minister of public instruction in
1849. After the defeat of the patriotic cause he went
into exile in 1849. He wrote a valuable " History of
the Magyars," (4 vols., 1842-46.) Died Aug. 19, 1878.
Hos'ack, (DAVID,) LL.D., F.R.S., an eminent Ameri-
can physician, born in New York City in 1769. After
graduating in Philadelphia in 1791, and prosecuting hia
studies in Edinburgh and London, he returned to New
York, and became professor of botany and materia
medica in Columbia College in 1795. He taught clinical
medicine and obstetrics in the College of Physicians and
Surgeons nearly twenty years, between 1807 and 1826.
For many years he was one of the most successful prac-
titioners and most influential citizens of New York.
From 1820 to 1828 he was president of the New York
Historical Society. His first wife was the sister of
tas k; c. as j; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (flap-See Explanations, p. 23.)
IIOSCHEL
1316
HOTHAM
Thomas Eddy, and his second the widow of Henry A.
Costar. He wrote a treatise on Vision, published by the
Royal Society of London, (1794,) "Memoirs of De Witt
Clinton," (1829,) a "System of Practical Nosology,"
( 1 829,) " Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Physic,"
(1838,) several volumes of medical essays, and other
works. Died in 1835.
See J. W. FRANCIS, " Memoir of Dr. Hosack ;" GROSS, "Ameri-
can Medical Biography," 1861 ; " National Portrait-Gallery of Dis-
tinguished Americans," vol. ii.
Hoschel or HoescheL, ho'shel, [Lat, HOESCHE'-
Lius,] (DAVID,) a distinguished German Hellenist, born
at Augsburg in 1556. He was professor of Greek and
keeper of the public library at Augsburg. He edited
numerous Greek works, among which are the Homilies
of Saint Basil and Saint Chrysostom, and the book of
"Origen against Celsus," (1605.) His "Catalogue of
the Greek Manuscripts in the Augsburg Library" (1595)
is highly esteemed. Died in 1617.
Sre BRUCKER, " De Mentis in Rem literariam D. Hoeschelii,"
17^8; BAYLE, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" NICERON,
"Memoires;" J. A. FABRICIUS, " Bibliotheca Gr«a."
Ho-se'a or O-se'a, [Heb. ^Pin : Fr. OSEE, o'zi',] one
of the twelve minor Hebrew prophets, of whom little is
known, except that he lived in the "days of Uzziah,
Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, Kings of Judah." It is
inferred that his prophetic career extended from about
785 to 725 B.C. His language is remarkably obscure.
" He is the most difficult and perplexed of all the pro-
phets," says Lowth. He is quoted in Matthew ii. 15,
ix. 13, Romans ix. 25, (where his name is written Osee,)
and Revelation vi. 16.
Hosemann, ho'zeh-man, (THEODOR,) a German genre
painter and illustrator, born at Brandenburg, Septembei
24, 1807 ; died at Berlin, October 15, 1875.
Ho-she'a or Ho-se'a, I Heb. ;>i?in,] the last King
of Israel, began to reign' about 730 B.C., after he had
assassinated King Pekah. (See II. Kings xv. 30 and
xvii. I to 7.) After a reign of nine years, his capital,
Samaria, was taken by Shalmaneser, King of Assyria,
who carried Hoshea with his subjects as captives to
Halah, Habor, and the cities of the Medes. Since
this event the fate of the ten tribes has been involved
in mystery.
HoBiuB. See Osius.
Ho'sl-us, (STANISLAS,) an eminent cardinal, born at
Cracow, in Poland, in 1504. After holding responsible
civil offices, he entered the Church, and was made suc-
cessively Bishop of Culm and of Warmia. He was a
violent opponent of heretics and Protestants. In 1561
he received a cardinal's hat from Pius IV., who sent him
as legate to the Council of Trent. He wrote the "Con-
fession of the Catholic Faith," (1551,) and other works.
Died in 1579.
See RESCIUS, "Vita Hosii," Rome, 1587: BAYLE, "Historical
and Critical Dictionary ;" ERSCH und GRUBHR, "Allgemeine Ency-
klopaedie."
Hos'king, (WILLIAM,) an English architect and
writer on architecture, born in Devonshire in 1800. He
became a resident of London in his youth, and acquired
distinction by a " Treatise on Architecture and Building,"
republished from the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," (1839.)
About 1840 he was chosen professor of civil engineering
and architecture at King's College, London. He wrote
" Guide to the Regulation of Buildings as a Means of
Securing the Health of Towns," (1848.) Died in 1861.
Hos'kina or Hoa'kyna, JOHN,) Sr., an English
writer and lawyer, born in Herefordshire in 1566. He
was noted for skill in Latin and English poetry, and
wrote epigrams, law treatises, etc. According to Wood,
it was Hoskins who " polished Ben Jonson the poet," and
revised Sir Walter Raleigh's History before it went to
press. Died in 1638.
Hosklua, (JOHN,) an English portrait-painter, patron-
ized by Charles I. Died in 1664.
Hos'm?r, (HARRIET,) an American sculptor, born in
Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1831, studied in Rome,
where she fixed her residence. Among her works are
"Medusa," "Beatrice Cenci," "Zenobia in Chains,"
(" Zenobia Captiva,") a statue of Thomas H. Benton,
and a memorial monument to Abraham Lincoln.
Hosmer, (WILLIAM,) an American divine of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, born in Brimfield, Mas-
sachusetts, in 1810. He was editor of the " Northern
Christian Advocate," published at Auburn, New York,
and of the " Northern Independent," a religious ant-
slavery journal. He wrote, besides other works, " Chris-
tian Beneficence," etc., (1855.) Died June 17, 1889.
Hoamer, (WILLIAM HENRY CUYLER,) an American
poet, born at Avon, in the Genesee valley, New York,
in 1814, studied in Geneva College, and practised law
in his native town. He spent much time among the
Indians. In 1854 he took up his residence in New York.
He wrote, besides other works, " Indian Traditions and
Legends of the Senecas," etc., (1850.) A complete
edition of his Poetical Works, in 2 vols., was pub
lished in 1854. Died May 23, 1877.
See GRISWOLD, " Poets and Poetry of America."
Hoa-pin'i-an, [Ger. pron. hos-pe-ne-Jn'; Fr. HO3PI-
NIEN, hos'pe'ne-aN'; Lat. HOSPINIA'NUS,] (RUDOLF,) an
eminent Swiss Protestant theologian, born at Altorf in
1547. He became the minister of a church near Zurich,
and wrote a number of learned works, in Latin, among
which are " On the Origin and Progress of Ceremonies,
Rites, and Holydays (Festis) among Christians," (1585,)
" History of Sacraments," (" Historia Sacramentaria,"
!598,)anda"HistoryoftheJesuits,"(i6l9.) Diedin 1626.
See JOHN H. HEIDEGGER. " Historia Vita Rodolphi Hospiniani,"
1681 ; BAYLE, " Historical and Critical Dictionary.
Hospinianus. See HOSPINIAN.
Hoapinien. See HOSPINIAN.
Hospital See L'HdPiTAL.
Hossch. See HOSSCHIUS.
Hosschiua, hos'ke-us, or Hoasch, hosK, (SiDOXius,)
a Flemish Jesuit, born at Merckhem in 1596, published
in 1635 a collection of Latin elegies, which were much
admired. Died in 1653.
Host or Hoeat, host, (GEORG,) a Danish traveller,
born in Jutland in 1734, became secretary for foreign
affairs, etc. He wrote an " Account of the Kingdoms
of Morocco and Fez," (1779.)
Host or Hoeat, (JENS KRAGH,) a Danish historian,
son of the preceding, was born at Saint Thomas, in the
Antilles, in 1772. He was the author of "Politics and
History," (5 vols., 1816,) "Johann Friedrich Struensee
and his Ministry," (3 vols., 1824,) and other works.
Died near Copenhagen in 1844.
See J. K. HOEST, " Erindringer ;" ERSLBW, "Almindeligt For-
lauer-Lexikon."
K' Kit, host, (NlKOLAUS THOMAS,) an Austrian, born
in 1763, was first physician to the Emperor of Austria,
and published " Flora Austriaca," (2 vols., 1827.) Died
in 1834.
Hoste, hoi, (JEAN,) a French geometer, born at
Nancy, became professor of mathematics at Pont-i-
Mousson. He published several treatises on geometry.
Died in 1631.
Hoate. Ii', lot, (PAUL,) a French Jesuit, born at Pont-
de-Vesle in 1652, was professor of mathematics in Tou-
lon. He wrote a treatise on the " Construction of Ships
and Naval Tactics," (1697.) Died in 1700.
Hoa-till-an, [Fr. HOSTILIEN, os'te'le-aN',1 or, more
fully, Cai'ua Va'lena Mea'sius Quin'tiua Hoatilia'-
nus, second son of the Roman emperor Decius. At the
death of his father, 251 A.D., he was acknowledged by
some as a partner in the- empire with Gallus ; but he
died a few months after, in 252.
Hoatilien. See HosriLiAN.
Hoa-til'I-ua, (TuLLUS,) the third King of Rome, and
the successor of Numa, reigned about 650 B.C. Among
the principal events of his reign, which is semi-fabulous,
was the war against Alba, terminated in favour of Rome
by the victory of Horatius over the Curiatii.
Hoatrup, hos'tRup, (CHRISTOFFER,) a Danish drama-
tist, born in iSiS, produced many successful comedies,
among which are "The Neighbours." ("Gjeiboerne,")
and "The Intrigues." Died November 21, 1892.
Hoatus, hos'tus, (MATTHAUS,) a German antiquary,
born in 1509; died in 1587.
Ho'tham, (HENRY,) an English vice-admiral, born in
1776. In 1815 he commanded the Channel fleet, was
charged after the battle of Waterloo to blockade the
a, e, T, o, u, y, long; 1, e, 6. same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, ii, ?, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; not; good; moon;
HOTHO
'317
HOUEL
west coast of France, and received Napoleon as a pris
oner on board his flag-ship, the Bellerophon. He was
appointed one of the commissioners of the admiralty in
1818. Died in 1833.
Hotho, ho'to, (HEINRICH GUSTAV,) a German writer
on art, born in Berlin in 1802. He became professor of
philosophy at the University of Berlin in 1829, and was
considered one of the chief representatives of the school
of Hegel. He wrote a " History of Painting in Germany
and the Low Countries," (2 vols., 1840-43.) Died 1873.
Hotman, /iot'moN', (ANTOINE, ) a French jurist,
a brother of Franjois, noticed below, was born about
1525; died in 1596.
Hotman or Hottomann, [Lat HOTOMAN'NUS
and HOTTOMAN'NUS,] (FRANCOIS,) an eminent French
jurist and Protestant, born in Paris in 1524, was a friend
of Calvin. He was deeply versed in jurisprudence,
literature, and antiquities. He became professor of law
at Strasburg about 1550, and at Valence in 1561. By
concealment he escaped the Massacre of Saint Bar-
tholomew, (1572,) after which he retired to Geneva and
Bale. He was appointed councillor of state by Henry
IV. about 1580. He performed an important part in the
scientific revolution which was produced in jurisprudence
in the sixteenth century. His famous work on public
French law, entitled "Treatise on the Government of
the Kings of Gaul," ("Franco-Gallia, sive Tractatus de
Regimine Regum Gallias," 1573,) had an immense influ
ence. He wrote, in elegant Latin, many other works,
among which are a " Commentary on Legal Words,
("Commentarius de Verbis Juris," 1558,) and "Cele-
brated Questions," (" Qusestiones illustres," 1573.) Died
at Bale in 1590. His son JEAN (1552-1636) was a diplo
matist and writer.
See BAYLB, " Historical and Critical Dictionary:" HAAG, "La
France protestante ;" NHVELET, "Vita Hottomanni," prefixed to
Hotmail's Works, about i€oo; DARESTB, "Essaisur F. Hotman,"
1850: " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Hotmann or Hottomann. See HOTMAN.
Hotmannus or Hottomannua. See HOTMAN.
Hottinger, hot'ting-er, (JOHANN HEINRICH,) an
eminent Swiss Orientalist and Protestant divine, born at
Zurich in 1620. After studying in his native city, at Ge-
neva, and Leyden, and becoming one of the best Oriental
scholars of his time, he was chosen in 1648 professor of
theology and Oriental languages at Zurich. In 1655 he
accepted the chair of Oriental languages at Heidelberg,
where he remained until 1661, when he was elected rector
of the University of Zurich. The University of Leyden
persuaded him to accept their chair of theology ; but be-
fore he arrived at that scene of labour he was accidentally
drowned, in 1667. Among the numerous monuments of
1651-67,) and " Etymo'logicum Orientale,
seven languages, (1661.)
See J. H. HEIDEGGER, " Historia Viue J. H. Hottingeri," 1667;
BAYLE, " Historical and Critical Dictionary :" G. H. HAHN, " Un-
tersuchung ob des gelehrten Hottinger's wirkliche Lebensgefahr,"
etc., 1742; NIC^RON, "Me'moires."
Hottinger, (JOHANN JAKOB,) a Swiss theologian, a
son of the preceding, was born at Zurich in 1652. From
1698 until his death he was professor of theology in his
native city. He wrote, besides other works, an " Eccle-
siastical History of Switzerland," in German, (4 vols.,
1708-29.) Died in 1735.
Hottinger, (JOHANN JAKOB,) a Swiss professor and
philologist, born at Zurich in 1750. He taught Greek
and Latin in his native city, and published several
good editions and translations of classic authors. Died
in 1819.
Hottinger, ( JOHANN JAKOB, ) a Swiss writer, born
in 1783 at Zurich, where he became professor of his-
tory, and published, besides other works, a " History of
the Schism in the Swiss Church," in German, (2 vols.,
1827.) Died May 18, 1859.
Hotze, von, fon hot'seh, (DAVID,) an Austrian gene-
ral, born near Zurich about 1740. He commanded the
army which was opposed to Massena in Switzerland in
1799. He was killed in a battle near Zurich, in Sep-
tember, 1799.
Houard, OO'!R',* (DAVID,) a French jurist, born at
Dieppe in 1725 ; died in 1802.
Houbigant, //oo'be'goN',* (CHARLES FRANCOIS,) a
French priest, born in Paris in 1686, was a member of
the Oratory, and an excellent biblical scholar. After
teaching rhetoric at Marseilles and philosophy at Sois-
sons, he became deaf about 1722, and thenceforth de-
voted himself to study and writing. He gave especial
attention to Hebrew, with a view to correct the text
of the Bible. The principal fruit of his labours is an
edition of the Hebrew Bible, with Critical Notes and
a Latin Version, (4 vols., '753,) which is highly com-
mended. Died in Paris in 1783.
See J. F. ADRY, " Notice sur la Vie de C. F. Houbigant," 1806;
'* Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'raJe. "
Houbraken, how'bRa'ken, ( ARNOLD, ) a Dutch
painter, engraver, and critic, born at Dort in 1660. He
painted history and portraits with success at Amsterdam,
and wrote (in Dutch) " The Lives of Dutch and Flemish
Painters," with portraits, (3 vols., 1718,) a work of much
merit. Died in 1719.
See JAKOB CAMPO WEYERMAN, " De Schilderkonst der Neder-
landers."
Houbraken, (JACOB,) son of the preceding, was born
at Dort in 1698. He worked many years at Amsterdam,
was almost unrivalled as an engraver, and executed
several hundred portraits, among which are a collection
of " Illustrious Persons of Great Britain," (London,
1748.) He also engraved the "Sacrifice of Manoah,"
after Rembrandt, and the portraits in his father's " Lives
of the Dutch and Flemish Painters." Died in 1780.
See BASAN, " Dictionnaire des Graveurs."
Houcbard, oo'shiR',» (JEAN NICOLAS,) a French
general, born at Forbach in 1740. He served in the
army before the Revolution, in which he espoused the
popular party. In 1792 he succeeded Custine in the
command of the armies of the Moselle and of the North.
In August, 1793, he gained a victory at Hondschoote,
and forced the British to raise the siege of Dunkirk;
but he was arrested by the dominant faction, and exe-
cuted, in 1793, on the charge that he had permitted the
enemy to escape after the battle just mentioned.
Houdard. See MOTTE, DE LA.
Houdart de la Motte. See MOTTE, DE LA.
Houdetot, oo'deh-to',* (£LISABETH FRANCHISE
SOPHIE DE LA LIVE DE BELLEGARDE,) COUNTESS, a
French lady, born about 1730, was the wife of General
Houdetot, the sister-in-law of Madame Epinay, and a
favourite of Rousseau, to whose passion and indiscretion
she chiefly owes the publicity of her name. Her liaison
with M. Saint-Lambert was well known. Died in 1813.
Houdin, ROBERT. See ROBERT-HOUDIN.
Houdon, oo'ddN',* (JEAN ANTOINE,) an eminent
French sculptor, born at Versailles in 1741. About 1760
lie won the grand prize for sculpture at the Academy,
and went to Rome with a pension. After remaining
there ten years, during which he executed an admired
statue of Saint Bruno, he returned to Paris, and was
admitted into the Royal Academy in 1775. About 1785
be received from Dr. Franklin a commission to execute
:he marble statue of Washington which adorns the State-
House at Richmond, Virginia. He came to Philadelphia
to obtain the model of this work. His reputation was
ncreased by his statues of Voltaire and Cicero, and his
Dusts of Rousseau, Buffon, Franklin, D'Alembert, Napo-
eon, Ney, etc. His heads of young girls are highly
successful in the expression of modesty and innocence.
Houdon was a member of the Institute. His personal
character was amiable and estimable. Died in 1828.
See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Houdry, oo'dRe',* (VINCENT,) a French Jesuit, born
at Tours in 1631, was employed as preacher in the chief
cities of France. He published sermons, and a compila-
tion entitled " Bibliotheque des Pre'dicateurs," (23 vols.,
1712 a seq.) Died in 1729.
Houel, //oo'll',* (JEAN PIERRE Louis LAURENT,) a
* There isperhaps no question in French pronunciation attended
with more difficulty than that respecting the aspiration of the letter k,
The best French authorities differ in regard to the initial k of many
names. Some respectable authorities assert that the k should never
€ as k; c as s: g A,irJ: g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as z: th as in this. (
Explanations, p. 2].)
HOUGH
1318
HOTEL
French landscape-painter and engraver, bora at Rouen , of the inventors of the Thomson-Houston system of
in 1735. In a journey through Italy, Sicily, etc., he col- arc lighting, and was long connected with the Central
lected materials for an interesting work, entitled "A High School of Philadelphia; was also professor o
Picturesque Tour through Sicily, Malta, and the Lipari physics at the Franklin Institute. _ He has put
Islands,"' (4 vols., !782-*87, with 264 engravings.) Died
in 1813.
Hough, huf, (FRANKLIN BENJAMIN,) M.D., an Ameri-
can author, born at Martinsburg, New York, July 20,
1822. He graduated in arts at Union College in 1843,
in medicine at the Cleveland Medical College in 1848,
was superintendent of the New York State census in
an electrical dictionary, and works on physical geog-
raphy, elements of physics, etc.
Houston, (GEORGE SMITH,) an American Demo-
cratic politician, born in Tennessee in 1811. He
studied law, which he practised at Huntsville, Alabama,
and was elected a member of Congress in 1841. He
was chairman of the committee of ways and means in
1855 and 1865, was a surgeon in the Federal army, 1862- the iower House, 1851-55. Died December 31, 1879.
63, and in 1 876 was appointed to carry on forestry inves- Houston, hu'stgn, (SAM*) an American general
tigations for the United States government. He is author born neaj Leidrigton, Virginia, in 1793, was taken to
and editor of many books and pamphlets on local, colo- Tennessee in his childhood. He studied law, which he
teer
meteorology and on vital statistics. He wrote aiso-r-ic- passed- _ ..____
ments of Forestry," (1882,) etc. Died June u, I»b5- lived west of Arkansas. About the end of 1832 he
Hough, huf, (JOHN,) D.D., an English scholar, born emigrated to Texas, where he took an active part in the
in Middlesex in 1651, was elected president of Magda- ensui revolt against the Mexican government Having
lene College, Oxford, in 1687, in opposition to the illegal faeen c|,osen commander-in-chief of the Texan army, he
dictation of James II. The king then sent a mandate defeated and captured Santa Anna at San Jacinto, April
to the Fellows to elect Parker, a Catholic. In this 2J jg 6 He was e]ected president of Texas in July,
contest Hough firmly maintained his rights and those of lg' 6 ;Jnd re.e]ected for a term of three years in 1841.
the college, and the king's agents broke open the door Af^ (he annexatjon of Texas to the Union, (1845.) he
in order to place Parker in the president's chair. In was chosen a United States Senator, and at the end of
1688 Hough was reinstated, and in 1690 was made his (erm ;n [g5, was e]ectcd for a second term. He
Bishop of Oxford. Translated to the see of Lichfield made an ab)e speech against the Kansas-Nebraska bill
and Coventry in 1699, he refused the Archbishopric of jn March l&,^ about wnjch time he joined the Ameri-
Canterbury in 1715, and became Bishop of Worcester can /Know-Nothing) party. He was chosen Governor
in 1717. He was eminent for piety and learning. Died of Texas in 1859. On the breaking out of the civil war
in 1743.
Houghton, LORD. See MILNES, (RICHARD MONCK-
TON.)
Houghton, ho'ton, MAJOR, an English traveller, who
.
he favoured the Union, but was overborne by a large
majority of the people. Died July 26, 1863.
Hous'tpn, (WILLIAM,) F.R.S., an English surgeon
„ .... „ and naturalist, born about 1695, studied under Boerhaave,
..as sent by the African Company to explore the source at Leydeni jn 1728-29, and made there, with Van Swieten,
of the Niger. He started in 1790, ascended the Gambia experiments respecting the respiration of animals. About
many hundred miles, and afterwards proceeded by land. ,_,2 ne made a voyage for scientific purposes to the
It is supposed that he died near Jarra, in 1791 ; but his Wes( jndjeSi where he died in 1733, after collecting and
papers were never recovered. describing many rare plants. The results of his botanical
Houlakou or Houlagou. See HOOLAKOO. labours were published by Sir Joseph Banks.
Houlieres, des. See DESHOULIERES. —_._«. — .n_ - TT — .*r..,;iio /,™t'«Ai'
Houllier, /iool'e-4', [Lat. HOLLE'RIUS,] (JACQUES.)
an eminent Frencrf"pnysician, born at Etampes, obtained tll ,uuu. ..^ ^ , ... _,__,
a large practice in Paris, and was chosen Dean of the Christian Religion proved by Facts
Faculty in 1546. He wrote able commentaries on Hip-
pocrates, (1579,) and other works. Died in 1562.
Houmayoun or Houmaioon. See HOOMAYOON.
Houseman, (C.) See HUYSMAN.
House'man, (LAURENCE,) an English author and
artist, born July 18, 1867. He has published "A
Farm in Fairyland," (1894,) " Green Arras," (1896,)
'The Field of Clover," (1898,) etc., and illustrated
many works.
Houssaye.
See AMELOT DE LA HOUSSAYE.
Houteville or Houtteviile, /ioot'vel', (CLAUDE
FRANCOIS,) a French priest of the Oratory, born in Pans
in 1686. He published, in 1722, "The Truth of the
Christian Religion proved by Facts," which attracted
much attention and hostile criticism. In 1723 he was
chosen a member of the French Academy. He was
elected perpetual secretary of the Academy in 1742, and
died in the same year.
Houtman, howt'man, (CoRNELis,) a Dutch navigator,
born at Gouda, was the pioneer or founder of the com
merce between Holland and the East Indies. As agent
of a company, he made the first voyage in 1595, and re-
turned home in 1597. In 1598 he renewed the enterprise
with two ships, and landed at Acheen, in Sumatra, where
he was arrested with some of his men, and kept a prisoner
Houssaye, >WsV, (ARSENE,) a successful French , unti, hjs deatlx Died about 1605.
littiratmr and poet, born near Laon in 1815. He pro- Houtteviile. See HOUTEVILLE.
duced "La Couronne des Bluets, (1836,) and many Houwaert, how'wSrt, ([EAN BAPTISTA,) a Flemish
other novels. His "History of Flemish and Dutch wrjter and poiitician, born in 1533. He wrote in a
Painting" (1846) was received with favour. In 1844 he curjous mixture of Flemish and Burgundian, with many
published a "Gallery of Portraits of the Eighteenth ^ . ds and idioms His works include several
Century," (ist series 2 vols ) which was completed in classical subjects, and the remarkable didactic
5 vols. about 1850. From 1849 to 1856 he was director
of the Theatre Francais. He
on art, and published a volume of poems,
completes," (1849,) and " Le Roi Voltaire," (1858.) lie
was chosen inspector-general of the works of art and
Muslts m 1856, and subsequently produced " Histoire
9 to 15 e was irector .. p ides P]eyn » called also "The Palace of
also wrote able cr.tiques . Maidens »bwhich discusses the varieties of love. Died
ume of poems, " Poesies r™ '
(1879,) etc. Died February 26, 1896.
Houston, (EDWIN JAMES,) an electrical engineer,
born at Alexandria, Virginia, July 9, 1844. He is one
be sounded in any case, others maintain that in certain words and
names it should be slightly sounded, while in others it is entirely mute.
Respecting this subject, see the remarks on French pronunciation in
the Introduction.
g v yjn ho/veh (ANTOON,) a Dutch historian
d L , b about died in ^^
HovedeHrif huv'den or hov'den, de, (ROGER,) an
English historian, born at York, lived about 1170-1200,
He was professor of theology at Oxford, and filled re-
sponsible offices at the court of Henry II. He wiote, in
Latin, a " History of England from 731 to 1202,' -!•:-»•
is commended by Leland, Selden, and others
fidelity.
See Vossius, "De Historicis Latinis."
Hovel. See HEVELIUS.
• So called by himself.
which
Ccr u'
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; moon;
HOVENDEN
1319
HOWARD
Ho'ven-d?n, (THOMAS,) an artist, born at Dunman-
way, county of Cork, Ireland, December 20, 1840. He
studied art in the Cork School of Design and in the
New York National Academy. In :88i he was elected
an associate, and in 1882 a full member of the National
Academy. He resided near Philadelphia. Amo..^ his
best works are " In HocSigno Vinces," (1880,) "Elaine,"
(1882,) "A Breton Interior," and "The Last Moments of
John Brown," (1884.) Accidentally killed Aug. 14, 1895.
Church. Representing Carlisle in Parliament, he acted
with the opposition during the ministries of Lord North
and Lord Shelburne. At the death of his father, in 1786,
ne became Duke of Norfolk. As a member of the
House of Lords, he opposed the measures of Pitt. Died
in 1815.
Howard, (Hon. EDWARD,) an English writer, a so»
of Thomas, Earl of Berkshire, lived about 1650. H«
, , r, j _ ,. wrote several unsuccessful dramas, and "The British
Hovey, huv'e, (ALVAH,) an American divine and Princes; a Heroic Poem," in which occur these lines.
author, bom in Chenango county, New York, about 1820. often quoted in ridicule :
He graduated at Dartmouth in 1843, and about 1850 be- j •• A p?inted vest Prince V Drtigem had on,
came a professor in the Baptist Theological Seminary , Which from a naked Pict his grandsire won.
at Newton, and president of the same in 1868.
Hovey, (ALVAN P.,) an American statesman and sol-
dier, entered the military service from Indiana in 1861,
became a brigadier-general in 1862, and commanded a
division at Champion's Hill, Mav 16, 1863. He was
minister to Peru from 1865 to 1870, and governor of
Indiana from 1888 till his death, November 23, 1891.
Hovey, (RICHARD,) an American poet, born at
Normal, Illinois, May 4, 1864. He became a jour-
nalist, actor, and dramatist, and wrote " Launcelot
and Guenevere," a dramatic poem, "Along the
Trails," " Songs from Vagabondia," (with Bliss Car-
man,) etc. Died February 26, 1900. •
H6w, (WILLIAM,) M.D., born in London in 1619, *»?hop ot Neocaesarea and coadjutor to the Cardinal-
became a captain in the royal army in the civil war, and Blsh°P «* Ffasc^' ar'd >» «?77 "™ created a card nal.
afterwards practised medicine in his native city. He P"£st- He,was also protector of the Engl.sh College
is said to have been the author of the first English* Flora, at R°">«. and In. l88' became arch-priest of Saint Peter s
("Phytologia Britannica," 1650,) which contains twelve I a'ld Pre!^ct ..of the congregation having care of the fabric
hundred and twenty plants. Died in 1656. I °f £«*H**™ ^*?t*^&i5*LJ_-
Pope, in the " Dunciad," alludes to him in these terms :
" And high-born Howard, more majestic sire,
With fool of quality completes the choir."
Howard, (EDWARD,) a popular English novelist, was
a lieutenant in the royal navy. He published "The
Old Commodore," (1837.) "Ratlin the Reefer," (1838,)
" Outward-Bound," etc. Died in 1842.
Howard, (EDWARD,) an English cardinal, born at
Nottingham, February 13, 1829, a cadet of the family of
the dukes of Norfolk. He became an officer of the
Lite-Guards, but when twenty-six years old took orders
at Rome, and became personally attached to the house-
hold of Pius IX. In 1872 he was consecrated Arch-
twenty plants. Died in 1656.
HJSw'ard, the name of an ancient and noble family
Howard, ( FRANK, )
an able English designer and
, „ , • . | , , ''"f'xT14 f'YlJ writer on art, a son of Henry Howard the painter. He
of England, the head of which >s_ the Duke of Norfolk b]ished ..The Spirit of ^ plays of sh£kspeare) ex-
ne £,aris 01 .;L;,,J • rt.,*i;«n pu*<.c " /r ,frtic iQ^i-tt \ •*«/! ,
3,) and the
ays ot bnal
hibited in Outline" Plates," (5 vols., 1827-3
"Science of Drawing," (1840.) Died in 1866.
Howard, (FREDERICK,) fifth Earl of Carlisle, an
a "Poetical Essay on Pope's Characters of Women," ! English Poet a"d statesman. born in '748. In 177
anH nth^r nnoms * ni-H in ,,fin. I he was °ne of the commissioners sent to persuade the
and the premier peer of Great Britain. The
Carlisle and Suffolk also belong to the Howard family.
Howard, (ANNE,) daughter of Charles, Earl of Car-
lisle, was married to Richard, Viscount Irwin. She wrote
and other poems. Died in 1760.
HSw'ard, (BLANCHE WILLIS,) an American author- | Pe°Ple of the Un'ted Sta,tes to /u'1)mlt to th5 BntlslJ
ess, born 'at Bangor, Maine, July 21, 1847. I" l8?S she ™le- He published a volume of Poems, and several
removed to Germany, and edited a magazine in English | tragedies, one of which, calle The father s Re-
al Stuttgart. Her principal works are the novels "One ', venge," was commended by Dr. Johnson. Died in
Summer," (1875,) " One Year Abroad," " Aunt Serena," ' 1825.
and "Guenn," (188^,) all of which were remarkably Howard, (GEOPGE EDMUND,) a British poet and
successful. She married Baron von Teuffel in 1890. architect, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He
Died October 7, 1898. .published in 1782 several volumes of miscellaneous
Howard, (BRONSON,) an American dramatist, works, the most important of which treat on the ex-
born at Detroit, Michigan, October 7, 1842. He wrote ' chequer, revenue, and trade of Ireland. Died in 1786.
a considerable number of plays, the best known being Howard, (GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK,) Earl of
"Saratoga," "Young Mrs. Winthrop," " Shenan- Carlisle and Viscount Morpeth, a statesman and author
rlnoh " "Th* BanVpr^ r>n,,,rhter " „, born in :8o2, was a grandson of Fredenck, fifth Earl
d0Howarlhe(CHtlVs,rLSrderEmngCham, or Lord | of Carlisle. He was styled Lord I Morpetl .before the
Howard of Effingham, an English admiral, born in 1536, deat!> °f. hls father' wh!c£ occurred about 1848 Unde
was the son of William, Lord Effingham, and grandson the Whig ministry wmcH was dissolved in 1841 he was
of Thomas Howard, second Duke of Norfolk. After ! ?««tary for Ireland. In 1854 he published a Diary
important civil and military services, he was appointed '" Turkl^h and ,Grf ,k ^ aters' /;'hl=h 's a w
in 1585 lord high admiral by Queen Elizabeth, and sue- merit. He was lord-lieutenant of Ireland about three
cessfully opposed the Invincible Armada in 1588. In years, (1855-58.) and was reappomted to that office
1596 he was associated with the Earl of Essex in the i by Palmerston in June,. 1859. He had the reput
victorious expedition against Cadiz, and was rewarded of a liberal statesman and benevolent man.
with the title of Earl of Nottingham. About three years 1864.
later, when another Spanish invasion was expected, the Howard, (HENRY,) Earl of Surrey, a celebrated
sole command of the army and navy for a short time was English poet, born about 1516, was the son of Thomas,
committed to him, with the title of lieutenant-general of , third Duke of Norfolk, and of Elizabeth Stafford. He
England. He retained his honours and offices under excelled in the accomplishments of a scholar, courtier,
James I. Died in 1624.
and soldier, and cultivated as well as patronized the
See CAMPBELL," Lives of British Admirals ;" J. BARROW, " Me- | fine arts. About 1535 he married Lady Frances Vere.
moirs of the Naval Worthies of Queen Elizabeth's Reign," 1845. In 1544 he accompanied Henry VIII. in his invasion of
Howard, (CHARLES,) tenth Duke of Norfolk, (pre- i France, was made a field-marshal, and was appointed
vious'.y Hon. CHARLES HOWARD, of Greystock Castle, governor of Boulogne after it was captured hv the
Cumberland,) succeeded to the dukedom in 1777. "- '•'--•- °-- .-<•*—"-••- t-
He
published "Thoughts, Essays, and Maxims, chiefly Re-
ligious and Political," (1768,) and " Historical Anecdotes
of some of the Howard Family." Died in 1786.
Howard, (CHARLES,) eleventh Duke of Norfolk, an
English nobleman, born in 1 746, was the son of the tenth
Duke. In 1780, being then styled the Earl of Surrey,
he exchanged the Catholic faith for that of the Anglican
English. Soon after this he became the object of the
king's suspicion. He was recalled in 1546, arrested
with his father, condemned, and executed in 1547. He
left two sons and three daughters. (With respect to
Surrey's guilt or innocence, see Froude's " History of
England," vol. iv. chap, xxiii.)
Surrey is the first who used blank verse in our lan-
guage, and is considered the first English classical
€ as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as>; G, H, Yi,giMural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( J£p=See Explanations, p. 23. )
HOWARD
1320
HOWARD
poet. He did much to improve the style of versification.
One of his principal productions is a translation into
blank verse of the second book of the " ^neid," which
is admired for its fidelity and poetic diction. He also
wrote numerous sonnets and songs. There is some
doubt of the reality of his romantic passion for Geral-
dine, who is the subject of his most admired effusions.
She was a child of thirteen, named Lady Elizabeth Fitz-
gerald, who afterwards became the wife of the Earl of
Lincoln.
See HALLAM, "Introduction to the Literature of Europe;"
WARTON, " History of English Poetry ;" JOHNSON and CHALMERS,
'Lives of the English Poets;" " Edinburgh Review," vol. xlii.
Howard, (HENRY,) Earl of Northampton, second
son of the preceding, was born at Norfolk about 1539.
He was a person of much learning, but of bad principles.
He became a privy councillor at the accession of James
I., who made him Earl of Northampton. In 1608 he
was appointed lord privy seal. He was suspected of
complicity in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, and
in the disgraceful conduct of his relative, the Countess
of Essex. Died in 1614.
See GARDINER'S " History of England from 1603 to 1616," voL
i. chap. ii. pp. 63 and 64 ; also, chaps, x. and xii.
Howard, (HENRY,) born in 1757, was the son of
Philip Howard of Corby Castle, England, and a de-
scendant of the noble Earl of Surrey. He published
" Indication of Memorials, etc. of the Howard Family,"
(1834,) and other works. Died in 1842.
Howard, (HENRY,) an English painter, born in 1769,
entered the Royal Academy as a student in 1788. In
1790 he won two of the highest premiums, — a gold
medal for the best historical painting, and a silver medal
for the best drawing from life. After a visit to Rome
he was chosen a member of the Royal Academy in 1808,
and secretary of that body in 1811. His favourite sub-
jects are classical and poetical, and are treated with
elegant taste. Among his best works are " The Birth
of Venus," "The Solar System," " The Circling Hours,"
•uid "The Story of Pandora." Died in 1847.
Howard, (Sir JOHN,) was a son of Sir Robert Howard
and Margaret, a daughter of Thomas Mowbray, Duke
of Norfolk. He was a partisan of the house of York
during the wars of the Roses. He was created Duke
of Norfolk in 1483, and was killed with Richard III. at
Bosworth in 1485.
Howard, (JOHN,) F.R.S., a celebrated English phikn-
thropist, born at Hackney, near London, in 1726. He
was the son of a London tradesman, who died in his
minority and left him an independent fortune. Having
made a tour on the continent, he returned home and
took lodgings with a widow named Loidore, by whom he
was kindly nursed when his health required such atten-
tion, and whom he married out of mere gratitude in 1752,
although she was more than twenty years his senior.
After their marriage she Hved only three or four years.
In 1756 he embarked for Lisbon, in the desire to relieve
the miseries caused by the great earthquake of 1755, but
during the passage was taken by a French privateer, and
detained in prison long enough to excite his lasting sym-
pathy with prisoners and to impress him with the neces-
sity of a reform in their treatment. After he was re-
leased he returned home, and married in 1758 Henrietta
Leeds, with whom he lived happily at Cardington until
her death in 1765. He had by this marriage one son,
whose vicious habits produced first disease and then
incurable insanity. Having been appointed sheriff of
the county of Bedford in 1773, he witnessed with pain
the abuses and cruelties to which prisoners were usually
subjected. After visiting most of the county jails of Eng-
land, and collecting much information respecting them,
he induced the House of Commons in 1774 to begin a
reform in prison discipline, to which his life thenceforth
was constantly, heroically, and successfully devoted. In
1777 he published a valuable volume on "The State of
the Prisons in England," etc. From 1778 until his death
he was almost continually employed in traversing all
parts of Europe, visiting prisons and hospitals, relieving
the sick, and, as Burke expresses it, "taking the gauge
and dimensions of misery, depression, and contempt."
He died of fever in 1790, at Cherson, on the Black Sea.
His habits were simple, temperate, and self denying.
Having been educated among Protestant dissenters, he
continued in their fellowship through life.
See " Life of Howard," by W. HEPWORTH DIXON, 1849; another
Life, by JOHN FIELD, 1850; AIKIN, " Life of John Howard," 1791:
J. B. BROWN, " Memoirs of the Life of John Howard," 1818; " En-
cyclopaedia Britannica ;" " Blackwood's Magazine" for January, 1850.
HSw'ard, (JOHN EAGER,) an officer, born in Balti-
more county, Maryland, in 1752. He commanded a regi-
ment which distinguished itself by its brilliant bayonet-
charge at Cowpens, January, 1781, and its gallantry at
Guilford Court-House, Marcn, 1781, and Eutaw Springs,
in September of that year. He was chosen Governor of
Maryland in 1788, and was a United States Senator from
1796 to 1803. Died in 1827.
See "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans.
Howard, (LuKE,) an English meteorologist, born
about 1770, published an " Essay on Clouds," (1802,) and
other works on meteorology. Died in 1864.
Howard, (OLIVER OTIS,) an American general, bom
at Leeds, Kennebec county, Maine, in November, 1830.
He was educated at Bowdoin College and at the Military
Academy of West Point, where he graduated in 1854. He
became first lieutenant of ordnance in 1857, and colonel
of the Third Maine Volunteers in May, 1801. He com-
manded a brigade at Bull Run, July 21, and obtained the
rank of brigadier-general in September, 1861. At the
battle of Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862, he lost his right arm.
He commanded a division at the battle of Antictam,
September 17, and at Fredericksburg, December, 1862.
In November, 1862, he was appointed a major-general
of volunteers, and in April, 1863, obtained command of
the eleventh army corps, which he led at Chancellors-
ville, and at Gettysburg, July 2 and 3, 1863. He served
with distinction at the battle of Missionary Ridge and
Chattanooga, November 25, 1863. In his report of this
campaign General Sherman commends him as "exhibit-
ing the highest and most chivalrous traits of the soldier."
General Howard commanded the fourth corps of the
army which, under General Sherman, fought its way
from Chattanooga to Atlanta, May-September, 1864.
He was appointed, July 27, commander of the army of
the Tennessee in place of McPherson, who was killed
near Atlanta. In the memorable march of Sherman's
army from Atlanta to the sea, Howard led the right
wing. From 1865 to 1872 he was chief of the Freed-
men's Bureau. He commanded the Department of the
Columbia, 1874-80, was superintendent of the West
Point Academy, 1881-82, had command of the Depart-
ment of the Platte, 1882-83, and later of the Depart-
ment of the East until his retirement, Nov. 8, 1894.
Howard, (PHILIP,) of Corby Casile, England, was a
descendant of the eminent poet the Earl of Surrey, and
father of Henry, noticed above, (1757-1842.) He wrote
the " Scriptural History of the Earth and of Mankind,"
(1797.) Died in 1810.
Howard, (Sir ROBERT,) M.P., an English poet, born
In 1626, was a brother of the Hon. Edward Howard,
noticed above. He was a royalist in the civil war, and,
after the restoration, was appointed auditor of the ex-
chequer. His most successful dramas were "The Com-
mittee" and " The Indian Queen." He was the original
hero of "The Rehearsal," in which he is called Bilboa.
"The poetry of the Berkshire Howards," says Macaulay,
"was the jest of three generations of satirists." The
poet Dryden married Howard's sister. Died in 1698.
See MACAULAY, " History of England," vol. ill chap. xiv. ; Cl»-
BER. " Lives of the Poets."
Howard, (SAMUEL,) an English musical composer,
who flourished about 1750, produced several popular
ballads. Died in 1783.
Howard, (THOMAS,) second Duke of Norfolk, and
Earl of Surrey, was a son of John, first Duke. He fought
for Richard III. at Bosworth, where his father was killed,
in 1485. He commanded the English army which gained
a great victory over the Scotch at Flodden in 1513, and
received the title of Duke of Norfolk for this service,
before which he was styled Earl of Surrey. He died in
1524, aged about seventy, and was succeeded by his son
Thomas.
Howard, (THOMAS,) third Duke of Norfolk, a son of
a. e, i, o, u, y, twig; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, n, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscitrt; fir, fall, fat; m^t; not; good; mnnn
HOWARD
1321
HOWE
the preceding, and an eminent English statesman and gen-
eral", was born about 1473. I" '5 '3 ne was cnosen high
admiral of England, and, in co-operation with his father,
defeated the Scotch at the battle of Flodden. For this
service he was made Earl of Surrey, while his father
was made Duke of Norfolk. In 1523 he became lord
high treasurer, and in 1524, at the death of his father,
inherited his title. His devotion to the Church of Rome
made him hostile to Anne Boleyn, though she was his
own niece. After Henry VIII. had married Catherine
Howard, the duke, who was her uncle, had much influ-
ence in the royal councils, and used it for the persecu-
tion of the Protestants. In 1547 he was arrested on a
charge of treason, and ordered for execution ; but before
the fatal day came the king died. Norfolk was released
from prison in 1553, and died the next year. His son,
the Earl of Surrey, was executed in 1547.
See FROUDE, " History of the Reign of Henry VIII.," particu-
larly vols. iii. and iv. : HUME'S and LINGARD'S Histories of England.
Howard, (THOMAS,) fourth Duke of Norfolk, was a
grandson of the preceding. He was the only peer who
at that time possessed the highest title of nobility ; and,
as there were no princes of the blood, his rank, together
with his great wealth and abilities, rendered him the first
subject in England. He is represented as generous,
prudent, and moderate, and sincerely attached to the
Protestant religion. In 1559 Elizabeth appointed him
her lieutenant in the northern counties. By aspiring to
become the husband of Mary Queen of Scots, he gave
offence to Elizabeth, and was committed to the Tower
in 1569. Having been released, he renewed his suit,
received a promise of marriage from the captive queen,
ar.d joined a conspiracy for her liberation. For this he
was condemned and executed in 1572.
See HUME, " History of England;" FROUDB, " History of Eng-
land," vols. ix. and x.
Howard, (THOMAS,) Earl of Arundel, a branch of
the ancient and noble family of Howard, was employed
in foreign embassies by Charles I. In 1639 he was
appointed commander of an army raised to subdue
the Scotch ; but peace was made before any important
action occurred. He formed an extensive collection of
Grecian antiquities and productions of ancient artists,
parts of which were presented by one of his heirs to the
University of Oxford, under the name of the Arundelian
marbles. His grandson Henry became sixth Duke of
Norfolk. The earl wrote several relations of his em-
bassies and voyages. Died in 1646.
H6w'den, (JOHN FRANCIS CARADOC,) BARON, a
British general, born in 1762, was the son of John Cra-
dock, Archbishop of Dublin. He entered the array in
1777. In 1801 he was one of Abercrombie's staff, and
was engaged in several battles in Egypt. He afterwards
commanded the British army in India, and in Portugal
in 1808. In 1831 he was raised to the peerage, as Baron
Howden. Died in 1839.
Howden, ( JOHN HOBART CARADOC,) BARON, an Eng-
lish diplomatist, a son of the preceding, was born in 1 799.
He served in the army, and gained the rank of maior-gei;-
eral. lie was ambassador to Madrid in 1850. Died 1873.
H5we, (ALBION P.,) an American general, born in
Maine in 1820, and graduated at West Point in 1841.
He served with honour in the Mexican and civil wars,
commanding a division at Fredericksburg, (1862,) and
Gettysburg, (1863.) He was retired in 1882. Died
January 25, 1897.
H8we, (CHARLES,) born in Gloucestershire, England,
in 1661, was employed as a diplomatist by James II.
He wrote " Devout Meditations," of which the poet
\Toung says, " A greater demonstration of a sound head
and a sincere heart i never saw." Died in 1745.
Howe, (EDGAR W.,) an American author, born near
Hutnington, Iowa, May 3, 1854. He was bred a printer,
and became a successful journalist of Atchison, Kansas.
His principal works are novels, — " A Story of a Country
Town," (which had great success,) "The Mystery of
the Locks," "Confession of John Whitlock," etc.
Howe, (ELIAS,) an eminent American inventor, bom
at Spencer, Massachusetts, about 1819. While employed
as a machinist he made many experiments for the inven-
tion of a sewing-machine, and about 1844 entered into a
partnership with Mr. George Fisher, of Cambridge, who
agreed to give him pecuniary assistance on condition of
becoming proprietor of half the patent. In April, 1845,
he finished a machine, which in essential points is es-
teemed by competent judges equal to any that have suc-
ceeded it He obtained a patent in 1846. His invention
not meeting in the United States with the success which
he had anticipated, he resolved to visit England. He
resided several years in London in great destitution, and
returned in 1849, without having succeeded in making
known the merits of his invention. Meanwhile the sew-
ing-machine had been brought into general notice and
favour, various improvements having been added by Mr.
Singer, with whom, as an infringer of his patent, Mr.
Howe had a law-suit, which was decided in his favour
in 1854. Soon after the breaking out of the rebellion in
1861, Mr. Howe raised and equipped at his own expense
a regiment, in which he served as a private until ill health
obliged him to resign. Died October 3, 1867.
See the "History of the Sewing-Machins," in the "Atlantic
Monthly" for May, 1867, by JAMES PARTON.
Howe, (JOHN,) an eminent English dissenting min-
ister and author, born at Loughborough, May 17, 1630,
was educated at Cambridge. Soon after he was ordained
he was appointed domestic chaplain to Cromwell, then
Protector, at whose death he was retained in the same
office by Richard Cromwell. After the latter was de-
posed, Howe preached at Great Torrington, until he
was ejected for nonconformity, in 1662. In 1675 he be-
came minister of a Puritan congregation in London,
where he continued to labour (except during a few
years of absence) until his death. He was eminent for
piety, for wisdom, for profound learning, and for classical
scholarship. As an author he is highly applauded for
his originality, sublimity, and evangelical spirit. Among
his principal works are "The Living Temple," (1674-
1702,) "The Blessedness of the Righteous," "The Re-
deemer's Tears," (1684,) and "The Vanity of this Mortal
Life." Robert Hall said, " I have learned more from
John Howe than from any other author I ever read."
"Nothing in the language," says William Jay, "can
equal, as a whole, Howe's 'Living Temple.'" He is
accounted the most philosophical thinker among the
Puritan divines. Died in 1705. His complete works
were published in 8 vols., 1810-22.
See EDMUND CALAMY, "Life of John Howe," 1724; H. ROGERS,
chap*, vii. and viii. ; R. SOUTHEY, arti*Ue on Howe, in "Quarterly
Review" for October, 1813, (vol. x. ;) " Encyclopaedia Britannica."
Howe, (JOHN,) M.P., a noted English politician and
versifier, was returned to the Convention Parliament foi
Cirencester in 1689, and was several times re-electeil.
He was conspicuous in the House for his volubility,
asperity, and audacity of speech. Ilrnng turned Tory,
he became in the reign of Anne a member of the privj
council, and paymaster of the army. He wrote a " Pane-
gyric on William III., "and several short poems. Died
in 1721.
See MACAULAY, " History of England," vol. iii. chaps, xi. and xiv.
Howe, (JosiAH,) an English poet and clergyman,
became a Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, in 1637,
and preached before Charles I. at Oxford in 1644. He
wrote some epigrammatic verses prefixed to the works
of Beaumont and Fletcher. Died in 1701.
Howe, ( JULIA WARD,) an American poetess, daughter
of Samuel Ward, a banker in New York, was born in
1819. She was educated with great care, and in 1843
was married to Dr. Samuel G. Howe, of Boston, with
whom she has twice visited Europe, making on each occa-
sion an extensive tour. Some of her poems possess
merit of a very high order. Among the principal are
"Passion-Flowers," published in 1854, and "Words for
the Hour." She is the author of the deservedly popular
song entitled "Battle Hymn of the Republic." She
wrote also a number of prose works.
Howe, (MARK ANTONY DE WOLFE,) D.D., LL.D.,
an American bishop, born at Bristol, Rhode Island,
April 5, 1809. He graduated at Brown University in
1828, took ppest's c rders in the Episcopal Church in
€ as/6,- cas.r: ^.hard; gas;'; G,H,K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz.- thasinMw.
Explanations, p. 23.)
HOWE
1322
HO WITT
1833, and in 1874 was consecrated Bishop of Central
Pennsylvania, the first of that title. Among his works
are a volume of "Essays and Poems," a "Memoir of
Bishop Alonzo Potter," (1870,) etc. Died July 31, 1895.
Howe, (RICHARD,) EARL, a distinguished English
admiral, bi 'n in 1725, was the second son of Lord
Emanuel Scrope Howe. He entered the navy about the
age of fourteen, and obtaii.ed the rank of captain about
1747. He distinguished himself in the Seven Years' war
against the French. At the death of his elder brother,
in 1758, he inherited the title of viscount. In 1763 and
1 764 hj occupied a seat at the board of admiralty, and
i.i 1770 he became a rear-admiral of the blue, and com-
manded the Mediterranean fleet. From 1776 to 1778 he
commanded on the coast of the United States, where he
maintained his credit by skilful operations against the
French fleet under D'Estaing. He v/as promoted to the
rank of admiral of the blue in 1782, and in the next
year acted as first lord of the admiralty. In 1788 he was
created Earl Howe. On June i, 1794, he gained a de-
cisive victory over the French fleet, of which he captured
seven ships of the line. Died in 1799. He was regarded
as the first sea-officer of his time.
See CAMPBELL, "Lives of British Admirals;" GEORGE MASOK,
" Life of Richard, Earl Howe ;" JOHN BARROW, " Life of Lord
Richard Howe," 1838.
Howe, (Dr. SAMUEL GRIDLEY,) an eminent American
philanthropist, born in Boston in iSoi. He graduated
at Brown University in 1821, and entered upon the
study of medicine in his native city. In 1824 he went to
Greece, and fought valiantly in ihe war of independence.
When famine threatened that country in 1827, he came
to the United States and procured large contributions
of provisions, clothing, and money, which he distributed
among the Greek patriots. On his return to his native
city, in 1831, he entered with ardour into a plan for
establishing in that city a school for the blind ; and he
visited Europe, to procure information, teachers, etc.
The next year (1832) he opened the institution, (Perkins
Institution for the Blind,) of which he became the prin-
cipal. His success in the case of Laura Bridgeman, a
deaf blind mute, whom he taught to read from raised
letters and instructed in religion, morality, etc., attracted
great attention. (See BRIDGEMAN, LAURA.) Dr. Howe
also devoted much attention to the education of idiots,
for whom a school has been established in South Boston.
Besides his other labours, he distinguished himself by
the active part he took in the anti-slavery cause. He is
the author of a " Historical Sketch of the Greek Revo-
lution," (1828,) a "Reader for the Blind," and various
essays and reports on the education of the blind and the
idiotic, etc. Died January 9, 1876.
Howe, (Sir WILLIAM,) an English general, was a
younger brother of Admiral Richard Howe, noticed
above. In 1774 he was returned to Parliament for Not-
tingham, professing to disapprove the policy of the min-
isters in relation to the Americans. In 1775 he was
appointed commander-in-chief of the army sent to sub-
due the colonies, though deficient in nearly all the quali-
ties which constitute a great general. His constituents
censured him for accepting the command. His firs
exploit after this promotion was the battle of Bunkei
Hill, (1775,) in which he lost one-third of his men
present in the action. In August, 1776, he gained the
battle of Long Island and took New York City. He
obtained an advantage over the Americans at Brandy-
wine in September, 1777, in consequence of which
Philadelphia was occupied by his army. At his own
request, he was recalled in 1778, and was succeeded
by Sir Henry Clinton. Died in 1814.
See BANCROFT, " History of the United States," vol. ix. chaps.
»., vi., JL, xiv., xriii.. xxv,
Howe, (\VILLIAM BELL WHITE,) D.D., an American
bishop, born at Claremont, New Hampshire, March 31,
1823. He graduated at the University of Vermont in
1844, took orders in the Episcopal Church, held rector-
ships in and near Charleston, S.C., and in 1871 was con-
secrated Bishop of South Carolina. Died Nov. 25, 1894.
HSw'el THE GOOD, or Hy'wel Dda, a Cambrian
prince of the tenth century, noted as a legislator, suc-
ceeded his father Cadell as King of Wales. After visit.
ing Rome about 926, he framed a code of laws, which
continued in force a long time. Died in 948.
HSw'el or HSw'ell, (LAURENCE,) a learned English
nonjuring divine, graduated at Cambridge in 1688. He
wrote a "Synopsis of the Canons of the Latin Church,"
and other works on theology. For his pamphlet on the
" Schism in the Church of England" he was convicted
of sedition in 1716, and confined in Newgate until hii
death, in 1720.
H8w'ell, (JAMES,) a British author, born in Carmar-
thenshire about 1595. Soon after leaving college he wenl
to London, and, as agent of a glass-manufactory, made a
tour on the continent, where he learned several languages.
He was returned to Parliament in 1627, and exercised
his versatile talents in several civil offices until 1643, when
he was imprisoned, for reasons not positively known.
He was released about 1649, and at the restoration be-
came historiographer-royal, being the first who had that
honour. He wrote " Dodona's Grove, or the Vocal
Forest," a poem, (1640,) and various prose works. His
" Familiar Letters" (1645) are very entertaining, and
passed through ten editions before 1750. Died in 1666.
See " Biographia Britannia."
Howell, (JOHN ADAMS,) an American admiral,
born at New York, March 16, 1840. He graduated
at the naval academy in 1858, and served in the civil
war and the war with Spain, being promoted rear-
admiral in 1898. Commanded the patrol squadron in
the latter war.
How'ell, (ROBERT BOYTE CRAWFORD,) D.D., an
American Baptist clergyman, born in Wayne county,
North Carolina, March 10, 1801, graduated at Colum-
bian College in 1826, was ordained in 1827, and held
pastorships in Norfolk, Richmond, and Nashville, where
he died, April 5, 1868. His principal works were " Terms
of Christian Communion," (1854,) "The Deaconship,"
"The Way of Salvation," "Evils of Infant Baptism,"
"The Cross," (1854,) "The Covenants," (1856,) and
"The Early Baptists of Virginia," (1857.)
Howell, (WILLIAM,) an English writer, of whose life
little is known. He was at one time chancellor of the
diocese of Lincoln. He wrote a " History of the World
from the Earliest Times to the Ruin of the Roman Em-
pire," a work of some merit. Died in 1683.
HSw'ells, (WILLIAM DEAN,) a distinguished Ameri-
can author, born at Martinsville, Ohio, March i, 1837. He
learned the printer's trade, and became a journalist at
Columbus, Ohio. He was United States consul at Venice,
1861-65, and edited the "Atlantic Monthly," 1866-81.
His works include " Poems by Two Friends," (by himself
and John J. Piatt,) "Venetian Life," (1866,) "No
Love Lost," (poem, 1863,) "Their Wedding Jour-
ney," (1872,) "The Lady of the Aroostook," (1878,)
"The Rise of Silas Lapham," (1885,) "A Hazard
of New Fortunes," (1889,) "The Landlord of Lion's
Head," (1897,) etc. He has produced several plays
and a number of amusing dialogue stories. Mr. How-
ells's style is one of great refinement, and many of his
characters are drawn with remarkable clearness and
effect.
Howick, LORD. See GREY, EARL OF.
H6w1-S9L\, (ROBERT REID,) an American author
born at Fredericksburg, Virginia, June 22, 1820. In
1841 he was admitted to the bar, and in 1844 was ordained
to the Presbyterian ministry. His principal published
works are "History of Virginia," (2 vols., 1846-48,)
Lives of Generals Morgan, Marion, and Gates, and
"God and Creation," (1883.)
HBw'ltt, (ANNA MARY,) an artist and writer, a
daughter of William and Mary Howitt, was born about
1830. She produced a work of merit called "7 he Art-
Student in Munich," (2 vols., 1853,) and also wrote "The
School of Life," (Boston, 1855,) which was highly com-
mended. She was in 1859 married to a son of the poet
Alaric Watts. Died in 1884.
Howitt, (MARY,) a popular English authoress and
moralist, daughter of Samuel Botham, of Uttoxeter, was
born March 12, 1799. She was educated as a member
of the Society of Friends, and was married to William
». e, T. 5. ii,y, /»«£•; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, J, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fit; m8t; nit; good; mou
HO WITT
13=3
HUBBARD
Hewitt in 1821. They published jointly "The Forest
Minstrel, and other Poems," (1823,) "The Desolation of
Eyan, and other Poems," (1827,) "The Book of the
Seasons," (1831,) and "The Literature and Romance of
Northern Europe," (1852,) the most complete work on
that subject in English. Mary Howitt is sole author
of numerous instructive books, among which are " Hope
on, Hope ever," (3d edition, 1844,) "Hymns and Fire-
side Verses," (1839,) "Sowing and Heaping," (1840,)
and "Sketches of Natural History," (8th edition, 1853.)
She translated many works of Frederika Bremer, and
several stories of Hans Christian Andersen. " Her lan-
guage," says Professor Wilson, "is chaste and simple,
her feelings tender and pure, and her observation of
nature accurate and intense." ("Blackwood's Maga-
zine," vol. xxiv.) Died at Rome, January 30, 1888.
Howitt, (RICHARD,) a poet and physician, a brother
of William Howitt. He published in 1830 "Antediluvian
Sketches, and other Poems," which was noticed favour-
ably by the reviewers. " Richard too," says Professor
Wilson, "has a true poetical feeling and no small poeti-
cal power." He settled in Melbourne, Australia, and
wrote " Impressions of Australia Felix," (1845.)
Howitt, (WILLIAM,) an eminent English author, born
at Heanor, in Derbyshire, in 1792. was educated as a
member of the Society of Friends. His first published
work was "The Forest Minstrel, and other Poems,"
(1823,) partly written by his wife. Their other joint
productions have been noticed in the article on MARY
HOWITT. He wrote a " History of Priestcraft," (1834,)
which was very successful, and often reprinted, " Rural
Life of England," (1837,) and "Colonization and Chris-
tianity," (1839.) In 1840 William and Mary Howitt
removed to Heidelberg, where they passed several years.
His "Rural and Domestic Life in Germany" (1842)
was received with favour both by the English and Ger-
mans. He published " Homes and Haunts of the Most
Eminent British Poets Illustrated," (2 vols., 1847,) be-
sides various other original works, anc! translations from
Hoyt, (CHARLES HALE,) an American playwright,
was born at Concord, New Hampshire, July 26, 1860.
He became a dramatic editor, theatrical manager, and
playwright, his plays, mainly of the variety character,
including "A Tin Soldier," "A Midnight Bell,"
"A Milk-White Flag," "A Trip to Chinatown,"
and various others. Died November 20, 1900.
Hoy t, (EPAPHRAS, ) an historical and military writer,
born at Deerfield, Massachusetts, in 1765. He pub-
lished "Cavalry Discipline," (1797,) and "Anti-
quarian Researches," (1824.) He was a major-gen-
eral of militia. Died in 1850.
Hoyt, (JOHN WESLEY,) educator, was born in
Franklin county, Ohio, in 1831. He was manager of
the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society 1860-72,
Wisconsin commissioner to the London Exhibition of
1862, and United States commissioner to the Paris
Exposition of 1867 and the Vienna Exposition of
1873. He was Governor of Wyoming 1878-82, and
became president of Wyoming University in 1887.
Hoz, de la, da la 6th, (j r AN.) a Spanish dramatic
poet, born at Madrid about 1620, wrote an admired
comedy, " El Castigo de la Miseria." Died after 1689
Hozier, d'. See D'HoziER.
Hrabanus Maurus. See RABANUS.
Hi nnt.ixi. See NrJRVL
Hrotsvitha, hRots'vee'ta, also written Hrosuitba,
Hroswitha, and Roswitha, a celebrated German
poetess of the tenth century, born in Lower Saxony, was
educated in the convent of Gandershcim. She wrote Latin
poems, which are valuable monuments of the literature
of that time, and six dramas, (in Latin,) that rank among
the best productions of the kind in the middle ages.
Among her poems was one in hexameters, containing
the history of Otto I., only half of which is extant,
Hrungnir, hrung'nir, in the Norse mythology, a giant,
who, on his horse Gullfaxi, ("Goldmane,") visited As-
the German, and edited " Howitt's Journal" (weekly) gard, and, having become intoxicated, defied the gods,
for about three years, (1847-49.) He described his and threatened to carry Valhalla to Jotunheim, (the
He was slain by Thor, who
Jarnsaxa. Some explain
_ ^ ^ ing Hrungnir (whose name
to Remarkable Places, Old Halls, Battle-Fields," etc., j they derive"from hruga, to " heap up") to be a lofty
(2 vols., 1839-41,) and a "History' of England," (6 • mountain piled up to the sky, thus appearing to menace
vols., 1861,) " History of the Supernatural," eTc., (1863',) heaven itself. I
"Letters on Transportation," (1863,) "Discovery in lightning, is compared by the Norse poets to the liead
Its summit being smitten and rent by the
Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand," (1865,) and
" The Mad War Planet," (1871.) Died March 3, 1879.
H6w'land, (ALFRED C.,) an American artist, born at
Walpole, New Hampshire, February 12, 1838. He
studied at Dusseldorf and Paris, and in 1882 was chosen
of a giant whose skull Thor (" thunder") broke with his
terrible hammer.
Hrym, hreem, sometimes written Rymer, in the
Northern mythology, the leader of the Frost-giants (Hrim-
thursar) in the great battle against the gods at Ragna-
a National Academician. Among his principal paintings rock. The name is clearly another form of Hrim, "frost,"
are " Driving a Bargain," " Monday Morning," "They're and cognate with the Latin rima (" hoarfrost") and the
Coming," "A Pot-Boiler," etc. Sanscrit Hmd, (Gr. JHUO,) "frost," or "winter."
How'orth, (Sir HENRY HOYLE,) an English
scientific writer, was born at Lisbon in 1842. He
devoted himself to literature and politics, his works
including a voluminous " History of the Mongols,"
a " History of Chinghiz Khan and his Ancestors,"
" The Mammoth and the Flood," " The Glacial Night-
mare and the Flood," and numerous memoirs on
similar subjects.
Howson, (JOHN SAUL,) an English divine, born in
1816. He published, with W. J. Conybeare, "The Life
and Epistles of Saint Paul," (2 vols., 1850-52,) and is
author of other works, chiefly religious. In 1867 he was
appointed Dean of Chester. Died December 15, 1885.
Hoyer, hb'yer, (ANDREAS,) a Danish historian and
jurist, born at Karlum, published a " Life of Frederick
IV.," (1732,) and other works. Died in 1739.
Hoyer, ho'yer, (JoHANN GOTTFRIED,) a German
military officer and writer, born at Dresden in 1767,
published a "Dictionary of Artillery." Died in 1848.
Hoy'er, [Fr. pron. hwa'yl',] (MICHEL,) a Flemish
priest and Latin poet, born in 1593 ; died in 1650.
Hoyle, hoil, (EDMUND,) an Englishman, born in 1672.
wrote popular treatises on Whist and other games.
Died in 1769.
Huabalde. See HUBALD.
Huarte, oo-aR'ta, (JUAN DE Dios,) a Spanish phy
sician and philosopher, born in Navarre about 1535.
He published about 1580 a remarkable book, entitled
" Examen de Ingenios para las Scienzias," which was
often reprinted and translated. The English version
was called "Trial of Wits." It contains some new truths,
with many bold paradoxes. Died about 1600.
Huascar, hwas'kar, an Inca of Peru, a son of Huayna
Capac, whom he succeeded in 1525, was defeated in battle
and dethroned by his brother Atahualpa in 1532. (See
ATAHUALPA.)
Huayna Capac, hwi'na ki-pak', Inca of Peru, as-
cended the throne in 1493. He extended his dominions
by conquest, and enriched them by the arts of peace
Died in 1525.
Hu'bald, written also Huabalde, Hucbald, and
Hugbald, [Lat. HUBAL'DUS,] a Flemish monk of Saint-
Amand, born about 840 A.D., wrote a treatise on music,
and Latin verses in praise of baldness, in which every
word begins with C; for example,
"Carmina Clarison* Calvis Cantate Caracena:."
Died in 930,
Hubbard, U'bSn', (NICOLAS GUSTAVE,) a French
author, born at Fourqueux in 1828. He became a law-
•cas*; 9asf; %hard; gasy.-G, H,K,gutluraI; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasinMw.
xplanations, p. 23.)
HUBBARD
1324
HUC
a "Life of Saint-Simon," ana many reports aim pa^rs
on industrial questions and on the condition of the
labouring-classes. Died February 21, 1888.
Hub'bard, (WILLIAM,) a historian, born in England
in 1621, was ordained minister at Ipswich, Massachusetts,
about 1656. He died in 1704, leaving in manuscript a
" History of New England," which was published by the
Massachusetts Historical Society in 1815.
Hube, hoo'beh, (RoMUALD,) a Polish jurist, born at
Warsaw in 1803, published " Principles of Penal Law,"
(1830,) and other works. He was appointed councillor
of state at Saint Petersburg in 1843, after wnich he wa?
employed in the compilation of a new penal and civil
code. Died at Warsaw, August 9, 1890.
Huber, hoo'ber, (FRANCIS,) a Swiss naturalist, born at
Geneva in 1750. The taste for nature and the habit of
observation which he derived from his father were con-
firmed by the lectures of Saussure. At the age of fifteen
his sight began to fail, and was before long quite lost
Soon after the occurrence of this privation he married
Mdlle. Lullin, and was blessed with domestic happiness.
Pursuing his researches into the economy and habits of
bees, by the aid of his servant, he made many interesting
discoveries, and in 1792 published " New Observations on
Bees," which excited a great sensation. He was chosen
a member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, and of
other similar institutions. He also wrote a " Memoir on
the Origin of Wax," and a few other treatises. Died in
1830 or 1831.
See AUGUSTIN PYRAME DHCANDOLLE, "Notice sur la Vie et lea
ficrits de F. Huber," 1831- "Monthly Review," in the Appendu
of vol. Ixxxii , 1817.
Huber, (JoHANN,) in artist, born in Geneva in 1722,
was intimate with Voltaire, of whose domestic life he
drew several pictures. He was noted for skill in cutting
profiles in paper or parchment, and wrote " Observations
on the Flight of Birds of Prey," (1784.) Died in 1790.
Huber, (JOHANN JAKOB,) an eminent Swiss anato-
mist, born at Bale in 1707, was a pupil of Haller, whom
he assisted in his " Swiss Flora." He was chosen pro-
fessor of anatomy at Gottingen about 1737, and became
professor and court physician at Cassel in 1742. He
was a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and a
member of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin. His
principal work is a "Treatise on the Spinal Marrow,'
(1739.) Died in 1778.
See ERSCH und GRUBBR, " Allgemeine Encyklopaecie- '
Huber, hoo'ber, (JoHANN NEPOMUK,) a German
divine, born in Munich, August 18, 1830. He graduated
at Munich in 1854, and became professor in the Roman
Catholic faculty there in 1859. He published " Philoso
phy of the Church Fathers," (1859.) which was placed on
the Index, and this fact led to a rupture with the Church
In 1871 he became an " Old Catholic" leader. He pub
lished many philosophical, historical, and theologica
works. Died at Munich, March 20, 1879.
Huber, QOHANN RUDOLF,) an eminent Swiss painter
born at Bale in 1668, studied several years in Italy. H(
worked mostly in his native place. He painted portrait.
World preferred to the Wise," (" Le Monde fol pre-
ere au Monde sage," 2 vols., 1731-44.) Died at Lyoni
n 1753.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Huber, (MICHAEL,) a German translator, born at
•"rontenhausen, in Bavaria, in 1727. He lived many
'ears in Paris, and became professor of French at Leip-
iic in 1766. He made good French translations of many
German works, among which were Gessner's poems
and Winckelmann's "History of Ancient Art," (3 vols.,
781.) Died in 1804.
Sec QUBRARD, " La France Litte'raire-"
Huber, (PETER, or PIERRE,) son of Francis, noticed
jbove, published a " History of the Habits of Indigenous
Ants," " Observations on Drones," and other zoological
realises. Died in 1841.
See " Edinburgh Review" for July, 1812, and October, 1815.
Huber, (THERESE,) a German novelist, born at Got-
tingen in 1764, was a daughter of C. G. Heyne, the
philologist. She was married to John George Forster,
an eminent author, in 1784, and to Ludwig F. Huber
Inoticed above) in 1794. Died at Augsburg in 1829.
Huber, (VICTOR AIM£,) a historian and critic, son of
Louis Ferdinand, noticed above, was born at Stuttgart
in 1800. He popularized Spanish literature in Germany
by his "History of the Cid" (1829) and his "Sketches
of Spain," (4 vols., 1828-35.) For many years he was pro-
ressor at Marburg and Berlin. Died July 19, 1869.
Huber, hii'ber, [LaL. HUBE'RUS,] (ULRICH,) a Dutch
jurist, born at Dokkum in 1636. In 1665 he was chosen
professor of law at Franeker. He published many able
treatises on civil law, among which are "De Jure Civi-
tatis," (1672,) and " Praelectiones ad Pandectas," (1686.)
From the former Rousseau derived many of the ideas
or principles of his "Contrat Social." Died in 1694.
See VITBINGA, "Oratioin Eicessum U. Hubert," 1694: "Nou-
velle Biographic Ge'ne'rale;" JOCHBR, " Allgemehies Gelehrten-
Lexikon."
Hubert, /Sti'baiR', (FRANCOIS,) a French engraver,
born at Abbeville in 1744 ; died in 1809.
Hubert, (MATHIF.U.) an eloquent French preacher,
born near Mayenne in 1640. He taught belles-lettres in
various colleges, preached in Paris and the provinces,
and died in 1717. His Sermons were published in 5
vols., (1725.)
HubeniB. See HUBER. (ULRICH.)
Hub'ner, (EMIL,) a German philologist, a son of R.
J. B. Hubner, was born at Dusseldorf, July 7, 1834. He
edited many volumes of Latin inscriptions, and in 1863
was made professor of classical philology in the University
of Berlin. He published works on Roman literature, on
Latin grammar, on the " History of Classic Philology,"
(1876,) and on Greek syntax, (1883.)
Hubner or Huebner, hfip'ner, JOHANN,) a German
geographer and teacher, born at or near Zittau in 1668.
His " Questions on Ancient and Modern Geography"
(1693) was often reprinted. Died in I731-
Hubner, (KARL,) a German genre painter, born in
Konigsberg, June 14, 1814. In 1864 he became professor
of painting at Dusseldorf, where he died. December 5,
1879.
TINTORET. Died in 1748.
See NAGLBR, " AUgemeines Kunstler-Lexikon."
Huber, Au'baiR' or hoo'ber, (Louis FERDINAND,) a
distinguished litterateur, son of Michael, noticed below,
was born in Paris in 1764. In 1794 he married Theresa,
the widow of John George Forster and daughter of the
eminent philologist Heyne. He became in 1798 editor
of the "Allgemeine Zeitung" at Stuttgart. He wrote
eeveral dramas, and a collection of popular tales. Died
in 1804.
Huber, (MARIE,) a Swiss authoress and Protestant
theologian, remarkable for her peculiar religious views,
which appear to have been a mixture of rationalism and
mysticism, was born at Geneva in 1695. She wrote, be-
sides other religious and moral works, " Letters on the
Religion essential to Man, as distinguished from that
which is Conventional," (aceesseire, ) ( 1 738,) in which she
uses a very subtle dialectic, and "The Insane (or Foolish)
bKIMUl \JCIUl<lll U13H-MH,**! JJMll •- f - - •
in 1806, was a pupil of Schadow. He settled at Dresden
in 1839, and became a professor in the Academy of Arts
in that city in 1841. His works are admired for grace
of expression and beauty of colour. Among his master-
pieces are " Boaz and Ruth," " Christ and the Evan-
gelists," "The Golden Age," and "Felicity and Sleep.
Died November 7, 1882.
Hubner, von, ton hBp'ner, (JOSEPH ALEXANDER,)
an Austrian diplomatist, born in Vienna in 181 1, was
ambassador to the French court, and signed the treaty
of peace at the C ongress of Paris in 1 856. He publ ished
an excellent work on "Sixtus the Fifth," (1871,) and ' A
Journey around the World," (1873.) Died July 30, 1692-
Hub'sch or Huebsch, htSpsh, (HlINKICH.) a German
architect, born at Weinheim, Baden, in 1795 ; died 1863
Hue /Siik, (Abbe EVARISTE Rtcis,) a French Catho-
lic missionary and traveller, born at Toulouse in I
i, e, T, o, u, y, hng: a, e, A, same, less prolonged ; a, e, i, 6, u, ?, short; a, e, i, Q, obscurt; far, fill, fit; met;
it; goo.
HUCBALD
HUET
He went to China in 1839, learned the Chinese Ian
guage, and laboured as a missionary. About the ent
of 1845 he visited Lassa, the capital of Thibet, where h
was permitted to remain only a few weeks. Havinj
returned to France in 1852, he published his very curiou
and amusing "Travels in Tartary, Thibet, and China,1
(" Souvenirs d'un Voyage dans la Tartarie," etc., 2 vols.
1852,) which obtained a wide popularity, and was trans
lated into English by W. Hazlitt, Jr. He afterward
published "The Chinese Empire," (2 vols., 1854,) am
" Christianity in China, Tartary, and Thibet," (3 vols.
1857.) Died in 1860.
See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale ;" "Quarterly Review" fo
July, 1857 ; " Eraser's Magazine" for April, 1855.
Hucbald. See HUBALD.
Huch. See >EPINUS.
Huchtenburgh, van, vtn huK'ten-buRC/, written
also Hugtenburg, (JAKOB,) a skilful Dutch landscape
painter, born at Haarlem in 1639, was a pupil of Berg
hem. He went in his youth to Rome, where he worket
with success until his death, in 1669.
Huchtenburgh, Hugtenburg, or Huchtenburg,
van, (JAN,) an excellent Dutch painter, brother of the
Preceding, was born at Haarlem in 1646. He studied in
taly and Paris with Van der Meulen, acquired a high
reputation for battle-pieces, and was employed by Prince
Eugene to paint those actions in which he and Marl-
borough commanded. He was also a skilful engraver
Died in 1733.
See DESCAMPS, " V:e des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc
Hud'dart, (JOSEPH,) F.R.S., an English navigator
and hydrographer, born at Allonby in 1741, was for many
years a captain in the service of the East India Com-
pany. He was a skilful nautical surveyor, and published
some valuable charts. Died in 1816.
Hudde, hud'deh, (JAN,) born at Amsterdam about
1636, was councillor, treasurer, and burgomaster of his
native city. He was well versed in mathematics, on
which he wrote some able treatises Died in 1704.
See MONTUCLA, "Histoire des Mathe'matiques,"
Hud'des-fprd, (GEORGE,) a humorous English poet,
who lived about 1800. He wrote several burlesque
poems, which had some success, viz., " Topsy-Turvy,"
(1790,) "Salmagundi," (1793,) and "Imperial Mush
rooms," (1805.)
Huddesford or Hud'ders-ford, (WILLIAM,) D.D.,
an English antiquary, was principal of Trinity College,
Oxford, and wrote the Lives of Leland, Hearne, and
Anthony Wood. Died in 1772.
Huddleston, hud'dels-ton, (ROBERT,) a Scottish an-
tiquary, born in 1 776, published a new edition of Toland's
" History of the Druids," (1814.) Died in 1826.
Hfid'son, (FREDERIC,) an American journalist, born
at Quincy, Massachusetts, April 25, 1819. He was for
over thirty years employed on the "New York Herald,"
and published a useful " History of Journalism in the
United States." Died October 21, 1875.
Hfid'spn, (GEORGE,) an English " railway-king," born
in York in March, 1800. He was the great promoter of
railway construction in England, but finally lost his im-
mense fortune, and died a poor man in London, December
14, 1871.
Hud'spn, (HENRY or HENDRIK,) an eminent English
navigator, of whose early life nothing is known. In 1607
he commanded a vessel sent by some London merchants
to discover a direct route to India by way of the North
pole or Northern Ocean. Having advanced beyond 80°
north latitude, he was prevented by the ice from making
farther progress, and returned. He made several other
unsuccessful attempts in that direction. In the service of
the Dutch East India Company, he discovered in 1609
the river of New York which bears his name. He re-
newed the enterprise in April, 1610, and discovered and
explored Hudson Bay, in which he passed the winter
and suffered much for want of provisions. As he was
returning in 1611, his crew mutinied, and, forcing the
captain with eight men into a small boat, abandoned
them to their fate. They were never heard of afterwards.
A few of the mutineers returned to Ireland.
See PRBVOST, "Histoire ge'ne'rale des Voyages;" PURCHAS'S
Collection;" " Life of Henry Hudson," in SPARKS'S "American
Biography" • ,ol x.. (by H. R. CLBVELAND;) " Nouvelle Biognphw
Generate; J. M. READ, "Historical Inquiries concerning Henry
Hudson, 1866.
HQd'son, (HENRY NORMAN,) an Episcopal clergy-
man, born in Cornwall, Vermont, in 1814, published
"Lectures on Shakspeare," (2 vols., 1848,) and edited
the Works of Shakspeare, (u vols.) D. Jan. 16, 1886
Hudson, (JOHN,) D.D., a learned English critic, born
in Cumberland in 1662, was for many years a tutor in
Oxford University, and from 1701 until his death libra-
rian of the Bodleian Library. He published excellent
editions of Thucydides, Longinus, Josephus, "^Esop's
Fables," etc. Died in 1719.
Hudson, (THOMAS,) an English portrait-painter, born
in Devonshire in 1701. He was a pupil of Richardson,
after whose death he was the most fashionable or suc-
cessful artist in that line in London until he was sur-
passed by his own pupil, Joshua Reynolds, about 1754.
Among his works is a portrait of Handel. Died in 1779.
Hudson, (WILLIAM,) F.R.S., an eminent English bot-
anist, bom in Westmoreland in 1730, resided in London
as an apothecary. He was one of the first in England
that adopted the Linnjean system, and in 1762 published
an "English Flora," ("Flora Anglica,") which procured
him admission into the Royal Society. Died in 1793.
Hue, Au, (FRANgois,) born at Fontainebleau, France,
ln '757. became a valet to the dauphin. In the reign of
terror he served the royal family at the risk of his life,
and was imprisoned. He wrote " The Last Years of the
Reign and Life of Louis XVI.," (1806.) Died in 1819.
Huebner. See HUBNER.
Huebsch. See HUBSCH.
Hueffer, huffer, (FRANCIS,) a German-English author,
3orn in 1845. He was educated in London, Paris, Ber-
in, and Leipsic. He published in 1869 a critical edition
of the works of Guillaume de Cabestan ; also, "The
Studies," (1883,) etc Died January 19, 1889.
HuegeL See HUGEL.
Huel, /iii'SI', (JOSEPH NICOLAS,) a French philosopher,
>orn at Mattaincourt in 1690 ; died in 1769.
Huellmarm. See HULLMANN.
Huerta. See HORTO.
Huerta, de la, di la w^R'ta, (VINCENTE GARCIA,) a
mpular Spanish poet, born at Zafra in 1 729, was the leader
)f the national school of poetry, in opposition to the par-
isans of the French models. He produced in 1778 the
ragedy of " Rachel," (" Raquel,") which was performed
with great applause in Madrid and in Italy. He wrote
>ther poems, ("Obras poeticas," 2 vols., 1778,) and was
he editor of the " Spanish Theatre," (" Teatro Espanol,")
a selection from the best Spanish dramatists, with notes,
17 vols., 1788.) Died in 1797.
Huet, /4u'eV, (FRANCOIS,) a French author, born at
Villeau, December 26, 1814. He became a professor in
be University of Ghent, and tried to found a sect called
be "Neo-Catholic Church." He published books on
Cartesianism," "The Social Reign of Christianity,"
tc. Died at Paris, July I, 1869.
HueMu'eV, (PAUL,) a French landscape-painter, born
n Paris in 1804, gained medals of the first class in 1848
nd 1855. Died January 9, 1869.
Huet, (PIERREDANIEL,) an eminent French critic and
cholar, born at Caen in February, 1630, was educated
t Paris. In 1652, in company with Bochart, he visited
he court of Christina of Sweden, which then offered
are attractions to the learned ; but he soon returned to
Caen, and passed many years in various studies. He was
ppointed in 1670 sub-preceptor of the dauphin, and was
le principal editor of the well-known series of the Latin
lassies "ad usum Delphini," ("for the use of the dau-
hin.") In 1674 he became a member of the French
cademy, and in 1685 Bishop of Avranches. He wrote
umerous able critical and religious works, (in Latin and
Drench,) among which the best-known is his " Demon-
tratio Evangelica," (1679.) This was for a long time i
tandard work on the Evidences of Christianity. Died
n 1721.
Se« D'ALKMBERT, " filoge de Huet;" SAINT-MAURICE, " filoje
e a.-, *; c as s: g hard: g as/V G, H, ^guttural; N, natal; R, triUtd; s as z; th as in this. ( £^=See Explanations, p. 23. \
HUET
1326
HUGHES
Ac D Huet," 1850; HUET'S Autobiographic Memoirs, entitled
" Commentarius de Rebus ad eum pertinentibus," 1718, (translated
into English by JOHN AIKIN, 2 vols., 1810;) "Huetiana, Pans,
1722 : BRUCKBR, " History of Philosophy :" ABB* FLOTTBS, " Etude
sur Dauiel Huet," 1857 ; " Nouvelle Biographic Geuerale ; ' Quar-
terly Review" for August, 1810.
Huet de FroberviUe, /4u'i' deh fRo'beR'vel',
(CLAUDE JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French writer, born at
Komorantin in 1752 ; died in 1838.
Huette, /m'eV, (Louis,) a French optician, born at
Rennes in 1756; died in 1805.
Hufeland, hoo'feh-laiit', (CHRisropH WILHELM,) an
excellent German physician and medical writer, was
born at Langensalza (Prussian Saxony) in 1762. He
became professor at Jena in 1793, and afterwards phy-
sician to the King of Prussia. In 1809 he obtained the
chair of special pathology and therapeutics at Berlin.
He produced in 1796 a celebrated work on the "Art
of Prolonging Life," (" Makrobiotik, oder die Kunst
das menschliche Leben zu verlangern,") often reprinted
and translated. Among his other works are a "System
of Practical Medicine," (2 vols., 1800-05,) and "Enchiri-
dion Medicum," (1836; gth edition, 1851.) Died in 1836.
See F. L. AUGUSTIN, " Hufelands Leben und Wirken fur Wia-
senschaft, Staat und Menschheit," 1837; STOURDJA, " Hufeland,
tsquisse de sa Vie et de sa Mort," 1837.
Hufeland, (GOTTLIEB,) a German jurist, born at Dant-
zic in 1760, was professor of law at Halle, where he died
in 1817. He wrote a "Manual of the Law of Nature."
HiifhageL See HOEFNAEGEL.
Hug, hooc, (JoHANN LEONHARD,) a German Catholic
theologian, born at Constance in 1763. His "Intro-
duction to the Books of the New Testament" is highly
esteemed, and has been translated into French and Eng-
lish. Died in 1846.
Hugbald. See HUBALD.
Hiigel or Huegel, von, fon hxi'gel, (KARL ALEX-
ANDER ANSELM,) BARON, a German traveller and natu-
ralist, was born at Ratisbon in 1796. He performed a
scientific exploration of Greece, Egypt, India, and other
parts of Asia, about 1831-36, and brought home large
collections of objects of natural history, coins, etc. He
published "Cashmere and the Dominion of the Sikhs,"
(4 vols., 1842,) "The Basin of Cabool," ("Das Becken
von Kabul," 2 vols., 1852,) and other works. Died, 1870.
Hugeniua. See HUYGENS.
Huger, u'jee', (BENJAMIN,) an American general, born
at Charleston, South Carolina, about 1806, graduated at
West Point in 1825. He led a division of the army that
fought against the Union at Fair Oaks, May 31, and at
Malvern Hill, July I, 1862. Died in 1877.
Huger, (FRANCIS KINLOCK,) an officer, born in South
Carolina in 1764. He joined Dr. Eric Bollman in an
attempt to release La Fayette from the dungeon of
Olmutz ; but they failed, and were imprisoned. He served
as a colonel in the war of 1812. Died in 1855.
Huger, (ISAAC,) an uncle of the preceding, was born
about 1742. He served as a brigadier-general in the
Revolution, and rendered distinguished service at the
sieges of Savannah and Charleston. In the battle of
Guilford Court-House he commanded the right wing of
the American army. Died October 17, 1797.
Hug'gins, (Sir WILLIAM,) an English astronomer,
was born at London, February 7, 1824. lie is dis-
tinguished for his observations and discoveries made
with the spectroscope on the sun and stars. In 1876-
78 he was president of the Royal Astronomical So-
ciety, and of the British Association 1891-92.
Hugh, hu, [Fr. HUGUES, ^ug,J a French prelate, emi
nent for talents and piety, was chosen Archbishop of
Besanjon in 1031. Died in 1066.
Hugh (Huguea) L, Duke of Burgundy, was the son
of Henry, and grandson of Duke Robert, whom he suc-
ceeded in 1075. In 1078 he retired into a convent, resign
ing his dukedom to his brother Eudes. Died in 1093.
Hugh (Huguea) n., Duke of Burgundy, nephew of
the preceding, succeeded in 1 102 his father Eudes, who
went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Died in 1 142.
Hugh (Hugues) TTT,, Duke of Burgundy, succeeded
his father, Eudes II., in 1 162. About 1190 he followed
Philip Augustus of France in a crusade, and when that
ting turned back, Hugues took command of the French.
He died at Tyre in 1 192, and left his dukedom to his son,
Eudes III.
Hugh (Hugues) IV, son of Eudes III., born in 1212,
inherited the dukedom in I2l8. He died in 1272, and
was succeeded by his son Robert.
Hugh (Hugues) V., Duke of Burgundy, son of Robert
[I., inherited the title in 1308, and died prematurely in
1315, leaving the dukedom to his brother, Eudes IV.
Hugh (Hugues) DE CLUNY, (deh klii'ne',) a French
monk, born at Semur about 1024, became Abbot of Cluny
in 1048. He was consulted on important questions by
several kings and popes. Died in 1 109.
Hugh (Hugues) D'AMIENS, (dS'me^N',) a French
prelate and writer, reputed one of the most learned
theologians of his time, was chosen Archbishop of Rouen
in 1130. Died in 1164.
See "Gallia Christiana," tome ii.
Hugh (Hugues) DE FLAVIGNY, (deh flfven'ye',) a
French monk, born in 1065, was chosen Abbot of Fla-
vigny in 1097. He wrote the " Chronicle of Verdun,1'
which contains valuable historical data.
Hugh (Hugues) DE FLEURY (deh fluh're') or DE
SAINTE-MARIE, (deh saNt'mf re',) a French monk, who
was eminent for his knowledge. He asserted the divine
right of kings in an able treatise " On Royal Power and
Sacerdotal Dignity," and wrote a general History. Died
about 1125.
Hugh OF LINCOLN, (or of AVALON,) SAINT, was born
at Avalon, in Burgundy, about 1 135. He became a prior
of canons regular, but was so attracted by the severities
of the Grande Chartreuse that he entered that order, in
spite of his oath not to do so. Sent to England, he
founded Witham Abbey. In 1186 he was made Bishop
of Lincoln. Under Henry II., Richard I., and John,
Saint Hugh had great influence in public affairs. He
was a man of strong will, ardent piety, and ascetic life,
but of excellent judgment and kindly feelings. Died in
London, November 16, 1200.
Hugh OF PROVENCE, King of Italy, was a son of
Theobald, (or Thibault,) Count of Provence. Favoured
by the pope, John X., and by many Lombard chiefs,
he obtained the crown of Italy in 926 A.D., but was
expelled by Berenger in 947, and died the same year.
See ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."
Hugh (Hugues) DE SAINT-CHER, (deh siN'shaiR',)
a learned French monk and cardinal, was born near
Vienne. His most important work was a concordance
of the Bible, said to be the first ever compiled. He
used the Latin in this work. Died in 1263.
Hugh (Hugues) DE SAINT-VICTOR, (deh sJN'vek'-
ton',) a monk, born near Ypres, entered the monastery
of Saint-Victor, in Paris, in 1118. He wrote theological
works which had a high reputation. Died in 1140.
Hugh Capet. See CAPET.
Hugh the Great, [Fr. HUGUES LE GRAND, hug l?b
gRftN,] Duke of France and Count of Paris, a powerful
noble, was the son of Robert, Count of Paris, and the
father of Hugh Capet. He married a sister of Otho,
King of Germany, and waged war against Louis d'Outre-
Mer. Died in 956.
Hugh the Great, Count of Vermandois, third son
of Henry I., King of France, born in 1057, was noted for
chivalrous courage. He departed in 1096 on a crusade,
and distinguished himself at the siege of Antioch. He
was killed in battle in 1102.
See MICHAUD, " History of the Crusades."
Hughes, huz, (BALL,) a distinguished sculptor, was
born in London, January 19, 1804, and won a high repu-
tation there. In 1829 he removed to New York. Died
in Boston, March 5, 1868.
Hughes, (DAVID EDWARD,) an inventor, born at
London in 1831, and brought to the United States in
childhood. He became successively professor of
music and of natural philosophy, and is notable for
his invention of the printing telegraph, patented in
1855. In 1878 he invented the microphone. Another
invention was the induction balance. Died in 1900.
Hughes, (JOHN,) an English poet and essayist, bom
at Marlborough in 1677, was educated in London, where
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 5, u,y, short; a, e, \,(),otscurt; far, fall, fit; mdt; n&t; good; moon;
VICTOR Hl.'GO.
HUGHES
1327
HULIN
he mostly resided. He filled, besides other civil posts,
that of secretary to the commissioners of the peace.
His character and talents secured him the friendship of
Addison, Pope, and Congreve. He contributed nume-
rous well-written essays to the "Spectator," "Taller,"
and •* Guardian," and once had a fair reputation as a
poet. His best poem is "The Siege of Damascus," a
tragedy, which was first performed on the last night
of the author's life, and was very successful. He made
good translations from Fontenelle and Vertot. Swift
having classed him in the ranks of mediocrity, Fope
answered, " What he wanted in genius he made up as
an honest man." Addison had so good an opinion of
his ability that he requested him to write the fifth act of
" Cato," which, however, he declined. Died in 1720.
See JOHNSON, "Lives of the English Poets;" " Biographia Bri-
tannica."
Hughes, huz, (JoHN,) an eminent Roman Catholic
prelate, born in Ireland in 1798. He came to America
in 1817, and preached several years in Philadelphia. He
became Bishop of New York about 1840, and was raised
to the rank of archbishop in 1850. He published seve-
ral sermons and lectures. He was a man of great
ability, and was particularly distinguished for his skill
in dialectics. Died in 1864.
See JOHN R. G. HASSARD, " Life of John Hushes," 1866.
Hughes, (JoHN,) an English writer and artist, was
the father of Thomas Hughes, M.P. He published in
1822 an " Itinerary of Provence and the Rhone," (with
good etchings by himself,) which was praised by Sir
Walter Scott. He also wrote some poetical pieces.
Hughes, (THOMAS,) an English author, social econo-
mist, and barrister, born near Newbury, October 20, 1823.
He wrote " Tom Brown's School-Days at Rugby," (1856,)
"The Scouring of the White Horse," (1858,) "Tom
Brown at Oxford," (1861,) "Alfred the Great," (1869.)
"Our Old Church— What shall we do with It?" (1878,)
" Rugby," (1881,) " Vacation Rambles," (1895,) etc.
He was appointed a Queen's counsel in 1869. He
was a warm friend of the working-classes, and was
elected to Parliament by the Liberals in 1865 and
again in 1868. In 1880 he established a colony in
Tennessee, which was named Rugby. Died March
22, 1896.
Hughes, (THOMAS SMART,) an English historian,
graduated at Cambridge as M.A. in 1811. He became
prebendary of Peterborough in 1827, and rector of Hard-
wick in 1832. He wrote, besides other works, a " His-
tory of England from the Accession of George III. to
the Accession of Victoria, 1760-1837," (7 vols., 1836,) a
continuation of Hume and Smollett. Died in 1847.
Hugi, hoo'gee, (FRANZ JOSEPH,) a Swiss naturalist,
born at Grenchen in 1795. Among his works is a
"Treatise on Glaciers," (1842.) Died March 25, 1855.
Hugo, ^ii'go', (CHARLES Louis,) a French monk,
born at Saint-Mihiel in 1667, became Abbe1 of Estiva].
He wrote, besides other works, a " Life of Saint Nor-
bert," (1707,) and a "History of Moses," (1709.) Died
in 1739.
Hugo, (FRANCOIS VICTOR,) a son of Victor Marie,
noticed below, was born in Paris in 1828. He produced
» version of Shakspeare's Sonnets, (1857.) Died Decem-
oer 26, 1873.
Hugo, hoo'go, (GuSTAV,) a German jurist, distin-
guished for his profound knowledge of Roman law, was
born at Lorrach, in Baden, in 1764. He studied at
Gottingen, and became professor of law in that city in
1792. His principal work, a "Manual of a Course of
Civil Law," consisting of seven volumes, with different
titles, ranks among the standard productions of modern
jurisprudence. Died at Gottingen in 1844.
See H. EYSSENHARDT, "Zur Erinnerung an G. Hugo," 1845.
Hu'go, (HERMAN,) a learned Jesuit, born at Brussels
m 1588, became chaplain to General Spinola. He was
the author of a treatise on the invention of letters, "De
prima Scribendi Origine," (1617,) and a few other works.
Died in 1629.
Hugo, (J. ABEL,) a French litterateur, brother of
Victor Hugo, was born about 1798. Among his works
"e "Picturesque France," (3 vols., 1833,) and "Military
France," a history of the French armies from 1792 tc
'^33, (5 vols., 1834.) Died in 1855.
Hugo, (JOSEPH LEOPOLD SIGISBERT,) a French gen-
eral and count, born at Nancy in 1774. After serving
Joseph Bonaparte as marshal of the palace at Naples,
he fought for him in Spain as general of brigade from
1809 to 1813, gained several victories, and was raised to
the rank of general of division. In 1823 he published
"Memoirs of General Hugo." Died in 1828.
See JULES NOLLKT-FABERT, " Le GcWral J. L. S. Hugo," 8vo,
1853; "Nouvelle Biographic Ge"ne"rale."
Hugo.hii'go', (VICTOR MARIE,) VICOMTE, a celebrated
French lyric poet and novelist, a son of the preceding,
was born at Besan9on in 1802. His mother, Sophie
Trebuchet, was a Vendean royalist, with whose polit-
ical sentiments he sympathized in his youth. His first
poem, "On the Advantages of Study," (1817,) obtained
an honourable mention from the Academic Fran9aise.
He received prizes for several royalist odes in 1818, and
married Mdlle. Foucher in 1822. In the same year he
published the first volume of his "Odes and Ballads,"
which quickly raised him to the first rank among the
French poets of his time. He produced " Cromwell,"
a drama, (1827,) and a volume of odes, entitled "Les
Orientales," (1828,) remarkable for richness of imagina-
tion. The literati of France having ranged themselves
in two hostile schools, styled the Classic and the Ro-
mantic, Victor Hugo became the recognized chief of the
latter, formed mostly of young men. Of his dramas,
"Hernani" (first acted in 1830) and "Marion Delorme"
(1831) proved brilliant successes. Among his most suc-
cessful and popular works are "Notre Dame de Paris,"
a romance, (1831,) "Le Roi s'amuse," a drama, (1832,)
"Les Miserables," a novel, (1862,) "The Toilers of the
Sea," (1865,) and poems entitled "The Leaves of Au-
tumn," (" Les Feuilles d'Automne,") which, says a
French critic in the "Nouvelle Biographic Generate,"
"contain beauties of the first order." He was admitted
into the French Academy in 1841, and raised to the rank
of a peer in 1845. Hfi gave his cordial adhesion to the
republic of 1848, and was elected to the Constituent As-
sembly by the voters of Paris. He opposed Cavaignac,
and in 1849 joined the party of advanced democrats, of
whom he became a leader and distinguished orator. For
his opposition to the coup d'etat of December 2, 1851, he
was banished. He retired to the island of Guernsey, where
he resided until the fall of the empire, when he returned
to Paris. In 1871 he was elected to the National As-
sembly, but soon resigned his seat and went to Brussels.
He was expelled for his sympathy with the Communists
there, and again returned to Paris. During his exile he
published several works, among which are " Napoleon
the Little," (1852,) " Les Contemplations," poems, (1856,)
and "L'Homme qui rit," a romance, (1869,) translated
under the title of " By the King's Command." Among
his later works are "The Terrible Year," a poetical
record of scenes and incidents during the siege of Paris,
(1872,) "Ninety-Three," a romance, (1874,) "The Art
of being a Grandfather," (1877,) "The Pope," (1878,)
"Torquemada," (1882,) etc. Died May 22, 1885.
Hu-gp-li'nus, (or hoo-go-le'nus,) an Italian jurist and
legal writer, born at Bologna; died about 1233.
Hugtenburg. See HUCHTENBURGH.
Hugues Capet. See CAPET.
Huijgens. See HUYGENS.
HuUlard-BrehoUes, u-e'liR' bRi'ol', (J. I_ Ai
PHONSE,) a French antiquary, born in Paris in 1817,
published, with M. E. Ruelle, a " History of the Middle
Ages," (2 vols., 1843.) Died March 23, 1871.
Hulaku or Hulakoo. See HOOLAKOO.
Hulda. See HOLDA.
Huldericus. See HULDRICH.
Huldrich, hoolt'riK, [Lat HULDERI'CUS,] (JOHANN
JACOB,) a Swiss divine, born at Zurich in 1683, was a
professor of law in the university of that town. He
published a few religious works, and "Miscellanea Tigu-
rina," (3 vols., 1722.) Died in 1731.
Huliii or Hullin, ^ii'lax', (PIERRE AUGUSTIN,) a
French general, born in Paris in 1758. He became
general of brigade in 1804, commandant at Vienna in
1805, and in 1807 general of division. He had the chief
c as k; 5 as j; g hard; g as/; G, H, K.,pMural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as 2. th as in this.
xplanations, p. 23.)
HULL
1328
HUMBOLDT
command at Paris when the conspirator Malet made his
daring attempt in 1812, and was shot in the face by
Malet. He was banished in 1815. Died in 1841.
Hull, (EDWARD,) a geologist, born in Antrim, Ireland,
in 1829, published " Physical Geology and Geography
of Ireland," "Volcanoes, Past and Present," (1892,)
" Our Coal Resources at the Close of the Nineteenth
Century," (1897,) etc.
Hull, (ISAAC,) an American commodore, born in
Derby, Connecticut, in 1775. He distinguished himself
in the war with Tripoli, (1804-5,) was promoted to the
rank of captain in 1806, and at the commencement of the
war of 1812 was in command of the frigate Constitution.
In July of the same year, while cruising off New York,
he fell in with a British squadron, which pursued him in
hot chase for three days and nights, but which, by his
skill in seamanship, he managed to escape. On August
19 following, he captured, after a close action of thirty
minutes, the British frigate Guerriere, Captain Dacres,
with the loss of only fourteen in killed and wounded,
while that of the Guerriere was seventy-nine. This was
the first naval action after the declaration of war ; and
in acknowledgment of Captain Hull's distinguished ser-
vices Congress presented him with a gold medal. He
subsequently commanded the United States squadron
in the Pacific and in the Mediterranean. Died in Phila-
delphia in 1843.
Hull, (THOMAS,) an English actor and poet, born in
London in 1728, composed and altered numerous plays.
His most popular poem is "Richard Plantagenet,' a
legendary tale, (1774.) Died in 1808.
Hull, (WILLIAM,) an officer in the American Revolu-
rion, born in Derby, Connecticut, in 1753. He joined
the Revolutionary army at Cambridge at the head of a
company of volunteers in 1775. He took part in many
of the battles of the war, and for his gallant services in
conducting the expedition against Morrisiana he was
honoured with a vote of thanks by Congress. After the
war he became a major-general in the Massachusetts
militia, and in 1805 was appointed by Jefferson Governor
of the Territory of Michigan. On the breaking out of
the second war with Great Britain, in 1812, he was ap-
pointed to the command of the Northwestern army ; and
in August of the same year he surrendered with 2000
troops to the British under General Brock, at Detroit
For this act he was tried by court-martial, in 1814, and
sentenced to be shot President Madison approved the
sentence, but remitted its execution in consideration of
General Hull's age and services in the Revolution. He
published a defence of himself before the court-martial,
(1814.) Died in 1825.
Hullah, (JOHN PYKE,) an English composer and
popular teacher of music, was born in 1812. He com-
posed the music of Dickens's comic opera " The Vil-
lage Coquettes," (1836.) About 1840 he introduced a
new system of instruction in vocal music, which was
very successful. He was professor of vocal music in
King's College, London, from 1844 tc 1874. Died 1884.
Hullin. See HULIN.
Hfill'man'del, (CHARLES JOSEPH,) an excellent lith-
ographer, born in London in 1789. He made several
improvements in the art of lithography, and invented
the process of lithotint He published, in 1824, "The
Art of Drawing on Stone." Died in 1850.
Hullmarm or Huellmann, huVman, (KARL DIE-
TRICH,) a German historian and antiquary, born at Erde-
born in 1765, became a professor at Bonn. He published,
besides other works, a " History of the Origin of Ranks
or Orders (Stdndt) in Germany," (3 vols., 1808,) and a
" History of the Commerce of the Greeks," (1839.)
Died in 1846.
Hulls, (JONATHAN,) an English mechanician and in-
ventor, obtained in 1736 a patent for a "machine for
carrying ships out of, or into, any harbour against wind
and tide." This machine was to be moved by steam-
power, but failed because he did not use the proper
means to transfer the motion from the piston to the
axle.
Hulme, (F. EDWARD,) an art writer, born at
Hanley, in Staffordshire, in 1841. He became a pro-
fessor of drawing at King's College, London, and
Birth and Development of Ornament," (1893,) etc.
Hulot, /Sii'lo', (HENRI,) a French lawyer, born in
Paris in 1732, translated into French fifty books of Jus-
tinian's Pandects, (7 vols., 1803.) Died in 1775.
Hulse, hulss, (Rev. JOHN,) born at Middlewich, Eng-
land, in 1708, founded the Hulsean Lecture of the Uni-
versity of Cambridge, in which he had graduated. Died
in 1790.
Hulaemann, ho61'seh-man',(JOHANN,) a learned Ger-
man Lutheran divine, born at Essen in 1602, was professor
of divinity at Leipsic. Died in 1661.
Hulaius, hul'se-us, (ANTOON,) a Protestant scholar
and theologian, born in 1615, became professor of divinity
and Oriental languages at Leyden. Died in 1685.
Hulsius, (HENDRIK,) a theological writer, son of the
preceding, was born at Breda in 1654; died in 1723.
Hulst, van der, vtn der hulst, (PlETER,) a Dutch
painter, born at Dort in 1652, was successful in painting
flowers, fruits, etc. He studied or worked in Rome.
Died in 1708.
Hultsch, hSolch, (FRIEDRICH OTTO,) a German
Died in Phila- \ scholar, born at Dresden, July 22, 1833. He was edu-
cated at Leipsic. His chief work is " Greek and Roman
Metrology," (1862.) He also published critical editions
of several Greek authors, chiefly mathematical. His
edition of Pappus is of special importance, since more
than half of the text had never before been edited.
Hultz, hdolts, (JoHANN,) a German architect, of whom
; little is known. The completion of the great tower of
the cathedral of Cologne is ascribed to him. It was
finished in the first half of the fifteenth century.
Humann, /m'man', (JEAN GEORGES,) a French finan
cier, born at Strasburg in 1780, became minister of
finance in 1832 ; died in 1842.
Humayun. See HOOMAYOON.
Hum'bert I., (in Italian, TJmberto, oom-beR'to,)
King of Italy, was born March 14, 1844. He was the
son of King Victor Emmanuel and of Queen Adelaide
of Austria. At the battle of Custozza, in 1866, he acted
as a lieutenant-general. In 1868 he was married to his
cousin-german, Maria Margaret of Savoy, and in 1878
! became king. Though popular as a sovereign, he
was assassinated by an anarchist, July 29, 1900. He
was succeeded by his son, Victor Emmanuel III.
Humt>? rt, CARDINAL, an eminent French Benedic
tine monk, born in Burgundy ; died about 1063.
Humbert, /fcuN'baiR', (JEAN,) a Swiss Orientalist,
born at Geneva in 1792, published, besides other works,
an "Arabian Anthology," with French versions, (1819.)
Died in 1851.
Humbert, (JOSEPH AMAULE,) a French general, bom
of humble parents at Rouvray, in Lorraine, about 1760.
Having a fine figure, a pleasing address, and great au-
dacity, he was rapidly promoted, and in 1795, as general
i of brigade, served under Hoche against the Vendean
royalists. In 1798, as general of division, he commanded
the army of about 1500 men which invaded Ireland,
where, after gaining a victory over General Lake, he was
forced to surrender to Lord Cornwallis. In 1802 he was
employed in the expedition to Hayti under Leclerc, at
whose death he returned to France in company with
Pauline, the widow of Leclerc, and sister of Bonaparte.
By aspiring to her hand he offended the First Consul.
He consulted his safety by emigrating to the United
States, where he lived in obscurity. Died -.t New Or-
leans in 1823.
See THIKRS, "History of the French Revolution;" " Nouvelle
Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Humboldt, hum'bolt, von, [Ger. pron. fon hoom'-
bolt,] (FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER,) BARON, au
illustrious German savant and traveller, born :i Berlin
on the I4th of September, 1769. He was a son of Major
von Humboldt, who served as adjutant or aide-de-ramp
to the Duke of Brunswick in the Seven Years' war. In
1786 he entered the University of Frankfort-on-;he-Oder,
where he studied natural science and political economy.
a, e, T, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; not; good; moon;
HUMBOLDT
1329
HUMBOLDT
He hecame a pupil of Heyne, Blumenbach, and Eich-
horn, at Gottingen, in 1788. In 1790 he travelled in
France, Holland, and England, and published a treatise
"On the Basalts of the Rhine." He studied mineralogy
under Werner at Freiberg in 1791, and was appointed
director-general of the mines of Anspach and Baireuth
in 1792. He published in 1792 a work on subterranean
plants, " Specimen Florae subterraneae Fribergensis." At
an early age he cherished a passion to visit far-distant and
unexplored regions of the globe. With this view he re-
signed his office about 1 796, and passed some time at Jena,
where he formed friendships with Goethe and Schiller.
His reputation way extended by a treatise " On the Irri-
tability of Muscles and Nervous Fibres," (1797.) Several
o>f his projects for undertaking a voyage of discovery
were frustrated by the wars that followed the French
Revolution. At length, in June, 1799, he joined Aime
Bonpland in a voyage to South America. They spent
about four years in the exploration of the northern
part of South America, especially those portions which
are drained by the Oronoco and the Rio Negro. They
ascended the Magdalena as far as they could by water,
and penetrated by land to Quito. In June, 1802, they
ascended Chimborazo to a point nineteen thousand feet
or more above the level of the sea, the highest point of
the Andes ewr reached by man. They passed nearly a
year in the exploration of Mexico, visited the United
States, and returned to Europe in July, 1804, with rich
collections of plants, animals, and minerals. Humboldt
became a resident of Paris, where he remained about
twenty years, the greater part of which he spent in digest-
ing and publishing the results of his observations. In
this task he was assisted by Bonpland, Cuvier, Olrmanns,
Arago, Kunth, and others. Between 1807 and 1817 they
published, in French, a "Journey to the Equinoctial
Regions of the New Continent," (3 vols.,) "Astronomical
Observations and Measurements by the Barometer," (2
vols., 1808-10,) a "View of the Cordilleras, and Monu-
ments of the Indigenous Peoples of America," (1810,) a
" Collection of Observations on Zoology and Compara-
tive Anatomy," (2 vols.,) a " Political Essay on the
Kingdom of New Spain," (2 vols., l8n,) and "General
Physics and Geology." He made an important con-
tribution to botanical geography by his Latin work " On
the Geographical Distribution of Plants according to
the Temperature and Altitude," (1817.) His botanical
collections were classed and described by S. Kunth in a
work entitled " Nova Genera et Species Plantarum quas
in Peregrinatione ad Plagam aequinoctialem Orbis novi
collegerunt A. Bonpland et A. de Humboldt," (7 vols.,
1815-25.) An English translation of his " Personal Nar-
rative of Travels" was made by Helen Maria Williams,
(5 vols., 1814-21.) In 1810 he was chosen a member of
(he French Institute in place of Cavendish. He removed
to Berlin in 1826, and received, with the title of coun-
cillor, many marks of royal favour. At the request of
Nicholas, Emperor of Russia, and at his expense, Hum-
boldt, Ehrenberg, and Rose made in 1829 a scientific
exploration of Asiatic Russia. Among the results of this
extensive expedition was an excellent work by Hum-
boldt, entitled " Central Asia : Researches on the Chains
of Mountains and the Comparative Climatology," (3
vols., 1843.) He was sent to Paris on several political
missions by the King of Prussia between 1830 and 1848.
He published a" Critical Examination of the Geography
of the New Continent," (5 vols., 1835-38.) When he
was more than seventy-four years old, he composed his
celebrated work entitled " Kosmos ; Entwurf einer phy-
sischen WcHbeschreibung," (" Cosmos ; Essay of a Phys-
ical Description of the Universe,") the first volume of
which appeared in 1845, and the fourth in 1858. "The
first volume," says the author, "contains a general view
of nature, from the remotest nebulae and revolving
double stars to the terrestrial phenomena of the geo-
graphical distribution of plants, of animals, and of races
of men, — preceded by some preliminary considerations
on the different degrees of enjoyment offered by the
study of nature and the knowledge of her laws, and or
the limits and method of a scientific exposition of the
physical description of the universe." "The author of
.the remarkable book before us," says the "Edinburgh
« as k : <; as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, Y.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
84
Review" for January, 1848, "is assuredly the person 11
all Europe best fitted to undertake and accomplish such
a work. Science has produced no man of more rich and
varied attainments, more versatile in genius, more inde-
fatigable in application to all kinds of learning, more
energetic in action, or more ardent in inquiry, and, we
may add, more entirely devoted to her cause in every
period of a long life. At every epoch of that life, from
a comparatively early age, he has been constantly before
the public, realizing the ideal conception of a perfect
traveller ; a character which calls for almost as great a
variety of excellences as these which go to realize Cicero's
idea of a perfect orator. . . . Above all things is neces-
sary :, genial and kindly temperament, which excites no
enmities, but, on the contrary, finds or makes friends
everywhere. No man in the ranks of science is more
distinguished for this last characteristic than Baron von
Humboldt. We believe that he has not an enemy."
The " Kosmos" has been translated into French by H.
Faye and Ch. Galusky, (1848-57,) and into English by
Mrs. Sabine. He received from the French government
the title of grand officer of the legion of honour, and
was a member of all the principal Academies of the
world. Among his other works is "Aspects of Nature,"
("Ansichten der Natur," 1808; 3d edition, 2 vols., 1849.)
He died in Berlin, May 6, 1859, in his ninetieth year.
See JULIETTE BAUER, " Lives of the Brothers Humboldt," Lon-
don, 1852: H. KLENCKB or KLETKK, "A. von Humboldt; ein oio-
graphisches Denkmal," 1853 ; Review of the " Kosmos" in the " Lon-
don Quarterly Review," vol. batvii. ; R. H. STODDARD, " Life of
Alexander von Humboldt," New York, 1859: AGASSII, "Eulogy on
Humboldt" in the "Living Age" for October J, 1869; PRUVS VAJ1
DER HOBVEN, " A- von Humboldt, Interpres Naturae," 1845 ; " Quar-
terly Review" for January and July, 1816, October, 1817, April, 1819,
July, 1821, December, 1845, and January, 1854 ; " Edinburgh Re-
view" for June, 1815 ; " Eraser's Magazine" for February, 1848.
Humboldt, von, (KARL WILHELM,) BARON, a cele-
brated German philologist and statesman, born at Pots-
dam on the 22d of June, 1767, was a brother of the
preceding. His early education was directed by Joachim
Campe, a distinguished philanthropist. About 1788 he
entered the University of Gottingen, where he studied
philology under G. Heyne. Among the intimate friends
of his youth was George Forster, the traveller. In July,
1789, he visited Paris, and hailed with enthusiasm the
advent of the new regime. He afterwards studied at
Jena, and there formed an intimate and lasting friendship
with the poet Schiller, who encouraged and directed him
in his literary pursuits. Humboldt became also the friend
and literary counsellor of Goethe. About 1791 he mar-
ried Caroline von Dachenroden. Among his early works
was an excellent " Essay on the Greeks," (1792.) In 1799
he produced an admirable critical essay on Goethe's
" Hermann and Dorothea," which established his repu-
tation as a critic. He was appointed minister to Rome
by the King of Prussia about 1802, and soon after that
date produced a poem entitled " Rome," (" Rom.") He
returned to Prussia in 1808, and was appointed minister
of public instruction about the end of that year. lie
took a prominent part in the foundation of the University
of Berlin. About iSiohe resigned his office, and was sent
as ambassador to Vienna. While thus employed in the
public service, he devoted his leisure time to the study of
languages, in many of which he was profoundly versed.
He acquired distinction as a diplomatist, and induced
Austria to join the coalition against Napoleon in August,
1813. He represented Prussia at the Conference of
Chatillon and the Congress of Vienna, 1814. Talley-
rand's opinion of him is said to have been expressed in
these words : " Europe does not possess three statesmen
of such power," ("L'Europe n'a pas trois hommes d'e"tat
de cette force.") He was sent as ambassador to London
about 1816, and was appointed minister and privy coun-
cillor at Berlin in 1819. He advocated a liberal constitu
tion, and, when he found that the king was determined to
adopt a reactionary policy, he resigned his office about
the end of 1819, after which he took no part in political
affairs. He composed numerous poems, the most of
which remained in manuscript until his death, and many
treatises on language, philology, etc. Among his prin-
cipal works are an " Essay on the New French Consti-
tution," (1792,) a metrical translation of the "Agamem-
non" of jEschylus, (1816,) which is highly commended,
ee Explanations, p. 23. ^
HUME
133°
HUME
" Researches on the Aborigines of Spain by Means of
the Basque Language," (1821,) and a " Memoir on Com-
parative Linguistic." He was one of the greatest philoso-
phers and critics of his time, and has been called the
creator of comparative philology. The interesting corre-
spondence between Schiller and Wilhelm von Humboldt
was published in 1830. In the latter part of his life he
devoted his attention to the study of the languages of
barbarous tribes of America and Asia. He died at
Tegel, near Berlin, April 8, 1835, leaving unfinished an
extensive and excellent work, entitled "On the Kawi
Language in the Island of Java," (" Ueber die Kawi
Sprache auf der Insel Java,") which was published in
1836. His works were collected and edited by his
brother Alexander, under the title of " Wilhelm von
Humboldts Gesammelte Werke," (4 vols., 1841-52.)
See GUSTAV SCHLBSIER, " Wiihelm von Humboldts Leben;'
KLENCKB, "W. von Humboldts Leben," (translated into English
by JULIBTTB BAUER in 1852;) SCHLBSIER, " Erinnerungen an Wil-
helm von Humboldt," 2 vols., 1843-45; ROBERT HAYM, "Wilhelm
von Humboldt Lebensbild und Charakteristik," 1856 : " Foreign
Quarterly Review" for January, 1842; "Quarterly Review" for
April, 1868.
Hume, (Rev. ABRAHAM,) an English antiquary, born
about 1815. He became incumbent of a parish in Liver-
pool about 1846, and distinguished himself as a promoler
of education. He wrote, besides other works, "The
Learned Societies and Printing-Clubs of the United
Kingdom," (1847.) Died in 1884.
Hume, (ALEXANDER,) a Scottish poet and minister,
born about 1560, preached at Logie. He published a
volume of " Hymns or Sacred Songs," which were ad-
mired, especially the " Day Estival." Died in 1609.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Hume or Home, (DAVID,) of Godscroft, a Scottish
minister and writer, supposed to have been born about
1560. He preached some years in France. He wrote
some Latin poems, " Apologia Basilica," (" Apology or
Defence of the King," 1626.) and "The History of the
House and Race of Douglas and Angus," (1644.)
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen.
Hume, (DAVID,) an eminent English historian and
philosopher, born in Edinburgh on the 26th of April,
1711. He was a younger son of Joseph Hume or Home,
who, though related to the Earl of Home, was not
wealthy. In his Autobiography he says, " My studious
disposition, my sobriety, and my industry gave my family
a notion that the law was a proper profession for me ;
but I found an insurmountable aversion to everything
but the pursuits of philosophy and general learning ;
and, while they fancied I was poring upon Voet and
Vinnius, Cicero and Virgil were the authors which I
was secretly devouring." For the sake of economy, he
went to France in 1734 or 1735, and spent about two years
at Rheims and La Fleche, where he wrote his " Treatise
on Human Nature." This was published in London in
1738, but was treated with discouraging neglect He
says himself, " It fell from the press without reaching
such distinction as even to excite a murmur among the
zealots." Mackintosh calls this work " the first systematic
attack on all the principles of knowledge and belief, and
the most formidable, if universal skepticism could ever
be more than a mere exercise of ingenuity." He passed
several ensuing years in Scotland in his favourite studies,
and issued in 1742 the first part of his "Essays, Moral,
Political, and Literary," which was moderately successful.
These contain new, ingenious, and suggestive ideas on
commerce, political economy, and other subjects.
In 1746 he was appointee secretary to General Saint
Clair, with whom he passed two years on the continent
Returning to his brother's residence in Scotland, he
The latter of these was received with favour abroad and
at home, while the other was scarcely noticed. About
this time he commenced his most celebrated work, the
" History of England," the first volume of which (com-
prising the reigns of James I. and Charles I.) was pub-
lished in 1754. He describes its reception in these
terms: "I was assailed by one cry of reproach, disap-
probation, and even detestation : English, Scotch, and
Irish, Whig and Tory, churchman and sectary, free-
thinker and religionist, patriot and courtier, united their
rage against the man who had presumed to shed a gene-
rous tear for the fate of Charles I. and the Earl of Straf-
ford ; and after the first ebullitions of their fury were
over, what was still more mortifying, the book seemed
to sink into oblivion. Mr. Millar told me that in a
twelvemonth he sold only forty-five copies of it." The
subsequent volumes, however, were better appreciated,
and the whole work became very popular and raised
the author to affluence. The last volume was published
in 1761. His style is generally admired, as graceful,
natural, and perspicuous. But the value of his history
is materially lessened by his partiality and inaccuracy.
He was, as a skeptic, prejudiced against religion, and
in civil government was inclined to favour prerogative.
He is not profoundly versed in the philosophy of history,
or in the progressive development of the British con-
stitution. " He was far too indolent," says Alison, " tc
acquire the vast stores of facts indispensable for correct
generalization on the varied theatre of human affairs."
Macaulay compares him to "an accomplished advocate,
whose insidious candour only increases the effect of his
vast mass of sophistry."
Respecting his merits as a political economist, Lord
Brougham says, " Of the ' Political Discourses' it would
be difficult to speak in terms of too great commendation.
They combine almost every excellence which can belong
The great merit, however, of
originality." In 1763 Hurae
accepted the office of secretary to the Earl of Hertford,
ambassador to Paris, and having returned in 1766, much
delighted by the caresses of the Parisians, he was em-
ployed two years as under-secretary of state. In 1769 he
retired from office, and, with an income of j£ioooa year,
took up his residence in Edinburgh, where he died in Au-
gust, 1776. Besides the works above named, he wrote the
"Natural History of Religion," (1755,) and "Dialogues
concerning Natural Religion," (1783.) He was never
married. His personal character appears to have been
amiable and respectable on the score of morality. " The
Life of Mr. Hume, "says Mackintosh, "written by himself,
is remarkable above most, if not all, writings of that sort
for hitting the degree of interest between coldness and
egotism which becomes a modest man in speaking of
his private history. Few writers, whose opinions were
so obnoxious, have more perfectly escaped every per-
sonal imputation."
See HUMB'S "Autobiography," 1777; DAVID DALRYMPLB, " Life
of D. Hume," 1787 ; JOHN HILL BURTON, "Life and Correspond-
ence of D. Hume," 2 vols., 1846; T. E. RITCHIE, "Account of the
Life and Writings of D. Hume," 1807 ; MACKINTOSH, " Progress of
Ethical Philosophy," I vol. 8vo; BRENNER, "Das Genie des Herrn
Hume," etc, 1774; BROUGHAM, " Lives of Men of Letters of the
Time of George HI."
Hume, (DAVID,) an able Scottish lawyer, born in
1756, was a nephew of the preceding. He was professor
of Scottish law in the University of Edinburgh, and a
jaron of the court of exchequer. He wrote a valuable
legal text-book, entitled " Commentaries on the Law of
Scotland respecting the Description and Punishment of
Crimes," (1797.) Died in 1838.
Hume, (FERGUS,) an English novelist, born in
1896,) etc.
Hume, (GRIZEL.) See BAILLIE.
Hume, (HUGH CAMPBELL,) third Earl of Marchmont
x>m in 1708, was a grandson of Patrick, the first Earl.
He acted a prominent part in Parliament as an opponent
of Walpole, and was keeper of the great seal of Scot-
"and from 1764 to 1794. Died in 1794, without male
ssue.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Hume, (JAMES DEACON,) an English financier, born
at Newington in 1774, obtained in 1790 a clerkship in the
London custom-house. Having given proof of ability
and energy in responsible positions, he was employed
in 1823 in the arduous task of simplifying and reducing
to order the multitude of discordant statutes by which
the transactions of the custom-house were complicated
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, 4, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fall, fat; met; not; good; moon;
HUME
HUND
and perplexed. For this important service he received
from government a present cf five thousand pounds, and
in 1829 he was appointed assistant secretary of the board
of trade. He resigned in 1840, and died in 1842.
Hume, (JOSEPH,) M.P., a British statesman of the
Radical partv, was born at Montrose, Scotland, in 1777.
Having studied surgery, he entered as surgeon the ser-
vice of the East India Company in 1797. He learned
the native languages of India, and, by combining the
functions of interpreter and paymaster with those of
army-surgeon, he acquired a handsome competence, and
returned home in 1808. By a careful study of the na-
tional resources and the condition of the people, he pre-
pared himself for the task of a legislator and reformer,
and entered Parliament in 1812. From 1818 to 1830 he
represented Montrose in Parliament, where he gained
great distinction by his industry and independence and
by his important services to the working-classes. He
was for many years pre-eminent in the House as a finan-
cial reformer and a sturdy opponent of monopolies and
high taxes. He declined political preferment on several
occasions, and continued to serve in the House of Com-
mons until his death, in 1855.
Hume, (MARTIN ANDREW,) an English historical
writer, born at London in 1847. He has published
"Chronicle of Henry VIII.," (1889,) "Courtships
of Queen Elizabeth," (1896,) "Spain: its Greatness
and Decay," (1898,) etc., and edited the "Calendar
of Spanish State Papers."
Hume, (Sir PATRICK,) Earl of Marchmont, a
Scottish patriot, was born in 1641. He was perse-
cuted in the reign of Charles II., and escaped to
Holland in 1684. Having returned in 1688, he was
made lord chancellor in 1696, and Earl of March-
mont. Died in 1724.
Hume, (PATRICK,) a Scottish critic, who taught school
in London. He published in 1695 " Annotations on Mil-
ton's Paradise Lost," which was the first attempt to
illustrate that author, and was commended by Bishop
Newtcn. His critical labours have been appropriated
by later commentators. According to "Biackwood's
Magazine," Hume is "the father of that style of com-
parative criticism which has been so much employed
during these later days in illustrating the works of our
great poet."
Humerus, hoo'ml-roos, (?) (LARS JOHANSSON,) a
Swedish poet, known as " Lucidor the Unfortunate,"
born in Stockholm about 1642. He was educated at
Upsala, where in 1668 he became a professor, but in 1669
he went to Stockholm and wrote verse for his living.
He was murdered August 13, 1674, "The Flowers of
Helicon" (" Helicons Blomster") is considered his poet-
ical monument, but his hymns are his best work. With
great faults of taste and style, he was by far the best
Swedish writer of his times. He is called " Lars Jo-
hansson" in many bibliographies.
Humes, humz, (THOMAS WILLIAM,) D.D., an Amer-
ican educator, born at Knoxville, Tennessee, April 22,
1815. He graduated at East Tennessee College in 1836,
held an Episcopalian rectorship, 1846-61, was president
of East Tennessee University, 1865-79, and of the Uni-
versity of Tennessee, 1879-83. Died January 16, 1892.
Humieres, d1, dii'me-aiR', (Louis de Crevant —
deh kReh-voN',) Due, a French general and courtier of
Louis XIV., was created marshal in 1668, and com-
manded the right wing at the victory of Cassel, in 1677.
He commanded the army in Flanders which was de-
feated by Waldeck in 1689. Died in 1694.
Hummel, hoom'mel, (joaANN ERDMANN,) a German
painter, born at Cassel about 1770. He worked in Ber-
lin, and became in 1809 professor of perspective, etc. in
the Royal Academy of that city. Died in 1827.
Hummel, hoom'mel, (JOHANN NEPOMUK,) an excel-
lent composer and pianist, born at Presburg, Hungary,
in 1778. About the age of eight he became a pupil of
Mozart in Vienna, and at the age of sixteen he was ac-
counted one of the rr.ost skilful performers in Germany.
He entered the service of Prince Esterhazy in 1803, and
became chapel-master to the King of Wurtemberg in
1816. He was chapel-master to the Duke of Weimar
from 1818 until his death, during which period he
performed with applause in London, Paris, and Saint
Petersburg. Among his best works are concertos and
sonatas for the piano. Died in 1837.
Sec Fins, " Biographic Universelle des Musiciens ;" " Nouvelle
Biographic Ge"nerale."
Hummelius, hoom-ma'le-us, or Hummel, (JOHANN,)
a German mathematician, born at Memmingen in 1518,
was professor at Leipsic. Died in 1562.
Hum'perdinck. (ENGELEERT,) a musical com-
poser, born at Siegberg, near Bonn, in 1854. His
musical fairy play, " Hansel und Gretel," (1893,)
was phenomenally successful. It was followed by
" Schneewittchen," "Die Lieben Geislein," etc.
Humphrey, hum'fre,* (HEMAN,) D.D., an American
divine, born in Simsbury, Connecticut, in 1779. He
graduated at Yale in 1805. He was six years minister
in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He became president of
Amherst College in 1823, and was succeeded in that
office by Dr. Edward Hitchcock in 1845, when he re-
moved to Pittsfield. He wrote several valuable works,
among which are a "Tour in France, Great Britain, and
Belgium," (2 vols., 1838,) " Domestic Education," (1840,)
and " Letters to a Son in the Ministry," (1845.) Died
in 1859.
Humphrey, hum'fre, (LAWLENCE,) an English Cal-
irinistic divine, born at Newport-Pagnel about 1527.
In 1555 he retired to Zurich to escape persecution, and
returned after the death of Queen Mary. He becime
professor of divinity in Oxford in 1560, and Dean of
Winchester in 1580. He published several able theo-
logical works. Died about 1590.
Humphreys, hum'frez,* (ANDREW A.,) an American
general, born at Philadelphia in 1810, graduated at West
Point in 1837. He served against the Seminole Indians
in Florida, and subsequently in the engineer department
of the army, and on the coast survey and the hydro-
graphic survey of the delta of the Mississippi. During
the civil war he held important positions in the Union
army, commanded a division at the battle of Gettysburg,
July 1-3, 1863, and a corps in the battles near Petersburg
in 1865. In 1866 he was appointed chief of engineers of
the army. Retired June 30, 1879 ; died Dec. 27, 1883.
Humphreys, (DAVID,) an American poet, born in
Derby, Connecticut, in 1753. He entered the army
about 1776, and became in 1780 a colonel and aide-de-
camp to General Washington. In 1784 he went to
Europe with Jefferson, as secretary of legation. He
a'ded Barlow and other poets in " The Anarchiad," and
wrote other works, among which are a " Poem on the
Happiness of America," and an " Address to the Armies
of the United States," (1772.) He was sent as ministei
to Portugal in 1790, and to Spain in 1797. Died in 1818.
See GRIS^VVOLD, "Poets and Poetry of America;" DUVCKINCK,
" Cyclopaedia of American Literature," vol. i. ; " National Portrait-
Gallery of Distinguished Americans." vol. ii.
Humphieys, hum'frez, (HENRY NOEL,) a British
antiquary and numismatist, born at Birmingham in 1810.
He published "The Coins of England," (1847,) "Ten
Centuries of Art," (1851,) etc. Died June 13, l&g.
Humphreys, (JAMES,) an eminent lawyer and juridi-
cal writer, born in Montgomeryshire, Wales. He pub-
lished a valuable work on "English Laws of Real
Property," (1820.) Died in 1830.
Humphreys or Humphrey, (PELHAM,) an English
composer and musician, born in 1647. He composed
anthems and songs. Died in 1674.
Hunauld, ^ii'no', (FRANjcis JOSEPH,) a learned
French physician, born at Chateaubriant in 1701, resided
in Paris. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences,
and a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1730
he became professor of anatomy in the Jardin des Plantes.
He wrote dissertations on osteology, etc. Died in 1742-
See QuiRARD, " La France Litte'raire."
Hund, hoont, (WiGUL^EUS,) a German genealogist
* This name is pronounced differently in different parts of th»
United States : some families writing their names HUMPHREY or
HUMPHREYS always omit the initial h in pronunciation.
liislcr LU II1C JVIH^ Ol vv UI Lemuel g HI nUMrtinnra ctiw<iy:> uuiik me luiiioi n
\rd; gasro, H, K.,gufforal; N, nasal; R,trilltd; sasz; thasinMw. (J^=See Explanations, p. 23.'
; 9as.r;
HUNDESHA GEN
HUNT
born in 1514, became aulic councillor at Munich in 1540.
Died in 1588.
See J. T. K8HLER, " Leben und Schriften Hunds," 1750.
Hundeshagen, hoon'des-ha'gen, QOUANN CHRIS-
TIAN,) a German writer on forests, was born at Hanau
in 1783. Among his works is an " Encyclopaedia of the
Science of Forests," (2 vols., 1821.) Died in 1834.
Hundeshagen, (KARL BERNHARD,) a theologian, son
of the preceding, was born in Hesse-Cassel in 1810. He
became professor at Heidelberg in 1847, and published
"German Protestantism: its Past and Present," (1846.)
In 1867 he became a professor at Bonn, where he died,
June 2, 1872.
Hundhorst See HONTHORST.
Hundt, hoont, (MAGNUS,) a German naturalist and
writer, born at Magdeburg in 1449. He taught physics
in the University of Leipsic. Died in 1519.
Hun'e-ric or Hun'n«j-ric, [Gr. 'Ovupiw,} second
King of the Vandals of Africa, was the eldest son of
Genseric, whom he succeeded in 447 A.D. ; hut he did
not inherit his father's abilities. He married the daugh-
ter of the emperor Valentinian III. His reign was
extremely cruel and tyrannical. As an Arian, he perse-
cuted the Catholics in particular. He died in 484, and
left three sons, of whom Hilderic was the eldest; but
Gondamond, a nephew of Huneric, was proclaimed his
successor.
See GIBBON, "Decline »nd Fall of the Roman Empire,'
Hunfalvy, (JOHN,) (in Hungarian, HUNFALVY JANOS,
hoon-folvye' yi'nosh,) a brother of Paul, noticed below,
was born at Gross-Schlagendorf, June 8, 1820. In 1846
he was made historical professor at Kasmark. His works
include " Universal History" and various books on Hun-
gary. In 1870 he was appointed professor of geography
in the University of Pesth. Died in 1888.
Hunfalvy, (PAUL,) (in Hungarian, HUNFALVY PAL,)
an eminent philologist, born at Nagy-Szalok, Hungary,
March 12, 1810. He was educated at Pesth, and in 1842
became law-professor at Kasmark. Among his publica-
tions are one on the Finnish language, entitled " Chresto.
mathia Fennica," (1861,) " Ethnography of the Magyars,'
(1876,) and many other works, chiefly relating to the non-
Aryan races and languages of Europe. Died in 1891.
Hun'gerford, (MARGARET WOLFE,) nee Hamil-
ton, an Irish novelist, born in 1855. Under the
pseudonym of The Duchess she published a large
number of novels of a light society character. Diec!
June 24, 1897.
Hu-m'a-deB or Hun'ya-dei, [Hun. HUNYADY
hoon'yody ; Fr. HUNIADE, h'u'ne-id',] (JOAN'NES COB-
VI'NUS,) a brave Hungarian general, who about 1440
was cliosen Vaivode of Transylvania. Soon after I^adis
laus. King of Poland, was killed at the battle of Varna
by the Turks, (1444,) Huniades was made captain-gen
eral of his army and Governor of Hungary. His chiel
exploit was the successful defence of Belgrade agains
Mahomet II., in 1456. He died of wounds received in
this action. His son, Matthias Corvinus, was electee
King of Hungary'.
Hun'nis, (WILLIAM,) chapel-master to Queen Eliza
beth, wrote several volumes of psalms and hymns, (pub-
lished from 1550 to 1588.)
Hunnius, hoon'ne-us, (^fccroius,) a Lutheran theo
logian, noted for intolerance, was born at Winnenden, in
Wurtemberg, in 1550. He was professor at Wittenberg
and wrote, besides other works, " Calvinus Judaizans,'
('593-) Died in l6°3-
Hunnius, (NlKOLAUS,) an able Lutheran theologian
•on of the preceding, was born at Marburg in 1585. H
was superintendent of all the churches of Lubeck frorr
1623 to 1643. He wrote against Popery, Calvinism, an
Socinianism. Died in 1643.
See L. HHLLHR. " N. Hunnius, sein Leben und Wirkcn," 1843.
Ilunold, hoo'nolt, (CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICK,) a Ger
man litilratntr, who wrote under the pseudonym o
MENANTES, born near Arnstadt in 1680. His work
include romances, tales, and poems. Died in 1721.
Hunt, (ALFRED WILLIAM,) an eminent English lane
scape-painter, born at Liverpool in 1830. He graduate
ith honours at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and
on great distinction as a follower of Turner and an
pponent of the naturalistic school of landscapists.
)ied May 3, 1896. His wife MARGARET, a daughter of
ames Raine, was bom at Durham in 1831. She wrote
isny novels, and made a translation of Grimm's " Tales"
ith the original notes.
Hunt, (ARABELLA,) an English musician and vocalist,
'ho taught singing to Princess (afterwards Queen) Anne.
Jne of Congreve's best-known noemr. was addressed to
•r. Died December 26, 1705.
Hunt, (EDWARD B.,) a.i American military engineer,
wrn in Livingston county, New York, in 1822. He
;raduated at West Point in 1845, was employed as
'ngineer on several forts and light-houses, invented a
ubmarine battery, and gained the rank of captain in
859. Died in 1863.
Hunt, (FREDERICK KNIGHT,) an English editor, born
n Buckinghamshire in 1814. After writing for the " II-
ustrated London News," etc., he was chief editor of the
London "Daily News" from 1851 until his death. He
wrote " The Book of Art," and " The Fourth Estate ; or,
Contributions to the History of Newspapers," etc., (1850.)
Died in 1854.
Hunt, (FREEMAN,) an editor, born in Quincy, Massa-
chusetts, in 1804. He became in 1839 the editor and
owner of the " Merchants' Magazine," issued monthly in
tf ew York. He published, besides other works, " Lives
of American Merchants," (2 vols., 1856.) Died in 1858.
Hunt, (GEORGE WARD,) an English pol'tician, born
.n 1825. He was elected a member of Parliament for
the county of Northampton in 1857, as a Conservative.
He was re-elected, and gained distinction by a bill to
counteract the cattle-plague of 1866. He became chan
cellor of the exchequer about March I, 1868, and re-
signed in December of that year. Died July 2S, 1877.
Hunt, (HARRIOT K.,) an American physician, born at
Boston, Massachusetts, in 1805. In 1835 she began to
practise medicine, but by reason of her sex could obtain
no medical degree until 1853, when she received the
doctorate from the Woman's Medical College of Phila-
delphia. She was noted as an able speaker on woman's
rights, health-reform, etc. Died January 2, 1875.
Hunt, (HENRY,) M.P., an English Radical, born in
Wiltshire in 1773, acquired popularity with his party by
his intrepid audacity and by his inflammatory harangues.
He often presided at the meetings against the corn-laws.
In 1820 he was arrested at Manchester, while addressing
a political meeting, and punished with a fine and several
years' imprisonment He was returned to Parliament
for Preston in 1831, defeating the Earl of Derby, his op-
ponent, and witnessed the triumph of the Reform bill,
for which he had toiled and suffered. Died in 1835.
Hunt, (ISAAC,) a native of the West Indies, was edu
cated in Philadelphia He took the royalist side in the
Revolution, rem»ved to England, and became a preacher
at Paddington about 1780. He published "The Right?
of Englishmen." He was the father of Leigh Hunt.
Hunt, (JAMES HENRY LEIGH,) a popular English
poet and littfratmr, born at So'ithgate, near London, in
1784, was the son of Isaac Hunt, noticed above, ami
Mary Shewell, of Philadelphia. He left school at the age
of fifteen, and acted as clerk in the War Office until 1808,
when he formed a partnership with his brother John
to issue "The Examiner," a journal of liberal politics,
which attained under his editorship a high reputation for
literary merit. In 1812 the brothers were condemned
to pay each a fine of five hundred pounds, and to be
imprisoned two ye.-.rs, for a satirical article in which the
prince-regent was styled an " Adonis of fifty." While
in prison, he wrote "Rimini," (1816,) one of his most
admired poems, "The Descent of Liberty," and "The
Feast of the Poets." At this period he was intimate with
Byron, Moore, Shelley, and Keats. From 1818 to 1822 he
edited " Th? Indicator," a series of periodical essays, ad-
mired for genial humour, easy style, and brilliant fancy.
In 1822 he was associated with Byron and Shelley as an
editor of " The Liberal," a political and literary journal ;
and for this object he resided with Byron in Pisa and
Genoa. But Shelley was drowned, Byron and Hunt
became estranged, and after the issue of four numbers
a. e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y. short: a, e, i, o, otiscure; fir. fill, fat; m8t; not; good; moon:
HUNT
1333
HUNTER
"The Liberal" was discontinued. Hunt returned to
England about 1824, and published "Recollections of
Byron," (1828,) which gave great offence to Byron's
friends. He was editor of "The Companion" and the
London Journal," and wrote for several periodicals.
Among the multifarious productions of his versatile
genius are a popular poem entitled " Captain Sword
and Captain Pen," (1835,) "Stories from the Italian
Poets," "Men, Women, and Books," (1847,) "Imagina-
tion and Fancy," and his "Autobiography," (3 vols.,
1850.) A pension of two hundred pounds was granted
him in 1847. Died August 28, 1859. Professor Wilson,
of Edinburgh, speaks of Hunt as " the most vivid of poets
and most cordial of critics." (" Recreations of Christo-
pher North.")
See his "Autobiography," 1850; HAZLITT, "Spirit of the Age,"
&nd his " Table- Talk ;" LORD JKFFRBV, critique in the " Edinburgh
Review" for June, »8i6, (vol. xxvi. ;) E. P. WHIPPLE, " Essays and
Reviews;" W. G ?FORD, critique in the "Quarterly Review" for
January, 1816, (vol. xiv. ;) " Brief Biographies," by SAMUBL SMILES.
For a full account of the writings of Leigh Hunt, see a " List of
the Writings of William Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt," by ALEXANDER
IRELAND, London, iSbS; "North British Review" for November,
1850, and November, 1860; "Quarterly Review" for January, 1816.
Hunt, (JEREMIAH,) an English dissenting minister,
born in London in 1678, preached for many years at
Pinners' Hall. Died in 1744.
Hunt, (LEIGH.) See HUNT, (JAMES HENRY LEIGH.)
Hunt, (RICHARD MORRIS,) a distinguished American
architect, born in Brattleborough, Vermont, October 31,
1829. He was several years in the Boston High School.
In 1842 he went to Europe, and studied architecture
in Paris and Geneva. He subsequently visited various
parts of Europe, and also Asia Minor and Egypt, for the
purpose of becoming better acquainted with the archi-
tecture of different countries. He was architect of
the Lenox Library, New York, the Naval Observatory,
Washington, the Administration Building at the Co-
lumbian Exposition of 1893, and other important
structures. Died July 31, 1895.
Hunt, (ROBERT,) an English author and philosopher,
born at Devonport in i8oy. His youth was passed in
poverty, from which he was relieved by William Allen,
the chemist, who procured him a situation in London,
In 1832 he opened a druggist's shop in Penzar.oe, naving
previously been a diligent student of chemistry and other
sciences. He published his discoveries of the chemical
action of the solar rays in an interesting work entitled
"Researches on Light," (1844,) and in 1849 he gave to
the world " The Poetry of Science." His " Panthea ; or.
The Spirit of Nature," (1849,) is designated by a writer
in the "North British Review" as "a work of a very
peculiar character, in which philosophy and poetry are
finely blended, and where great truths and noble senti-
ments are expressed in language full of beauty and elo-
quence." Among his later productions are " Elementary
Physics," (1851,) and "Memoirs of the Geological Sur-
vey of Great Britain," (1855.) He had a high reputation
as a lecturer on science. He was the editor of three
editions of Ure's " Dictionary of Arts," etc., and of the
supplementary volume published in 1878. Died in 1887.
Hunt, (THOMAS,) D.D., an English scholar, born in
1696, became in 1747 professor of Hebrew in Oxford
University. He wrote "Observations on the Book of
Proverbs." Died in 1774.
Hunt, (THOMAS STERRV,) a distinguished American
chemist and geologist, born in Norwich, Connecticut, in
1826. He studied medicine for some time in his native
town, and afterwards became assistant chemist to Pro-
fessor Silliman at Yale College. About 1847 he became
connected with the geological survey of Canada, and
professor of chemistry at Quebec. He was professor
of chemistry at McGill University 1862-68, and of
geology in the Massachusetts Institute 1872-78. He
contributed largely to the " Proceedings" of learned
institutions, and to the " American Journal of Science."
While acting as a juror to the International Exhibition
at Paris in 1855, Mr. Hunt had conferred on him the
cross of the Legion of Honour ; and in 1859 he was
elected an honorary member of the Royal Society of
London. Died February 12, 1892.
Hunt, (THORNTON,) an English journalist, the eldest
ion of Leigh Hunt, was born in 1810. He wrote, besides
other works, "The Foster-Brother," (1845.) Died 187^.
Hunt, (WILLIAM HENRY,) an English painter in water
colours, born in London in 1790. His subjects are simple
and homely, such as a " Peasant Boy" in various moods
and phases, a " Farm-House Beauty," flowers, fruits,
and other objects of still life. His works are admirable
for colouring and perfection of finish. Died in 1864.
Hunt, (WILLIAM HOLMAN,) an eminent historical
painter, one of the chief founders of the pre-Raphaelite
school of England, was born in London about 1827. He
began to exhibit at the Royal Academy in 1846. About
1850 he and several other artists assumed the name of
" Pre-Raphaelite Brethren," proposing to restore the art
of painting from the degenerate style of Raphael and his
coevals. His works are very minutely finished, and are
close imitations of nature. Among his master-pieces are
"Our English Coasts," (1853,) "The Awakening Con-
science," (1854,) "The Light of the World," (1854,) and
" The Shadow of Death," (1873.) " Hunt's ' Light of the
World,' "says Ruskin, "is, I believe, the most perfect
instance of expressional purpose with technical power
which the world has yet produced." Later works are
" The Triumph of the Innocents," (1885,) and " May
Day, Magdalen Tower," (1891.)
Hunt, (WILLIAM MORRIS,) an American artist, born
at Brattleborough, Vermont, in 1824. He entered Harvard
College in 1840, but left in his senior year for a tour in
Europe. He spent a winter in Italy and two years in Dus-
seldorf, after which he studied with Couture and Millet.
From 1855 to 1862 he painted at Newport, Rhode Island,
when he removed to Boston. In 1868 he opened an art
school for ladies. His studio was burned in the great fire
of 1872. In 1878 he painted two large pictures on the
walls of the Assembly Chamber at Albany, but his health
failed, and he died at the Isles of Shoals in 1879.
Hunter, (ANNE,) wife of the great surgeon John
Hunter, and sister of Sir Everard Home, was born in
Scotland in 1742. She wrote "My Mother bids me
braid my Hair," and other songs, set to music by Haydn,
Her poems, published in 1802, were praised by " Black-
wood's Magazine." Died in 1821.
Hunter, (CHRISTOPHER,) an English physician and
antiquary, born in Durham in 1675; died in 1757.
Hunt'er, (DAVID,) an American general, born in
Washington, District of Columbia, in 1802, graduated at
West Point in 1822. He became a colonel in May, 1861,
served in the battle of Bull Run, July 21, was appointed
a major-general of volunteers about August, and took
command of the army and department of Missouri in
November, 1861. About the 1st of April, 1862, he was
appointed commander of the army at Port Royal, or
Hilton Head. In May ensuing he issued an order that
the " persons heretofore held as slaves in South Carolina,
Georgia, and Florida are declared forever free." This
order was annulled by the President as premature. He
was made brigadier-general and major-general in 1865,
and was retired July 31, 1866. Died February 2,
1886.
Hunter, (HENRY,) D.D., a Scottish divine and author,
born at Culross in 1741, was a man of superior talents.
From 1771 until his death he was pastor of a Scottish
church in London. He was the author of a popular work
styled "Sacred Biography," (1783-1802,) and translated
Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy," Saint-Pierre's
"Studies of Nature," and other French works. His
translation of Lavater, finely illustrated, sold for forty
guineas a copy. Died in 1802.
Hunter, (HUMPHREY,) a patriot of the Auerican
Revolution, born in Ireland in 1755. About 1760 his
widowed mother emigrated with her family to Mecklen
burg, North Carolina. He entered the Revolutionary
army in 1776, and rendered distinguished service at
the battle of Eutaw Springs. He was ordained in 1789,
and from 1805 till his death, in 1827, was pastor of the
Presbyterian church at Steele Creek, North Carolina.
Hunter, (JoHN,) an eminent British anatomist and
surgeon, born at Long Calderwood, near Glasgow, in
1728, was the youngest often children. After receiving
; 5 as*; gAarJ; gasy; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasinMw.
xplanations, p. 23.)
HUNTER
1334
HUNTING TON
I very defective education, he worked a few years with a
cabinet-maker in Glasgow. In 1748 he went to London,
where he was employed by his brother William as an
assistant in the dissection-room. Having pursued the
study of anatomy with ardour and remarkable success,
he was received in 1754 as a partner in his brother's
school, and lectured regularly for about five years. In
1760, for the sake of his health, he exchanged this em-
ployment for that of army-surgeon, and at the peace
of 1763 returned to London. In 1767 he was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society, and soon after surgeon of
Saint George's Hospital. He was eminent for surgical
skill, and acquired greater celebrity by his researches
in comparative anatomy, physiology, and natural history,
on which he wrote several treatises. His museum is said
to have cost .£70,000. Died in 1793. He is admitted
to be the greatest British anatomist of the eighteenth
century, and was noted for originality, independence,
and estimable moral qualities. Among his best works
are a " Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation, and Gun-
Shot Wounds," and another on "Certain Parts of the
Animal Economy."
See EVERARD HOME, "Life of John Hunter;" JESSB FOOTS,
"Lite of J. Hunter," 1794: JOSEPH ADAMS, " Memoirs of the Life
•nd Doctrines of J. Hunter," 1816; CHAMBERS. "Biographical
Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen;" "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne^-
.•ale."
Hunter, (JOHN,) a British naval officer, born at Leith
01 1738, obtained the rank of vice-admiral. Died in 1821.
Hunter, (JOHN,) a Scottish critic, born at Closebum
In r/47, was for many years professor of humanity in
Saint Andrew's, and published good editions of Horace,
0797.) Virgil, (1800,) and Juvenal, (1806.) Died in 1837.
Hunter, (JOHN KELSO,) a Scottish artist, born near
Dundonald, December 15, 1802. He was bred a shoe-
maker, but in spite of many discouragements won recog-
nition as a good painter, chiefly of portraits. He pub-
lished "Retrospect of an Artist's Life," (1868,) "Life-
Studies of Character," "Memorials of West-Country
Men and Manners," etc. Died February 3, 1873.
Hunter, (Rev. JOSEPH,) an English antiquary, born
at Sheffield in 1783. He was for many years minister
of a congregation of dissenters at Bath. He published
several valuable works, among which are a "History
and Topography of the Deanery of Doncaster," (2 vols.,
1828,) and " Illustrations of trie Life and Studies of
Shakspeare," (2 vols., 1845.) He was assistant keeper
of the public records. Died in 1861.
Hunter, (ROBERT,) an English officer and writer, was
appointed Governor of New York in 1710, and acted as
Governor of Jamaica from 1728 until his death. He
wrote a " Letter on Enthusiasm," ascribed to Swift and
Shaftesbuiy. Died in 1734.
Hunter, (ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO,) an Ameri-
can statesman, born in Essex county, Virginia, April 21,
1809. He graduated at the University of Virginia,
studied law, and commenced its practice in his native
town in 1830. He voted for Jackson in 1832, and was
e'.ected to the legislature of Virginia in 1833. He was
chosen a representative to Congress in 1837. His first
speech in this body was in favour of the independent
treasury and against a national bank. He also took
strong grounds in opposition to the protective policy of
Mr. Clay, and in all his subsequent career was an able
advocate of free trade. In 1839 he was chosen Speaker of
the House, and for his dignified and impartial discharge
of its duties received, at the close of the term, in 1841,
t unanimous vote of thanks. He favoured the election
of James K. Polk, and supported his policy with regard
to Texas and the tariff. The warehousing system, which
was first incorporated in the tariff bill, was originated
and drawn up by Mr. Hunter. He was elected in 1847
to the United States Senate, in which he served through
two full terms, and was elected for a third term ending
in 1865. He supported the Douglas Kansas-Nebraska
bill in 1854, and the admission of Kansas under the
Lecompton Constitution in 1858. He was secretary of
Btate of the Southern Confederacy from July, 1861, to
February, 1862, and was one of the two Senators who
represented Virginia in the Senate at Richmond from
February, 1862, to 1865. Died July 18, 1887.
Hunter, (WILLIAM,) a distinguished anatomist and
physician, born at Long Calderwood, near Glasgow, in
1718, was a brother of John Hunter, noticed above. He
received a liberal education in the University of Glasgow,
and formed a professional connection with Dr. Cullen,
who afterwards became so eminent as a medical writer.
In 1741 he removed to London, where he acquired a
high reputation as a lecturer on anatomy and a medical
practitioner. He formed a partnership with his brother
John in 1748. Having obtained a large and lucrative
practice, he was appointed in 1764 physician-extraordi-
nary to the queen. In 1767 he was chostn a Fellow of
the Royal Society, to whose " Transactions" he contrib-
uted. About 1770 he founded in London an anatomical
museum, to which were attached a classical library, and
a cabinet of rare medals, which cost ^20,000. The
most important of his publications is the " Anatomy of
the Gravid Uterus," (1774.) He died in 1783.
Hunter, (WILLIAM,) a British surgeon, born at Mont-
rose, was employed in the service of the East India
Company in Bengal. He published an " Account of
Pegu," (1785,) " Caverns near Bombay," a " Hindostanee
Dictionary," and several medical treatises. He was
eminent as an Orientalist, and from 1794 to 1808 was
secretary of the Asiatic Society. Died in 1815.
Hunter, (Sir WILLIAM WILSON,) a British pub-
licist, born July 15, 1840. He was educated at Glas-
gow, Paris, and Bonn, and was sent to India in the
civil service in 1862. He served with great honour
in Orissa during the famine of 1866, and in 1871 was
made director-general of statistics for India. Among
his works are "The Annals of Rural Bengal,"
"Orissa," "Statistical Account of Bengal," (20 vols.,
1876; prepared under his supervision,) "The Indian
Empire," (1882,) " Imperial Gazetteer of India,"
(1884,) "The Rulers of India," (edited 1890-95,)
and "The Old Missionary," (1895.)
Hunt'ing-dpn, (SELINA,) COUNTESS OF, an English
lady, eminent for her piety and munificence, was the
daughter of the Earl of Ferrers. Her maiden name was
SHIRLEY. She was born in I7o7,and in 1728 was married
to Theophilus Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon. After her
husband's death, about 1746, she lived in fellowship
with the Calvinistic Methodists, chose Whitefield for her
chaplain, and was noted for her zeal and devotion.
She founded at Trevecca a seminary for preachers, built
chapels, and spent large sums for religious purposes,
Her sect was known as the "Countess of Huntingdon's
Connection." Died in 1791.
Hunt'ing-fprd, (GEORGE ISAAC,) D.D., an English
theologian, born at Winchester in 1748. He was made
Bishop of Gloucester in 1802, and of Hereford in 1815.
painter, born in New York in 1816. He became about
1835 a pupil of Professor Morse at New York, and in
and historical subjects. He was elected president of the
National Academy of Design in 1862. Among his works
are " Lady Jane Grey and Feckenham in the Tower,"
and "Henry VIII. and Catherine Parr." He was
president of the National Academy of Design 1877-
91.
Huntington, (FREDERICK D.,) D.D., an American
divine and author, born in Hadley, Massachusetts, in
1819. He graduated at Amherst in 1839, studied divinity
at Cambridge, and from 1842 to 1855 was minister of the
South Congregational Church in Boston. He became
preacher and professor of Christian morals in Harvard
University. Formerly a Unitarian, he entered the Epis-
copal Church in 1859, and became Bishop of Central New
York in April, 1869. He published " Sermons for the
People," (1856,) "Sermons on the Christian Year,"
(1881,) and other works.
Huntington, (JEDEDIAH VINCENT,) an author, a
brother of Daniel, noticed above, was born in New York
in 1815. He became an Episcopalian priest about 1840,
and afterwards joined the Roman Catholic Church. H«
a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, J, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m8t; n&t; good; moon
HUNTING TON
'335
HUSKISSON
wrote, besides other works, Poems, (1843,) an^ "Lady
Alice," a novel, (1849.) Died March 10, 1862.
Huiitington, (ROBERT,) D.D., an English Orientalist,
born at Deerhurst in 1630. From 1670 to 1680 he was
chaplain to a factory at Aleppo, and collected many valu-
able manuscripts in the Levant. He was chosen Bishop
of Raphoe in 1701, and died in the same year. He wrote
a " Letter on the Porphyry Pillars in Egypt," (published
In the "Philosophical Transactions," No. 161.)
Huntington, (SAMUEL,) president of the American
Congress, was born in Windham, Connecticut, in 1732.
He distinguished himself in the Colonial Council of
1775 by his opposition to the aggressive policy of Great
Britain, and in 1776 took his seat in Congress and signed
the Declaration of Independence. In 1779 he succeeded
John Jay as president of the Congress of the Confedera-
tion, ana was again chosen to the same office in 1780.
He again served in Congress in 1783, and was shortly
after appointed chief justice of Connecticut In 1786 he
was elected Governor of the State, as the successor of
Roger Griswold. and was annually re-elected to the same
office till his death, in 1796.
See GOODRICH, " Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Inde-
pendence."
Huntington, (WILLIAM,) an English Methodist
preacher, born in Kent in 1744, was originally a poor
labourer. He became a popular preacher among the
Calvinistic Methodists in London, and published many
tracts and controversial works. Died in 1813.
See notice in the "Quarterly Review" far January, 1821, (by
OOUTHEY.)
Huut'ley, (ELIAS DEWITT,) D.D., LL.D., a Meth-
odist clergyman, born at Elmira, New York, April 19,
1844. He graduated at Geneva College in 1866, was
president of Lawrence University, 1879-83, and after-
wards was chosen chaplain of the United States Senate.
Hun'ton, (PHILIP,) an English nonconformist divine,
born in Hampshire, was appointed provost of Durham
College in 1657. He wrote a "Treatise on Monarchy,"
(1644,) which gave great offence to the High-Church
party. Died about 1682.
Hunts'man, (BENJAMIN,) an English artisan, born in
Lincolnshire 'in 1704, is said to have been the inventor
of cast steel. He lived in Sheffield. Died in 1776.
Hunyadea. See HUNIADES.
Hunyady. See HUNIADES.
Huot, Aii'o', (JEAN JACQUES NICOLAS,) a French
naturalist, born in Paris in 1 790, published a "Complete
Manual of Mineralogy," (2 vols., 1841,) and revised and
continued the " System of Universal Geography," which
Malte-Brun left unfinished. The last two volumes of
this were written by M. Huot Died in 1845.
Hupfeld, h<56p'i?lt, (HERMANN,) a German theolo-
gian and Orientalist, born at Marburg in 1796, became
professor of theology at Halle in 1843. He published,
besides other works, " De Vera Festorum apud Hebraeos
Ratione," (2 vols., 1852,) and a version of the Psalms,
(1855.) He was an excellent Hebrew scholar. Died at
Halle in April, 1866.
Huppazoli, oop-pad-zo'lee, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian,
noted for longevity, born at Casal in 1587, was at one
time a merchant, and in 1669 was appointed Venetian
consul at Smyrna. He was abstemious in his habits,
and retained the use of his faculties to the last. Died
in 1702.
Hurault. See CHIVERNY.
Hurd, (RICHARD,) D.D., an eminent English writer
and critic, born at Congreve in 1720, was educated at
Cambridge, and became a friend of Warburton. He was
appointed Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry in 1775. and
translated to the see of Worcester in 1781. The arch-
bishopric of Canterbury was offered to him, but was
declined. Among his works, which are very numerous
and able, are "Dialogues, Moral and Political," " Letters
on Chivalry," (1762,) "Commentary on Horace's Ars
Poetica," " Lectures on the Prophecies," and a " Life of
Warburton," (1794.) "Hurd has perhaps," says Hal-
lam, "the merit of being the first who, in this country,
aimed at philosophical criticism : he had great ingenuity,
a good deal of reading, and a facility in applying it ; but
he did not feel very deeply, was somewhat of a coxcomb,
and assumes a dogmatic arrogance which offends the
reader." (" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.1*)
Died in 1808.
See FRANCIS KILVERT, " Memoirs of Bishop Hurd," 1860; "Life
of R. Hurd," by himself, in an edition of his Works, 8 vols., 1811 1
"North British Review" for May, 1861.
Hur'dia, (Rev. JAMES,) an English poet, born In
Sussex in 1763, was a friend of the poet Cowper. In
1784 he became tutor to the Earl of Chichester's son,
and in 1793 professor of poetry at Oxford. He wrote
"The Village Curate," (1788,) "Sir Thomas More," a
tragedy, and other poems. Died in 1801.
See " Retrospective Review," vol. i.. 1820.
Hur6, /Sii'Ra', (CHARLES,) a French Jansenist writer,
born at Champigny-sur-Yonne in 1639, was for many
years an eminent professor of languages in the Univer-
sity of Paris. He published an approved " Dictionary
of the Bible." Died in 1717.
Huret, /m'r4', (GREGOIRE,) a French engraver, born
at Lyons in 1610. His work is easy and mellow, and
his heads expressive. Died in 1670.
Hurl'bert, (WILLIAM HENRY,) a journalist, born at
Charleston, South Carolina, July 3, 1827. He graduated
at Harvard College in 1847, and at the Harvard Divinity
School, was for a short time a Unitarian minister, and
afterwards studied in Germany and at the Dane Law
School. He became a journalist of New York, and for
many years was one of the editors of the " World"^iews-
paper. He published "Gan-Eden," (1854,) "General
McClellan and the Conduct of the War," (1864,) and
other works. Died in Italy, September 4, 1895.
Hurltmt, (STEPHEN A.,) an American general, born
at Charleston, South Carolina, about 1815, commanded
a division of General Grant's army at Shiloh, April 6-7,
1862. With the rank of major-general, he directed a
corps of General Sherman's army in the raid to Meridian
in February, 1864. Died March 28, 1882.
Hurl'stone,(FREDERiCK YEATES,) an English painter
of history and portraits, was born in London in 1801.
Soon after 1830 he joined the Society of British Artists,
of which he became president. Among his works are
" The Spanish Beauty" and " The Last Sigh of the Moor."
His portraits are much admired. Died in 1869.
Hurst, (JOHN FLETCHER,) D.D., LL.D., an American
Methodist bishop, born near Salem, Maryland, August
17, 1834. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1854,
studied divinity in Halle and Heidelberg, and in 1858
became a preacher. He had charge (1866-69) °f a
Methodist theological institution in Germany. In 1871
he became professor of historical theology in the theo-
logical seminary at Madison, New Jersey, and in 1873 was
appointed its president. He was elected a bishop in
1880, and chancellor of the American University in
1891. Among his numerous works are " History of
Rationalism," (1866,) " Outlines of Bible History,"
(1875,) "Outlines of Church History," (1878,) and
" History of the Reformation," (1884,) besides sev-
eral theological works translated from the German.
Hurtault, AuR'to', (MAXIMILIEN JOSEPH,) a French
architect, born at Huningue in 1765. He was appointed
architect of the Fontainebleau Palace, in which he re-
stored the gallery of Diana. Died in 1824.
Hurter, hooR'ter, (FRIEDRICH EMANUEL,) a German
historian, born at Schaffhausen in 1786, published a
"History of Pope Innocent III.," (4 vols., 1834-42,)
and a " History of the Emperor Ferdinand II. and his
Family," ( Eltern,) (9 vols., 1850-57.) Died in 1865.
Hus'bands, (HERMAN,) a native of Pennsylvania,
became a 'leader of the " Regulators" in North Carolina
in 1768, and fought against Governor Tryon in 1771
Died about 1794.
Huschke, hoosh'keh, (EMANUEL GOTTLIEB,) a Gei-
man philologist, born in 1761, published a good edition
of Tibullus, (1819,) and other works. Died in 1828.
Huschke, (GEORG PHILIPP EDUARD,) a German
jurist, born at Miinden in 1801, published "Studies on
Roman Law," (1830,) and other works. Died in 1886.
Hus'kls-spn, (WILLIAM,) an English statesman and
financier, born in Worcestershire in 1770, went to Paria
,- casj; ghard; gas/; G, H, Vi,guttural; N, nasal • R. trilled; sas0,' th as mthis. (JJ^=See Explanations, p. 2
HUSS
HUTCHINSON
lii 1 783, where he lived with one of his uncles and learned
the French language. Sympathizing with the Revolution,
oe was present at the storming of the Bastille, and he
became a prominent member of the "Socie'te de 1789."
In 1790 he was employed as secretary to Lord Gower,
then ambassador at Paris, with whom he returned
to England in 1792. Having attracted the favourable
notice of Pitt, he was appointed in 1795 under-secre-
tary in the department of war and the colonies, and the
next year was returned to Parliament for Morpeth. He
was secretary of the treasury from 1804 until the deitb
of Pitt, and again from 1807 until 1809, when, as a
friend of Canning, he resigned with him. In Parliament
he represented successively Harwich, Chichester, (18:2-
23,) and Liverpool, (1823-30.) He gained distinction
by his knowledge of finance and commerce, and by his
methodical and luminous reports. In 1823, under the
auspices of Canning, he became president of the board
of trade, treasurer of the navy, and a member of the
cabinet From the death of Canning (l82j) to 1829 he
acted as colonial secretary. In the latter part of his life
he inclined to the policy of the Liberal party in respect
to electoral reform, the corn-laws, and other restrictions
on commerce. He resigned in May, 1829, because he
differed from the Tory ministry. At'the opening of the
Liverpool and Manchester Railway he was killed by an
engine, September 15, 1830.
See " Speeches and Biography," by WRIGHT, 3 vols., 1831 : Wit
FBBDAN, Men I have known," London, 1866; "Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Ge'ne'rale."
Huss, (JOHN,) [Ger. JOHANN Huss, yo'hin hooss ; Lat
JOHAN'NES Huss,] a celebrated reformer of the Church,
was born at Husinec, (or Hussinetz,) in Southern Bohe-
mia, in 1369. Being appointed in 1402 preacher at the
Bethlehem Chapel in Prague, he became a zealous advo-
cate of the doctrines of Wickliffe, whereby he incurred
the censure of the Catholic clergy. As rector of the Uni-
versity of Prague, he had the works of Wickliffe trans-
lated into Bohemian ; but they were soon after burned by
order of Archbishop Sbinko. In 1412 he denounced the
papal bull issued by John XXIII. against Ladislaus,
King of Naples, and with his coadjutor, Jerome of Prague,
condemned the sale of indulgences. He was excommu-
nicated the next year, upon which he wrote his work " On
the Church," exposing the abuses of popery. Cited
before the Council of Constance in 1414, and provided
with a pass by the emperor Sigismund, he was arrested
on his arrival, and, as he adhered firmly to his opinions,
he was burned by order of the treacherous emperor.
See E*MILB DB BONNECHOSB, " Les ReTormateure avant la Re-
forme," a vols., 1847; " J. Huss et Hieronymi Pragensis Historia et
Monumenta," Nuremberg, 1558; J. COCHLBS, "Historia Hussi-
tarum," 1549: HODGSON, " Reformers and Martyrs," Philadelphia,
1867 ; AUGUST NKA.XDBR, " Ziige aus dem Leben des unvergesslichen
J. Huss," Berlin, 1819: WM. GIUIN, " Lives of John Wickliffe and
of the Most Eminent of his Disciples, Lord Cobham, J. Huss," etc.,
1765: GEORG LOMMBL, " J. Huss," 1847; HBLFKRT, " Huss und
Hieronymus von Prag," 1853; "North Ameri-an Review" for Octo-
ber, 1847, (by H. W. TORRBY.)
Hussein Pasha, hoos'sln' pi'shl', a famous Turkish
admiral, born about 1750, was a favourite of Selim III.,
who in 1789 appointed him capudan-pasha. He pos-
aessed superior talents, and served his master with fi-
delity in reforming the discipline and management of
the navy. He commanded the fleet which in i8ot co-
operated with the English against the French on the
coast of Egypt. Died in 1803.
Hussein' Pasha, (or Pacha,) last Dey of Algiers,
born at Smyrna about 1773. At the death of AH Pasha,
in 1818, he was proclaimed his successor. To avenge
an insult received by the French consul, the French
government sent in June, 1830, an army which, after
several days' fighting, forced Hussein to capitulate. He
•vas deposed, and died in 1838.
See A. NETTEMENT, " Histoire de la ConquSte d'Alger," 1857.
Htts'sey, (GILES,) an English painter, born in 1710,
studied in Italy, and settled in London in 1742. He
excelled in portraits, and attempted to apply to his art
the hypothesis of harmonic proportions. Died in 1788.
Husson, /fcii'soN', JEAN HONOR£ ARISTIDE,) a skil-
ful French sculptor, born in Paris in 1803. He gained
the grand prize of Rome in 1830. Among his works
are " Dante and Virgil," a bas-relief, (1836,) a statue of
Voltaire, (1839,) and a marble statue of " Haidee," (1850.)
Died in 1864.
Hu'stpn, (LORENZO Dow,) a Methodist minister, born
in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1820, preached in Kentucky, and
edited several papers.
Hutch'e-spn, [Lat HUTCHESO'NUS,] (FRANCIS,) a
metaphysician, born in the north of Ireland in 1694, was
educated at Glasgow, and was ordained as a Presbyterian
minister. While employed as principal of an academy
in Dublin, he published about 1725 an excellent work,
entitled an " Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of
Beauty and Virtue," which was followed by an " Essay
on the Passions and Affections," (1728.) In 1729 he was
appointed professor of moral philosophy iri the Uni-
r*\*.. nf f^}-*frtn*wt T°\taf1 \T\ till Htc fTTA^fr*»Ct ttK^rl^ "A
of the modern school of philosophy in Scotland." He
adopted the opinions of Lord Shaftesbury in moral philos-
ophy, and maintained that disinterested affections and a
distinct moral faculty are essential parts of human nature.
Hutch'ins, (CHARLES LEWIS,) an American clergy-
man, born at Concord, New Hampshire, August 5,
1838, graduated at Williams College in 1861, and at the
General Theological Seminary in New York. He be-
came a presbyter of the Episcopal Church, and in 1877,
1880, and 1883 was the secretary of its general conven-
tion. His church and Sunday-school hymnals and col-
lections of church music are widely known.
Hutch'ins, (Rev. JOHN,) born at Bradford-Peverel, in
England, in 1698, wrote the " History and Antiquities
of the County of Dorset" Died in 1773.
Hutch'ins, (THOMAS.) an American geographer, born
in Monmouth county, New Jersey, about 1735. He was
appointed geographer to the United States by Congress,
and published, besides other works, a " Topographical
Description of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
North Carolina," (I7?8.) Died in 1789.
Hutch'in-spn, (ANN,) a religious enthusiast, born in
Lincolnshire, England, about 1600. She was the wife of
William Hutchinson, whom she accompanied to Boston
in 1636. She taught many doctrines which were con-
demned as heretical by the Synod of 1637. Mrs. Hutchin-
son herself was banished, and in 1642 removed to what
is now Westchester county, New York. The next year
her house was set on fire by the Indians, and she and all
her family, consisting of sixteen persons, (except a child
taken captive,) either perished in the flames or were
killed by the savages.
See "Life of Anne Hatchinson," by GBORGB E. EU.IS, in
SrAKKs's " American Biography," voL n., ad series.
Hutchinson, (H. N.,) an English popular science
author, born at Chester in 1856. He published " Au-
tobiography of the Earth," (1890,) "Extinct Mon-
sters," (1892,) " Prehistoric Man and Beast," (1896,)
" Marriage Customs in Many Lands," (1897,) etc.
Hutchinson, (JOHN, )CoLONEL, an English Puritan
and regicide, born at Nottingham in 1616. In 1638 he
married Lucy Apsley. (See HUTCHINSON, LUCY.) In 1642
he obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the army
of Parliament, and next year was appointed governor
of the town and castle of Nottingham, which he bravely
defended in a long siege against the royalists. He was one
of the judges who condemned Charles I., and afterwards
was a member of the council of state. He was hostile
to the government of Cromwell. After the restoration
he was included in the act of amnesty, but, on a ground-
less suspicion of a treasonable conspiracy, was confined
in the Tower and Sandown Castle from 1662 to his death
in 1664. His character was excellent, and free from the
austere errors to which the Puritans were mcst inclined.
See " Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson," by his wife, 1806.
Hutchinaon, (JOHN,) an English writer, born at
Spennithorne in 1674, was the founder of the Hntchin-
sonian or mystical school of biblical interpretation. He
was employed as steward by the Duke of Somerset, and
afterwards as his riding-purveyor. His first work, called
" Moses' Principia," was designed to refute the argu-
ments of Newton's " Principia." He published, also, a
" Treatise on Power, Essential and Mechanical," " Glory
i. e, 1, 5, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y; short; a, e, i, p, ohcurt ; ftr, fall, fit: m?t; not; good; moon:
HUTCHINSON
1337
BUTTON
or Gravity, Essential and Mechanical," " The Hebrew
Writings Complete," " Moses sine Principle," and other
works. His leading idea is that the Hebrew Scriptures
contain the elements of natural philosophy as well as
of religion. His views excited much controversy, and
were adopted by Bishop Home, Parkhurst, and other
eminent divines. Died in 1737.
See JULIUS BATES, "Defence of John Hutchinson's Teneta,"
1751 : FLOYD, " Bibliotheca Biographica."
Hutchiiison, (JOHN HELY,) an Irish statesman and
lawyer, born in 1715, resided in Dublin, and became
secretary of state. Died in 1794.
Hutchiiison, (JOHN HELY,) a British general, born
in 1757, was the second son of the preceding. He
entered the army in 1774. Having gained distinction in
the Irish rebellion, he was made major-general in 1796.
In 1800 he went to Egypt as second in command under
Sir Ralph Abercrombie. When the latter was killed, in
March, 1801, Hutchinson succeeded to the command,
and obliged the French army under Menou to capitulate
at Alexandria in the same year. He was rewarded for
these services by the title of Baron Hutchinson. In
1825, on the death of his brother, he inherited the title
of Earl of Donoughmore. Died in 1832.
Hutchinson, (LUCY,) an English authoress of great
merit, was the daughter of Sir Allan Apsley, lieutenant
of the Tower of London, in which Tower she was born
in 1620. She was married in 1638 to Colonel John
Hutchinson, noticed above, after having received a liberal
education. She shared the counsels and dangers of her
husband in the civil war, attended him in prison, and
wrote Memoirs of his life, (1806,) which are greatly
admired. " We have not often met with anything," says
Lord Jeffrey, " more interesting and curious than this
volume. ... It challenges our attention as containing an
accurate and luminous account of military and political
affairs from the hand of a woman, and as exhibiting the
most liberal and enlightened sentiments in the person
of a Puritan. The views which it opens into the char-
acter of the writer and the manners of the age will be to
many a still more powerful attraction."
See " Memoirs of Eminent Englishwomen," by LOUISA S. Cos-
TBLLO, London, 1844; "Edinburgh Review" for October, 1808,
(vol. xiii. ;) "Monk's Contemporaries," by GUIZOT, London, 1865.
Hutchinson, (RICHARD HELY,) Earl of Dor.ough-
inore, born in Dublin in 1756, was the eldest son of John
H. Hutchinson, noticed above. He served in the army
during the Irish rebellion of 1798, and in 1800 was raised
to the peerage, as Earl of Donoughmore. In 1805 he
obtained the rank of major-general. In Parliament he
advocated with zeal and constancy the claims of the
Catholics. He was created a peer of the United King-
dom in 1821. Died in 1825.
Hutchinson, (ROGER,) an early English Reformer,
became Fellow of Saint John's College, Cambridge, in
1543. He left theological works, which were published
in 1842. Died in 1555.
Hutchinson, (THOMAS,) a royal governor of Massa-
chusetts, was born in Boston in 1711. He became a
judge of probate in 1752, and chief justice of Massachu-
setts in 1760. His course in relation to the Stamp Act
rendered him very unpopular. He succeeded Bernard
as governor in 1769, and pursued a policy which tended
to provoke a revolt in the colonies. When the tea was
brought to Boston in 1773, the inhabitants, in town-
meeting, resolved that it should not be landed, but be
returned to its owners. Hutchinson, however, refused to
grant the ships a pass. The result was the destruction
of the tea by citizens in the disguise of Indians. In 1 772,
Dr. Franklin, colonial agent in London, had sent over
to Massachusetts confidential letters written by Hut-
chinson to England, which showed that his whole policy
had been characterized by duplicity and evasion, — that,
professing to be the friend of the colony, he had secretly
advised the sending of troops to Boston, and other
obnoxious measures. He retired to England in 1774.
Died near London in 1780. His principal works are a
" History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay from
1628 to 1749," (2 vols. 8vo, issued in 1764-67,) and a
" Collection of Original Papers relative to the History
of Massachusetts Bay," (1769.) The " North American
Review" calls his work " a mine of wealth to all future
historians and antiquaries." " It is written," says Kan-
croft, "with lively inquisitiveness and lawyer-like criti-
cism, though without a glimpse of the great truths which
were the mighty causes of the revolution he describes."
See ALLEN'S "American Biographical Dictionary."
Huth, hoot, (GEORG LEONHARD,) a German natu-
ralist, born at Nuremberg in 1705 ; died in 1761.
Hutin, H'tan', (CHARLES,) a French painter and
sculptor, born in Paris in 1715, worked mostly at Dres-
den, where he died in 1776.
Hutten, von, fon hoot'ten, [Lat HUTTE'NUS,] (Ub-
RICH,) a German poet and humanist, was born near Fulda
in 1488. He studied at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and
afterwards at Pavia, in Italy. About 1520 he repaired
to Mentz, where he published a succession of severe
attacks on the Roman clergy, and soon after became
acquainted with Luther, whose cause he openly espoused.
Owing to the persecution he now encountered, he was
obliged to take refuge in Switzerland, where he died in
1523. He possessed rare talents, but lacked discretion
and morality. He was probably one of the authors of
the famous " Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum," consisting
of satires on the monks and the clergy, (1516.)
SeeScHUBART, " Leben Ulrich von Hutten's," 1791; BURCKHARD,
" Commentarius de Fatis et Mentis Ulrici Hutteni," 1717-23;
STRAUSS, " Ulrich von Hutten," 1858 ; BAYLE, " Historical and Criti-
cal Dictionary;" WAGHNSEIL, "U. von Hutten nach seinem Leben,"
etc., 1823; ZELLER, " U. de Hutten, sa Vie, ses CEuvres, son Temps,"
Paris, 1849; GERVINUS, " Geschichte der Deutschen National- Lite-
ratur;" "Nouvelle Biographic Gi'ne'rale ;" " Fraser's Magazine"
for August, 1849.
Huttenus. See HUTTEN.
Hutter, hotit'ter, (ELIAS,) a German linguist, born at
Ulm about 1555. He published an edition of the Bible
in Hebrew, and a Polyglot Bible. Died about 1602.
Hutter, [Lat HUTTE'RUS,] (LEONHARD,) a German
theologian, a brother of the preceding, was boru at Ulm
in 1563. He was noted for his rigour and excessive zeal
for Lutheranism. He was professor of theology at Wit-
tenberg from 1596 until 1616. Among his numerous work*
is a " Compendium of Theological Subjects," (" Compen-
dium Locorum theologicorum," 1610.) Died in 1616.
See BAYLE, "Historical and Critical Dictionary ;" J. G. NEU-
MANN, " Programme de Vita L. Hutteri," 1706.
Hutterus. See HUTTER.
Hut'tpn, (CHARLES,) LL.D., an eminent English
mathematician, born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1737,
was employed for some years as a teacher in his native
place. Here he published treatises on arithmetic and
mensuratioa From 1773 to 1806 he was professor of
mathematics in the Military Academy at Woolwich. In
1774 he was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society, which
he also served as foreign secretary and enriched with
able scientific memoirs. He acquired celebrity by nu-
merous works, among which are " Mathematical Tables,"
(1785,) " Elements of Conic Sections," a "Mathematical
and Philosophical Dictionary," (1795,) a "Course of
Mathematics," (1798,) etc. From 1804 to 1809 he assisted
Shaw and Pearson in abridging the " Philosophical Trans-
actions." He was eminent for benevolence, modesty,
and simplicity of character. In 1807 his services were
rewarded by a pension of ^500. Died in 1823.
See ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ; ' " Gen-
tleman's Magazine" for 1823.
Hut'ton, (GEORGE CLARK,) D.D., a Scottish divine
of the United Presbyterian Church, was born at Perth,
May 16, 1825. He was trained at the University of
Edinburgh, and was ordained in 1851. Among his books
are "Law and Gospel," (1860,) "Divine Truth and its
Self- Evidence," (1853,) "The Rationale of Prayer,"
(1853,) etc.
Hut'tpn, (JAMES,) M.D., a philosopher and geologist,
distinguished as the author of the Plutonian theory of
geology, was born in Edinburgh in 1726. He gradu-
ated as M.D. at Leyden in 1749. About 1768 he became
again a resident of Edinburgh, where he published, be-
sides other works, a " Dissertation on the Philosophy
of Light, Heat, and Fire," (1794,) and "Theory of the
Earth," (1795.) His geological theory excited much
discussion and opposition, being attacked by Kirwan and
defended by Professor Playfair, who wrote "Illustra-
€ as k; v as s; g hard: g as/: G, H, ^guttural; N, tuual; R. trilled; szsz: th as in this, i J®=See Explanations, p. 2
HUTTON
1338
HUYSMAN
tions of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth," (1802.)
Died in 1797.
Hutton, ( LAURENCE,) an American author, born
at New York in 1843, engaged in authorship after
1871, and became literary editor of " Harper's Maga-
zine" in 1886. He published several works relating
to the stage, " Literary Landmarks of London," and
similar works upon other European cities, etc.
Hutton, (MATTHEW,) an English prelate, born in
1529, was made Bishop of Durham in 1589, and Arch-
bishop of York in 1594. He wrote a work on Predes-
tination. Died in 1605.
Hutton, (WILLIAM,) an English antiquary and authoi,
born of poor parents at Derby in 1723. He received a
defective education. At the age of fifty-six he commenced
his career as an author. His chief works are a " History
of Birmingham," (1781,) a "History of Derby," (1700,)
"Edgar and Elfrida," a poem, "The Roman Wall,"
(1801,) and an instructive volume of "Autobiography,"
(1816.) His daughter CATHERINE wrote " the Miser
Married," a novel. He died in 1815.
See his " Autobiography ;" " Pursuit of Knowledge ander DiflS
culties," vol. i.
Huv«, /m'vi', (JEAN JACQUES MARIE,) a French
architect, born at Versailles in 1783. He succeeded
Vignon as architect of the grand church La Madeleine,
which he finished. He was admitted into the Institute
in 1838. Died in 1852.
See CHARLES LENOKMAND, " Notice sur J. J. M. Huve," 1853.
Hux'ham, (JOHN,) an English physician, born at
Halberton' in 1694, studied under Boerhaave at Leyden,
and practised with success at Plymouth. He wrote
several popular books on medicine, one of which is an
"Essay on Fevers," (1750.) Died in 1768.
Hux'ley, (THOMAS HENRY,) F.R.S., an eminent
English physiologist and naturalist, born at Ealing,
Middlesex, in 1825. He was in his youth a surgeon
in the royal navy. About 1848 he produced a treatise
"On the Anatomy and Affinities of the Family of the
Medusae." He succeeded E. Forbes as professor of
palaeontology in the School of Mines about 1854, and
became professor of physiology at the Royal Institution.
Among his principal works is a " History of the Oceanic
Hydrozoa," (1857,) "Man's Place in Nature," (1863,)
" Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy,"
(1864,) " Protoplasm ; or, The Physical Basis of Life,"
(1869,) "Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews," (1870,)
"Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals,"
(1871,) "Critiques and Addresses," (1873,) "American
Addresses," (1877,) and "Essays on Controverted
Questions," (1892.) In 1872 he was elected lord
rector of Aberdeen University, and in 1892 was made
a member of the privy council. Mr. Huxley was a
very popular lecturer, and stood in the foremost rank
among physiologists and naturalists. He favoured the
Darwinian theory. Died June 29, 1895.
Huydecoper, hoi'deh-ko'per, (BALTHASAR,) a Dutch
poet and excellent critic, born at Amsterdam in 1695.
He produced "Arsaces," (1722,) and three other trage-
dies, a good metrical version of the Satires, Epistles, and
"Ars Poetica" of Horace, (1737,) and other poems.
His " Essays, Philological and Poetical, or Observations
on Vondel's Dutch Version of Ovid's Metamorphoses,"
(1730,) are highly commended. "All that he has done
in this department," says the " Biographic Universelle,"
"is classical." Died in 1778.
Huygena or Huyghens, hi'gens, [Dutch pron. almost
hoi'Hens ; Lat. HUGE'NIUS,] (CHRISTIAN,) a celebrated
Dutch astronomer and geometer, born at the Hague,
April 14, 1629. He inherited the title of Lord of Zuy-
lichem. About the age of sixteen he went to Leyden,
where he studied law and mathematics under Vinnius
and Schooten. Soon after leaving the university, he
began to distinguish himself by his admirable scientific
discoveries and mechanical inventions. In 1651 he pub-
lished his "Theorems on the Quadrature of the Hyper-
bola," etc., and in 1656 discovered a satellite of Saturn
with a telescope of his own construction. In 1657 he
rendered important service to science and society by
improving the clock, being the first to apply the pendu-
lum to the measurement of time. Two years later he
published, in his " System of Saturn," a description of
Saturn's ring, which he had discovered with a telescope
of twenty-two feet focal length. These and other
successes had rendered him pre-eminent among the
contemporary savants and philosophers of all nations.
Newton was then a young student preparing to rival
or surpass him. The years 1660 and 1661 were passed
by Huygens in France and England. In 1663 he was
chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. From
1665 to 1681 he resided in Paris, whither Colbert had
invited him in order to add Mat to the newly-founded
Academy of Sciences. In this period he demonstrated
the law of the impact of bodies, (1669,) wrote an elegant
treatise on Dioptrics, and published his great work
entitled " Horologium Oscillatorium," (1673,) dedicated
to Louis XIV. Besides the theory of the pendulum,
this work contains several very important mechanical
discoveries, among which are the fact that the cycloid
is the curve all the arcs of which, measured from the
lowest point, are synchronous, and the theory (without
demonstration) of the centrifugal force in circular mo-
tion, by which he made a near approach to those laws
ol gravitation afterwards proved by Newton. He has
the credit of inventing the spiral spring which is used
to regulate the balance of watches, which invention was
also claimed by Hautefeuille. In 1681 Huygens returned
to Holland, where he spent some years in constructing
a planetarium, and telescopes of enormous dimensions,
one of which had a focal length of two hundred and ten
feet In 1690 appeared (in French) his "Treatise on the
Cause of Gravity," and a "Treatise on Light," which is
esteemed one of his greatest works. It contains argu-
ments in favour of the undulatory theory, which was first
proposed by him and is now generally adopted. Died
In 1695. He left a work styled " Cosmotheoros," (printed
in 1698,) in which he advances bold speculations or con-
jectures on the constitution of the planets, which he
believed to be inhabited. Huygens was never married.
He loved retirement, and maintained a good character
as a man. He kept up a friendly correspondence with
Leibnitz and Newton, the latter of whom called him
" Summus Hngenius."
See "Vita Hugenii," prefixed to his "Opera Varia," 1724 ; COM-
DORCKT, "filoge de Huygens;" ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine
Encyklopaedie ;" MONTUCLA, "Histoiredes Mathematiques ;" DB-
LAMEKE, "Histoire de I'Astronomie modeme;" P. H. PEERLKAMP,
"Annotatio in Vitam C. Hugenii." 1821; M. LBMANS, "Lebens-
beschrijving van C. Huiigens:" DR. F. HOEFER, article in the
"Nouvelle Biographic Gene'rale."
Huygens or Huijgens, (CONSTANTIJN,) Seigneur of
Zuylichem, (or Zulichem,) born at the Hague in 1596, was
the father of the preceding. He acted with credit as
secretary to three successive princes of Orange, the last
of whom was William III. of England. He wrote Latin
epigrams, and other poetical performances, which were
received with favour. Died in 1687.
See his Autobiography, in verse, entitled " De Vita propria Ser-
mones;" BAYLI, " Historical and Critical Dictionary," (in Z ;) LONO-
FBI.LOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" SCHINKBL, " Bijdrage to.
de Kennis van net Karakter van C Huijgens," 1843; "Fraser'i
Magazine" for May, 1854.
Huyghens, Hoi'Hens, (GOMARUS,) a Dutch Roman
Catholic theologian, born in Brabant in 163 1 ; died in 1 702,
Huyn, hoo'in, (LuiSE,) a German writer, born at
Coblentz, November 6, 1843. Her works are mostly
religious (Roman Catholic) tales, written under the
pseudonym of M. LUDOLFF.
Huyot, Au'yo', (JEAN NICOLAS,) a French architect,
born in Paris in 1780. He passed several years in the
Levant, exploring the ruins of Ephesus, Thebes, Athens,
and other cities. Died in 1840.
Huysman, hois'man, sometimes written Housemau,
(CoRNELis,) an eminent Flemish landscape-painter, born
at Antwerp in 1648. He worked mostly at Malines,
(Mechlin.) His colouring is praised by Descamps, who
also observes that he had a great talent for painting
mountains. Among his works is " The Disciples Going
to Emmaus." Died in 1727.
Huysman or Houseman, (JACOB,) a Flemish paintet
of history and portraits, born at Antwerp in 1656 ; died
in London in 1696.
a, e, I, o, u, y, long: 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, Q, obscure; far, fall, fit; mJt; n6t; good; m<5on
TUDMAS HKNRY HUXLEY.
HUYSUM
1339
HYDER-ALEE
Huysum, van, vjn hoi'sum, (JACOB,) brother of Jan,
noticed below, was born at Amsterdam about 1680. He
excelled in flower-painting, and copied several of his
brother's works with accuracy. Died in London in 1740.
Another brother, JUSTUS, born in 1684, excelled in
battle-pieces, but died prematurely in 1706.
Huyautn, van, (JAN,) a celebrated Dutch painter,
born in Amsterdam in 1682, was a pupil of his father,
Justus. His favourite subjects were flowers and fruits,
in which he is thought to be unrivalled. His works unite
tasteful composition, richness and harmony of colour,
freedom of touch, and exquisite finish. His pictures
were often adorned with insects, dew-drops, birds' nests,
ttc. He had a peculiar art of preparing his colours,
which he always kept secret. Died in 1749.
Huysum, van, (JUSTUS,) THE OLD, a Dutch land-
scape-painter, born at Amsterdam in 1659, was the father
of the preceding. Died in 1716.
Hazard, M'ziR', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a noted French
veterinary physician, born in Paris in 1755. was a member
of the Institute. He wrote numerous able and popular
works on the veterinary art and rural economy, and he
had collected a library of forty thousand volumes per-
taining to his speciality. Died in 1839.
See PARISET, " filoge de Huzard ;" BARON SILVESTRH, " Notice
•ur Huzard."
Hvergelmir. See NIDHOGG.
Hvitfeld, hvit'feld, (ARILD,) a Danish historian,
born in 1 549. In 1 586 he attained the dignity of senator,
and afterwards was chancellor of the kingdom. He wrote
a "Chronicle of the Kingdom of Denmark," which is
considered authentic. Died in 1609.
See KRAFT og NYHRUP, " Litteraturlexicon for Danemark."
Hwiid, hweed, (ANDREAS CHRISTIAN,) a Danish critic,
born at Copenhagen in 1749, was educated for the church,
and was skilled in Oriental languages. He published a
" Life of Cyrus the Great and the Younger," and several
commentaries on Scripture. Died in 1788.
Hyacinthe. See HYACINTHUS.
Hyacinthe, e'i'saNt', (CHARLES LOYSON,) PERE, an
eminent French pulpit orator, born at Orleans about
1828. He became a Carmelite monk, preached for some
time in Lyons, and removed about 1865 to Paris, where
his conferences in the church of Notre-Dame attracted
much attention. In September, 1869, he published, in
a letter to the general of his order, a protest against the
ultramontane doctrines and practices of the Roman
Church, called forth by the Encyclical letter by which
the pope had convened a general council. This protest
caused a great commotion in the religious world, and
drew down upon its author the major excommunication.
In 1871 he was a member of the Old Catholic Congress
at Geneva, of which Dollingerwas the chief, and in Sep-
tember, 1872, he was married in London. In 1873 he
became curate of the Old Catholic Church in Geneva,
but resigned in 1874, when he went to Paris and estab-
lished there the Gallican Church.
Hy-a-cin'thus, [Gr. '"fwaveof; Fr. HYACINTHE, e'i'-
saNt',] a beautiful Spartan youth, beloved by Apollo, by
whom he was accidentally killed in a game of discus.
The poets feigned that Apollo changed him into the
flower called Hyacinth.
Hy'a-dei, [Gr. 'Yo<5ec,] Anglicised as HY'ADS, nymphs
of classic mythology, and daughters of Atlas. According
to the poetic legend, they were changed into stars, and
now form part of the constellation of Taurus. When
they rose and set with the sun, it was regarded as a sign
of rainy weather.
Hy'att, (ALPHEUS,) JR., an American naturalist, born
at Washington, D.C., April 5, 1838, studied at the
Maryland Military Academy, at Yale College, and at the
Scientific School of Cambridge, Massachusetts, where
he graduated in 1862. In 1881 he became professor of
zoology and palaeontology in the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. His principal works are " Memoirs on
the Pol yzoa," (1868,) and "Guides for Science Teaching,"
besides many important scientific papers. His special
studies have been upon the lower forms of animal life.
Hy'att, (JOHN,) a Calvinistic Methodist preacher,
born in 1767, officiated in the Tabernacle, London. He
published several volumes of sermons. Died in 1826.
Hyb're-as, [TfSptof,] an eminent Greek orator, a
native of Caria, flourished about 40 B.c,
Hyde, (ANNE,) a daughter of Lord Clarendon, was
born in 1637. She was married about 1660 to the Duke
of York, afterwards James II. She was the mother of
Queen Mary and Queen Anne. Died in 1671.
See " Memoirs of Eminent Englishwomen," by LOUISA STIABT
COSTHLLO.
Hyde, (EDWARD.) See CLARENDON, EARL OF.
Hyde, (HENRY.) See CLARENDON, EARL OF.
Hyde, (LAWRENCE,) M.P., son of Sir Nicholas Hyde,
distinguished himself by his successful efforts in pro
moling the escape of Charles II. after the battle of Wor-
cester. The king passed one night in the house of
Lawrence Hyde's tenant, and thence was conducted by
Hyde to the sea-shore. Died in 1682.
Hyde, (LAWRENCE,) first Earl of Rochester, was the
second son of Edward, Earl of Clarendon. He was
in ultra Tory, and was the leader of the High-Church
party in the reign of Charles II. He became first com-
missioner of the treasury in 1679. At the accession
of James II., in 1685, he was appointed lord treasurer,
(prime minister.) Though extremely subservient to the
policy of the king, he was removed from office in Decem-
ber, 1686, because he would not turn Roman Catholic.
After the flight of James II., Hyde gave his adhesion to
William III. Died in 1711.
See MACAULAY, " History of England," vol. i. chaps, ii. and iv.,
»ol. ii. chaps, vi., ix., and x.
Hyde, (Sir NICHOLAS,) an English judge, born in
1572, was the father of Lawrence Hyde, and uncle of the
first Earl of Clarendon. He was appointed chief justice
of the king's bench in 1626, and presided when Sir John
Eliot was unjustly condemned to prison. Died in 1631.
Hyde, (THOMAS,) D.D., a learned English divine, born
In Shropshire in 1636, became Archdeacon of Gloucestei
in 1678, professor of Arabic at Oxford in 1691, and regius
professor of Hebrew in 1697. He excelled in Oriental
languages, and was interpreter of the same to Charles
II., James II., and William III. From 1665 to 1701 he
was principal librarian of the Bodleian Library. He pub-
lisheda treatise on Chinese weights and measures, (1688,)
and one on "Oriental Games," (1694.) His principal
work, a " History of the Religion of the Ancient Per-
sians and Magi," in Latin, (1700,) displays a vast erudi-
tion, and for a long time had a great reputation. " The
variety and novelty of its contents," says Hallam, "gave
this book a credit which in some degree it preserves;
but Hyde was ignorant of the ancient language of Persia,
and is said to have been often misled by Mohammedan
authorities." ("Introduction to the Literature of Eu-
rope.") He wrote other works, and compiled dictiona-
ries of the Persian and Turkish languages. Died in 1703.
See " Biographia Britannica ;" WOOD, " Athena; Oxonienses."
Hyde de Neuville, hed deh nuh'vel', (JEAN GUIL-
LAUME,) a French politician, born in the department of
Nievre in 1776. He was an active royalist during the
republic and the empire. After the restoration he acted
with the ultra royalists as a deputy in 1815, and was
minister to the United States of North America from 1816
to 1821. He was minister of the marine in the Mar-
tignac cabinet for a short time in 1828. Died in 1857.
Hyder, the German of HYDRA, which see.
Hyder-Alee or Hyder- Ali, hl'der S'lee, [sometimes
written, in French, HAIDER-ALI,] a celebrated Hindoo
prince, born about 1718, entered the army of the Rajah
of Mysore. His military talents procured his promotion
to the command of an army, with which he captured Ban-
galore and fought against the Mahrattas. About 1759, by
a bold and successful coup tfttat, he obtained the chief
power in Mysore, leaving his former master the title of
rajah and a pension. The English, alarmed by his en-
croachments, formed a league with the Mahrattas against
him, (1766.) In the war that ensued, Hyder gained such
advantages that the English sued for peace and entered
into alliance with him, (1769.) In 1771 he was defeated
by the piratical Mahrattas, the English having failed
to aid him according to the treaty. Having made an
alliance with the French and the Mahrattas against the
English, he suddenly invaded the Carnatic in 1780, took
several fortresses, defeated some detachments, and rav-
f. as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, Vi, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23. <
HYDRA
1340
HYPERIUS
«ged the country almost to the walls of Madras. In
1782 he was defeated by Sir Eyre Coote at Porto Novo,
and died in the same year, leaving his throne to his son,
Tippoo Sahib. Hyder was a Mussulman. He is reputed
the most able enemy the British have had to contend
with in India.
See MF.HK HUSSKIN ALI KHAN K.IRMAIN, " History of Hyder Ah','
d'Hvder
'i Chute de i'Empirede Mysore," etc, 2 vols.. 1801.
Hy'dra, [Gr. T6pa; Fr. HYDRE, edR ; Ger. HYDER,
nee'der; It. IDRA, ee'dRa,] a monster which infested the
Lernean marsh and was destroyed by Hercules. It was
said to have had nine heads. (See HERCULES.)
Hydre. See HYDRA.
Hy-ge'ia or Hy-gl-ei'a, [Gr. "Tyicui; Fr. HYGIE,
e'zhe', or H'YGEE, e'zhi',] written also Hygea or Hygia,
the goddess of health, in Greek mythology, said to be the
daughter of Asclepias. She was represented as holding
a cup in one hand, and in the other a serpent, drinking
from the cup.
Hygie or Hyg6e. See HYGEIA.
Hy-gi'nus [Fr. HYGIN, e'zhiN'] became Bishop of
Rome in 138 A.D., and died in. 142. He is supposed to
have been a Greek.
Hy-gi'nus or Higinus, (CAius JULIUS,) a Roman
grammarian, born in Spain or Alexandria. Originally
a slave, he was set free by Augustus Cxsar, who gave
him charge of the Palatine Library. He wrote a " Com-
mentary on Virgil," and other esteemed works, which
are lost Other works bearing his name are extant, viz.,
" Mythological Fables," and " Poeticon Astronomicon,"
but are supposed to have been written by a Hyginus
who lived at a later date.
See BUNTB, " Dissertatio de C. J. Hygini Vitt et Scriptii," 1846
Hyksos. See SHEPHERD KINGS.
Hylander, hii-lan'der, (ANDERS,) a Swedish Orien-
talist, born at Tunhem in 1750; died in 1830.
Hylaret, yie'Ii'r^', (MAURICE,) a French monk and
preacher, born at Angouleme in 1539, was a partisan ol
the League. Died in 1591.
Hy'las, [Gr. TfAof,] a favourite of Hercules, whom he
accompanied in the A rgonautic expedition. The Naiads,
enamoured with his beauty, drew him into the water, so
that he was lost to Hercules forever.
Hyll, hil, (?) (ALBAN,) an English physician, who prac-
tised in London with a high reputation. He wrote a
"Commentary on Galen." Died in 1559.
Hyl'lus, [Gr. T/Uof,] a son of Hercules and Dejanira,
was persecuted by Eurystheus, and after the death of
his father was the leader of the Heracli'dae. Aided by
the Athenians, he invaded Peloponnesus, and defeated
Eurystheus, whom he killed with his own hand.
Hy'mgn or Hy meuaeus, him-e-nee'us, [Gr. '"tuiiv or
"T/ievawf ; Fr. HYMEN, e'men', or HYMENEE, e'ma'ni',]
the god of marriage of the Greeks and Romans, was
represented as a handsome youth, crowned with flowers,
and holding a nuptial torch in his hand. According to
one tradition, he was a son of Apollo and one of the
Muses. Another account makes him the son of Bac-
chus and Venus.
Hymir, hl'mir, written also Eymer, [supposed to be
derived from Autnr, the " sea,"] the name of a great giant
mentioned in the Norse mythology as the owner of a
huge kettle, a mile deep, which Thor carried off, having
nrst placed it over his head, so that he was entirely
hidden by it. It was the same giant with whom Thor
went a fishing and caught the World-serpent
See THORPH, " Northern Mythology," vol. i. ; MALLET, " North-
ern Antiouities," vol. ii. Fable XXVII
Hy m'nl-a, [Gr. "fpiia ; Fr. HYMNIE, em'ne',] a sur-
name of Diana, under which she was worshipped in
Arcadia.
Hymnie. See HYMNIA.
Hynd'fprd, (JOHN CARMICHAEL,) EARL OF, a Scot-
tish diplomatist, born in 1701. In 1741 he was employed
with credit as ambassador to the Prussian court, and
in 1744 was sent in the same capacity to Russia. After
successful efforts to terminate the war of the Austrian
succession by a treaty of peace, he acted as envoy to
Vienna in 1752. In 1764 he was appointed lord vice-
admiral of Scotland. He died in 1767.
Hyiid'man, (HENRY MAYERS,) an English social-
ist, born in 1842. He wrote "England for All,"
(iS8i,) "Historic Bases of Socialism in England,"
(1883,) "The Indian Famine," (1887,) "The Com-
mercial Crises of the Nineteenth Century," (1892,) etc.
Hyne, (CHARLES JOHN CUTCLIFFE,) an English
novelist, born at Bibury in 1866. His works include
"The New Eden," (1892,) "Honour of Thieves,"
(1895,) "The Adventures of Captain Kettle," (1898,)
"Through Arctic Lapland," (1898,) etc.
Hyp.itia, hl-pa'sh^-a, [Gr. Tirana; Fr. HYPATIE,
e'pi'te',) a celebrated female philosopher and mathema-
tician, born at Alexandria in the latter part of the fourth
century. She was the daughter of Theon, and displayed
even greater talents than this famous mathematician in
the study of philosophy and the sciences. She pursued
her studies with great assiduity, often studying late in the
night. After having improved herself by travelling and
attending lectures at Athens of the most distinguished
teachers of philosophy, she returned to Alexandria,
where she was invited by the magistrates of the city
to tench philosophy. She favoured the Neo-Platonic
philosophy. She had many celebrated disciples, some
of whom embraced Christianity and cherished through
life feelings of friendship for her, although she con-
tinued to worship the heathen deities of Greece. She
was noted for her virtue, her beauty, her simplicity of
dress, her accomplishments, and her strength of mind.
Orestes, the prefect of Alexandria, admired her wisdom,
and often availed himself of her counsels. Cyril, the
Christian patriarch, and his fanatical monks, appear to
have regarded Hypatia as the principal supporter of the
old religion ; and at last their frenzy reached such a point
that they tore her from her chariot as she was going to
her school, and murdered her. This occurred in March,
415 A.D. The works of Hypatia were destroyed when
the Mohammedans burned the library of Alexandria.
Among these were a "Commentary on Diophantus,"
an "Astronomical Canon," and a "Commentary on the
Conies of Apollonius of Perga." The titles of all her
other works are lost
See TILLBMONT, " Me"moires ;" WBRNSDORP, " Quatre Disserta-
tions sur Hypatie :" CHARLES KINGSLEY'S historical romance entitled
" Hypatia."
Hy'per-bo're-ans, a fabled race whom the Greeks
placed (as their name indicates) in the far North, " beyond
the North wind." They enjoyed perpetual youth, and
lived in an earthly paradise separated from the rest of
the world by the Khipean Mountains.
Hyp6ride. See HYPERIDES.
Hy-per-i'deS, [Gr. 'YnrpciAiK or "fmpifyf ; Fr. HYP<-
RIDE, e'pi'red',] a famous Athenian orator, was the
son of Glaucippus, and a pupil of Plato. He was iden-
tified with the party that opposed Philip of Macedon.
After the battle of Chaerone a, (338 B.C.,) he proposed
to recall the exiles, to liberate the slaves, and to take
other vigorous measures, which were adopted, and pro-
cured peace on favourable terms. Having refused to
touch the gold with which Harpalus corrupted other
orators of Athens, he was chosen to conduct the prose-
cution against Demosthenes for his share in that trans-
action. Hyperides was put to death by Antipater in
322. Cicero ranks him next to Demosthenes ; and other
ancient critics agree that his eloquence was of the highest
order. Important portions of four of his orations were
discovered in papyrus in 1847 ar>d 1856.
Hy-pfr-i'on, (or hl-pee're-pn,) [Gr. Tirepiuv,] in
Greek mythology, the name of a Titan, a son of Uranus
and Ge, (or Terra,) and the father of Aurora and Helios.
In Homer, Hyperion is a name of the sun.
Hy-pe'rl-ua, [Dutch pron. he-pa're-us,] (ANDR4 GE-
RARD,) an eminent Protestant theologian, born at Ypres
in 1511. He was professor of theology at Marburg from
1542 to 1564. Among his works are " De Formandis
Concionibus sacris," (" On the Composition of Ser-
mons," 1555,) and " De Theologo seu de Ratione Studii
theologici," (" On the Theologian, or on the Method of
Theological Study," 1556.) Died in 1564.
a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fall, fat; mSt; not; good; moon;
HYPERMNESTRA
IBN-AL-A TSEER
Hy-perm-nes'tra, JGr. Tirtp/ivf/orpa; ft. HYPERM-
NESTRE, e'peRm'nestR'] one of the DANAIDES, which
see.
Hyp'sl-clei, ['Yi/*otX>7c,] a Greek mathematician of
an uncertain epoch, issuppcsed to have lived at Alex-
andria in the second century. He wrote a treatise
" On the Right Ascension of the Constellations of the
Zodiac," which is extant. He is regarded by some as
the author of the fourteenth and fifteenth books of the
" Elements" of Euclid. According to Delambre, he
lived about 146 B.C.
Hjfp-sip'y-le, [Gr. 'T^iTt''/^,] a queen of Lemnos,
who, according to tradition, saved the life of her father
when the other women of the island killed their husbands
and male relations. She was afterwards sold into slavery
by the Lemnian women.
See LRMFRIERB'S "Classical Dictionary."
Hyrcan. See HVRCANUS.
Hyr-ca'nus [Gr. Tpitavof ; Fr. HYRCAN, eRTcoN'j J,
(JoHN,) high-priest of the Jems, was the son of Simon
Maccabeus, whom he succeeded in 135 B.C. After the
death of Antiochus Sidetes, 130 B.C., he conquered the
Idumeans and destroyed the city of Samaria. Though
educated as a Pharisee, in the latter part of his life he
favoured their rivals the Sadducees. He died in the
year 103, leaving his office to his son Aristobu'lus.
See JOSKPHUS, " History of the Jews :" Apocryphal Book of
Maccabees.
Hyrcanus H.. high-priest of the Jews, succeeded his
father, Alexander Jannaeus, in 76 B.C. His brother Aristo-
bu'lus having usurped the regal power, Hyrcanns, who
was a weak prince, appealed to the Roman Pompey,
who restored him to the throne and priesthood. An-
tigonus, son of Aristobulus, with the aid of the Parthians,
deposed Hyrcanus about 38 B.C., and was soon after
supplanted by Herod, who married Mariamne, the grand-
daughter of Hyrcanus, and put the latter to death, 30 B.C
Hyrtl, hSeVt'l, (JOSEPH,) an able anatomist, born at
Eisenstadt, Hungary, in 1811. He became professor of
anatomy in Vienna in 1845. He published, besides other
works, a "Text-Book of Human Anatomy," (2 vols.,
1847,) which has been adopted by the German univer-
sities as a standard. Died July 17, 1894.
Hys'lpp, or HIs'lop, (JAMES,) a Scottish poet, born
near Sanquhar, July 13, 1798. He became a school-
master in the navy, and died near the Cape Verde
Islands, December 4, 1827. He is still remembered for
his sweet and graceful verses.
Hystaspe. See HYSTASPES.
Hys-tas'peS, jGr.'To-TooTr^f ; Fr. HYSTASPE, es'ttsp';
Persian, GUSHTASP,] a satrap of Persia, and the father
of Darius I., lived about 550 B.C. He is said to have
been the first who introduced into Persia the learning
of the Indian Brahmans. According to one account, he
was the chief of the Magians, which accords with the
Persian tradition that Gushtasp patronized the religion
of Zoroaster. (See GusHrAsp.)
Hywell See HOV.'ELL THE GOOD.
I.
I-ao'«hn8, IGr.
BACCHUS, which see.
& surname or synonym of
I-am'be, [Gr. 'la/t/ij),] a servant-maid of Metanira,
Queen of Eleusis, was said to be a daughter of Pan. By
her jokes or tricks she amused Ceres when the latter
was in distress. Iambic poetry is supposed to have
derived its name from her.
lamblichus. See JAMBLICHUS.
I-ap'e-tus, (Gr. 'lairerof; Fr. JAPET, zhJPpS',] in classic
mythology, a Titan, and a son of Uranus. He was the
father of Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius.
He is by some considered to be the same as the Japhel'a
of Scripture. lapetus was regarded by the anciert
Greeks and Romans as the ancestor of the human race,*
and, according to Scripture, the descendants of Japheth
inhabited the "isles of the Gentiles," (Genesis r. 5,)
which would seem to signify the numerous islands along
the coasts of Europe and Asia Minor, and probably
also the adjacent portions of the two continents ; in other
words, all that part of the world with which the early
Greeks were acquainted.
I-a'sI-on [Gr. 'lam'uv] or I-a'sI-us, a fr.buluus son of
Jupiter and Electra, (or of Minos and Corythus.) He
is said to have been beloved by Ceres, who bore him a
son, Plutus, the god of ricl.es.
Ibarra, e-nar'ra, (JOAQUIN,) a Spanish printer, born at
Saragossa in 1725, carried on business in Madrid. He
was distinguished for the perfection of his publications,
especially fur his editions of " Don Quixote," (1780,) and
a Spanish version of Sallust, (1772.) Died in 1785.
ITsas, a Syrian priest of the fifth century, ac'.cd a
prominent part in the disputes about Nestorianism, He
was chosen Bishop of Ldessa in 436 A.D. At the Coun-
cil of Ephesus, in 449, he was deposed on the charge of
favouring the Nestorians ; but he was reinstated by the
Council of Chalcedon in 451. Died in 457.
Ib'bet-spn, (Mrs. AGNES,) an English botanist, born
in London in 1757. She investigated the structure of
plants, and wrote botanical papers which were inserted
in Nicholson's "Journal" and the " Philosophical Maga-
rine," (1809-17.) Died in 1823.
Ibbetson, (JULIUS C/ESAR,) an English landscape-
• See Hnrace, lib. i., Carmen 3, in which the phrases "Gens hu-
mana" and " lapeti genus" are used almost synonymously,
t See note on page 35.
painter, born at Jcarborough, copied and imitated with
success the works of Berghem. He wrote an " Accidence
or Gamut of Oil-Painting for Beginners." Died in 1817.
Ib'bpt, (BENJAMIN,) an English divine, born near
Swaffham, in Norfolk, in 1680. He became chaplain
to George I. in 1716, and prebendary of Westminstei
in 1724. He delivered the Boyle lectures in 1713-14.
Died in 1725. Two volumes of his sermons were pub-
lished in 1726.
6ee DR. S. CLARKE, " Life of Benjamin Ibbot."
Iberville, d', de"b?R'vel', (LEMOINE or LEMOYNE,)
a Canadian navigator, born at Montreal in 1642, distin-
guished himself in many actions against the English.
He commanded a vessel sent by the French government
to explore the mouth of the Mississippi, which he dis-
covered in March, 1699. He ascended the river, and
built a fort on its border. Died at Havana in 1706.
Ibi, ee'bee, (SiNlBALDO,) an Italian painter, a pupil
of Perugino, was born at Perugia, and flourished between
1505 and 1528.
IBN, ib'n, an Arabic word signifying "son," and
torming a part of many names; as, IBN-HANBAL, the
"son of Hanbal," etc. It is often written Btn; as, ALI-
BEN-Aiif-TAuB, for AI.EE-!BN-ABEE (-An!) -TALIB.
Ibn- Abeet(- Ab!)-Yakoob,(or -Y'akflb,) Ib'n a'bee
ya'koob' (Abool-Faraj, a'bool far'aj,) otherwise called
An-Nadeem (-Nadim)-Mohammed-Ibn-Ishak, an-
na-deem' mo-ham'med Ib'n is-hik', an Arabian writer,
chiefly known as the author of a valuable catalogue of
books in the Arabic language, with brief and excellent
notices of their authors. Nothing is known of his life,
except that he wrote in the latter part of the tenth century.
Ibn-AI-Atseer, (-Atsyr,) Ib'n al at-seeR', (Abool-
Hassan-Alee, or Aboul (-Abfll) -Hassan- All, a'b6ol
has'san J'lee,) surnamed Az-ED-DEEN, (AzzEDDYN,) (i.e.
the " Splendour of Religion,") an Arabian historian, born
in Mesopotamia about 1160, became a citizen of Mosul.
I le excelled in the science of prophetic traditions, and
had great knowledge of history, as appears by his
Complete Chronicle from the origin of the world to
his own time. Died in 1233.
See HAJI-KHALFAH, " Lexicon Bibliographicum ;" VON HAMMM-
PURGSTALL, " Literaturgeschichte der Araber."
Ibn-AI-Atseer (or -Al-Atsyr)-Nasr- Allah, Ib'n al-
It-seeR' nas'r dl'lah, written also Alatyr and Alatlr, an
Arabian writer, a brother of the preceding, was born at
. <;as.i,- g/iarJ; g as/; G, H, K,. guttural; n, nasal; R, trilled; gas z; th asm this.
Explanations, p. 23.)
IBN-BAJAH
1342
IBRAHEEM
Jezeereh-Benee-Omar, on the Tigris, in 1 162. He visited
the court of Saladin, who engaged him as vizier to his
son and heir, Melik-Afdhal. He was eminent for his learn-
ing, and wrote a treatise on Prosody, and other works.
See IBN-KHALLIKAN, "Biographical Dictionary."
Ibn-Bajah. See AVENPACE.
Ibn-Batuta. See BATOOTAH.
Ibn-Doreid, Ib'n do'rad', (or do'nd',) a celebrated
Arabian poet, born at Bassorah in 838 A.D. He culti-
vated various kinds of poetry with distinguished success.
Died at Bagdad in 933.
Ibn-Hanbal, Ib'n han'bal, (Ahmed, an'med.) the
founder of the fourth sect of orthodox Mohammedans,
was born at Bagdad (or, as some say, at Meru) in the
year of the Hejrah 164. He attained a great reputation
for virtue and knowledge of the traditions of Mohammed.
He received many traditions from Shafei, with whom he
was intimate. For his refusal to acknowledge the Koran
to have been created, he was scourged and imprisoned
by the caliph M6tassem. He died at Bagdad in A.D.
855. The sect became very numerous after his death.
They are called Hanbalites.
Ibn-HankaL See HAUKAI,
Ibn-Ishak, (cr -lahaq,) Ib'n is-hlk', an Arabian his-
torian, who, at the request of the caliph Al-Mansoor,
wrote a life of Mohammed the prophet He is an elo-
quent but not a trustworthy writer. Died in 768 A.D.
See SPRENGER, "Life of Mohammad," p. 69 et teq.
Ibn-Khakan, (or -Khacan.) See AL-FATH.
Ibn-Khaldoon, (-Khaldoun or -Khaldftn,) Ib'n
Kal'doon' (Walee-ed-Deen- (or Waly -Eddyn-)
Aboo-Zeid-Abd-er-Rahman, wa'lee ed-deen' S'boo
zid abd-er-r Jh'man,) a celebrated Arabian historian, born
at Tunis in 1332. He removed to Cairo, where he distin-
guished himself by his uprightness as a judge, and was
chosen chief of the Cadees (Cadis) of the sect of Malek-
ites in 1384. Afterwards, while on a journey to Syria,
he was made prisoner by Taimoor, (the famous Tamer-
lane,) by whom he was treated with great kindness and
respect His principal work is a valuable " History of
the Arabs, Persians, and Berbers, with Preliminary
Observations," which was recently published in France.
"We cannot but conceive, in reading this," says Sil-
vestre de Sacy, "a very high idea of his judgment,
sagacity, and erudition, and of the great variety of his
knowledge." Died in 1406.
See his Autobiography, published in the " Journal Asiatiquc" of
1844 ; SILVESTRR DB SACY, " Chrestomalhic Arabe :" CASIRI, Bibli-
otheca Arabico-Hispana."
Ibn-KhaHikan, Ib'n Kal'le-kln', written also Ebn-
Khalican or -Khilcan, (Shems-ed-Deen (or-Eddin)
Abool- (Aboul- or Abfil-) Abbas-Ahmed, shims
ed-deen' a'bool Jb'bJs' aH'med,) a celebrated Arabian
historian, born at Arbela in 121 1. He became grand
Cadee (Cadi) of Damascus about 1261. His chief work
is a "Biographical Dictionary of Famous Moslems,"
which contains over eight hundred articles. An English
translation of it was beg-jn by Mr. Slane, the first volume
of which was published in 1841. Died in 1282.
Ibn-Kotcybah or Abdallah-Ibn-Koteybah, ab-
dll'lah Ib'n ko-ta'bah or ko-ti'bah, written also Cotey-
bah and Qotay tiah, an Arabian historian and critic, born
at Bagdad in 828 A.D. ; died in 889.
See IBN-KHALLIKAN, "Biographical Dictionary."
Ibn-Maimoon, (-Maimfln or -Maimoun.) See
WAIMONIDES.
Ibn-Rosched, (or -Roahd.) See AVERROES.
Ibn-Sina See AviCE.N.NA.
Ibn-Tofail, (-TofayL) See ABOO-BF.KR-!B.\-TOFAIL
Ibnul-Abbar. See KODHAEE.
Ibn-Yoonaa, (-Younas or -Yftnas,) Ib'n yoo'nas,
sometimes spelled Ibn-Younis, (Alee- (or Ali-) Ibn-
Abderrahman, i'lee Ib'n abd-er-rah'man,) one of the
most eminent Arabian astronomers, was born in 979 A.D.
He made at Cairo a series of observations, the results of
which he published in a work called the "Table of Ibn-
Yoonas." Died in 1008.
Ibn-Zohr. See AVENZOAR.
Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,) written also Ibrahym, ti..-
Arabic name of the patriarch ABRAHAM, which see.
Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,*) ib-rS-heem', thirteenth caliph
of the Omeyyad dynasty, was the son of Waleed (Walid)
I. He began to reign in Damascus in 744 A. D., and a
few months after was deposed by Merwan. The Arab
historians disagree respecting his subsequent fate,
Ibraheem (Ibrahim) L, (Aboo-Abdallah, i'tx58
Ib-dal'lah,) founder of the dynasty of Aglabides in Africa,
was the son of Aglab, and a native of Arabia. About
800 A.D. he was appointed Governor of Africa by Haroun-
al-Raschid. After the death of the latter, (808,) IbrSheem
assumed the royal power. Died about 813.
Ibraheem (Ibrahim) L, a Turkish Sultan, brother
of Amurath IV., was proclaimed in 1640, at the age of
twenty-three. His cruelty and other vices excited against
him a powerful and successful conspiracy, by which he
was deposed and strangled in 1648 or 1649. He wa»
succeeded by his son, Mahomet IV.
Ibraheem (Ibrahim) U., Emperor of Hindostan, the
son of Iskander, iiegan to reign in 1517, being the third
of the Afghan dynasty. He was a very unpopular rulei.
In 1526 the Mogul Baber invaded India, a battle was
fought at I-aniput, where Ibraheem was defeated and
killed, and the Mogul dynasty was established in India.
Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,) a favourite of Sultan Solyman
II., was a Genoese by birth, and was taken to Constan-
tinople by pirates in his infancy. He became grand
vizier about 1523, and signalized his courage in the war
against Hungary in 1527. He was put to death, at the
instigation of the Sultana, in 1535.
Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,) born at Aleppo, was the most
eminent among the Ottoman jurists. His fame rests upon
a great work styled the " Confluence of the Seas," (" Mul-
t.-.ka al-Abhar, ') which is a complete code of laws. Died
in 1549.
Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,) Pasha of Egypt, the son of
Mehemet Alee, (Ali,) was born in Rumelia in 1789. He
conquered the Wahabees, in Arabia, about 1818. In
1824 he commanded an army and fleet which Mehemet
Alee sent against the Greeks. Having landed in the
Morea with 10,000 men in 1825, he took several towns
and committed many atrocities. The success of the allies
at Navarino and the French invasion of the Morea forced
him to retire to Egypt in 1828. In a war waged between
the Viceroy of Egypt and the Sultan, Ibraheem took
Aleppo and defeated the Turks in a great battle at
Konieh, in Syria, in 1832. His victorious progress was
arrested by the intervention of the European powers in
1833. Died in 1848.
See LABAT, " L'lSgypte, ancienne et moderne."
Ibraheem (Ibrahim) Bey, a famous Mameluke
chief, born in Circassia about 1735. He went to Egypt
in his youth, and entered the service of Mohammed Bey.
After the death of the latter.Ibraheem shared with Moorsd
Bey the sovereignty of Egypt. When Bonaparte invaded
Egypt in 1798 and defeated Moored, Ibraheem retired
to Syria. In 1800 he took part against the French at
Cairo, etc., and, after they evacuated Egypt, was again
Governor of Cairo, until supplanted by Mehemet Alee.
Died in 1816.
Ibraheem (Ibrahim) Effendi, (eT-f?n'dee,) a learned
Turk, who was born about 1640, and filled considerable
offices at Constantinople. He was converted to Chris-
tianity, was baptized in 1671, retired to Venice, and as-
sumed the name of Paul Antonio Effendi. He translated
several books of the Bible into Arabic. Died in 1697.
Ibraheem (Ibrahim) Khan-Ogli,(o'glee,) was grand
vizier of Turkey when Mahomet I. died, in 1421. He
tcok measures to secure the succession of Mahomet's
sen, Amurath II., who was then absent from the capital.
To reward this service, Amurath gave him the title of
Klian, with hereditary privileges which made his family
the rrst in the empire.
* The Arabic texts are by no means un'f rrn in regard to the
penultima of this name; it is often made sVcrjt but. if we mistake
not, more frequently long, as given above. It is proper, however, to
remark that a single instance of the insertion of the Alif (the sign of
generally correct, merely proves lhat the insertion is not deemed
Absolutely indispensable. Its omission may be compared to the
neglecting to dot one's rs in writing English,— a fault, undoubtedly, but
• null often committed by writers otherwise remarkable for accuracy.
i, e, T, 5, u, y, long; i, e, 6, san-e, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; m?t; n5t; good; moon;
IBRAHIM
IGNARRA
Ibrahim. See IBRAHEEM.
Ibrahym. See IBRAHEEM.
Ibsen, ib'sen, (HENRIK,) a Norwegian poet and
dramatist, born at Skien, March 20, 1828. He began
life as an apothecary. His "Catiline," (1850,) a drama,
was an ill-written production. In 1851 lie went to the
University of Christiania, and afterwards was director
of theatres, first at Bergen and then at Christiania.
In 1864 he left Norway, in anger because it failed to
help the Danes in their war wilh Prussia, and resided
abroad till 1892. His " Warriors in Helgeland,"
(1858,) and "Rival Kings," (1864,) placed him in
the first rank of Scandinavian national dramatists, and
his "Love's Comedy," (1862,) was the first step to-
wards his satirical social dramas. He produced other
historical dramas, but first attracted world-wide atten-
tion by "A Doll's House," (1879.) This keen ar-
raignment of modern social custom; was followed by
"Ghosts," (1881,) "The Wild Duck," (i«"4,) "The
Lady from the Sea," (i«88,) "The Master Builder,"
(1892, ) " John Gabriel Borkwan," (1896,) and others,
psychological in their interest, but vividly realistic in
language, and which gave rise to a storm of contro-
versy among critics.
Ib'y-OOB, ['ISii/tof,] a Greek lyric poet, born at Rhe-
gium, in Italy, flourished about 560 B.C., and passed part
of his life at Samos. His poems, which were chiefly
love-songs, are lost, except a few fragments. He was
the fifth lyric poet of the Alexandrian canon, and had
a high reputation. He is said to have been killed by
robbers. His death has furnished the subject of one
of the finest of Schiller's minor poems, "Die Kraniche
des Ibycus."
I9a. See ISA.
Icard, e'kiR', (CHARLES,) a French Protestant min-
ister and writer, born in Languedoc in 1636. He was
driven into exile by persecution in 1682, and settled at
Bremen in 1688.
Icare. See ICARUS.
I-ca'rl-us, [Gr. 'luapiof ,] also called Icarus, an Athe-
nian, to whom Bacchus is said to have taught the cultiva-
tion of the vine. He was killed by some shepherds, to
whom he had given wine and who suspected that he had
poisoned them. The legend adds that he was changed
into the constellation Bootes.
Icarius, a Lacedaemonian, the father of Penelope.
He urged her to remain at Sparta after she was married
to Ulysses ; but she preferred to follow her husband.
Ic'a-rus, [Gr. 'kopec; Fr. ICARE, e'kjR',] son of Da?-
dalus.'with whom, according to the Greek mythology,
he was imprisoned in the Labyrinth of Crete. Having
attempted to fly by means of artificial wings made with
wax, they were melted by his approaching too near the
sun, and he fell into the sea, near the island of Samos,
which received from him the name of the Icarian Sea.
Iccius, ik'she^js, a Roman philosopher, lived about
30 B.C., and was a friend of Horace, who addressed to
him an epistle and an ode.
Icher, e'shaiR', (PIERRE,) a French physician and
Hellenist, born at Montpellier in 1658; died in 1713.
I-cill-us, (Lucius,) a Roman tribune, who was affi-
anced to the celebrated Virginia. He was elected tribune
of the people in 456 B.C., and favoured the cause of the
plebeians. He was one of the leaders of the successful
revolt against the Decemviri about 450 B.C.
See NIBBUHR, " History of Rome."
Ic-ti'nus, ['I/cru-of,] a celebrated Grecian architect,
who flourished about 450 B.C. He built several grand
and King of Jerusalem. She was eminent for wisdom
and piety. Died in 1113.
See BAILLBT, " Vies des Sainta."
Idace. See IDACIUS.
Idacius, e-da'she-us, [Fr. IDACE, e'dtss',1 a Spanish
chronicler, born at Lamego about the end of the fourth
century. He became Bishop of Chaves, (Accuse Flavise,)
in Portugal. He was author of a " Chromcon" of the
period from 379 to 468 A.D., which was printed in Paru
by Sirmond in 1619.
See N. ANTONIO, "Bibliotheca Hispana Nova."
I'daa, [Gr. 'loaf,] a son of Aphareus, took part in the
Argonautic expedition, and was renowned for valour.
Idas and his brother Lynceus having quarrelled with
the Dioscu'ri, Idas killed Castor, and was in turn killed
by Pollux.
Iddesleigh, (EARL OF.) See NORTH COTE, (WAL-
TER STAFFORD.)
Ide. See IDA.
Ideler, ee'deh-ler, (CHRISTIAN LUDWG.) a Prussian
astronomer and linguist, born near Perleberg in 1766.
He was appointed in 1816 tutor to the princes William
Frederick and Charles, and in 1821 became professor at
the Berlin University. He was the author of " Historical
Researches on the Astronomical Observations of the
Ancients," (1806,) "On the Calendar of Ptolemy," and
other similar treatises. He was a member of the French
Institute, and the Academy of Sciences at Berlin. Died
in Berlin in 1846.
Ideler, (Junus LUDWIG,) a physician, a son of the
preceding, was born at Berlin in 1809. He published
" Meteorology of the Ancient Greeks and Romans,"
(1832,) "Hermapion, or Rudiments of the Hieroglyphic
Literature of Ancient Egypt," (1841,) and other anti-
quarian treatises. Died in 1842.
Ideler, (KARL WILHELM,) a Prussian physician, born
in 1795, lived in Berlin. He is known as a writer on
i mental maladies. Died at Kumlosen, July 29, 1860.
Ides, ee'dfs, (EVERARD ISBRANTZ,) a German travel-
ler, born in Holstein about 1660. He was sent to Pekin
by Peter the Great in 1692 to negotiate a treaty of com-
merce, and returned in 1694. A narrative of his journey,
published in 1704, is a work of some merit
Idman, id'man, (NILS,) a Swedish philologist, pub-
lished in 1778 " Researches on the Finnish People, and
the Relations between the Finnish Language and the
Greek."
Idomeneus, [Gr. 'lotyifra'if,] a Greek historian, born
at Lampsacus, lived about 300 B.C. He was a friend and
disciple of Epicurus. His works are not extant
See Vossius, "De Historitis Gratis."
idtina, e-doo'na, or Idun, sometimes written Idun
na, [etymology doubtful,] in the Norse mythology, the
goddess of immortality, who keeps a casket of apples, of
which if the gods partake they never grow old. (See
THIASSI.) Iduna is said to be the wife of Bragi, the god
of poetry, who in one sense may be said to possess the
lefremoff or lefremov. See YEFREMOF.
lenichen. See JENICHEN.
lermak. See YERMAK.
lezdedjerd. See YEZDEJERD.
Iffland, ifflant, (AUGUST WILHELM,) a celebrated
German actor and dramatist, born at Hanover in 1759.
He became director of the National Theatre at Berlin in
1796, and in 1811 was appointed director-general of the
Arcadia. The most memorable monument of his genius .'
£5£553sS£SMS5MittJs£«
this edifice, which is probably the most perfect speci-
men of Grecian architecture in any age. Its length was
227 feet and its breadth about 100. (See CALLICRATES.)
See PAUSANIAS, book viii.
Icwara. See ISWARA.
I'da, [Fr. IDE, ed,] Countess of Boulogne, born about
1040, was the mother of Godfrey of Bouillon, crusader
theory as" in the practice of his art" Died in 1814.
Igdrasil, (Yggdrasil.) See ODIN.
Iglesiaa de la Casa, e-gla'se-is di li ki'8.1, (Jos«,l
a Spanish poet, born at Salamanca in 1753 ; died in 179'-
See LONGFELLOW'S "Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Ignace. See IGNATIUS.
Ignarra, en-yar'ri, (NICCOL6,) an Italian antiquaij
•eas/S; fasj; %Aanf; gas/;G, H, K,guttural; y, nasal; ^,trilled; sasz; thasinMu. (J^'See Explanations, p. 23.)
IGNATIEFF
1344
IMAD-ED-DOWLAH
»nd priest, born near Naples in 1728, was a good clas-
sical scholar. He became professor of divinity in the
Royal University of Naples in 1771, director of the royal
printing-office in 1782, and preceptor of the prince Fran-
cis de Bourbon in 1784. He wrote, besides other works,
an esteemed commentary "De Palaestra Neapolitans *'
(1770.) Died in 1808.
See CASTAL: i, " Igname Vita," prefixed to his '* Opuscoli," 1807.
Ignatieff, ig-na'te-Sf, (NIKOLAI PAVLOVITCH,) a Rus-
sian general and diplomat, born at Saint Petersburg,
January 29, 1832. He entered the army, was rapidly
promoted, and was afterwards sent upon various im-
portant diplomatic errands. In 1858 he obtained from
China the cession of extensive territories, and from 1859
to 1863 he was full ambassador at Peking. He was
(1864-77) Russian envoy to Turkey, and in 1878 he
negotiated the treaty of San Stephano, and was after-
wards minister of the interior.
Ignatius, ig-na'she-us, [Gr. 'I/rariof; Fr. IGNACS,
en'ytss'; Ger. IGNAZ, ig-nats'; It IGNAZIO, en-yat'se-o.J
surnamed THEOPH'ORUS, one of the earliest Christian
Fathers, and one of the most eminent among the imme-
diate successors of the apostles, is supposed to have
been a native of Syria. About 67 A.D. he became bishop
or minister of the church of Antioch by the appointment
of Saint Peter, or, according to some writers, of Saint
John. He had filled this station acceptably about forty
years, when the emperor Trajan began a persecution
of the Christians. Ignatius was brought before Trajan
at Antioch, and, refusing to renounce his religion, was
condemned, and suffered martyrdom at Rome in 107,
being exposed to wild beasts in the amphitheatre. His
epistles to the Ephesians, Trallians, Magnesians, Romans,
Philadelphians, Smyrneans, and to Polycarp are extant,
and are regarded by many able critics as precious memo-
rials of the primitive Church; but not a few scholars
reject them entirely. There are eight other Ignatian
ep'stles which are generally conceded to be spurious.
In one of his epistles we find the words, " Now I begin
to be a disciple ; I weigh neither visible nor invisible
things, that I may win Christ !"
See CAVE, " Historia Literaria ;" PHAKON, " Vmdidae Ignatianz,"
Cambridge, 1672: W. CURBTON, " Vindiciz Ignatianx, or the Genu-
ine Writings of Saint Ignatius vindicated from the Charge of Heresy,"
8vo, 1846 ; CottTLosQUET, " Vie de Saint-Ignace, Eveque d'Antioch,"
1857 ; Mas. JAMESON, " History of Sacred and Legendary Art."
Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople, born in 799
A.D., was the son of the emperor Michael Curopalates.
When the latter was deposed, Ignatius entered a monas-
tery, and became eminent for piety and wisdom. In 846
he was raised to the dignity of patriarch. Eleven years
after, he was banished and cruelly treated for his opposi
tion to Bardas, an uncle of Michael III., who appointed
in his place the ambitious Photius. The schism between
the Greek and Roman Churches began while Photius
was in office, and has continued ever since that time. In
867 the emperor Basilius reinstated Ignatius, who as-
sembled in 869 an oecumenical council at Constantinople,
which condemned Photius and his party. Died in 877
See DAVID NICETAS, "Vita S. Ignatii," 1604.
Ignatius Loyola. See LOYOLA.
Igor (ee'gor) I., third Grand Duke of Russia, a son
of Rurik, was born about 875, and succeeded Oleg ir
912 A.D. He led an expedition against Constantinople in
941, and compelled the Greek emperor to sue for peace,
which was granted by a treaty in 945. Igor was killed
in an ambuscade in 945. After his death his widow Olga
was converted to Christianity.
See SOLOVIHP, " Histoire de Russie."
Igor II., or Igor Olgovitch, Grand Prince of Russia,
began to reign at Kief about 1145. His claim was con
tested by Iziaslaf, who defeated him in 1146. Igor was
confined in a convent, and assassinated in 1 147.
See KARAMZIN, "Histoire de Russie."
Ihre, ee'reh, (JoHAN,) a Swedish scholar, eminent in
philology, born at Lund in 1707, graduated with the
highest honour at Upsal in 1730. After visiting France,
England, etc., he returned to Upsal and became professor
of poetry and of theology in the university of that place.
In 1 738 he obtained the chair of belles-lettres and political
science, which he occupied about forty years, acquiring
great celebrity as i lecturer and author. In 1769 he
published his " Swedish Glossary," (" Glossarium Suio-
gothicum,") a monument of his immense learning and
critical sagacity, containing a philosophic treatise on the
filiation of languages, besides remarks on the origin
and affinity of Swedish words. He also wrote several
hundred excellent academical dissertations, and is justly
ranked among the best critics of the eighteenth century.
In 1759 he was decorated with the order of the Pola)
Star. Died in 1780.
See FLODERUS, "Parentaiion ofver J. Ihre," 1781 ; CEZBLIUS
" Biographiskt- Lexicon dfver namnkunnige Svenska Man."
Hire, (THOMAS,) a Swedish writer, father of the pre.
ceding, born at Wisby in 1659 ; died in 1720.
See T. RUDBN, " Trognas Strid och Seger, Likpredikan ofver T
Ihre," 1720.
Iken, ee'ken, (CONRAD,) a German theologian, born
at Bremen in 1689. He became professor of theology at
Bremen, and wrote, besides other works, " Antiquitatei
Hebraicae," (1730.) Died in 1753.
Iken, (HEINRICH FRIEDRICH,) a German religious
writer, born at Neuenkirchen in 1791; died in 1820.
Ildefonse. See ILDEFONSO.
Il-de-fon'so, [LaL ILDEFON'SUS ; Fr. ILDEFONSE,
41-deh-foNs',] SAINT, a Spanish prelate, born at Toledo
in 607 A.D., was a pupil of Saint Isidore. He became
Archbishop of Toledo in 658. He wrote, besides several
theological treatises, a continuation of Saint Isidore's
work "De Viris illustribus." Died in 669.
See Cm LA, "Vita Ildefonsi :" GREGORIO MAYANS, " Vida de S
Ildefonso," 173-,.
Hepooshin or Uepouschic, il-e-poo'shen, a Rus-
sian poet of the present age, lived near Saint Petersburg
He wrote pastoral poems.
Ilgen, il'gen, (KARL DAVID,) a distinguished philolo-
gist, born in Prussian Saxony in 1763. He became in
mina convivialia Graecorum.") Died in 1834,
See F. C. KRAPPT, "Vita CD. Ilgeni," 1837; R, STERN, " Nar
ratio de C. D. Ilgenio." 1839 ; " ll^emana: Erinnerungen an Dr. C
D. Ilgen," Leipsic, 1853.
nia. See RHEA SILVIA.
I-lith-jM'a or Eileithyia, |Gr. FJXfi9Dwj,J written
also Eleithy'ia and Eleutho, a Greek goddess, who
presided over birth. Though originally distinct from
Diana, (Artemis,) she seems later to have become identi-
fied with her. (See LUCIVA.)
Dive, I'liv, ? (JACOB,) an English printer, who became
noted by his fictitious" Book of Jasher," (1751,) which he
pretended to have translated from Alcuin. Died in 1763.
Ulescas, el-yes'kas, (GONSALVO,) a Spanish monk,
wrote a " History of the Popes," (1570.) Died in 1580.
Blgen, il'gen, (CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH,) a German
Protestant divine, born at Chemnitz in 1786, wrote sev-
eral works, and edited a journal at Leipsic. Died in 1844.
Ulyricus. See FRANCOWITZ.
Umoni, il-mo'nee, (IMMANUEL,) a Finnish physician,
born in 1797, wrote " Contributions to the History of the
Nosology of the North," (3 vols., 1846-53.) Died in 18561
Ilus, [Gr. 'l?.oc,| the founder of Ilium, (Ilion,) or Troy,
was a son of TROS, (which see.)
Imad-ed-Deen, (-Eddyn or -Eddin.) e-mid' ed-
deen', (i.e. the " Pillar of Religion,") (Mohammed,
mo-ham'me'd, ) surnamed AL-KATEB, was born at Is-
pahan in 1125 A.D. He went in 1167 to Damascus,
where he became the secretary of Noor-ed-Deen. Afier
the death of Noor-ed-Deen, he enjoyed the favour of the
famous Saladin, whose victories he celebrated in an ode,
and whom he served as private secretary until the death
of that prince. ImSd-ed-Deen wrote a " History of the
Conquest of Jerusalem by Saladin," and " Memoirs of
the Moslem Poets of the Sixth Century of the Hejrah.'-
Died in 1201.
See IBN-KHALLIKAN, " Biographical Dictionary."
Imad-ed-Dowlah, (or -Eddaulah.) e-mSd'ed-dflw'-
lah, (i.e. "Pillar of the State,") (Alee-Abool-Hasaan
Alee-Ibn-Booyah, J'lee a'bool has'san a'lee Ib'n boo'
yah,) King of Persia, was the founder of the dynasty of
a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far. fall, fit; met; not; RcSoil; moon.
IMBERDIS
INCHBALD
Uouides, and began to reign in 933 A.D. Pie conquered
the Caliph of Bagdad, and died in 949, leaving the throne
to his nephew, Adhad-ed-Dowlah.
See IBN-KHALLIKAN, "Biographical Dictionary;" WEIL, "Ge-
•chichte des Chalifen."
Imberdis, aN'beVdess', (ANDRE,) a French writer,
born at Ambert about 1810, published a " History of the
Religious Wars in Auvergne during the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries," (2 vols., 1841.) Died in 1878.
Imbert, ax'baiR', (BARTHELEMY,) a French poet, born
at Mimes in 1747. He produced at the age of twenty
"The Judgment of Paris," a graceful poem, which was
much admired. The plan was ingenious, and the style
natural and elegant. Died in 1790.
See QUHRARD, "La France Litte'raire."
Imbert, (GUILLAUME,) a French litifratcur, born at
Limoges about 1743 ; died at Paris in 1803.
Imbert, (JEAN,) a French jurist, born at La Rochelle
about 1522, published " Institutiones Forenses," (1542,)
often reprinted. Died about 1600.
Imbert, (JOSEPH GABRIEL,) an eminent French
painter, born in Marseilles in 1654, was a pupil of Le-
brun and of Van der Meulen. At the age of thirty-four
he took the monastic vows, after which he painted only
sacred subjects. His chief work is a " Calvary." Died
in 1740.
Imbouati, em-bo-na'tee, (CARLO GIUSEPPE,) an Ital-
ian bibliographer, born at Milan, wrote "Bibliotheca
Latino-Hebraica," (2 vols., 1696.) Died after 1696.
Imhof or ImhoS, im'hof, (GusTAV WILLEM,) born
in Amsterdam in 1705, was appointed Governor of Cey-
lon in 1736. Having gained general confidence by hi3
conduct and capacity, he became about 1742 Governor-
General of the Dutch East Indies. Died in 1750.
Imhof, von, fon im'hof, (JAKOB WILHELM,) a Ger-
man genealogist, born at Nuremberg in 1651. He was
well versed in the history of the royal and noble families
of Europe, and wrote many works on genealogy, among
which is one in 2 vols., (1684.) Died in 1728.
See KOELHR, " Lebensgeschichte Imbofs."
Im-ho-tep, a god of the ancient Egyptians, supposed
to be the god of science, and chiefly honoured at Mem-
phis. He was the son of Ptah and Pakht.
Imilcon. See HIMILCO.
Im'I-son, (JOHN,) an English mechanician, wrote a
valuable work entitled "The School of Arts," which
passed through several editions. In 1807 Professor J.
Webster published an improved edition, with the title
of "Elements of Art and Science." Died in 1788.
Im'lah, (JOHN,) a Scottish song-writer, born at Aber-
deen, November 15, 1799. He published "May-Flow-
ers," a volume of lyrics, (1827,) and "Poems," (1841.)
Died in Jamaica, January 9, 1846.
Immermann, im'm?r-man', (KARL LEBRECHT,) a
German dramatist and poet, born at Magdeburg in 1796,
was the author of a comedy entitled "The Princes of
Syracuse," (1821,) "The Valley of Ronceval," "King
Periander," (1823,) and other tragedies. He also pub-
lished a number of tales and lyric poems. Died in 1840.
See KARL IMMBRMANN, " Memorabilien," 3 vols., 1840-43; F.
FREILIGRATH, "C. Immermann, Blatter der Erinnerung an ihn,"
1842 ; " Foreign Quarterly Review" for April, 1843.
Imola. See FRANCUCCI.
Imparato, em-pa-ra'to, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian
painter, born at Naples about 1530, was a pupil of Titian,
whose style he imitated with some success. Died after
1565.
Imperials, cm-pa-re-a'li, (FRANCESCO,) born at
Genoa about 1370, went to Spain, and became attached
to the court of Henry III. of Castile. He was regarded
as one of the best Spanish poets of that time.
Imperiali, em-pa-re-a'lee, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA,) an
Italian physician and author, born at Vicenza in 1568,
graduated at Padua, and practised with success in his
native city. He wrote Latin poems, which were admired,
also a collection of observations entitled "Exotericae
Exercitationes," (1603.) Died in 1623.
His son GIOVANNI, born at Vicenza in 1602, was also
a physician, and wrote " Musaeum Historicum et Physi-
cum," consisting of eulogies and memoirs of eminent
literary men. Died in 1670.
Imperiali, (GIOVANNI VINCENTS,) an Italian poet,
born at Genoa about 1570, served the state as a diplo-
matist, and held a high command in the navy. He wrote,
besides other poems, "Lo Stato rustico," (1611,) which
was received with favour. Died about 1645.
See SOPRANI, "Scrittori Liguri."
Imperiali, (GIUSEPPE RENATO,) an Italian cardinal,
distinguished for his patronage of learning, was born of
a noble family at Genoa in 1651. It is said he would
have been elected pope in 1730, if the court of Spain
had not interposed against him. Many learned men were
recipients of his bounty. Died in 1737. He left a noble
library, which, by his will, was kept open to the public
See TIPALDO, " Biografia degli Italiaui illustri."
Imperiali-Lercari, em-pa-re-a'lee IdR-ka'ree, (FRAN-
CESCO MARIO,) was Doge of Genoa when that city was
bombarded by the fleet of Louis XIV. in 1684. Hos-
tilities having been suspended by the mediation of the
pope, the Doge went as ambassador to Paris, and a
treaty of peace was signed in 1685.
Im'pey, (Sir ELIJAH,) an infamous judge, who offi-
ciated in India during the administration of Warren
Hastings; was recalled, 1782; impeached, 1788; died
in 1812.
See "Memoirs of Sir Elijah Irapey," by E. B. IMPHY, 1846;
MACAULAY, " Essay on Warren Hastings."
Impiccati, degli, a surname of ANDREA DEL CAS-
TAGNO. (See CASTAGNO.)
I'na or I'nas, King of the West Saxons, and one of
the chiefs of the Heptarchy, succeeded Ceadwalla in 689
A.D. He appears to have possessed superior talents,
and is regarded as one of the principal legislators among
the ancient Anglo-Saxons. He waged war successfully
against the people of Kent and the Britons about 710,
In 728 he resigned his crown, and died at Rome the
same year.
See WILLIAM OF MALMHSBURY, " Gesta Regum Anglorum."
In'a-ehus, [Gr. 'Iva^of,] a mythical personage, the
son of Oceanus, and father of lo, is said to have been
the first King of Argos. Having been chosen as umpire
by Neptune and Juno when they disputed about the
possession of Argos, he decided in favour of Juno.
Inca, ing'ki, (plural Incas,) a Peruvian or Quichua
word, signifying " chief," and applied to the dynasty reign-
ing in Peru on the arrival of the Spaniards in that coun-
try in the early part of the sixteenth century. As the
Peruvians did not possess the art of writing, we have no
means of ascertaining, or even forming a satisfactory
conjecture respecting, the earliest date of their power. The
Incas claimed to be the descendants of Manco Capac and
his wife Mama Ocllo, who were the children of the sun.
(See MANCO CAPAC.) The empire of the Incas, at the
period of their greatest power, extended through nearly
forty degrees of longitude, and contained an area of
between one and two million square miles. Their sub-
jects, though unacquainted with letters, had in many
respects advanced to a high degree of civilization. They
understood the working of the precious metals, archi-
tecture, and many other arts, and were especially dis-
tinguished for the general liberality and wisdom of their
state policy; though some of their laws and regulations
were, according to the standard of Christian civilization,
both unjust and inhuman.
See PRBSCOTT'S " Conquest of Peru," book i. chap. i.
Inch'bald, (ELIZABETH,) a popular English actress,
novelist, and dramatist, born at Stanningfield in 1753,
was the daughter of a farmer named Simpson. At the
age of sixteen she came to London with the intention of
becoming an actress, and was married to Mr. Inchbald,
who had obtained some success on the stage. After
performing with her husband several seasons at Edin-
burgh and other towns, she made her dlbut at Covent
Garden in 1780, and was very successful. Her success
is ascribed in a great measure to her personal beauty
and virtuous character. In 1789 she retired from the
stage. She wrote " Such Things Are," " Every One
has his Fault," "To Marry or Not to Marry," and many
other plays. Her greatest productions are two novels,
"A Simple Story," (1791,) and "Nature and Art," (1796,)
which obtained extensive and durable popularity. Her
" ' Nature and Art,' " says Hazlitt, " is one of tie most
easi; yas.s; ghard; gas/; G, H, K,guttural; vi, nasal; R, trilled; sas«; thasin//iu-. (^[^"See Explanations, p. 23.)
INCHIQUIN
1346
INGEN
interesting and pathetic stories in the world." The
other work is highly commended by Miss Edgeworth.
Died in 1821.
See her Life, by BOADHN, 1833; MRS. ELWOOD, "Memoirs of
the Literary Ladies of England from the Commencement of the
Last Century," voL i., 1843.
Inch'j-quin, (MoRROGH O'BRIEN,) BARON OF, a
famous Irish soldier, born about 1618. He acted a
prominent part in the civil war, fighting alternately for
Charles I. and against him. He was a royalist from 1640
to 1645, and gained several victories. About 1649 he
entered the French service, with the rank of general.
Died in 1674.
Inchpfer, ing'Ko'fer, (MELCHIOR,) a Jesuit, born in
Vienna in 1584, lived in various cities of Italy, and wrote
several learned works, among which is the " Ecclesias-
tical History of Hungary," (1644, unfinished.) He had
more learning than critical judgment. Died in 1648.
See BAYLH, "Historical and Critical Dictionary."
Incledon,ink'el-don, (BENJAMIN CHARLES,) an Eng-
lish vocalist, born in Cornwall in 1764, served several
years in the royal navy. He first appeared in a London
theatre in 1790, and performed many years with success.
Died in 1826.
Indaco, 1', len'da-ko, (FRANCESCO,) a painter of the
Florentine school, flourished about 1530.
Indaco. 1', ( JACOPO DA FIRENZE,) a Florentine painter,
a brother of the preceding, was a pupil of Ghirlandaio,
and worked at Rome.
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters."
India, en'de-i, (TuLUO, ) called THE ELDER, a
painter of the Venetian school, was born at Verona, and
flourished in 1545. He was a skilful painter in fresco,
and an excellent copyist
His son BERNARDINO, a painter, was born at Verona.
One of his later works is dated 1584.
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters."
In-dibl-lia, a Spanish chief, who flourished during
the first Punic war, in which he fought for and betrayed
both sides. He fought for the Carthaginians in the
battle at which Publius Scipio was killed, in 213 B.C.
His army was defeated by the younger Scipio in 207.
He was killed in battle by the Romans in 205 B.C.
See LIVY, " History of Rome," books xxii. and xxv.-xxix.
Iiidicopleustes. See COSMAS.
Indra, In'clRa, [etymology doubtful ; possibly related
to the Latin imber, (Gr. o/43poc,) a "shower" or "rain-
itorm,"] the regent of the firmament, in the Hindoo
mythology, is the son of Kasyapa and Aditi. As the
god of storms and thunder, he may be said to correspond
very nearly to the Roman Jupiter and Greek Zeus. In
the early period of the Hindoo mythology he was (like
Jupiter) regarded as the most powerful of the gods ; but,
after the introduction of the deities of the Hindoo triad,
Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, Indra, Varuna, and Agni
were deposed from their high rank and made to occupy
a far inferior position. Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu, is
represented, while still an infant, as baffling with the
utmost ease the mightiest efforts of the god of thunder.
(See KRISHNA.) Indra is supposed to preside over all
atmospheric changes ; the clouds are his war-elephants,
one of which, represented with three trunks and called
Irivat,* (1-ra'vat,) is his vShan, (or "vehicle,"!) and his
most terrible weapon is his vajra, (pronounced by the
modern Hindoos vuj'ra or buj'ra,) or "adamantine thun-
derbolt."} The heaven or paradise of Indra is called
Swarga or Swerga, (pronounced swur'ga.) Here dwell
the Apsaras, the beautiful dancing-girls of his court, who
may be said to correspond to the Hoorees (Houris) of
Mohammed's paradise, and the Gandharvas, or celestial
minstrels. The consort of Indra is named IndrSnl, (in-
dRa'nee.) His capital city is called Amrivati, (im-ra'-
va-tee,) or the "city of immortality."
See MOOR'S " Hindu Pantheon;" COLBMAN'S " Mythology of the
Hindus;" SIR WILLIAM JONES'S Works, vol. xiii., (or vol. vi of
another edition;) H. H. WILSON'S "Translation of the Rig- Veda,'
and " Essays on the Religion of the Hindus,"
• Iravat signifies " watery," " full of rain," (in Latin, plmwut.)
T See note under GARUDA.
t This word (vajra) signifies both " thunderbolt" and " adamant,'
or "diamond."
Induno, en-doo'no, (DoMENico,) an Italian painter
of history and genre, born at Milan in 1815. He gained
the grand prize in 1837. He died in 1878.
Ifies (en'ySs) or Ifiez de Castro, en'ySth di kas'tRo,
sometimes Anglicised as AGNES DE CASTRO, a beautiful
Spanish lady, whose tragical fate is commemorated by
Camoens in the " Lusiad," was born of a noble famiiy
in Castile in the fourteenth century. Having been a
maid of honour at the court of Alphonso IV. of Por-
tugal, she won the love of his son Don Pedro, who
privately married her. The king, on learning the fact,
was violently enraged, and, after vain efforts to dissolve
their union, authorized her assassination in 1355. She
was eminent for virtue, grace, and intelligence. Her
story is the subject of numerous dramas, legends, etc.
Infantado, de, di en-fan-ta'oo, DUQUE, a Spanish
statesman, born in 1773, was an intimate friend of the
Prince of Asturias, (Ferdinand VII.) In 1808 he ac-
companied that prince to Bayonne, and signed the con-
stitution which Napoleon imposed on Spain. In 1809
he commanded an army which was defeated by the
French at Saint Sebastian. Ferdinand VII. appointed
him president of the council of Castile in 1814. He
resigned in 1820, and was prime minister for a short
time in 1825. Died in 1841.
Ingalls, (JOHN JAMES,) an American politician,
born at Middleton, Massachusetts, in 1833. He en-
gaged in law practice, became a resident of Kansas,
was State Senator in 1861, and was elected to the
United States Senate in 1873, 1879, and 1885. He
officiated as president pro tempore of the Senate 1887-
91 . He subsequently became a lecturer and journalist.
Died July 16, 1900.
Ingalls, ing'galz, (RuFUS,) an American general, born
in Oxford county, Maine, about 1820, graduated at West
Point in 1843, and was appointed a brigadier-general
of volunteers in 1862. He served in the army of the
Potomac in 1863-65. Died January 15, 1893.
Ingeburga, mg'eh-bdoR'ga, sometimes written Ing-
elburge or Ingerburga, a Danish princess, was the
sister of Canute VI. In 1192 she became the wife of
Philip Augustus of France, who soon after divorced
her without good reason. She appealed to the pope,
Innocent III., who decided in her favour ; and after the
kingdom of Philip had been laid under an interdict,
he was induced to reinstate her. Died in 1236.
Ingegneri, en-jSn-ya'ree, (ANGIOLO,) an Italian litte-
rateur, born in Venice about 1550, was secretary of Car-
dinal C. Aldobrandini at Rome, whose service he quitted
in 1598. He wrote a pastoral called "The Dance of
Venus," (" La Danza di Venere,") " Buon Segretario,"
and a few other works, in prose and verse. He was a
friend of Tasso. Died in 1613.
Ingegno, L'. See LUIGI, (ANDREA.)
In'ge-low, (JEAN,) a popular English poetess, was
born at Boston, England, in 1820. Her first volume of
poems, containing " Divided," " Songs of Seven," " The
High Tide," etc., at once established her reputation.
Her other publications are "Studies for Stories," (1864,)
"Poor Mat," (1866,) "A Story of Doom, etc.," (1867,)
"A Sister's Bye-I louir.." (1868,) " Mopsa the Fairy,"
(1869,) "Off the Skelligs," (1872,) "Fated to be Free,"
(1875,) and "Don John," (1881.) Died July 12,
1897.
lugemann, ing'eh-man', (BERNHARD SEVERIN,) a
popular Danish poet and novelist, was born in the island
of Falster, May 28, 1789. He produced a volume of
lyric poems (" Digte") in 1811, and an epic poem, called
"The Black Knights," (" De sorte Riddere,") in 1814.
His tragedies " Blanca" and " Masaniello" (1815) were
performed with great success. About 1820 he published
a dramatic poem, called " The Deliverance of Tasso." He
was chosen professor of Danish at the Academy of Soroe
in 1822. He wrote several popular historical novels,
among which are " Waldemar the Victor," (1826,) and
" Prince Otho of Denmark," (1835.) Died May 24, 1862.
See WiLLiAMand MARY HOWITT, "The Literatureand Romance
of Northern Europe," vol. ii., 1852; LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry
of Europe ;" ERSLEW, "Almindeligt Forfatter- Lexicon :" MdLLBR.
"Dansk Pantheon ;" " Forei.cn Quarterly Review" for April, 1838.
Ingen or Inghen, van, vSn ing'gen or ing'Hen, (WiL-
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fat; mdt; n&t; good; moon;
INGENHOUSZ
1347
INGLIS
LKM,) a Dutch painter, born in 1651, studied under C.
Maratta at Rome. He worked in Venice and Naples,
and settled in Amsterdam. His works have considera-
ble merit. Died about 1710.
Ingeuhousz, ing'gen -hows', (JAN,) an eminent Dutch
physician and chemist, born at Breda in 1730. About
1767 he visited London, where he became intimate with
Dr. Pringle, president of the Royal Society, by whose
recommendation he became physician to the empress
Maria Theresa in 1772. He was made a member of
the aulic council in Vienna, and received a pension for
life. After remaining in Vienna a number of years, he
travelled in France, Italy, etc., pursuing his scientific
studies and experiments, and at last settled in London,
and was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society. He in-
vented an electrophorus, and discovered that growing
plants exposed to the light exhale oxygen gas, (1779.)
His principal works (which are all written in English)
are " Experiments on Vegetables, discovering their Power
of Purifying the Air," (1779,) an " Essay on the Food of
Plants," and " Experiments and Observations on Various
Physical Subjects." The invention of the plate electrical
machine is attributed to him. Died in 1799.
See " Biographic Me"dicale,"
Ingersoll, ing'ger-spl, (CHARLES JARED,) a lawyer
and writer, a son of Jared, noticed below, was born in
Philadelphia in 1782. He was elected to Congress in
1812, and was appointed district attorney for Pennsyl-
vania by President Madison in 1815. He was chosen
a Democratic member of Congress in 1840, 1842, and
1844. Among his works are "Chiomara," a poem,
(1800,) and a "Historical Sketch of the Second War
between the United States of America and Great Britain,"
(4 vols., 1845-52.) Died in 1862.
Ingersoll, (ERNEST,) an American author, born at
Monroe, Michigan, March 13, 1852, studied at Oberlin
and Harvard Colleges, was attached to United States
geological surveys as a naturalist, 1874-1877, and after-
wards was attached to the United States fish commission.
In 1880 he was a special agent of the tenth census. His
principal works are " A Natural History Series" for the
young, "Natural History of Nests and Birds," (in parts,
1878 it ieq.,) " Friends Worth Knowing," " Oyster In-
dustries of the United States," (1881,) "The Ice
Queen," (1884,) "Wild Neighbours," (1897,) etc.
Ingersoll, (JARED,) LL.D., an American jurist, born
in Connecticut in 1749. He graduated at Yale in 1766,
studied law at the Temple in London, and on returning to
America took up his residence in Philadelphia. Though
the son of a royalist, he zealously advocated the rights
of the colonies in the Revolution. He rose to great dis-
tinction in his profession, was twice attorney-general of
Pennsylvania, once United States district attorney, and in
the latter part of his life president-judge of the district
court of Philadelphia. He served in the convention that
framed the Federal Constitution in 1787, and in 1812 was
the candidate of the Federal party for the Vice-Presidency
of the United States. Died in 1822.
Ingersoll, (JOSEPH REED,) D.C.L., son of the pre-
ceding, was born in Philadelphia, June 14, 1786. He
graduated at Yale College in 1808, and attained to a high
rank in the legal profession in his native city. He was a
representative in Congress from 1835 to 1837, and was
re-elected by the Whig party in 1841, and again in 1843,
1845, and 1847. He took a prominent part in the debates
on the tariff, and was for some time chairman of the
committee on the judiciary. He was appointed minister
to England by President Fillmore in 1852. Died in 1868.
Ingersoll, (ROBERT GREEN,) an American lawyer,
born at Dresden, New York, August 11, 1833, the son
of a Congregational minister of broad views. The young
Ingersoll became a lawyer, was a colonel of cavalry in
the Federal army, 1862-65, was appointed attorney-gen-
eral of Illinois in 1866, and afterwards acquired fame as
a political orator and successful lawyer. He became
very prominent as a lecturer against the Bible and
the Christian creeds. Died July 21, 1899.
Ing'ham, (CHARLES C.,) an eminent American por-
trait-painter, born about 1797. He worked in the city
of New York, where he died in December, 1863. His
pictures are remarkable for their high finish.
Inghen. See INGEN.
Inghirami, en-ge-rl'mee, (Cavaliere FRANCESCO,)
an eminent Italian antiquary, born at Volterra in 1772,
devoted many years to researches into ancient art, and
acquired a European reputation by his writings. The
most important of these is his "Monument! Etruschi,"
(10 vols., 1821-27,) which is the most complete de-
scription of the antiquities of Etruria. He wrote, also,
"Galleria Omerica," (3 vols., 1827-38,) illustrative of
Homer's poems, and " Letters on Etruscan Erudition,
etc.," (1828.) Died in 1846.
See ERSCH und CRUDER, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."
Inghirami, (TOMMASO FEDRA,) an eminent Italian
scholar and orator, born at Volterra in 1470, settled at
Rome in early youth, and obtained high preferments.
He acquired the fame of being one of the most eloquent
men of modern Rome ; and Erasmus informs us that he
was styled the Cicero of his age. He was patronized
by Julius II., who appointed him keeper of the Vatican
Library. He left in manuscript a "Commentary on
Horace's Art of Poetry," "An Abstract of Roman His-
tory," and other works. Died in 1516.
Ingleby, ing'gl-be, (CLEMENT MANSFIELD,) LL.D.,
an English critic, born at Edgbaston, near Birmingham,
October 29, 1823. He graduated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, in 1847. His principal works are "Theo-
retical Logic," (1856,) "The Shakspere Fabrications,"
(1859,) " Shakspeare Hermeneutics, or The Still Lion,"
(1867-74,) "Was Thomas Lodge an Actor f" (1867,)'
"Revival of Philosophy at Cambridge," (1869,) "Shat.-
spere's Centurie of Prayse," (1870,) and "Shakspere,
the Man and the Book," (1877.) Died in 1886.
Inglefield, (Sir EDWARD,) an English naval offi-
cer, born at Cheltenham in 1820. He entered the
navy in 1832, took part in encounters with pirates off
Borneo and in other operations, and was active in the
search for Sir John Franklin. He also went to the
polar waters to relieve the Belcher expedition, and
took part in the siege of Sebastopol. He was suc-
cessively promoted until he became a full admiral in
1879. Died September 5, 1894.
Inglis, ing'glis, (HENRY DAVID,) a Scottish writer of
travels, born in Edinburgh in 1795. He travelled exten-
sively in Europe, and published excellent books of travel,
viz., " Solitary Walks through Many Lands," (3d edition,
1843,) a "Journey through Norway, Sweden, and Den-
mark," (1829,) "Tour through Switzerland, the South of
France," etc., (1830,) "Spain in 1830," (from which Lord
Aberdeen said he had derived more information than
from all the state documents he ever perused,) "The
Tyrol, with a Glance at Bavaria," (1834,) and " Rambles
in the Footsteps of Don Quixote." Died in 1835.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen,"
(Supplement)
Inglis or English, (Sir JAMES,) a poet, born in Scot-
land in the reign of James IV., is supposed to be the
author of a book entitled "The Complaint of Scotland,"
published at Saint Andrew's in 1548, said to be the most
ancient Scottish prose work that is extant. Died in 1530.
Inglis, (JAMES,) an English author, born at Edzell
in 1845. Most of his life was spent in India, Aus-
tralia, and New Zealand, and he published "Sport
and Work on the Nepaul Frontier," (1^80,) "Our
New Zealand Cousins," (1886,) "Tent Life in Tiger
Land," (i8G8,) etc.
Inglis, (JOHN,) an eminent Scottish advocate, was
born at Edinburgh in 1810. He became lord advocate
and dean of the faculty in 1852. Having retired from
office with the Derby ministry in December, 1852, he
was restored to the same in 1858, and became lord
justice clerk in the same year. Died August 20,
1891.
In'glis, (Sir JOHN EARDLEY WILMOT,) a British gen-
eral, born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, about 1815, was a son
of the Bishop of Nova Scotia. He distinguished himself
in the campaign of the Punjab in 1848-49, and obtained
the rank of lieutenant-colonel. His regiment was at
Lucknow when that place was besieged by the Sepoys
in the summer of 1857. On the death of Sir Henry
e as &; 9 as s; g hard; g as /; G, H, TS^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( J^p^See Explanations, p. 23.
INGLIS
1348
INNES
Lawrence he succeeded to the command of the garrison.
He received the brevet of major-general for his heroic
defence of Lucknow. Died at Homburg, Germany, in
September, 1862.
Inglis, (MARGARET MAXWELL,) a Scottish poetess
born at Sanquhar, Scotland, in 1774, published a "Mis-
cellaneous Collection of Poems" in 1838. Died in 1843.
Inglis, (Sir ROBERT HARRY,) M.P., born in 1786, was
the only son of Sir Hugh Inglis, chairman of the East
India Company. He was first elected to Parliament in
1824. From 1829 to 1853 he represented the University
of Oxford, and constantly voted with the Tories against
the Reform bill, the relief of the Catholics, etc. Died
in 1855.
Ingoldsby, ing'golz-be, (THOMAS,) the assumed name
of Richard H. Barham. (See BARHAM.)
Ing'pn I., surnamed THE GOOD, King of Sweden, was
the son and successor of Stenkil, and began to reign
about 1080. He favoured the propagation of Christianity
among his subjects. Died in 1112.
Ingon IL, a nephew of the preceding, was one of his
successors, and shared the royal power with his brother
Philip. Slavery was gradually abolished in his reign.
Died in 1130.
Ingoni, en-go'nee, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA,) an Italian
painter, born at M6dena in 1528 ; died in 1608.
lugoni, (MATTEO,) a painter of the Venetian school,
born at Ravenna in 1587; died in 1631.
Ingouf, aN'goof,(FRANc;ois ROBERT,) a skilful French
engraver, born in Paris in 1747. He engraved "The
Nativity," after Raphael, and some of the plates for the
"Musee Francais." Died in 1812. His brother, PIERRE
CHARLES, born in Paris in 1746, was also a successful
engraver. Died in 1800.
Ingraham, ing'gra-am, (DUNCAN NATHANIEL,) a
naval commander, born in Charleston, South Carolina,
in 1802. He gained distinction by his spirited conduct
in procuring the release from an Austrian war-vessel,
at Smyrna, in June, 1853, of Martin Koszta, a Hungarian,
who had legally declared his intention to become a
citizen of the United States. He was raised to the rank
of captain in 1855, but resigned in 1861, and entered the
Confederate navy. Died October 16, 1891.
Ingraham, (JOSEPH H.,) an American writer, born
at Portland, Maine, in 1809. Besides the romances of
" Lafitte," " Captain Kyd," and " The Dancing Feather,"
he wrote "The Prince of the House of David," "The
Pillar ofFire,"and"TheThroneofDavid." Died in 1866.
Ingram, ing'gram, (HERBERT,) an English printer,
born at Boston in 1811, founded the "Illustrated Lon-
don News" in 1842. He was elected to Parliament in
1856, and visited the United States in 1860. In Sep-
tember of that year he was drowned in Lake Michigan,
in consequence of a collision.
Ingram, (JAMES,) D.D., an English clergyman, born
in Wiltshire in 1774, became president of Trinity College,
Oxford, in 1824, and rector of Garsington. He published
an edition of the " Saxon Chronicle," (1823,) " Memorials
of Oxford," (1834-37,) which was favourably received,
and several other works. Died in 1850.
Ingram, (JOHN H.,) an English author, born in Lon-
don, November 16, 1849. His principal books have
been " Poems by Dalton Stone," (1863,) "Flora Sym-
bolica," (1869,) "Memoir of Poe," (1874, prefixed to an
edition of Poe's works,) " Poe Memorial," " The Haunted
Houses of England," " Life of Oliver Madox Brown,"
(1883,) "Life of E. B. Browning," (1888,) " Dar-
ley's May Queen," (1892,) etc. He edited the " Emi-
nent Women" series.
Ingrain, (JOHN KELLS,) an Irish author, bjrn in
county Donegal in 1823. He was educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, and is best known as an author by
his " Political Economy," contributed to the " Ency-
clopaedia Britannica," and reprinted as a book in
1888. It has been translated into eight European
languages and into Japanese.
Ingrassia, en-gRas'se-1, written also Ingraasias,
(GIOVANNI FILIPPO,) an eminent Sicilian physician and
anatomist, born at Palermo about 1510, taught anatomy
at Naples. In 1563 he was chosen by Philip II. first
physician of Sicily, and in 1575 he checked the ravages
of the plague at Palermo. He wrote a "Commentary
on the Bones," and other able treatises on anatomy.
Died in 1580.
See ELOY, " Dictionnaire historique de la Me'decine."
Ingres, axgK, (JEAN AUGUSTE DOMINIQUE,) a cele-
brated French historical painter, born at Montauban in
1780 or 1781, was a pupil of David. He gained the first
prize in 1801 for a picture of "Achilles receiving in his
Tent the Envoys of Agamemnon." Hewoiked about
twenty years (1804-24) in Rome and Florence, choosing
Raphael as his model. During this period lie painted
" CEdipus and the Sphinx," " Raphael and La Fornarina,"
and "Odalisque," (1819.) He returned to Paris in 1824,
became the founder of a school, and exhibited " The
Vow of Louis XIII.," one of his best works, which
opened to him the doors of the Institute in 1825. In
1827 he painted on the ceiling of the Louvre "The
Apotheosis of Homer," which is called his master-piece.
At the Exposition of 1855 a salon was reserved exclu-
sively for his works, which are said to have had a wide
influence on the style of French and foreign artists. He
is called the representative of correct design and idea'
composition. Died in January, 1867.
See L. DE LOMHNIE, " M. Ingres, par un Homroe de Rien," 1842 ;
FREDERIC MERCHY, " Peintres et ScuJpteurs modernes : J. IngreV
1846; "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Inguimbert, d'.daN'gaN'baiR', (JOSEPH DOMINIQUE,)
a French bishop, born at Carpentras in 1683, assumed
the name of DOM MALACHIE. He became an intimate
counsellor of Pope Clement XII., who appointed him
domestic prelate, and in 1733 Bishop of Carpentras. He
built a hospital in that town, and founded a large public
library there. He wrote and translated several religious
works. Died in 1757.
See VITALIS, "Notice surla Vie de Malachie d'Inguimbert," 1813.
Ingulf. See INGULPHUS.
In-gul'phus or In'gulf, a monk, born in London
about 1030, became secretary and favourite of William,
Duke of Normandy, in 1051. After that prince had
become King of England, Ingulphus was made abbot of
the monastery of Croyland. He died in 1109. He was
the reputed author of a History of the above monastery,
in Latin, containing much curious and important infor-
mation ; but Sir Francis Palgrave has proved that it is a
forgery.
In't-go, an English engraver, whose proper name was
JOHN COLLET, was born about 1725. He excelled in
the same line as Hogarth, and displayed an original
genius for humorous design. He left but few works,
among which is a " Monkey pointing to a Very Dark
Picture of Moses striking the Rock." Died in 1780.
In'man, (HENRY,) an American portrait-painter, born
at Utica, New York, in 1801, was a pupil of Jarvis. He
worked mostly in the city of New York. During a visit
to England, in 1844, he painted portraits of the poet
Wordsworth, Dr. Chalmers, and T. B. Macaulay. Among
his other works are portraits of Chief-Justice Marshall
and Bishop White. He was commissioned by Congress
to adorn the national capitol with historical paintings ;
but before he had finished them he died, in 1846.
Inman, (JoHN,) a brother of the preceding, born at
Utica, New York, in 1805, was an associate editor cf
the "New York Mirror" and "The Commercial Adver
tiser." Died in 1850.
In'n^s, (COSMO,) a Scottish lawyer, historian, and
antiquary, born at Durris on Deeside, September 9,
1798. He early became known as a student of the
ancient records of Scottish history. He was made an
advocate in 1822. He collated and edited the chartu-
laries of the old religious houses of the North, was em-
ployed for many years in editing and publishing the
Scottish statutes, and was the author of " Scotland in
the Middle Ages," (1860,) " Lectures on Scotch Legal
Antiquities," (1872,) etc. He had a strong leaning to
Catholicism, though he never gave his personal alle-
giance to that religion, and his works were greatly valued
by Montalembert and other distinguished Catholics. He
died at Killin, July 31, 1874. A "Memoir of Cosmo
Innes" was published anonymously, in 1874, by Mrs.
John Hill Burton.
a, e, i, 5, u, y, fang; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obtain; fir, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; moon;
INNES
1349
INNOCENT
In'nes, (Louis,) a Roman Catholic priest, born of a
Scottish family about 1650. He became secretary to
James II. after he was deposed from the English throne.
He is the reputed author of " Memoirs of James II.," part
of which was published in 1816. Died in Paris, January
23. '738-
Innes, (THOMAS,) a brother of the preceding, born
it. 1662, studied in Paris, was ordained a priest, and suc-
ceeded Louis as principal of the Scottish College. He
wrote a " Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants of
the Northern Parts of Britain," (1729,) which is highly
commended for sound learning, judicious criticism, and
valuable information. Died in 1744.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
In'ness, (GEORGE,) an American artist, born at New-
burgh, New York, May i, 1823. He studied art in New
York and in the European capitals, chronic ill health
interfering much with the continuity of his labours.
Taken at his best, Mr. Inness was inferior to no other
American landscapist. His work was so informed with
high spiritual purpose that some critics classed him,
without complete justice, with the " Impressionist"
school. He was a member of the National Academy.
Died August 3, 1894. His son, GEORGE INNESS, Junior,
is a painter of much promise.
In'no-cent JLat. INNOCEN'TIUS ; It. INNOCKNZO, en-
no-chSn'zo ; Ger. INNOCENZ, in'no-ts?nts ; Span. INO-
CENCIO, e-no-Men'Me-o] I., a native of Albano, chosen
Bishop of Rome in 402 A.D., was contemporary with
Augustine and Jerome. During his pontificate, Rome
was pillaged by Alaric the Goth. Innocent strenuously
asserted the supremacy of the see of Rome, and con-
demned the doctrine of Pelagius. He succeeded Anas-
tasius I., who, according to Jerome, was the father of
Innocent. Died in 417. He was succeeded by Zcsimus.
See BRUYS, "Histoire des Papes," 5 vols., 1735.
Innocent It, POPE, was elected in 1 130 as successor
to Honorius II. Another party elected a rival pope,
under the name of Anacletus II., whose partisans drove
Innocent out of Rome. The latter was recognized as pope
by the Kings of France, England, and Germany, and his
rival was supported by Roger of Sicily. In 1 138, Inno-
cent, assisted by Lotharius of Germany, recovered the
papal power, and, his rival having died in the same year,
the unity of the Church was restored. In 1139 Arnaldo
da Brescia was banished from Rome for preaching doc-
trines that were deemed unsound. Innocent died in
1143, and was succeeded by Celestine II.
SeePLATiNA, "Vile de' summi Pontefici," 1613; ALLETZ, "His-
toire des Papes," 1776; J. HARTMANN, "Vita Innocentii II. Pon-
tincis," 1744; ARTAUD DH MONTOR, " Histoire des souverains Pon-
tifes," 1847-49.
Innocent HI., whose proper name was Lotharius,
was the son of Trasimund, a Roman count, and was born
in Rome in 1161. He was unanimously elected pope in
January, 1198, as successor to Celestine III. With su-
perior abilities, improved by diligent study, he combined
great resolution, industry, and austerity of character, and
availed himself of every opportunity to magnify his office
and to assert the supremacy of the papal power. In 1199
he placed the kingdom of France under an interdict be-
cause the king, Philip Augustus, had repudiated his wife ;
and thus he compelled him to reinstate her. About 1200
he instigated the fourth crusade, the principal result of
which was the capture of Constantinople from the Greeks
by the crusaders. In 1212 he excommunicated and de-
posed Otho, Emperor of Germany, and crowned Frede-
rick of Sicily in his place. A memorable quarrel occurred
between this pontiff and King John of England, respect-
ing the appointment of the Archbishop of Canterbury,
(1207,) the right to appoint being obstinately asserted by
each. England was laid under an interdict, which lasted
two years, at the expiration of which, as John was still
refractory, the pope declared him to be deposed, and
authorized Philip Augustus of France to execute the
decree. While the latter was preparing to invade Eng-
land, John submitted to the pope, in 1213, and signed a
disgraceful treaty, in which he consented to hold Eng-
land and Ireland as fiefs of the Church of Rome, and to
pay an annual tribute of one thousand marks. In 1214
Innocent raised a cruel persecution or crusade against
the Albigenses for heresy. During his pontificate tha
papal power attained its greatest height He was perhaps
the most learned man and the most able statesman of
his age. He wrote " Letters," and other works, which are
highly commended. Died in 1216, and was succeeded by
Honorius III.
See F. HURTER, " Geschicbte Innocenz III.," 3 vols., 1835, (and
French version of the same, 4 vols., 1838-43 ;) D. LBSSMANN, " Pabst
Innocenz III. und Fiirst Michael Glinski," 1830: JORRV, " Histoire
du Pape Innocent HI," 1852: ARTAUD DH MONTOR, "Histoire de*
souverains Pontifes," 1847-49; J. H. GURNEY, " Four Ecclesiastical
Biographies," London, 1864.
Innocent IV., (SINIBALDO de' Fieschi — da fe-Js'-
kee,) a native of Genoa, was elected pope as successor to
Celestine IV. in 1243. He soon found himself involved
in a quarrel with the emperor Frederick II., (who had
been excommunicated by Gregory IX.,) and retired for
security to Lyons. Here he summoned a council, in
1245, and renewed the excommunication of Frederick,
who was also formally deposed. The emperor, however,
refused to submit to this assumption, and waged war
against the pope for several years, until his death in 1250.
Innocent then returned to his capital, and proclaimed a
crusade against Conrad, the son of Frederick ; but again
his malignity was baffled. He died in 1254, and was
succeeded by Alexander IV.
See J. HARTMANN, "Vita Innocentii IV.," 1738; PAOU> PANZA,
"Vita del gran Pontefice Innocenzio Quarto," 1601.
Innocent V., ( PETER OF TARANTASIA, ) born at
Moutierj in Savoy, was elected in 1276 as successor to
Gregory X. After holding office a few months, he died
in the same year.
Innocent VI., ( STIENNE Aubert — o'baiR', ) a
Frenchman, born near Pompadour, was elected pope
in 1352. He succeeded Clement VI., who had made
him a cardinal and Bishop of Ostia. His court was kept
at Avignon throughout his pontificate. He reformed
some abuses in the Church, and appears to have acted
with more moderation and propriety than most of his
predecessors. Died in 1362.
See BRUYS, "Histoire des Papes," 1735; SISMONDI, "Histoire
des Francais."
Innocent Vn., (Cardinal COSMO Migliorati — mel-
yo-ra'tee,) born at Sulmona about 1338, was elected pope
in 1404, as successor to Boniface IX. At that time there
was an extensive schism in the Church, and Benedict
XIII. held a rival court at Avignon. Died in 1406.
See PLATINA, " Vite de' summi Pontefici," 1613.
Innocent VUL, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA Cibo — chee'-
bo,) born at Genoa in 1434, was elected pope in 1484, as
successor to Sixtus IV. He laboured without success
to unite the sovereigns of Europe against the Turks,
and wcs himself engaged in war with Ferdinand, King
of Naples. He died in 1491, and was succeeded by
Alexander VI.
See F. SERDONATI, "Vita d'Innocenzo VIII.," 1829; F. M.
VIALARDO, " Istoria della Vita d'Innocenzo VIII.," 1613.
Innocent IX., (ANTONIO Facchinetti — fak-ke-
net'tee,) born at Bologna, succeeded Gregory XIV. in
October, 159;, but only survived two months after his
election. He left a good reputation for virtue and
wisdom. Clement VIII. was his successor.
See RANKE, " History of the Popes."
Innocent X, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA Panfili— pan-
fee'lee,) elected in place of Urban VIII. in 1644, was
born in Rome about 1570. He owed his promotion to
the Barberini, who soon became his enemies. The Jan-
senist controversy having made a great commotion in
the Church, Innocent appointed a commission of car-
dinals to settle it, and in 1653 issued a bull cum occasion*,
in which he condemned the five propositions of Jansen.
Historians differ widely as to the character of this pontift
He died in 1655, and was succeeded by Alexander VII.
See RANKE, " History of the Popes;" CIACONIUS, " Vitas et Re«
gestz Pontificum Romanorum," 4 vols., 1677.
Innocent XI., (Cardinal BENEDICT Odescalchl —
o-dSs-kll'kee,) born at Como in 1611, succeeded Clement
X. in 1676. He had been made a cardinal in 1647, and
had sustained a respectable character. He soon mani-
fested his zeal to reform abuses and restore strict disci-
pline, and his inflexible resolution to maintain the papal
eas/fc; {as>; gkard; gasy'yG, K K,gutturai; N, nasal; R, trilled; sass; th as in this. (J^="See Explanations, p. 23.)
INNOCENT
135°
IPHIGENIA
prerogatives. His pontificate was signalized by a re-
markable contest with Louis XIV. of France in relation
to the rfgale and the privileges or exemptions of foreign
ambassadors at Rome. The pope wished to abolish the
usage which rendered the ambassador's palace, with the
adjacent premises, an asylum for malefactors, etc., inac-
cessible to the officers of justice. Louis XIV. in 1687
sent his ambassador Lavardin with orders to maintain
his rights, and with an armed retinue of eight hundred
men. The pope persisted, and excommunicated Lavar-
din, who returned without effecting his object ; and the
quarrel was not ended until after the death of Innocent,
which occurred in 1689. It seems that his enmity to Louis
induced this pontiff to favour the English in resistance
to James II. ; and some one remarked that the peace of
Europe would be promoted if James would become a
Protestant, and the pope a Catholic.
See UGHELLI, "Italia sacra," 10 vols., 1717-22; RANKE, "His-
tory of the Popes:" SISMONDI, "Histoire des Francais;" F.
BUONAMICI, "De Vita et Rebus gestis Innocentii XI.," 1776.
Innocent 'XTT (ANTONIO Fignatelli — pen-ya-tel'-
lee,) born in Naples in 1615, became Cardinal and Arch-
bishop of Naples during the pontificate of Innocent XL,
and succeeded Alexander VIII. as pope in July, 1692.
He proposed to take Innocent XI. as his model, and
appears to deserve credit for his economy, regular habits,
liberality, and works of utility. In his pontificate a re-
conciliation was effected with the French court by mutual
concession. Quietism also received its quietus, in 1699,
by a papal brief condemning Fenelon's " Maximes des
Saints." He died in 1700, and was succeeded by Clem-
ent XI.
Innocent XIII., (MICHELANGELO Conti — kon'tee,)
born in Rome in 1655, was the son of the Duke of
Poli, and attained the dignity of cardinal in 1706. He
succeeded Clement XI. as pope in 1721, and exercised
his power so prudently that his subjects regretted the
brevity of its duration. He died in 1724, and his place
was supplied by Benedict XIII.
See BRUYS, " Histoire des Papes," 1735 ; " Leben Pabst Innocent
XIII. ," Cologne, 1724.
InnocentiuB. See INNOCENT.
Innocenz. See INNOCENT.
Innocenzo. See INNOCENT.
I'no, [Gr. "Ivii,] a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia,
was the wife of Athamas, King of Thebes. According
to tradition, she incurred the enmity of Juno, who de-
prived Athamas of his reason. In a fit of insanity he
killed a son of Ino, who threw herself into the sea and
was changed into a sea-goddess, named Leucothea. Her
story was dramatized by several Greek poets.
Inocencio. See INNOCENT.
Inouye, (KAORU,) COUNT, a Japanese statesman,
horn in 1839. Making a secret journey in Europe with
Count Ito, he became a strong advocate of Western
civilization. He was in office from 1868 onward, was
minister of public works in 1878, afterwards in the
foreign office, retired in 1887, and was recalled as
minister of the interior in 1892.
In'skip, (JOHN S.,) a Methodist preacher, born at
Huntingdon, England, August 10, 1816, was brought to
the United States when five years old, began a religious
life in 1832, and in 1835 commenced to preach. He
acquired great note as a conductor of camp-meetings,
and became editor of the "Christian Standard." Died
•t Ocean Grove, New Jersey, March 7, 1884.
Interiano de Ayala, en-ta-re-a'no da I-a'15, (JUAN,)
a Spanish author and monk, born in 1656, became
preacher to the king. He published, besides other works,
(mostly in Spanish,) "Pictor Christianus Eruditus,"
(1730,) in which he exposes the prevalent errors of
painters who treat of religious subjects. His style is
pure and elegant Died in 1730.
Inthiema, in-te-a'mi, (HERO,) a Dutch poet and jurist,
born in 1576; died in 1623.
Intieri, en-te-a'ree, ( BARTOLOMMEO, ) an Italian
economist and mechanician, born at Pistoia about 1674.
He founded a chair of political economy at Naples, and
wrote "On the Conservation of Grain." Died in 1757.
Inveges, en-va'jes, (AUGUSTIN,) a Sicilian historian
and ecclesiastic, born at Sciacca in 1595, published a
"History of Palermo," (3 vols., 1649-51,) which was
much esteemed. Died in 1677.
In'wood, (CHARLES FREDERICK,) son of William
Inwood, noticed below, was born in 1798. He co-operated
with his father as architect of Westminster Hospital and
other edifices. Died in 1840.
In-wood, (HENRY WILLIAM,) an English architect, a
brother of the preceding, was born in 1794. He was
associated in his profession with his father, and pub-
lished " Studies of the Architect from Nature," and an
illustrated work on Athenian architecture, called "The
Erechtheion at Athens," (1827.) He perished by ship-
wreck in 1843, while making a voyage to Spain.
Inwood, (WILLIAM,) an English architect, born about
1770, was employed on many buildings in London, and
also followed the profession of surveyor. He was assisted
in his architectural labours by his two sons, noticed
above. Saint Pancras Church, London, finished in 1822,
was erected by him and his son Henry. He published
"Tables for Purchasing Estates," etc. Died in 1843.
I'o, [Gr. 'Iu,] a fabulous personage, whom the Greek
poets represent as a daughter of Inachus and a priestess
of Juno. It was said that, having been transformed by
Jupiter into a white cow, she was tormented by a gadfly,
(sent by Juno,) to escape from which she swam across
the Ionian Sea and wandered through various parts of
the world. Her story is related by ^ischylus in his
"Suppliants."
I-o-la'ua [Gr. 'lo/aocl or I'p-las, [Gr. 'loAoc,] a per-
sonage of classic mythology, was a relative and faithful
companion of Hercules, whom he aided in his contest
against the Lernean Hydra.
I'o-le, [Gr. 'Io?J7,] the daughter of Eurytus, King of
CEchalia, who promised her in marriage to Hercules.
But, Eurytus having afterwards refused to perform his
•L-ment, lole was forcibly carried off by her lover.
On the death of the latter, caused by Dejanira's jealousy,
(see DEJANIRA,) lole was married to Hyllus, the son of
Hercules.
I'on, [Gr. 'luv,] the mythical ancestor of the lonians,
was supposed to be the son of Apollo and Creusa. His
story was dramatized by Euripides.
Ion, ["luv,] a Greek tragic poet, who was born at
Chios, (Scio,) and flourished about 450 B.C. He lived
at Athens, where he became a friend of ^schylus and
gained a prize for one of his tragedies. He composed,
besides tragedies, elegies, lyric poems, and some prose
works, all of which are lost He was included in the
canon of the five Athenian tragic poets by the Alexan-
drian critics.
See FABRICIUS, " Bibliotheca Grzca ;" KAYSER, " Historia cn-
lica Tragicorum Gnecorum," 1845 : KARL NIEBERDING, " De lonit
Chii Vita, Moribus et Studiis," 1836.
I'o-phon, [Gr. 'lo^uv,] an Athenian tragic poet, a soi.
of Sophocles the poet, lived about 420 B.C. He gained
the second prize in 429, when Euripides received the
first prize. Among the titles of his plays are " Achilles,"
" Actaeon," and " Pentheus." His works are not extant
Died after 405 B.C.
See KAVSER, " Historia critica Tragicorum Gntcorum," 1845.
louzef or louzaf. See YOOSUF.
Iphicrate. See IPHICRATES.
I-phic'ra-tes, [Gr. 'I^ocpan/c ; Fr. IPHICRATE, e'le
kRJtt',] a skilful Athenian general, who rose from a
humble rank in society and obtained the chief command
of the Athenian army. About 392 B.C. he defeated the
Spartans near Corinth, and afterwards gained applause
by his defence of Corcyra against the Spartans and Syra-
cusans. He made important changes in the armour anci
tactics of his troops, by exchanging the heavy buckler
for a light target and increasing the length of the speai
and the sword. He was associated with Timotheus and
Chares in the command of an expedition against Byzan-
tium about 357 B.C.
See GROTB, " History of Greece :" CORNBLIUS NEPOS, " Iphi-
crates :" DIODORUS SICULUS, books xiv., rv., and xvi. ; XENOPHOM.
" Hellenica," books iv. and vi. ; REHDANTZ, "Vita: Iphicratis, Cha-
briae et Timothei," Berlin, 1845.
Iph-I-£e-nI'a or Iph-I-ge-nei'a, [Gr. 'tytytvoa; Fr.
IPHIGENIE, e'fe'zha'ne',] a daughter of Agamemnon and
a, e, J, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; not; good; moon;
IPHIGENIE
IRE TON
Clytemnestra. The ancient poets relate that Diana
detained the Greek fleet at Aulis by a calm, because
Agamemnon had offended her, and that the soothsayer
Calchas declared Diana could be appeased only by the
sacrifice of Iphigenia. When she was on the point of
being immolated, she was rescued, it is said, by Dinna,
who carried her to Tauris, where she became a prie?tess
In the temple of the goddess. Her story is the subject
of two of the dramas of Euripides.
Iphigenie. See IPHIGENIA.
Iphl-tus, [Gr. 'tyiTOf,.] a king of Elis, who revived
the Olympic games about 884 B.C., four hundred and
seventy years after their first institution. They were
celebrated every fifth year, at Olympia, on the banks
of the Alpheus. Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, was
associated with Iphitus in this affair.
Ipparco, the Italian of HIPPARCHUS, which see.
Ippocrate. See HIPPOCRATES.
Ippolito. See HIPPOLYTUS.
Irailh, e'rjl', (AucusTiN SIMON,) a French historical
writer, born at Puy-en-Velay in 1719, became canon
of Monistrol. He wrote an interesting work entitled
"Literary Quarrels, or Memoirs of the Revolutions in
the Republic of Letters from the Time of Homer to
the Present," (4 vols., 1761,) also a "History of the
Reunion of Bretagne with France," (2 vols., 1764.) Died
in 1794.
Ir'by, (CHARLES LEONARD,) an English officer in the
royal navy, was born October 9, 1789. In conjunction
with James Mangles, he wrote a valuable work entitled
" Travels in Egypt, Nubia, Syria, and the Holy Land,"
(1823.) Died December 3, 1845. (See MANGLES,
CAPTAIN.)
Ire'dell, ir'del, (JAMES,) a distinguished jurist,
born in England in 1751, settled in North Carolina in
1768. He was admitted to the bar in 1770, and from
1777 to 1779 was judge of the supreme court of North
Carolina. He was one of the ablest members of the
constitutional convention of 1787, and from 1790 till
his death, in 1799, was judge of the supreme court of
the United States. He published the " Laws of North
Carolina, 1715-1790."
Iredell, (JAMES,) a lawyer, a son of the preceding,
was born at Edenton, North Carolina, in 1788. He was
Governor of North Carolina in 1827, and was a Senator
of the United States from 1828 to 1831. He was sub-
sequently reporter to the supreme court of his native
State, and published thirteen volumes of law and eight
of equity reports. Died in 1853.
Ire'land, (JOHN,) D.D., an English writer, born at
Ashburton in 1761, became prebendary of Westminster
in 1802, and Dean of Westminster and rector of Islip in
1816. He founded a professorship at Oxford, and several
scholarships. He was a contributor to the " London
Quarterly Review," and the author of several approved
works of divinity, among which is " Paganism and Chris-
tianity Compared." Died in 1842.
Ireland, (JOHN,) an English writer, born in Shrop-
shire, removed to London, where he became a con-
noisseur of art and a dealer in pictures. He compiled
"Memoirs of Henderson" the actor, and published
" Hogarth Illustrated," which was favourably received.
Died in 1808.
Ireland, (JOHN,) an American ecclesiastic, born
in Ireland in 1838. He was brought to the United
States as a boy, studied theology in France, was or-
dained priest in the Roman Catholic Church in 1861,
became bishop, and in 1888 archbishop of St. Paul,
Minnesota. He became well known as a lecturer on
temperance and a writer and speaker for the Repub-
lican party, and published "The Church and Modern
Society."
Ireland, (SAMUEL,) born in London, was a weaver
of Spitalfields in his youth. He became subsequently a
dealer in rare prints, curiosities, etc. Having acquired
some skill in drawing and engraving, he employed it
in illustrating various countries, of which he published
" Picturesque Tours." He was the author of " Graphic
Illustrations of Hogarth," and the publisher of the Shak-
speare Papers forged by his son. (See below.) Died
in 1800.
Ireland, (WILLIAM HENRY,) a son of the preceding,
was born in London in 1777. He acquired notoriety
in 1795 by forging legal documents under the seal of
Shakspeare, and by practising on the public credulity in
relation to dramas which he pretended to have found at
Stratford. One of these, called " Vortigern," was pur-
chased by Sheridan, and performed at Drury Lane before
the imposture was detected. The audience were ex-
tremely disgusted at the quality of the play, and Ireland,
being required to explain how he had obtained it, con-
fessed the forgery to his father, and afterwards published
a written confession, which displays more vanity than
penitence. Died in 1835.
Ireuaeus, e-ra-na'us, (FALKOVSKI,) a learned Russian
prelate and writer on theology, born in 1762; died in
1823.
IrenaEus, (KLEMENTIEVSKI,) a Russian theologian,
born in 1753, became Archbishop of Pskof. He wrote
commentaries on Scripture, and translated from the
Greek some works of the Fathers. Died in 1818.
Iren^us, ?r-e-nee'us, [Gr. E/pizvoiof; Fr. IRENEE, e'ri'-
na'; It. IRENEO, e-ri-na'o,] SAINT, a Christian martyr,
born about 130 or 140 A.D., was a Greek by birth, and
was probably a native of Asia Minor, as he was a pupil
of the eminent Bishop Polycarp of Smyrna. About 177
he became Bishop of Lyons, (Lugdunum,) in France, in
place of Pothinus, who was the first that occupied that
see. He ministered to his churches with wisdom and
general acceptance. To counteract the errors of the
Gnostics and others, he wrote a treatise against Heresies,
which is still extant, (in a Latin translation.) He also
wrote several Letters, and other works, which are lost,
except some fragments. It is generally supposed that
he suffered martyrdom under Septimus Severus ; but
the learned are not agreed whether it occurred in 2OJ
or 208. He was well versed in ancient philosophy, as
well as in evangelical doctrine. His book on Heresies
is highly appreciated as a historical monument and a
vindication of the primitive faith. He was a believer in
the Millennium, and entertained opinions on that subject
which some consider extravagant.
See SAINT JEROME, " De Viria illustrious ;" EUSBBIUS, " Historic
Ecclesiastical" HENRY DODWELL, " Dissertationes in Irenseum,"
1689; GERVAISE, "Vie de S. Ire'ne'e, second Evgque de Lyon," 1723;
J. M. PRAT, "Histoire de Saint-Ire'ne'e," 1843; JAMES BRAVEW,
" Account of the Life and Writings of Saint Iren;eus."
I-re'ae, [Gr. Zlpijvn ; Fr. iRiNE, e'rjn',] Empress of
Constantinople, was born at Athens about 752, of very
obscure parentage, and in 769 A.D. became the wife of
Leo IV., Emperor of the East. At his death, in 780, he
left a son of ten years, named Constantine, during whose
minority Irene acted as regent. She was remarkable for
her beauty, energy, and talents. In order to decide the
quarrel between the Iconoclasts and their opponents, to
whom she was partial, she assembled a council in 787,
which formally sanctioned the worship of images. When
her son attained his majority, her ambition so far pre-
vailed over natural affection that she dethroned him and
deprived him of sight. In 802 she was deposed by a
conspiracy of her subjects, and Nicephorus was chosen
emperor. She died in exile in 803.
See LB BEAU, "Histoire du Bas- Empire;" VINCENT MIGNOT,
" Histoire de I' I mpeVatrice Irene," 176:1 ; GIBBON, " History of the
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire."
Irenee. See IREN^US.
Ireneo. See IREN^US.
Ireton, Ir'tpn, (HENRY,) an eminent English repub-
lican, born in 1610. He was a student of law when the
civil war began, in which he became an ardent leader
of the popular cause. Entering the army as captain of
cavalry, he was rapidly promoted, and became highly
distinguished for his courage and capacity both in the
battle-field and the council-chamber. At the battle of
Naseby, (1645,) with the rank of commissary-general, he
commanded the left wing, and was wounded and taken
prisoner ; but, his friends having gained the victory, he
recovered his liberty the same day. In 1646 he married
Bridget, daughter of Oliver Cromwell. The latter, as
Hume remarks, "had great deference for the counsels
of Ireton ;" and the republicans generally reposed the
highest confidence in him, as a statesman of incorruptible
honour. About 1646 he was elected to Parliament, where
c as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as /; G, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. lJ[^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
IRIARTE
IRVING
he projected various wise legal and constitutional re
forms and was eminent for his skill in drafting ordi-
nances. While Charles I. was a prisoner at Hampton
Court, he had conferences with Cromwell and Ireton,
who, it is said, were inclined to reinstate him in a limited
royalty, until they intercepted one of his letters which
convinced them of his insincerity. Ireton was a member
of the court which tried the king ; and he signed the
warrant for his execution, January, 1649. In reference
to this affair, Burnet says, " Ireton was the person that
drove it on ; for Cromwell was all the while in some
suspense about it." In July, 1649, he went to Ireland
as second in command under Cromwell, who, returning
after the lapse of a few months, left to Ireton the chief
command, with the title of lord deputy. After gaining
several victories and taking Limerick, he died there of
the plague in 1651. Hume, who was not partial to his
cause, denominates him "a memorable personage, much
celebrated for his vigilance, industry, capacity even for
the strict execution of justice in that unlimited command
which he possessed in Ireland. It was believed by many
that he was animated by a sincere and passionate love
of liberty." (" History of England.")
See, also, " Biographia Britannica ;" GUIZOT, " Histoire de la
Revolution d'Angleterre."
Iriarte or Yriarte, e-re-an'ta, (BERNARDO,) nephew
of Don Juan de Iriarte, noticed below, was born in Tene-
riffe about 1734. He became a member of the council
of state, and held other important offices under the
Spanish government Died in 1814.
Iriarte, (DOMINGO,) brother of the preceding, born
in Teneriffe in 1746, was sent as minister plenipotentiary
of Spain to Poland, and employed in other embassies.
Died in 1795.
Iriarte, (FRANCISCO DIEGO DE Ainsay — In-sl',) a
Spanish writer, born at Huesca, published an account
of his native city, entitled "Fundacion, Eccelencias,
Grandezas, etc. de la antiquisima Ciudad de Huesca,"
(1619.)
Iriarte, (IGNACIO,) a celebrated Spanish landscape-
painter, born in Guipuscoa in 1620, was a pupil of the
elder Herrera. He worked in Seville, and became a
friend of Murillo, who painted the figures for some of his
landscapes. He was one of the founders of the Academy
of Seville. Iriarte was regarded as the best landscape-
painter of his country and his time. Connoisseurs admire
in his works the lightness of the foliage, the transparency
of the sky, the limpidity of the water, and the mastery
of chiaroscuro. Died in 1685.
See RAPHAEL MHNGS, " Las Obras," etc., 1780 ; QUILLIBT, " Dic-
tionuaire des Peintres Espagnols."
Iriarte, de, da e-re-aR'ti, (Don JUAN,) an eminent
linguist and scholar, born in the island of Teneriffe in
1702. He studied in Paris at the College of Louis le
Grand, and subsequently visited London and Madrid,
where he was appointed in 1732 one of the librarians
in the Royal Library. He became official translator to
the principal secretary of state in 1740, and in 1743 was
elected a member of the Royal Academy. Among his
works may be named a " History of the Canary Islands,"
(in manuscript,) a collection of Spanish proverbs in
Latin verse, and translations from Martial. Iriarle is
said to have added two thousand manuscripts and more
than ten thousand printed volumes to the Royal Library
during the thirty-nine years in which he officiated as
librarian. Died in 1771.
Iriarte, de, (ToMAS,) youngest brother of Bernardo,
noticed above, was born in Teneriffe about 1750. He be-
came a proficient in the ancient and modern languages
under the tuition of his uncle, and subsequently became
archivist to the principal secretary of state, and editor
of the " Madrid Mercury." He was author of a poem
entitled "La Musica," (1779,) which was received with
great favour and translated into the principal European
languages, and " Literary Fables," (" Fabulas literarias.")
The latter are written in various metres, and are re-
markable for their graceful versification. They enjoyed
great popularity at the time, and are still ranked among
the classics of the language. An English version of
.hese fables, by George H. Devereux, appeared in 1855.
Iriarte also published a comedy entitled "The Spoiled
Child," ("El Sefiorito mimado,") a number of sonnets
and critical essays, and a metrical translation of Horace's
"Art of Poetry." Died about 1790.
See LONGFELLOW, "Poets and Poetry of Europe;" IOLY, no-
tice of the Life of Tomas de Iriarte, in the " Repertoire de Litte'ra-
ture. "
Irico, e-ree'ko, (GIOVANNI ANDREA,) an Italian priest
and savant, born at Trino in 1704. He wrote se/eral
religious and antiquarian works. Died in 1782.
I'ria, [Gr. 'Ip'f.J in Greek mythology, the goddess of
the rainbow, said to be a daughter of Thaumas, and
sometimes called Thaumantias. Homer represents her
as the messenger of the gods, employed to carry mes-
sages from Ida to Olympus and from gods to men. She
was the attendant of the goddess Hera, or Juno.
Irland, CR'ION', (BONAVENTURE,) a French jurist, of
Scottish dsscent, born at Poitiers in 1551 ; died in 1612.
Irnerius, eR-na're-us, sometimes written Warnerius,
a celebrated Italian jurisconsult, born at Bologna in the
eleventh century. He became the renovator or restorer
of the Roman law, which had been neglected, and on
which he wrote commentaries, called " Glossae." He
obtained the office of judge, and was sent by the emperor
to Rome in 1118 to expedite the election of a pope.
See B. NIHUSIUS, "Irnerius," Cologne, 1642; FANTUZZI, " Serif
tori Bolognesi."
Iron Mask. See MASQUE DE FER.
I'rgns, (WILLIAM JOSIAH,) D.D., an English author,
born at Hoddesdon, Herts, September 12, 1812. He
graduated at Queen's College, Oxford, in 1833, became
a prebendary of Saint Paul's in 1860, and in 1870 rural
dean, rector of Wadingham, and Bampton Lecturer.
He published various theological and philosophical
works, and made a noted translation of the " Dies Irae."
Died June 18, 1883.
Ir'vlne, (WILLIAM,) a general, born near Enniskillen,
Ireland, about 1742, emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1763.
He became a colonel in 1776, and a brigadier-general
in 1779. From 1781 to 1783 he commanded the troops
stationed at Fort Pitt for the defence of the western
frontier. He was chosen a member of Congress in 1787,
and again in 1793. Died in 1804.
Ir'ving, (DAVID,) LL.D., a Scottish biographer and
writer on law. He published " Lives of Scottish Poets,"
(1804,) " Lives of the Scottish Writers," (1839,) and "The
Table-Talk of John Selden," (1854.) He was born at
Langholm, December 5, 1778; died at Edinburgh, March
10, 1860.
Irving, (EDWARD,) a celebrated and eloquent Scottish
pulpit orator, born at Annan in 1792, was a graduate of
the University of Edinburgh. Having been employed
as rector of an academy at Kirkaldy about seven years,
he was ordained a Presbyterian minister. From 1819 to
1822 he was engaged as assistant in the pulpit of Dr.
Chalmers, Glasgow, where he acquired a good reputation.
He accepted a call from the Scottish Church, Cross
Street, London, in 1822, and soon became an admired
and fashionable preacher. His original genius and his
extraordinary eloquence attracted crowded audiences,
among whom were found the most eminent authors and
statesmen, and nobles of the highest rank. In 1823 he
published a series of discourses entitled "For the Ora-
cles of God, Four Orations," etc In 1829 he removed
into a larger church built for him in Regent Square. A
charge of heresy having been preferred against him in
the presbytery of London in 1830, he was condemned
by that body, and ejected from the church, in 1832.
After this event he obtained another place, and attracted
crowds by his exhibition of the gift of unknown tongues,
which he ascribed to divine inspiration. He published
" Babylon and Infidelity Foredoomed of God," and other
theological treatises. Died at Glasgow in December,
1834. " He was unquestionably," says De Quincey, "by
many degrees the greatest orator of our times." It is
probable that his devotion was sincere, but not guided
by discretion, and that in the latter part of his career
his mind was affected with insanity. Carlyle, who was
his friend, thinks that "bodily and spiritually, perhaps,
there was not (in that November, 1822) a man more full
of genial, energetic life in these islands." He left three
children. The collected writings of Edward Irving have
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, Q, obscure; far, fall, fat; mjt; nit; good; moon;
HENRY IRVING.
IRVING
'353
ISAAC
been published under the editorship of his nephew, the
Rev. G. Carlyle, London, 1864-65.
See "Life of Irving," by MRS. OLIPHANT, 1862 ; DR QUINCHY,
'Literary Reminiscences," vol. ii. ; "Edinburgh Review" For Octo-
ber, 1862: "Edward Irving, an Ecclesiastical and Literary Biogra-
phy," by W. WILKS ; CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Emi-
nent Scotsmen," (Supplement;) MICHAEL HOHL, " Bruchstucke aus
dem Leben und den Schriften E. Irving's," 1839 ; LEHMAMN, " Ueber
die Irvingianer," 1853; "Westminster Review" for January, 1824;
" Biackwood's Magazine" for November, 1858, and June, 1862;
" Fraser's Magazine" for January, 1835; "North British Review"
for August, 1862.
Irving, (Sir HENRY BRODRIBB,) an English actor,
whose family name is Brodribb, was born at Keinton,
in Somersetshire, February 6, 1838. He first appeared
on the stage in 1856, and rapidly attained distinction as
a first-rate comedian. His " Hamlet," first played in
1874, greatly divided public opinion, but at present his
high rank as a tragedian is very generally conceded.
Since 1883 he has frequently visited the United States.
Ir'ving, (JOHN TREAT,) an American judge and writer,
brother of Washington Irving, was born in 1778. He
was a popular contributor, (political,) both in prose and
verse, to the " Morning Chronicle," and from 1821 til!
his death, in 1838, was presiding judge of the court
of coma /n pleas in New York.
Irving, (JoHN TREAT,) an American lawyer and writer,
son of the preceding, and a resident of New York, is au-
thor of a volume of " Indian Sketches," (1835,) and two
novels, entitled " The Attorney," and " Harry Harson ;
or, The Benevolent Bachelor," which originally appeared
in the " Knickerbocker Magazine."
Irving, (JOSEPH,) a Scottish author, born at Dumfries
in 1830. He wrote a " Book of Dumbartonshire," (3
vols., 1879,) "Annals of Our Time," "Dictionary of
Scotsmen," (1880,) etc. Died in 1891.
Irving, (PETER,) an American journalist, born in 1771.
He became in 1802 the editor and proprietor cf the
" Morning Chronicle," a Democratic journal of New
York. In conjunction with his brother Washington, he
projected " Knickerbocker's Histoty of New York." He
wrote "Giovanni Sbogarro, a Venetian Tale," (1820.)
Died in 1838.
Irving, (THEODORE,) LL.D., an American author,
and minister in the Protestant Episcopal Church, was
born in New York in 1809. He spent some time in
Europe with his uncle, Washington Irving, was professor
of history and belles-lettres in Geneva College, New
York, from 1836 to 1849, and afterwards filled for several
years the chair of belles-lettres in the New York Free
Academy. He entered the ministry in 1854. He wrote
" The Conquest of Florida by Hernando de Soto," in 2
vols., (Philadelphia and London, 1835,) and "The Foun-
tain of Living Waters," (1854.) Died December 20, 1880.
Irving, (WASHINGTON,) a distinguished American
author and humourist, born in the city of New York,
April 3, 1783, was a son of William Irving, a native of
Scotland. About iSco he left school and commenced
the study of the law. For the benefit of his health, he
performed in 1804 a voyage to Europe, visited France,
Italy, Switzerland, and England, and returned in 1806.
Soon after his return he was admitted to the bar; but
he preferred to devote himself to literary pursuits, and
never practised law. In conjunction with his brother
William and with James K. Paulding, he issued in 1807
a humorous and satirical magazine, entitled "Salma-
gundi, or the Whim-Whams and Opinions of Launcelot
Langstaff, Esq., and others." Of this amusing and popular
work only twenty numbers were issued. He published
in 1809 another humorous work, "The History of New
York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker," in which he was
assisted by his brother Peter. It was very favourably
received. " I have never," says Sir Walter Scott, " read
anything so closely resembling the style of Dean Swift
as the Annals of biedrich Knickerbocker." (Letter to
Henry Brevoort, April 23, 1813.)
In 1810 he became a silent partner with his brothers
in an extensive commercial house in New York. He
sailed in 1815 to Europe, where he remained many
years, and in 1817 visited Sir Walter Scott at Abbots-
ford, who became his constant friend. He was reduced
to poverty by the failure of the firm of which he was a
member, in 1817. His next important work was "The
Sketch-Book," (1818,) by Geoffrey Crayon, which was
written in England. It enjoyed great popularity, and
raised Irving to the highest rank of American authors.
Lord Jeffrey, in the " Edinburgh Review" for August;
1820, commended "The Sketch-Book" as "written
throughout with the greatest care and accuracy, and
worked up to great purity and beauty of diction on the
model of the most elegant and polished of our native
writers." He published in London, in 1822, "Brace-
bridge Hall, or the Humourists," which was received
with great favour both in England and America. Com-
menting on this work, Lord Jeffrey says, " We happen
to be very intense and sensitive admirers of those soft
harmonies of studied speech in which this author is apt
to indulge himself, and have caught ourselves oftener
than we shall confess, neglecting his excellent matter to
lap ourselves in the liquid music of his periods." ("Edin-
burgh Review" for November, 1822.) For his "Tales
of a Traveller," (1824,) Murray, the London publisher,
gave him .£1500 before he saw the manuscript.
Mr. Irving afterwards spent some years in France and
Spain, where he composed his " History of the Life
and Voyages of Christopher Columbus," (4 vols., 1828,)
which was very successful. " This is one of those works,"
says Alexander II. Everett, "which are at the same time
the delight of readers and the despair of critics. It is
as nearly perfect as any work well can be." ("North
American Review" for January, 1829.) In 1829 he pro-
duced an imaginative and romantic work entitled "The
Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada, from the Manu-
scripts of Fray Antonio Agapida." He was appointed
secretary of legation to the American embassy at London
in 1829, and returned to the United States in 1832. Among
his later works are "The Alhambra,"(i832;) a "Tour on
the Prairies," (1835;) "Astoria," (3 vols., 1836;) "The
Adventures of Captain Bonneville," (2 vols., 1837;)
"Oliver Goldsmith, a Biography," (1849;) "Mahomet
and his Successors," (1850;) and "The Life of George
Washington," (5 vols., 1855-59.) He was minister to
Spain from 1842 to 1846. He passed the latter part of
his life at Sunnyside, on the Hudson River, where he
died, November 28, 1859. He was never married.
For an easy elegance of style, Irving has no superior,
perhaps no equal, among the prose writers of America.
If Hawthorne excels him in variety, in earnestness, and in
force, he is perhaps inferior to Irving in facility and grace ;
while he can make no claim to that genial, lambent
humour which beams in almost every page of " Geoffrey
Crayon."
IK
.835, and January, 1837, (both by EDWARD EVERETT,) and April,
1858 ; " Blackwood's Magazine" for July, 1820 ; " Fraser's Magazine1'
for October, 1835; "Westminster Review" for January, 1837 ; ALLI
BONE, "Dictionary of Authors:" CLEVELAND, "Compendium of
American Literature ;" " Atlantic Monthly" for November, 1860, and
June, 1864.
Irving, (WILLIAM,) a brother of the preceding, was
born in New York in 1766. He married a sister of
James K. Paulding in 1793, became a merchant in New
York, and was a member of Congress during three
terms, (1813-19.) He aided his brother and Mr. Pauld'
ing in the " Salmagundi," of which he wrote the poetical
parts. Died in 1821.
Ir'win, (EYLES,) a poet, born in Calcutta, of Irish
parents, in 1748, was employed in the civil service of
the East India Company. He wrote several odes and
eclogues, and "Adventures during a Voyage up the Red
Sea," (1780.) Died in 1817.
Irwin, VISCOUNTESS. See HOWARD, (ANNE.)
Isa, ee'sa, written also 153 and Isha, one of the names
of SIVA, which see.
Isaac, I'zak, [Heb.pm" or pn»' ; It. ISACCO, e-sik'-
ko; Arabian, ISHAK, is'hlk',] a Hebrew patriarch, the
son of Abraham and Sarah, was born about 1990 B.C. He
married Rebecca, and became the father of Esau and
Jacob. " Of all the patriarchs," says Bishop Hall, " none
made so little noise in the world as Isaac." He removed
to Gerar. in the land of the Philistines, and acquired
; jasj; 'ghard; gas/;G, H,K, guttural; N, nasal; ^trilled; sasz; th as in Afaf. (2®=See Explanations, p. 23.
IS A A C
1354
ISAIAH
riches as a planter. He died at the age of one hundred
and eighty.
Isaac L, or Isaac Com-ne'nus, [Gr. loaiuaot 6
Ko^wTvof,] Emperor of Constantinople, was chosen by
the army as successor of Michael VI. in 1057. Two
years later, in consequence of a malady which he sup-
posed mortal, he resigned the throne to Constantine
Ducas, and entered a convent Died in 1061.
Isaac H, or Isaac An'ge-lus, [Gr. 'laaaiaof 6 'Ayye-
*oc,l Emperor of Constantinople, was proclaimed in
1185 as successor to Androni'cus, who was dethroned
by a popular revolt He rendered himself very un-
popular by his vices and misgovernment In 1195 his
brother Alexis usurped the throne and imprisoned Isaac,
who was liberated and restored in 1203 by an army of
crusaders. In 1204 he was again supplanted by Alexius
Ducas, and died or was killed the same year. Constan-
tinople was speedily taken by the crusaders, who elected
Baldwin emperor.
Isaac, ee'zak, (HEINRICH,) a German musician, whorr
the Italians called ARRIGO TEDESCO, («>. the " German
Henry,") was born about 1440. He removed to Italj
about 1475, and was patronized by Lorenzo de' Media
He composed sacred music.
Isaacson, T'zak-son, (HENRY,) born in London ir
1581, wrote a work on Chronology. Died in 1654.
Isabel, the Spanish of ELIZABETH, which see.
Isabel L See ISABELLA OF CASTILE.
Is'a-bel [Sp. pron. e-si-bel'] HZ, (or, more fully,
Maria Isabel Luisa,) Queen of Spain, born at Madnd
in October, 1830, is a daughter of Ferdinand VIL and
Maria Christina. She succeeded her father on the 29th
of September, 1833, when her mother became regent.
Her claim was disputed by her uncle, Don Carlos, in a
civil war, which ended in the defeat of the Carlists in
1840. The queen-regent having been driven from power
by a popular revolt in October, 1840, Espartero became
regent Isabel was declared of age in November, 1843,
and in October, 1846, was married to her cousin, Fran-
cisco de Assis, a son of Francisco de Paula, who was a
brother of Ferdinand VII. Her reign was agitated by
many revolutions, coups d'ltat, and changes of constitu-
tion. In September, 1868, she was deposed by her
revolted subjects almost without a struggle. Her son,
Alfonso XII., became king in 1875.
Isabella. See ELIZABETH.
Is-a-bel'la OF AUSTRIA, (CLARA EUGENIA,) the
daughter of Philip II. of Spain and Elizabeth of France,
was born in 1566. As the niece of Henry III. of France,
she claimed the French crown at his death, but was
excluded by the Salic law, though she was favoured by
the chiefs of the League. In 1597 she became the wife
of Archduke Albert, son of the Emperor of Germany.
Died in 1633.
Isabella OF BAVARIA, daughter of Stephen, second
Duke of Bavaria, born in 1371, became Queen of France
in 1385 by marriage with Charles VI. She was remark-
able for beauty and for her voluptuous and dissolute
character. When her imbecile consort became incapable
of ruling, she aspired to royal power, and made a coali-
tion with the English against the dauphin, her son. Died
ln '435-
Isabella [Span. ISABEL, e-si-bf 1'; Fr. ISABELLE, e'zf-
bel'] OF CASTILE, daughter of John II., King of Cas-
tile, was born at Madrigal in 1451. The malcontent
subjects of her brother, Henry IV., forced him to ac-
knowledge her as his heir, after which her hand was
solicited by several princes of Europe, and she became
the wife of Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469. In 1474 she
was proclaimed Queen of Castile and Leon, the sove-
reignty of which she did not resign to her husband, but
kept in her own hands. Historians agree in applauding
her beauty, virtue, magnanimity, piety, learning, and
political wisdom. It was under her auspices that Co-
lumbus discovered America, after his project had been
treated with neglect by Ferdinand. Died in 1504. (See
FERDINAND V.) Isabella had blue eyes and auburn hair,
and possessed gieat beauty of features, sweetness of
expression, and dignity of presence.
See PRESCOTT, " History of Ferdinand and Isabella;" Tr,*?: . _
MOLINA, " Sumariu de la Vida y Hechos de los cat61icos Reves D.
Fernando y Dona Isabel," 1587 ; FERNANDEZ DE PULGAR, " Rerum
a Ferdinando et Elisabe Hispaniarum Repibus Gestarum Decades
II.," 1545; D. CLEMENCIN, "Elogio de la Reina catolica Dona
Isabel," 1821 ; GEORGE ANITA, " Memoirs of Queen Isabella of
Castile," London, 1850.
Isabelle. See ISABELLA.
Isabelle OF FRANCE. See ELIZABETH OF FRANCE.
Isabelle (e'zt'bSl') OF FRANCE, Queen of England
daughter of Philip the Fair, King of France, was born
in 1292, and was married to Edward II. in 1308. The
issue of this union was a son, who became Edward III.
About 1324 she went to Paris to negotiate between her
consort and the French king, where she formed a con-
spiracy with malcontent nobles, and returned to England
with the avowed intention to remove from power the
king's unworthy favourite, Spencer. Entering London
without resistance, in 1326, the partisans of the queen de-
posed Edward II. and proclaimed his son king. Isabelle
and her favourite, Mortimer, exercised the royal power
a few years during the minority of her son ; and there
seems no reason to doubt that they contrived the murder
of Edward II. She was imprisoned for nearly twenty
years, and died in prison in 1358. She was surnamed,
on account of her cruelty, "the she-wolf of France."
Isabelle OF FRANCE, Queen of England, born in
1389, was a daughter of Charles VI. She was married
to Richard II. of England in 1396. Died in 1409.
Isabelle, e'zf'bel', (CHARLES EDOUARD,) a French
architect, born at Havre in 1800, wrote "The Circular
Edifices and Domes Classed," etc., Died May I, 1880.
Isabelle d'Angouleme, e'zf'bel' d6N'goo'l8m', a
French princess, was a daughter of Aymar, Count of
Angouleme. She was married to John, King of Eng-
land, in 1201. Died in 1245.
Isabey, e'zfbS', (EUGENE Louis GABRIEL,) an emi-
nent painter of marine views, born in Paris in 1804. He
obtained a first-class medal in 1824, and produced
11 The Coast of Honfleur" and a " Tempest near Dieppe"
in 1827, the "Battle of the Texel," (1839,) "The De-
parture of Queen Victoria," (1845,) and the " Embarka-
:ion of De Ruyter," (1851.) He received a first-class
medal at the Exposition of 1855. Died in 1886.
Isabey, (JEAN BAPTISTS,) a celebrated French minia-
ture-painter, born at Nancy in 1767, was a pupil of
David, and father of the preceding. About 1802 he
became the most fashionable artist of Paris in his depart-
ment of the art He was liberally patronized by the
emperor Napoleon, who had been his friend when both
were obscure citizens. He executed many admired
portraits of the Bonaparte family and of the generals
of the empire. It is said that most of the sovereigns of
Europe have been the subjects of his pencil. Among
his works are the "Table des Marechaux," a picture on
porcelain of Napoleon and his marshals, and " Th;
Congress of Vienna," (1817.) Died in 1855.
Isacs, ee'zaks, (PlETER,) a skilful Dutch portrait-
painter, born at Helzevor in 1569; died about 1620.
Isaeus, I-see'us, [Gr. 'laoioc/ Fr. IsfiE, e'za',] a famous
Greek orator, who flourished about 400 B.C., was a
native of Chalcis, or, according to some authorities, of
Athens. Having been a pupil of Isocrates, he opened
a celebrated school in Athens, and had the honour of
being the preceptor of Demosthenes. Isxus is one of
the ten Athenian orators of the Alexandrian canon. His
style is at once elegant and vehement, but is less natural
than that of Lysias. He had great skill in dialectics
and in the distribution of his arguments. Only eleven
of his orations are now extant ; and these are all forensic.
He is said to have survived the accession of King Philip
of Macedon, 348 B.C.
See J. A. LIEBMANN, " De Iszi VitaetScriptis," 1831 ; E. JENIKE.
" Observationes in Iszum," 1838.
Isaeus, a Greek sophist and orator, born in Assyria,
lived in the first century after Christ His eloquence
is extolled by Pliny.
Isaiah, I-za'yah" or e-zi'a, [Heb. m'yVT ; Gr. llaaiaf ;
Lat ESAI'AS; Fr. ISA'I'E, e'zt'e', or fisAiE, i'zi'e'; It
ISAIA, e-sa-ee'S; Sp. ISAIAS, e-si-ee'as,] the first of the
great Hebrew prophets, was a contemporary of Hosea,
Joel, Amos, and Micah. He prophesied during a period
of about fifty years, beginning about 760 B.C. He lived
at Jerusalem, and exerted great influence in public affairs.
i, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, <J, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; not; good; moon;
ISAIE
1355
ISIDORE
Little is known of his personal history, except that he
had a wife, who is called a prophetess, and two sons.
There is a doubtful tradition that Isaiah suffered death
by being sawn asunder, at the command of King Ma-
nasseh. As a writer he is remarkable for versatility of
genius, and merits the first rank among the prophets by
the majestic simplicity and sublimity of his compositions.
He declared more amply and clearly than any other
prophet the eternal divinity, vicarious sufferings, and
glorious kingdom of the Messiah, and hence is often
called the evangelical prophet. No other prophet is so
often quoted by Christ and his apostles. (See Matt. i.
22, iii. 3, viii. 17, xii. 18-20, xiii. 14 ; Luke iv. 17; Acts
xxviii. 25 ; Rom. ix. 27, and x. 16; Phil. ii. 10.) In our
translation of the New Testament he is always called
ESAIAS. He has been pronounced by some critics not
inferior to Homer in poetical genius ; and all agree that
his book is a master-piece of beauty and sublimity both
in thought and style.
Among the commentators on Isaiah are Saint Jerome,
Vitringa, Lowth, Calmct, Eichhorn, Doderlein, Gesenius,
Gataker, Hitzig, Rosenmiiller, and Henderson ; and, in the
United States, Dr. Alexander and Mr. Albert Barnes.
See, also, KIMCHI, "Lexicon Rabbinicum;" EWALD, "Die Pro-
pheten des alien Bundes," and "Geschichte des Volkes Israel bil
Christus;" KNOBEL, "Prophetisme des H^breux."
Isaie. See ISAIAH.
Isambert, e'z6N/baiR', (EMILE,) a French physician
and biographer, a son of Fran9ois Andre, noticed below,
was born at Auteuil in 1828. Died October 27, 1876.
Isambert, (FRANCOIS ANDRE,) a French jurist and
Protestant, born at Aunay (Eure-et-Loire) in 1792. He
distinguished himself about 1825 as the defender of the
rights of the free people of colour in Martinique, and
" performed in France," says Taillandier, "a service like
that which Clarkson and Wilberforce rendered in Eng-
land." In 1830 he was appointed a judge (conseiller) of
the court of cassation. He was a Liberal member of the
Chamber of Deputies from 1830 to 1848, and supported
Cavaignac and the cause of order in the Assembly of
1848. He was secretary of the French Society for the
Abolition of Slavery, of which he is said to have been
the founder. Among his works are a " Manual for the
Publicist and Statesman," (4vols., 1826,) and a "History
of Justinian," (1856.) He wrote many able articles for
the "Nouvelle Biographic Generale." Died in 1857.
See TAILLANDIER, article in the " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Isarn, e'zlRn', (SAMUEL,) a French poet, born at Cas-
tres in 1637, wrote "The Speaking Pistole," (" La Pistole
parlante," 1660,) which had great success. Died in 1673.
Isauricus. See LEO III.
Is-ca'nl-us or Is-ca'nus, (JOSEPH,) surnamed also
DEVO'NIUS, an English poet, born at Exeter, derived his
name from Isca, the place of his education. He accom-
panied Richard I. en a crusade to Palestine, and wrote
a Latin poem " On the Trojan War," and another en
titled " Antiocheis." Died about 1224.
Isee. See IS^EUS.
Iselin, ez'laN', (ISAAC,) a Swiss writer, born at Bale
in 1728. He was assistant secretary of state from 1756
to his death. He became the enlightened advocate of
reform in morals, education, and legislation, on which
he wrote articles for the journals. His chief work is
entitled " On the History of Mankind," (" Ueber die
Geschichte der Menschheit." 1764.) Died in 1782.
See J. G. SCHLOSSER, "Rede auf Iselin," 1783; S. HIRZEL,
"Denkmal I. Iselin gewidmet," 1782.
Iselin, [Lat. ISELI'NUS,] (JACQUES CHRISTOPHE,) an
eminent Swiss philologist and divine, born at Bale in
1681. He spoke Greek with facility, and excelled in
Oriental languages. He became professor of history at
Bale in 1707, and was promoted to the chair of divinity
ricis Latinis Melioris ./Evi," 1697,) a treatise "On the
Domination of the Magi in Persia," (1707,) and other
minor works. Died in 1737.
See BECK, "Vita Iselini," in the 3d vol. of "Tempe Helvetica;1
J. R. ISELIN, " Laudatio funebris consecrandas Memorise Viri incom
parabiHs J. C. Iselini," 1739.
Iselin, (JEAN RODOLPHE,) a Swiss jurist, born at
3ale in 1705, wrote "On Eminent Domain," ("De Do-
minio Eminente," 1726,) and other works. Died in 1779.
Isembert (e'zfiN'baiR') OF XAINTES, a French archi-
ect, lived about 1200, and is supposed :o have built the
old London Bridge.
Isenburg, ee'zen-booRG', [Fr.' ISEMBOURG, C'ZON'-
JOOR',] one of the great German families of Protestant
>rinces and counts. It included the branches of Isenburg-
Birstein, Isenburg-Philippseich, Isenburg-Iiiidingen, and
others.
Isendoorn, van, vSn ee'zen-doRn', or Ysendoorn,
GIJSBERT,) a Dutch philosopher, born in Gelderland in
:6oi, published "EfTata Philosophica," (1633,) "Ethica
?eripatetica," (1659,) and other works. Died in 1657.
Isfendiyar, is-fen'dee-ytR', or Asfandiyar, as-fan'-
dee-ylR', one of the most celebrated heroes in Persian
listory, lived between the fifth and sixth centuries B.C.,
and is said to have been the first convert to the religion
of Zoroaster, in which he was followed by his father
ushtasp (Darius Hystaspis) and the whole Persian
empire. This change of religion led to the invasion of
Persia by Arjasp, King of Turan, in which Isfendiyar,
uy his bravery and heroism, not only saved his father's
.ingdom, but conquered India, Arabia, and the West,
He was killed in battle by the celebrated Roostum.
See MALCOLM, "History of Persia;" J. ATKINSON, "Abridg-
ment of the Shah Nameh of Firdousi. "
Ish'mael, [Heb. ^Nl'DK" ; Arabic, ISMAEEL or ISMAIL,
is-mS-eel'; Fr. ISMAEL, es'mf el',] the son of Abraham
and Hagar, born about 1900 B.C., was the ancestor of
the Ishmaelites or Arabians. (See Genesis xvi., xxi.)
Ishwara. See ISWARA.
Isi, ee'see, written also 19! and Ishi, (the consort of
Isa or Siva,) one of the many names of PARVATt, which
see. She is identified by some writers, including Sir W.
Jones, with the Isis of the Egyptians. (See Isis.)
Isiaslaf. See IZIASLAF.
Isl-dore [Gr. 'Ial6apof; Lat. ISIDO'RUS ; Fr. ISIDORE,
e'ze'doR'; It. ISIDORO, e-se-do'ro] OF CHARAX, a Per-
sian, who is supposed to have lived in the first century
of our era, wrote a work called " Parthian Itinerary,"
hich contains a list of the eighteen provinces of Parthia
and of the chief towns, with the distances of the towns
from each other.
Isidore OF Moscow, a Russian prelate, was chosen
Primate of Russia in 1437. He favoured the reunion of
the Greek and Latin Churches at the Council of Florence,
(1437.) Died at Rome in 1463.
Isidore, SAINT, an eminent Spanish scholar and
bishop, born at Carthagena about 570 A.D., was a brother
of Leander, Archbishop of Seville. He understood
Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, and was very influential in
the Spanish Church. About 600 he was appointed
Bishop of Seville. The Council of Toledo, held in 650,
denominated him "the glory of the Catholic Church,
and the most learned man of his age." Among his most
important works are, in Latin, "A Chronicle from the
Origin of the World to 626 A.D.," and "Twenty Books
of Etymologies," which, says Dr. Hoefer, " is one of the
most precious monuments for the history of human
knowledge." Died in 636 A.D.
See SAINT ILDEFONSO, "De Viris illustribus ;" TRITHEIM, " De
Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis ;" ROESLER, " Dissertatio ; Isidori His-
toria Gothorum, Vandalonim," etc., 1803.
Isidore, SAINT, OF ALEXANDRIA, born in Egypt about
318 A.D., was a friend of Athanasius, by whom he was
ordained a priest. Died in 404.
Isidore, SAINT, OF PELUSIUM, is supposed to have
been born between 360 and 390 A.D. He lived as a
hermit in Egypt, and had a high reputation for piety and
wisdom. He wrote, in Greek, a great number of short
letters, of which more than two thousand are now ex
tant. They are said to contain sound doctrine and good
instruction in morals. Died about 450 A.D.
See HERMANN, "Dissertatio de Isidore Pelusiota," 1737 : NIE-
MEVER. "Dissertatio de Isidoro Pelusiota," 1825.
Isl-dore Mer-ca'tor or Fec-ca'tor, the supposed
name of a person who in the eighth or ninth century
fabricated a famous code of canon law or collection of
decretals, often called the " Collection of the Pseudo-Isi-
« as k ; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, ^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (J^^See Explanations, p. 23 '-
IS ID OR US
1356
ISOURD
dore. Some popes availed themselves of this means
to extend their temporal power.
Isidorus. See ISIDORE.
Is-I-do'rus OF MILETUS, a Greek architect of the
sixth century, who was employed by the emperor Jus-
tinian to build the magnificent church of Saint Sophia
in Constantinople, which is now used as a mosque.
I'ais, [Gr. 'loif,] one of the chief deities of the ancient
Egyptians, was called the wife of Osiris and mother of
Horus. She was worshipped as the goddess of fecun-
dity, and appears to have represented nature or the earth.
The cow was sacred to Isis. She had many worshippers
in Greece and Rome. There were famous temples of
Isis at Memphis and Denderah. She has been identified
with the Hindoo Isi, (which see.)
Isla, es'li, (JosE FRANCISCO,) a witty and popular
Spanish author, born at Segovia in 1703. He became a
Jesuit and an eminent preacher. He effected a reform
m the vicious style and bad taste that prevailed among
the Spanish priests, which he ridiculed in his famous
satirical romance "The Life of the Popular Preacher
Fray Gerundio de Campazas," (3 vols., 1758,) which
is called the best picture of Spanish manners of the
eighteenth century. This work was condemned by the
Inquisition. He made a Spanish version of " Gil Bias,"
under this title : " Adventures of Gil Bias, stolen from
Spain, adopted in France by Le Sage, and restored to
his Native Country and Language," (6 vols., 1787.) The
Jesuits having been expelled from Spain in 17671 he
retired to Bologna, where he died in 1781.
See J. I. DE SALAS, " Vida de Juan de Isla," 1803; TICKNOR.
" History of Spanish Literature ;" EVERETT, " Critical and Miscella-
neous Essays."
Isleif, is'llf, an Icelandic historian, was ordained a
priest in Rome about 1056, and returned home. He
wrote "Annals of Iceland and of Norway." Died about
1080.
Ismaeei or Ismail, is-mS-eel', a Moslem priest, was
Imam of the Sheeites in the second century of the Hejrah.
At his death a division occurred among the Sheeites in
respect to the succession. Those who adhered to the
son of Ismaeei were called Ismaeelites or Ismaeelians,
wid became a powerful sect in Egypt and Persia.
Ismaeei, Ismail, or Ismail Shah, is-mi-eel' shlh,
founder of the dynasty of Sofees of Persia, was born in
1487, and assumed royal power about the age of four-
teen. He acquired several provinces of Persia by con-
quest, and died in 1524, leaving the throne to his son,
Aboo-Modhaffer. Ismaeel is venerated by the Persians,
who call him King of the Sheeites, (a religious sect.)
See MALCOLM, " History of Persia ;" VON HAMMER-PURGSTALL,
44 Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs."
Ismaeei (Ismail) II., King of Persia, the son of Aboo-
Modhaffer, began to reign in 1576, and made himself de-
tested by his sanguinary temper. After executing many
innocent persons, he died in 1577, and was succeeded by
his brother, Mohammed Meerza, (Mirza.)
See MALCOLM, 4t History of Persia."
Ismael, the French for ISHMAEL, which see.
Ismail Pasha, is-mJ-eel' pa'sha, former Khedive of
Egypt, was born in Cairo in 1830. His uncle Said, the
viceroy, in 1862 made him commandant of the army,
and in 1863 he succeeded as viceroy. His lavish ex
penditures not only greatly encumbered his private es
tales, but embarrassed all the people of Egypt. In 1867
he acquired from the Porte the title of Khedive. He
carried on extensive wars of conquest in the Soudan.
In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened. In 1879 the press-
ure of the foreign creditors became so great that the
Sultan, urged by the representatives of the European
powers, directed Ismail to abdicate. The abdication
took effect June 26, 1879 ; his son TEWFIK succeeded
as khedive. Died at Constantinople, March 2, 1895.
Isnard, is'niR', (ACHILLE NICOLAS,) a French politi-
cal economist and writer, born in Paris ; died about 1803.
Isnard, (MAXIMIN,) a French Girondist, republican,
and orator, born at Grasse, in Provence, in 1751, was
chosen a member of the Legislative Assembly in 1701.
He was one of the most able and enthusiastic partisans
of the Revolution, to which he often gave a new impulse
by his brilliant, impetuous, and inflammatory eloquence.
He was one of the first members of the committee of
public safety, the formation of which he first proposed
and was president of the Convention a few days in May,
1793, during the struggle between his party and the Ja-
cobins. He was involved in the fatal proscription of the
Girondists, but escaped death by concealment. In 1795
he was chosen a member of the Council of Five Hun-
dred. He retired from political life when Napoleon be-
came consul, and published an essay on the " Immortality
of the Soul," (1801,) in which he professes himself aeon-
vert to revealed religion. He maintained a fair reputation
for honour and probity, and died about 1830. Lamartine,
who calls him the Danton of the Gironde, says, " His
speeches were magnificent odes, which exalted discussion
into lyric enthusiasm." (" History of the Girondists.")
" Isnard was the man of the Girondist party," says
Charles Nodier, " who possessed in the highest degree
the gift of those vehement inspirations which burst like
thunder in sudden and terrible explosions."
See " Nouvelle I
French Revolution.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale
xplosi
;" TH
IERS, "History of tho
Isnardi, es-naR'dee, (GiAMBATTlSTA,) an Italian sa-
vant, born near Nice in 1749, wrote a "Memoir on the
Monuments of India and Egypt" Died in 1830.
Isocrate. See ISOCRATES.
I-soc'ra-tes, [Gr. 'loo/ipanyr ; Fr. ISOCRATE, e'zo'-
kRtt'; It ISOCRATE, e-sok'ri-ti,] one of the ten great
Athenian orators, bom at Athens in 436 B.C., received
lessons from Gorgias, Prodicus, and Theramcnes, and
was an intimate friend of Plato. He soon surpassed
these masters in the rhetorical art ; but his insuperable
constitutional timidity defeated his political aspirations,
and disqualified him for a public debater or an oracle
of the " fierce democracy." He opened a school of elo-
quence, which numbered among its pupils many eminent
men, such as Isaeus, Timotheus, Xenophon, and Hyperi-
des. Cicero compared his school to the wooden horse
of Troy, from which issued the principal Grecian chiefs.
He composed orations and forensic arguments for clients
or others, and discourses on moral and political questions.
His style is extremely polished and harmonious, but
perhaps too artificial and diffuse. His character was
honourable, his political principles were moderate and
sincerely patriotic. He was one of the few who had the
courage to appear in mourning for the death of Socra-
tes. It is said that the disastrous battle of Chaeronea
affected him so deeply that he refused to eat afterwards,
and died at the age of ninety-eight. Twenty-one of his
orations are extant.
See PLUTARCH, "Viue Decem Oratorum ;" BILMARK. "De
Isocrate Oratore Grzco," 1798: PFUND, "De Isocratis Vita et
Scripris," 1833: LICHTENAUER, " De Isocrate," 1843; O. MI'LLHR,
" History of the Literature of Ancient Greece ;" P. EKHRMAN, " Iso-
crates Patre loquentiie," 1743.
Isolani, e-so-11'nee, (IsiDORO,) an Italian theologian,
born at Milan, lived between 1480 and 1550, and wrote
many works against the doctrines of Luther.
Is'olani, e-zo-la'nee, UOHANN LUDWIG HECTOR,)
COUNT, an Austrian general, born in 1586, served in
the Thirty Years' war. For the part he took in the
betrayal of Wallenstein he received the title of count.
Died in 1640.
Isore, e'zo'ra', (JACQUES,) a French politician, born
at Cauvigny in 1758, was a member of the Convention
in 1792, and voted for the death of Louis XVI. Died
in 1839.
Isouard, 6-soo-aRd', or laoard, J-so-aRd', (NlCOLO,)
a Maltese musician and composer, born in 1775. He
is usually known by the name of NICOLO, under which
he gave his compositions to the world. The best-known
of these are his comic operas of "Joconde," (1813,) and
"Jeannot and Colin," (1814;) but he produced with ex-
traordinary facility, and was the author of a large number
of other operas, comic and serious, of masses, cantatas,
psalms, etc.
Isourd, d', de'zooR', ( JOACHIM JEAN XAVIER,) i
French ecclesiastic, born at Aix in 1766. He became a
cardinal in 1827, and in 1829 was made a peer of France,
with the title of duke. After refusing several archbishop-
rics, he accepted that of Lyons in 1839 ; but he died
before the end of, that year.
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; m?t; ndt; good; moon.
ISRAEL
1357
IVERNOIS
Is'rael, [Heb. ^Nll?'; Gr. 'lapa^A,] a name often given
by the inspired writers to the patriarch Jacob, whose
descendants are called Israelites. (See JACOB.)
Israeli See DISRAELI.
Is'raels, (JosEF,) a Dutch genre painter of eminence,
born at Groningen in 1824. His brother, LEHMAN
ISRAELS, born in Groningen in 1833, became a journalist
of New York, and was for some years one of the editors
of the New York " World."
Is'selt, van, (MICHAEL,) a Dutch historian and Cath-
olic priest, born at Dokkum, adhered to the Spanish
party in the civil war. He wrote " Historia Belli Colo-
niensis," (1584,) and other works. Died in 1597.
Is'ter, [Gr. 'lorpof,] a Greek historian and poet, livec!
about 250 B.C., and was a friend or pupil of Callimachus.
He wrote a history entitled Arroca, and other works,
none of which are extant.
Isthvanfi, Isht'vin-fee, [Lat. ISTHVAN'FIUS,] (NICHO-
LAS,) a Hungarian noble, born about 1535, was rewarded
for his services by the office of Vice-Palatine of Hungary.
He wrote, in Latin, a " History of Hungary from 1490 to
>6o6," (1622.) Died in 1615.
Istria, DUKE OF.- See BESSIERES.
laturiz, de, dits-too-reth', (Don FRANCISCO XAVIER,)
a Spanish politician, born at Cadiz in 1790. He pro-
moted the revolution of January, 1820, was elected to
the Cortes in 1822, and became a leader of the Liberal
or democratic party. He was minister of foreign affairs
for a few months m 1836, and was driven into exile by
an hnevtf. Having returned in 1837, he was chosen
president of the Cortes in 1839. He negotiated the
marriage of the queen Isabel, (1846,) was sent as minister
to England in 1850, and to Russia in 1857. He became
president of the council in February, 1862. Died 1871.
Iswara, ees'wa-ra, or Ishwara, eesh'wa-ra, written
also Igwara, one of the thousand names of Siva, though
sometimes applied to other Hindoo deities. He is by
some writers identified with the Osiris of the Egyptians.
It'a-lus, [Gr. 'IroAoc; Fr. ITALE, e'tfl',] an ancient
king of Italy, from whom that country is supposed to have
derived its name. He married Electra, a daughter of
Latinus. He is considered as fabulous by some authors.
Itard, e'tiR', (JEAN MARIE GASPARD,) a French phy-
sician, born at Oraison in 1775, removed to Paris about
1796, and practised with success. In 1799 he was ap-
pointed physician to the Institution for Deaf-Mutes, which
position he filled for many years. He wrote a "Treatise
on Diseases of the Ear," (2 vols., 1821.) Died in 1838.
Ito, (HiROBUMi,) COUNT, a Japanese statesman,
born in the province of Choshu in 1840. He visited,
\\liile young, Europe and the United States, became
active in efforts to modernize Japan, and held various
offices in the Japanese cabinet, becoming premier in
1886. His sweeping reforms leading to a reaction,
he retired in 1888, but was premier again 1892-95.
He was the father of the Japanese constitution promul-
gated in 1889. In 1894 he took command of the
Japanese naval forces in the war with China, and gained
an important victory over the Chinese fleet on Sep-
tember 7. He subsequently aided in the capture of
Port Arthur, and in January, 1895, Wei-hai-wei and
the Chinese fleet were surrendered to him. In Octo-
ber, 1900, he again accepted the premiership.
Ittenbach, it'ten-baK'. (FRANZ,) a German painter,
born at Konigswinter in 1813. He was one of the best
of the Dusseldorf school, and was chiefly known for his
religious pictures. Died December I, 1879.
Ittig, it'tic, [Lat. ITTIG'IUS,] (THOMAS,) a German
theologian, born in 1643 at Leipsic, where he became
professor of divinity. He wrote numerous works, among
which are one " On the Heresiarchs of the Apostolic
Age," (1690,) and "Bibliotheca Patrum Apostolicorum
Grzco-Latina," (2 vols., 1699.) Died in 1710.
Iturbide, e-tooR'be-Di, (Don AUGUSTIN,) Emperor
of Mexico, born at Valladolid (Mexico) in 1784, (one ac-
count says 1790.) He fought against the insurgents in the
war of independence which began in 1810, and rose to
the rank of general. About the end of 1821 he became
the master-spirit of a successful plot for the liberation
of Mexico from the Spanish rule. He was proclaimed
-mperor in May, 1822 ; but his power was resisted by a
large party in the Congress and by many generals, who
preferred a republic. Finding his position untenable,
ic abdicated, and was banished in May, 1823. In Julv,
1824, he returned almost alone, and, just after he landed,
was arrested and shot as a traitor.
See M. J. QUIN, "Memoirs of Iturbide," and French version of
the same, by J. T. PARISOT, 1824.
lule. See IULUS.
I-u'lus, [Gr. 'lou/loc; Fr. IULE, e'u'l',] a son of ^Eneas.
[See ASCANIUS.)
Ivan or Iwan (e-van') I., a Russian prince, who began
to reign in Moscow at the death of his brother George,
in 1328, and was tributary to the Tartars. His dominions
consisted of Vladimir, Moscow, and Novogorod. His
reign was peaceful, and lasted twenty-two years.
His grandson, Ivan H., son of Simeon, born in 1325,
was recognized by the Tartars as heir to the throne in
1353. The events of his short reign were unimportant.
In his last illness he took, according to usage, the mon-
astic vows, and died in 1358.
See KARAMZIN. " Histoire de Russie."
Ivan III., (Vasilievitch,) son cf Basil IV., ascended
the Russian throne in 1462, and is sometimes styled
IVAN I., CZAR OF MUSCOVY. He liberated his realm
from the tribute which the Tartars had exacted by right
of conquest from his predecessors, and is regarded as
the founder of the empire. About 1475 ne defeated, in
several actions, the Tartar chief Ahmed, (or Akhmet,)
and extended his dominions by the conquest of various
princes. He embellished Moscow, the capital, with fine
edifices, and patronized the industrial arts. In 1486 he
assumed the title of "Sovereign of all the Russias." He
died in 1505, aged sixty-six, and was succeeded by his
son Basil.
See HKBBRSTBIN, " Rerum Moscovitfcarum Corumentarii," 1549.
Ivan IV., or Ivan Vasilievitch H., surnamed THE
TERRIBLE, grandson of the preceding, inherited the
throne at the death of Basil, his father, in 1533, when
he was four years of age. He assumed the titles of Czar
and Autocrat about the age of fifteen. He conquered
Kazan and Astrachan from the Tartars, and waged wai
against Sweden and Poland without decisive results.
Siberia was discovered and partially subdued in his
reign. About 1582 the first printing-press was estab-
lished by him in Russia. He displayed energy and
ability in promoting civilization, but is charged with
excessive cruelty in the exercise of his unrestrained
power. Died in 1584.
See ODERBORN, " Joannis Basilidis Vita," i6co; HEIDENSTEIN,
"De Bello Moscovitico," 1600; S. CIAMPI, " Esame critico con
Document! inediti della Storia di Iran Wasiliewitsch," 1827.
Ivan V., (Alexievitch,) born in 1666, was the heir
of the Russian crown at the death of his brother Feodor
III. in 1682 ; but on account of his imbecility his younger
brother Peter (the Great) was proclaimed in his stead.
Ivan was permitted to retain the title of Czar, but had
no ambition to rule. Died in 1696.
Ivan VI, sometimes styled IVAN III., born in 1740,
was the son of Anthony Ulric of Brunswick and Anne of
Russia, (niece of the empress Anne.) The latter, at her
death in 1740, appointed the infant Ivan her successor;
but Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, obtained
the imperial power. Ivan was confined in prison, where,
it is said, he was killed in 1764, when Mirovitch made
a rash attempt to raise him to the throne.
See E. MAUVILLON, " Histoire de la Vie et du Regne d'Iwan_VI,"
1766: " Geschichte von dem Leben und Regierung Ivans III., Kaiser
von Russland," 1766; " Nouvelle Biographic Generale."
Ivanot e-va'nof, [written in German, IWANOW,]
(FEODOR,) a Russian dramatist, born in 1777, served in
the army, and wrote, besides several successful comedies,
a tragedy called "Martha." Died in 1816.
Ivara. See JUVARA.
Ivernois, d', de'veR'nwa', (FRANgois,) a Swiss politi-
cal writer, born at Geneva in 1757, represented his native
city at the Congress of Vienna in 1814. He wrote a
" History of the Revolutions of Geneva in the Eighteenth
Century," (3 vols., 1791,) and other works. Died in 1843.
See "NouvelJe Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
€ as k; 5 as t; g hard; g as>; G, H, ^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as t; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23.)
IVERSEN
1358
JABLONOWSKI
Iversen, ee'ver-sen, (CHRISTIAN,) a Danish writer,
born at Copenhagen in 1748, published, among other
works, the " Literary Progress of Denmark," (4 vols.,
1781-89.) Died in 1827.
I'ver-spn, (ALFRED,) a Democratic politician, born
in Burke county, Georgia, in 1798, was elected to Con-
gress in 1847, succeeded \V. C. Dawson as United States
Senator from Georgia in 1855, and was a prominent
advocate of disunion. He became a Confederate briga-
dier in 1862. Died March 4, 1873.
Ives, Ivz, (EDWARD,) an English surgeon, who went
with Admiral Watson to the East Indies in 1754, and
published a valuable account of his voyage and of the
operations of the English army in 1755, 1756, and 1757.
Died about 1780.
Ives, Ivz, (ELI,) an American physician, born at New
Haven, Connecticut, in 1779. He was professor of medi-
cine at Yale College about twenty years. Died in 1861.
Ives, (JOHN,) F.R.S., an English antiquary, born at
Yarmouth in 1751, was educated at Cambridge. He
published " Remarks on the Garianonum of the Romans,"
and other antiquarian treatises. Died in 1776.
Ives, (LEVi SILLIMAN,) a theologian, born in Meriden,
Connecticut, in 1797. He became an Episcopal clergy-
man about 1824, and Bishop of North Carolina in 1831.
In 1852 he joined the Roman Catholic Church. He
wrote, besides other works, "The Trials of a Mind in
its Progress to Catholicism," (1854.) Died Oct. 13, 1867.
Ivea or Yves, [modern Fr. pron. ev,] written also
I'vo, (SAINT,) a French theologian, born in 1035, became
Bishop of Chartres. Died in 1115.
Iveteaux. See DBS YVETEAUX.
Iv'i-mey, (JOSEPH,) an English Baptist minister, born
at Ringwood, Hants, May 22, 1773. He was ordained
in 1805. He published a "Life of Bunyan," and a
valued " History of the English Baptists." Died Feb-
ruary 8, 1834.
Ivo. See IVES, SAINT.
I'vo-ry, (JAMES,) F.R.S., an eminent British mathe
matician, born at Dundee in 1765. After he left college,
he engaged in teaching and other pursuits. In 1804 he
obtained the chair of mathematics in the Royal Military
College, Marlow, which he retained about fifteen years.
He contributed numerous able papers on physical as-
tronomy and mathematics to the " Transactions" of the
Royal Society. He was a corresponding member of the
Institute of France and of other foreign Academies. In
1831 he received the Guelphic order of knighthood and
a pension of ^300. Died in 1842.
S« CHAMBERS, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scots-
men," (Supplement.)
Iwakura, (TOMOMI.) See TOMOMI IWAKURA.
Iwan. See IVAN.
Ix-I'on, [Gr. 'I^uv,] a fabulous king of the Lapithae
The poets feigned that after he had committed a murder
Jupiter purified him and invited him to his table. Ixior
attempted to seduce Juno, but embraced a cloud insteac
of that goddess. To punish him for this crime, he was
chained to a fiery wheel which revolved perpetually
He was the father of the Centaurs.
See VIRGIL, "GeorpicV book iv. 484.
Ixtlilxoohitl, ikst-lel-iio-cheetl', .' (FERNANDO DE
ALVA,) a Mexican historian, born at Tezcuco about 1568
was a descendant of the royal family of Tezcuro. He
wrote "Historia Chichimeca," and other chronicles on
Mexican history. The first-named work has been trans-
ated into French by Ternaux-Compans. Died about
648.
See PRESCOTT, " History of the Conquest of Mexico," ToL i.
iook i.
Izaacke, I'zak, ? (RICHARD,) an English antiquary,
)orn at Exeter in 1624; died in 1700.
Iz'ard, (GEORGE,) a general, born in South Carolina
n 1777. He became a colonel in 1812, served in the
war that ensued, and was raised to the rank of major-
'eneral. Died in 1828.
Izard, (RALPH,) a Senator, born in South Carolina in
1742, settled in London in 1771. Having returned to the
United States in 1780, he was chosen a member of Con-
tion. Died in 1804.
See his " Life and Correspondence," by his daughter, 1844.
Izdubar, iz-doo-bar', a half-mythical, or perhaps en-
tirely mythical, king of Babylonia, the hero of the
"Twelve Legends of Izdubar," translated in 1872 by
Mr. George Smith from the cuneiform records. Mr.
Smith believed Izdubar to be a historical personage;
others think him purely mythical. He appears in the
egends as a giant, a mighty hunter, and a great con-
queror. In later records he is treated as one of the
;ods of the country.
Iziaslaf or Isiaslav (e-ze-as-UP) I, written also
Isiaslaw, (DMITRI or DEMETRIUS,) Grand Duke of
Russia, succeeded his father, Yaroslaf, in 1054. His
reign was disturbed by wars with his brothers and other
princes, among whom Russia was divided. He was killed
in battle in 1078, and left the throne to his son.
Iziaslaf or Isiaslav H, Grand Prince of Russia, was
the son of Mstislaf. He began to reign in 1 146, as suc-
cessor to Igor II., whom he defeated in battle. He was
thrice driven from his throne, but as often recovered it.
He died in 1154.
Iziaslaf or Isiaslav TTT, surnamed DAVIDOVITCH,
son of David, became Grand Prince of Russia in 1157.
He was killed in battle about 1161.
Iziocalt, e-se-o-kalt', King of the Mexicans, ascended
the throne in 1433, and is called the founder of the
Mexican empire. He formed a code of laws, which was
adopted by several adjacent nations. Died in 1445.
Izmaflof, is-ma'e-lof, (ALEXANDER,) a Russian fabu-
list, born at Moscow in 1779. He became a resident of
Saint Petersburg, and edited several reviews or journals.
He published a volume of fables, (1804,) which are highly
commended. Died in 1831.
See GRETCH, " History of Russian Literature," 1819-22.
Izmaflof, (VLADIMIR VASILIEVITCH,) a Russian writer,
born at Moscow in 1773. He wrote "Travels in
Southern Russia," (1802,) and translated some works of
Rousseau and Chateaubriand.
Izquierdo de Ribera, eth-ke-eVdo da re-Ba'ra, (Don
EUGENIO,) a Spanish diplomatist, born at Saragossa,
He was sent to Paris as plenipotentiary in 1806, and
negotiated a treaty for the partition of Portugal. Died
in 1813.
J.
Jaafar, Jafar, Djafar, or Giafar, jl'a-far or jl'far
surnamed SADIK, an eminent Mussulman doctor of
Medina; died in 764 A.D.
Jaafar, Jafar, Jafer, Djafar, or Giafar, a Barmecide,
who became the favourite of Haroun-al-Raschid, and
to whom, it is said, the Caliph gave his own sister Ab-
basa in marriage, on condition that the intercourse of the
married pair should be strictly Platonic. Abbasa having
borne a son to Jaafar, Haroun, in his rage, mercilessly
destroyed both father and son. (See BARMECIDES.)
Jaafar-Ibn-Tofail See ABOO-BEKR-IBN-TOFAIL.
Jabet, zht'b&', (GEORGE,) an English solicitor, ol Bir-
mingham. He wrote under the name of EDEN WAR-
WICK. He published "The Poet's Pleasaunce," (1847,'
" Nosology," (1848,) etc. Died July 13, 1873.
Jablochkoff, (PAUL,) a Russian electrician, who
first solved the problem of producing a practical arc
light. Died in 1894.
Jablonowski, (STANISLAUS,) a Polish general,
born in 1631, commanded the right wing of the army
of Sobieski when he defeated the Turks at Vienna in
a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; i, 4, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 5, u, jf, short; a, ?, j, Q, obscure; fir, fil I, fat; met; n8t; good; moon.
JABLONOWSKI
1359
JACKSON
1683. He afterwards had the chief command during
the illness of the king. Died in 1702.
Jablonowski, von, fon ya-blo-nov'skee, (JOSEPH
ALEXANDER,) a Polish or German prince, born in 1711,
was a patron of science. He founded at Leipsic a sci-
entific association which bears his name, and wrote,
besides other works, "Museum Polonicum," (1752.)
Died in 1777.
Jablonski, yj-blon'skee, (DANIEL ERNST,) an emi-
nent German Protestant theologian, born at Dantzic in
1660. He became pastor at Konigsberg in 1690, and
preacher or chaplain to the king at Berlin in 1693. He
published a Hebrew Bible, with notes and a preface,
(1699,) and wrote several works on theology. He la-
boured to effect a union of various Protestant sects.
Ditd in Berlin in 1741.
Jablonski or Jablonsky, (JOHANN THEODOR,) a
brother of Daniel Ernst, noticed above, was born at
Dantzic about 1654. He published a "French-German
and German-French Dictionary," (1711.) Died in 1731.
Jablonski, (PAUL ERNST,) an eminent Prussian
scholar and divine, a son of Daniel Ernst, noticed above,
was born in Berlin in 1693. He devoted himself par-
ticularly to the study of the Coptic and other Oriental
languages. Among his numerous works are " Pantheon
Egypriorum," (3 vols., 1750-52,) a work relating to the
religion of the Egyptians, and " Of the Memnon of the
Greeks and Egyptians." Died in 1757.
See ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."
Jablonsky, ya-blon'skee, (KARL GUSTAV,) a Prus-
sian entomologist, born in 1756, published a "System
of all the Known Insects, arranged according to the
Method of Linnaeus." Died in 1787.
Jacetius. See CATTANI DA DIACCETO.
Jachaeus. See JACK.
Jack, [Lat. JACH^E'US,] (GILBERT,) a Scottish meta-
physician, born at Aberdeen about 1578. He became
professor of philosophy at Leyden in early life. He
published severa. works, among which is " Institutiones
Physics," (1612.) Died in 1628.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Jack, (THOMAS,) a Scottish minister of Eastwood,
wrote "Onomasticon Poeticum," (1592.) Died in 1596.
Jack, (WILLIAM,) LL.D., a Scottish mathematician,
born at Stewarton in 1834. He was educated at the
Universities of Glasgow and Cambridge, was professor
of natural philosophy in Owens College, Manchester,
1866—70, and in 1879 became professor of mathematics
in the University of Glasgow.
Jack'son, (ANDREW,) a celebrated American general
and statesman, born in the Waxhaw settlement, North
or South Carolina, on the 151(1 of March, 1767. Parton
states that he was born in Union county, North Caro-
lina, but adds that " General Jackson always supposed
himself to be a native of South Carolina," for in his
proclamation to the nullifiers of South Carolina he thus
addresses them : " Fellow-citizens of my native State."
He was a son of Andrew Jackson, an Irishman, who
emigrated to America in 1765 and died poor in 1767.
The name of his mother was Elizabeth Hutchinson. We
have little definite information about the schools that he
attended. According to Parton, " he learned to read, to
write, and cast accounts ; — little more. . . . He was never
a well-informed man." Having taken arms against the
British in 1781, he was captured, and afterwards wounded
by an officer because he refused to clean his boots.
About 1785 he began to study law at Salisbury, North
Carolina. He was addicted in his youth to gambling,
horse-racing, and other sports. He was an excellent
horseman, " a capital shot," was very dignified in man-
ner, and was distinguished for his courage and activity.
His stature was six feet and one inch high.
In 1788 he removed to Nashville, Tennessee, where
he began to practise law. He speedily obtained a large
practice, of which disputed land-claims formed the prin-
cipal subject. About 1792 he married Rachel Robards,
originally Rachel Donelson, whose first husband was
living and had taken preliminary measures to obtain
a divorce, which was legally completed in 1793. The
marriage ceremony was again performed in 1794. Jack-
son, following a custom then extremely common in the
South and West, fought a number of duels in the early
part of his life. He was a member of the Convention
which framed the Constitution of Tennessee in 0796, and
in the autumn of that year was elected representative to
Congress by the people of Tennessee, which was then
entitled to only one member. He supported Thomas
Jefferson in the Presidential election of 1796. In 1797
he became a Senator of the United States for Tennessee.
He resigned his seat in the Senate in 1798, "partly be-
cause he felt himself out of place in so slow and digni-
fied a body, but chiefly for pecuniary reasons." He was
a judge of the supreme court of Tennessee from 1798 to
1804. In 1806 he challenged and killed Charles Dick-
inson in a duel with pistols, receiving himself a severe
wound. This affair impaired for many years his popu-
larity in Tennessee and other parts of the United States.
In 1807, while the trial of Aaron Burr was still unde-
termined, Jackson "harangued the crowd, [at Richmond,]
defending Burr, and angrily denouncing Jefferson as a
persecutor." (Parton's " Life.") After war had been
declared against Great Britain, General Jackson (who
several years before had been appointed major-general
of militia) offered his services, and those of 2500 volun-
teers, in June, 1812. He was ordered to New Orleans,
and led a body of 2070 men in that direction ; but at
Natchez he received an order dated February 6, 1813, by
which his troops were dismissed from public service. In
September, 1813, he had an affray with Colonel Thomas
H. Benton at Nashville, and was severely wounded by his
brother, Jesse Benton. In October next he took the field
against the Creek Indians, whom he defeated at Talla-
dega in November. By his services in this Creek war,
which ended in 1814, he acquired great popularity, and
in May, 1814, he was appointed a major-general in the
regular army. He was soon after ordered to the Gulf
of Mexico, to oppose an expected invasion of the British.
In November he seized Pensacola, which belonged to
Spain but was used by the British as a base of operations.
About the 1st of December he moved his army to New
Orleans, which was then ill prepared for defence. The
British fleet, conveying an army of veterans who had
fought under Wellington, entered Lake Borgne Decem-
ber 13, and captured several gunboats. General Jackson
proclaimed martial law in the city on the i6th. On the
23d the enemy advanced to a point about nine miles be-
low the city, and were attacked in the night by General
Jackson, who had about 2100 men. The result of this
action was favourable to the defenders of the city, who
gained time to fortify their position. On the 25th of
December Sir Edward Pakenham arrived and took com-
mand of the invaders, whose number was about 12,000.
Jackson, who had a much smaller army, composed partly
of the unerring marksmen of Tennessee and Kentucky,
repulsed an attack on the 1st of January, 1815. On the
8th of January the British made a general assault on the
American lines, but were defeated with great loss by
the deadly fire of the riflemen and artillery. Generals
Pakenham and Gibbs were killed. " Seven hundred
killed," says Parton, " fourteen hundred wounded, and
five hundred prisoners, were the dread result of that
twenty-five minutes' work. Jackson's loss was eight
killed and thirteen wounded." The victory of New
Orleans, which was one of the most brilliant and de-
cisive ever gained by an American army, raised Jackson's
reputation as a general to the highest point, and made
him the idol of a large portion of the American people.
This was the last battle of the war, a treaty of peace
having been signed in Europe in December, 1814.
In March, 1815, while that city was still under mar-
tial law, Judge Hall, of New Orleans, granted a writ of
habeas corpus for the release of Mr. Louaillier, who had
been arrested by order of Jackson, for exciting discontent
among the troops. The latter, instead of obeying the
writ, had the judge arrested and kept in custody. Peace
having been formally proclaimed, Hall was set at liberty.
General Jackson was then summoned to answer for con-
tempt of court. He was found guilty, and sentenced to
pay a fine of one thousand dollars. He immediately
paid the fine ; but it was afterwards refunded with the
interest by an act of Congress passed in February, 1844.
eas k: 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (J^T'See Explanations, p. 23.)
JACKSON
1360
JACKSON
In 1817-18 he waged a successful war against the
Seminoles in Florida, seized Pensacola, and executed
Arbuthnot and Ambrister, two British subjects, accused
of inciting the savages to hostile acts against the Ameri-
cans. He was appointed Governor of Florida in 1821.
Before this date he had built, near Nashville, a mansion
called the " Hermitage," in which he resided many years.
In 1823 he was elected a Senator of the United States,
and nominated as candidate for the Presidency by the
legislature of Tennessee. His competitors were John
Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and William H. Crawford.
Jackson received ninety-nine electoral votes, Adams
eighty-four, Crawford forty-one, and Clay thirty-seven.
As no candidate had a majority, the election devolved
on the House of Representatives, voting by States, each
State having one vote. Through the influence of Mr.
Clay, John Quincy Adams was elected, by the vote of
thirteen States. General Jackson, who received the
vote of seven States, became the implacable enemy of
Mr. Clay, whom he stigmatized as " this Judas of the
West." He habitually attributed the conduct of his
political opponents to mean or improper motives, and,
accordingly, hated Crawford, Clay, Adams, and Calhoun,
In 1828 he was elected President, receiving one hun-
dred and seventy-eight electoral votes, while Mr. Adams
received eighty-three. Calhoun became Vice-PresidenL,
Martin Van Buren was appointed secretary of state.
Jackson was the first President who proscribed public
servants for political opinions. He made more removals
in one year than all the other Presidents in forty years
before. At a banquet in April, 1830, the President gave
thij famous toast: "Our Federal Union: it must be
preserved." In April, 1831, he reorganized his cabinet,
appointing Edward Livingston secretary of state, Louis
McLane secretary of the treasury, Lewis Cass secretary
of war, Levi Woodbury secretary of the navy, and Roger
B. Taney attorney-general.
Among the principal events of his first term was his
veto of the bill which granted anew charter to the Bank
of the United States, (July, 1832.) This subject became
the chief issue between the partisans of Jackson and his
opponents, who supported Henry Clay in the Presiden-
tial election of 1832. General Jackson was re-elected,
receiving two hundred and nineteen electoral votes out
of two hundred and eighty-eight, which was the whole
number, and Martin Van Buren succeeded Calhoun in
the Vice-Presidency. In November, 1832, a Convention
in South Carolina adopted an ordinance of nullification,
by which they ordained that the tariff-law of 1828 " is
null and void." The President electrified the country
by his memorable proclamation against the nullifiers,
December II, 1832, in which he announced his resolu-
tion to crush any disunion movement with the strong
hand. He was censured by the Senate for removing
the public deposits from the Bank of the United States,
September, 1833.
He used his influence to procure the election of Mar-
tin Van Buren to the Presidency in 1836, and retired
finally from public life March 4, 1837. He afterwards
joined the Presbyterian Church. In his last illness Dr.
Edgar asked "what he would have done with Calhoun
and the other nullifiers if they had kept on." " Hung
them, sir, as high as Haman," was his reply. He
died, without issue, at the Hermitage, on the 8th of
June, 1845.
See EATON, " Life of Jackson," 1824; WILLIAM COBBHTT, "Life
of Andrew Jackson," 1834; J. S. JENKINS, "Life of General An-
drew Jackson," 1850; J. T. HEADLBY, "Life of Andrew Jackson,"
1852; AMOS KRNDALL,"Lifeof Andrew Jackson," 1844; ALEXANDER
WALKER, "Jackson and NewOrleans," 1856; JAMES PARTON, " Life
of Andrew Jackson," 3 vols., 1860, (by far the most complete life of
the Hero of New Orleans that has been published ;) " National Por-
trait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. i. ; "New American
Cyclopaedia ;" W. G. SU.MNER, " Life of Jackson."
Jack'son, (ARTHUR,) an English Puritan minister,
born in Suffolk in 1593, preached at Saint Faith's, Lon-
don, until 1662, when he was ejected; He wrote "An-
notations on the Old Testament," (1643-58.) Died in
1666.
Jackson, (CHARLES,) LL.D., an American jurist,
was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1775. He
graduated at Harvard with the highest honours of his
class in 1793, studied law with Theophilus Parsons, and
obtained an extensive practice in his native town. In
1803 he removed to Boston, where he practised law for
many years. In 1813 he was made judge of the supreme
court of Massachusetts, the duties of which he discharged
for ten years. He was placed at the head of the com-
missioners appointed by the State in 1832 to revise her
legislative enactments. Died in Boston in 1855. He
published a "Treatise on the Pleadings and Practice in
Real Actions, with Precedents," etc., (1828.)
Jackson, (CHARLES THOMAS,) M.D., an American
chemist and geologist, born at Plymouth. Massachusetts,
in June, iScj. He took the degree of M.D. at Harvard
in 1829, after which he continued his studies in Palis,
and passed several years in visits to various countries
of Europe. In conjunction with Francis Alger, he pub-
lished a work called " Mineralogy and Geology of Nova
Scotia," (1832.) He became a resident of Boston about
1833, was appointed State geologist of Maine in 1836,
and produced a " Report on the Geology of the State
of Maine," (1837.) His second and third Reports on
the same subject appeared in 1838 and 1839. He was
appointed geologist of the State of New Hampshire in
1 8/0. He claimed to be the original discoverer of anaes-
thetics, and was involved in a long controversy on this
subject Died August 29, 1880.
Jackson, (CYRIL,) DR., a noted English divine, bom
at Stamford in 1742. He was offered the primacy of
Ireland and an English bishopric, both of which he de-
clined. He was tutor to the Prince of Wales, (George
IV.) Died in 1819.
Jackson, (FREDERICK GEORGE,) an English
Arctic explorer, born at Leamington in 1860, and edu-
cated at Edinburgh University. His first field of
travel was in the Australian desert, when he made a
midwinter journey across the Great Tundra. He led
the lackson-Harmsworth expedition to Franz-Josef
Land, and remained there engaged in investigation for
three years. He had the good fortune to rescue the
famous explorer Nansen (</.£'•) He returned in the
summer of 1897.
Jackson, (HELEN HUNT,) an American poet and
author of much merit, was born in Amherst, Massachu-
Setts, in 1831. She was the daughter of Professor N. W.
Fiske. Her first husband was Mr. Hunt, an officer of
the United States engineers, who died in 1863. In 1875
she married a Mr. Jackson. Her works include " Verses
by H. H.," (1871.) "Bits of Travel," (1872,) "Bits of
Talk," " A Century of Dishonour," and several volumes
of tales for children. Died August 12, 1885.
Jackson, (HENRY R.,) was born in Georgia in 1820.
He served as a colonel in the Mexican war, and was
minister to Austria from 1853 to 1858. He published in
1851 "Tallulah, and other Poems." He was a general
in the Confederate service, 1861-65, ?"d won distinction
as a lawyer. He was appointed United States minister
to Mexico in 1885. He was a trustee of the Peabody
Education Fund 1875-88. Died in 1898.
Jackson, QAMES,) a lawyer, born in Devonshire,
England, in 1757, emigrated to America in 1772. He
fought with distinction against the British in Georgia
in 1776-82, was elected to Congress in 1789, and was a
United States Senator for Georgia from 1792 to 1795.
In 1798 he became Governor of Georgia, and in 1801
was again elected a Senator of the United States. Died
in Washington, March 19, 1806.
Jackson, (JOHN, ) a clergyman of the Anglican
Church, born in Yorkshire, England, in 1686. He was a
zealous advocate of the Arian doctrines, which prevented
his advancement in the church. Died in 1763. He wrote
a valuable work entitled "Chronological Antiquities,"
(3 vols., 1752,) and numerous controversial treatises.
Jackson, (JoHN,) an able English engraver on wood,
flourished about 1725-45.
Jackson, (JOHN,) an eminent English portrait-painter,
born at Lastingham, Yorkshire, in 1778, became a resi-
dent of London about 1797, and was elected a member
of the Royal Academy in 1817. Among his best works
are portraits of Canova and Flaxman. Died in 1831.
See CUNNINGHAM, "Lives of British Paiuters."
See CUNNINGHAM, "Lives of British Paiuters."
>, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; met; nSt; good; moon:
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, o, u,
JACKSON
1361
JACOB
Jackson, (JOHN ADAMS,) an American sculptor, born
at Bath, Maine, November 5, 1825. He learned the trade
of a machinist. He afterwards studied portrait-painting
and crayon-work with success under D. C. Johnson, in
Boston, and then practised sculpture in France and Italy.
His portrait-busts and medallions are often excellent.
Among his other works are " Eve lifting the Dead Abel,"
(1862,) "Peasant-Boy and Goat," "Culprit Fay," "Read-
ing-Girl," the soldiers' monument at Lynn, Massachu-
setts, and " Hylas," (1879.) Died at Pracchia, in Tuscany,
August 30, 1879.
Jackson, (PATRICK TRACY,) a merchant and manu-
facturer, born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1780.
He organized in 1821 the Merrimac Manufacturing
Company, and founded Lowell. Died in 1847.
Jackson, (ROBERT,) an English physician, born in
1751. He served as surgeon in the army, and wrote,
besides other works, a "Treatise on the Fevers of
Jamaica," (1791.) Died in 1827.
Jackson, (SAMUEL,) a distinguished physician and
physiologist, born in Philadelphia March 22, 1787. He
was elected in 1835 to the chair of the institutes of medi-
cine in the University of Pennsylvania, which he filled
with great credit to himself and the institution for
twenty-eight years. He resigned in 1863. He wrote,
besides other works, "Principles of Medicine," (1832,)
and an " Introduction to Lehman's Chemical Physi-
ology," (1856.) Died April 5, 1872.
Jackson, (THOMAS,) a learned English divine, born
in Durham in 1579. He was the author of a "Com-
mentary on the Apostles' Creed," and of several devo-
tional treatises. He became Dean of Peterborough in
1638. His works are highly praised by Southey. Died
in 1640.
See E. VAUOHAN, " Life of Thomas Jackson," 1673.
Jackson, (THOMAS,) an eminent English Methodist
preacher, born at Sancton, Yorkshire, December 12,
1783. He was the author of a large number of religious
and biographical works. Died at Richmond in 1873.
Jackson, (THOMAS GRAHAM,) an English archi-
tect and author, born at Hampstead in 1835. He
published "Modern Gothic," (1873,) "Dalraatia,"
(1887,) "W.-idham College," (1893,) "St. Mary's,
Oxford," (1897,) etc. He was elected to the Royal
Academy in 1896.
Jackaon, (THOMAS JONATHAN,) commonly known bj
the name of STONEWALL JACKSON, a distinguished Amer-
ican general, born in Lewis county, Virginia, January 21,
1824, graduated at West Point in 1846, standing seven-
teenth in a class of fifty-nine. He was considered at
West Point to be rather a dull and slow student. In the
Mexican war (1846-47) he served as first lieutenant with
distinction. Having resigned his commission in 1852,
he became a professor in the Military Institute at Lex-
ington, Virginia. About 1853 he married Miss Junkin,
a daughter of Dr. Junkin, of Lexington. He was ap-
pointed a colonel of the Virginian troops in April, 1861,
and commanded the force that was attacked by the Union
army at Martinsburg, July 2. He served as brigadier-
general at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, and was
promoted to the rank of major-general in the following
September. It has been currently stated that he received
his surname from the fact that he and his men " stood like
a stone wall" at the battle of Bull Run ; but, according to
one of his biographers, the name " Stonewall" was first
applied to his brigade because it was recruited in a stone-
wall country, — the counties of Jefferson, Page, Frederick,
etc. He was defeated by General Shields near Win-
chester, March 23, 1862, and retreated up the valley to
Harrisonburg, pursued by General Banks. Having been
reinforced, he resumed the offensive with about twenty
thousand men, attacked General Banks near Strasburg,
May 23, and drove him back to the Potomac. On the
approach of General Fremont from the west, General
Jackson moved hastily up the valley to Harrisonburg.
His army was overtaken by General Fremont at Cross
Keys, where an indecisive battle was fought on the 8th
of June. Before the end of June he moved his army
to Richmond and joined that of General Lee. He
commanded a corps at the battle of Gaines's Mill, June
'\ 27, and at that of Malvern Hill, July i, 1862. On the
1 9th of August he defeated a small army under General
Banks at Cedar Mountain, Virginia. He captured
Harper's Ferry, with eleven thousand Union prisoners,
on the I5th of September, and joined General Lee in
time to take part in the battle of Antietam, September
17. He contributed to the victory at Fredericksburg,
December 13, 1862, for which service he was promoted
to the rank of lieutenant-general. He remained inactive
for several months, (January-April, 1863,) employed
partly in preparing official reports. On the 1st of May
he was ordered by General Lee to execute a flank move-
ment on the right wing of General Hooker's army. He
surprised and routed the eleventh corps, near Cnancel-
lorsville, on the evening of the 2d of May. As he was
riding with his staff from the front towards the rear
during that battle, he received a volley from his own
men, who in the darkness mistook the staff for a party
of Federal cavalry. General Jackson received three
wounds, of which he died at Guinea's Station on the
loth of May, 1863. " His loss," says Mr. Greeley, " was
the greatest yet sustained by either party in the fall of a
single man ; though Sidney Johnston had probably mili-
tary talents of a higher order. But Jackson's power over
his men was unequalled ; and it was justified by the
soundness of his judgment, as well as the intrepidity of
his character. Contrary to the vulgar notion, his attacks
were all well considered, and based on a careful cal-
culation of forces ; and he showed as high qualities in
refusing to squander his men at Antietam, and again at
Fredericksburg, as he did in his most brilliant charges.
... It is doubtful if all the advantages, including pres-
tige, which the rebels gained around Chancellorsville,
were not dearly purchased by the loss of Thomas J.
Jackson." ("American Conflict," vol. ii. pp. 359-60.)
Stonewall Jackson was a man of deep and earnest re-
ligious convictions ; and in his general character, as well
as in his serene, indomitable courage and the extraoi-
dinary influence which he exerted over the minds of his
soldiers, he reminds us of the great Puritan leaders who
fought under Cromwell.
See DABNHY, " Life of General T. J. Jackson," and a " Life ot
General T. J. Jackson," in " Southern Generals," 1865.
Jackson, (THOMAS K.,) born in South Carolina about
1829, was made a brigadier-general in the Confederate
army in 1861.
Jackson, (WILLIAM,) a clergyman of the Anglican
Church, born in Ireland about 1737. In 1794 he was
detected in a treasonable correspondence with France,
in which he recommended the invasion of Ireland. He
was tried and found guilty of high treason, but died
from the effects of poison, before sentence was passed
upon him, in 1795.
Jackson, (WILLIAM,) an eminent English musician
and landscape-painter, was born at Exeter in 1730.
Among his musical compositions are " Twelve Popular
Songs," " Six Sonatas for the Harpsichord," and " Twelve
Canzonets for Two Voices." He published "Thirty
Letters upon Various Subjects," (1782,) and "The Four
Ages," (1798.) Died in 1803.
Jackson, (WILLIAM,) known as JACKSON OF MASHAM,
from his native place, an English musician and composer,
born January 9, 1816. He composed oratorios, cantatas,
anthems, glees, etc. Died April 15, 1866.
Jackson, (Dr. WILLIAM,) Bishop of Oxford, and
brother to Dr. Cyril Jackson, noticed above, was born
at Stamford in 1750. He published several sermons.
Died in 1815.
Jacme, or En Jacme, King of Aragon. See JAMES I.
Ja'cpb, [Heb. 3p>'"; Gr. 'laxufi,] a celebrated Hebrew
patriarch, a son of Isaac, and the great progenitor of the
Israelitish nation. He was also called ISRAEL.
See Genesis xxv., xxvii., xxviii., xxix.. TTT
Ja'cob, a Hungarian adventurer, and chief of the
Pastoureaux. About 1250 he incited the common people
to enlist in a crusade for the liberation of Saint Louis,
who was then a captive. He mustered a vast multitude
of French peasants, who massacred priests and com-
mitted other outrages in France. Jacob was killed, and
his dupes were dispersed.
€as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/',- G, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; R, trilltd; § as z; th as in this.
86
Explanations, p. 23.)
JACOB
1362
JACOB I
Ja'cob, (EDWARD,) a topographical and antiquarian
writer of Kent, England. Died in 1788.
Jacob, (GiLES,) an English author, born in Hamp-
shire in 1686. Among his works are "The Poetical
Register," (1723,) composed of memoirs of the English
dramatic poets, and a "Law Dictionary," (1729,) which
has passed through many editions. Died in 1744.
Jacob, (HENRY,) an English Puritan and Independ-
ent minister, born in Kent about 1562. He founded in
London the first Independent Congregational church
that existed in England, and published several works.
In 1624 he removed to Virginia, where he died about
1626.
Jacob, (HENRY,) a philologist and Orientalist, born
in 1606 or 1607, was a son of the preceding. He became
a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and published
"Graeca et Latina Poemata." Died in 1652.
Ja'cpb, (JEHODAH LEON,) a Jew of the seventeenth
century, born in Spain, resided in Holland. He wrote
a " Description of the Temple of Solomon," also a
description of the Tabernacle, and an "Exposition of
the Psalms."
Jacob, (JOHN,) a British general, born in 1812 or
1813. He distinguished himself in India in 1843 as
commander of the Sinde Horse. Died in India in 1858.
Jacob, (JOHN,) an Armenian carpenter, lived about
1650. He is distinguished for having introduced the art
of printing into Persia.
Jacob OF EDESSA. See BARAD^EUS.
Jacob or James [Gr. 'laxuSof ; Lat JACO'BUS] OP
NISIBIS, surnamed THE GREAT, a Christian bishop, who
was regarded as a prophet and was distinguished for his
ascetic life. He became Bishop of Nisibis, and attended,
in 325 A.D., the Council of Nice, where he advocated the
orthodox creed. He is said to have delivered Nisibis
from the besieging Persians by his prayers. His death
is variously dated from about 340 to 350 A.D.
See SAINT JEROME, "De Viris illustribm ;" FABRICIUS, " Bibli-
•theca Grajca;" CAVK. " Historia Literaria."
Jacob (or James) OF VITRY, a French priest, who
in 1217 became Bishop of Acre in Syria, where he con-
yerted many Saracens. In 1229 he was made Bishop of
Tusculum and a cardinal. He left a valuable " History
of Jerusalem," or " Historia Orientals, " as well as " His-
toria Occidentalis," and many letters. Died at Rome in
1230.
Ja'cpb Ben Ash'er, a learned Jew, born in Ger-
many, wrote a work called "Arba Thourim." Died at
Toledo about 1340.
Ja'cpb Ben Haj'im or Chajim, a Jewish rabbi
of the sixteenth century, distinguished for his learning,
was born at Tunis. He edited the Masora and Hebrew
Bible, with commentaries, and a Chaldean paraphrase,
" Biblia Rabbinica Bombergiana," (4 vols., 1525.)
Ja'cob Ben Naph'ta-U, a learned Jewish rabbi of
the fifth century, educated at Tiberias. To him is chiefly
attributed the invention of the Masoretic points used in
distinguishing the Hebrew vowels.
Jacob de Saint-Charles, zhiTcob' deh sin shin],
(Louis,) a French author and bibliographer, born at
Chalons-sur-Sa6ne in 1608. He became a monk of the
order of Carmelites. Among his works are a "Treatise
upon the Finest Libraries of the World," (1644,) "The
Parisian Library," and "The French Universal Library,"
(1646.) Died in 1670.
Jacob-Kolb, zhjfkob' kolb, (G4RARD,) a French
antiquary, born at Rheims in 1775. He made valuable
collections of Greek and Roman medals, autographs,
and books. He wrote " Historical Researches on the
Crusades and the Templars." Died in 1830.
Jacob le Bibliophile. See LACROIX, (PAUL.)
Jacobaa or Jacobaea. See JACQUELINE.
Jacobaeus, ya-ko-ba'us, or Jacobi, yl-ko'bee, (OLI-
OER,) a distinguished physician and philosopher, born
at Aarhuus, in Jutland, in 1650, became professor of
medicine and natural philosophy in the University of
Copenhagen. He wrote several works on natural
history, and elegant Latin poems. Died in 1701.
See NICERON, "Mimoires;" KRAFT og NVKRUP, " Litteratur-
lexicon."
Jacobazzi, yi-ko-bit'see, (DOMENICO,) an Italian
cardinal, born at Rome about 1443, wrote a " Treatise
on Councils," (1538.) Died in 1527.
Jacob! See JACOBAEUS.
Ja-co'bi, [Ger. prpn. ya-ko'bee,] (ABRAHAM,) M.D.,
a distinguished physician, born, of a Hebrew family, at
Hartum, in Westphalia, May 6, 1830. He studied at
Greifswalde and Gottingen, and graduated at Bonn in
1851. In 1853 he removed to New York, where he
ga%-e attention chiefly to gynaecology and diseases of
children, and held several professorships. His principal
works are " Dentition and its Derangements" (1862)
and a " Treatise on Diphtheria," (1880.)
Jacobi, ya-ko'bee, (HEINRICH FRIEDRICH,) an emi-
nent German writer and thinker, born at Dusseldorf in
1743. His father was a merchant, and young Jacobi
was destined to the same calling, although his tastes led
him to other pursuits. At the age of sixteen he was
sent to school at Frankfort. He afterwards went to
Geneva, where he remained three years, applying him-
self to literary studies. During this period he acquired
such a mastery of the French language as has rarely
been equalled by any of his countrymen. On returning
to Dusseldorf, he conducted his father's business for
several years, without, however, abandoning his favourite
pursuits. Afterwards, through the influence of his friend
and patron the Count of Goltstein, he received an ap-
pointment under the government, and was thus enabled
to devote his principal attention to philosophy and lite-
rature. About this time he married Betty von Clermont,
of Aix-la-Chapelle, a lady of considerable wealth as well
as of great accomplishments and personal attractions.
In 1779 Jacobi was invited to Munich, where he became
privy councillor. But, having exposed the abuses of the
Bavarian system of customs, he fell into disfavour with
the government, and withdrew to his estate near Dus-
seldorf. In 1804 he was again called to Munich, to aid
in the establishment of the new Academy of Sciences
in that city, of which institution he became president
in 1807. He resigned this position in 1813, and died
in 1819.
Among the works of Jacobi may be named " Edward
Allwill's Correspondence," ("Eduard Allwill's Brief-
sammlung," 1781,) " On the Doctrine of Spinoza,"
(" Ueber die Lehre des Spinoza," 1785,) in a series of
letters to Mendelssohn, " David Hume on Faith, or
Idealism and Realism," (" David Hume iiber den Glau-
ben, oder Idealismus und Realismus," 1787,) "Wolde-
mar," (2 vols., J799,) and "Of Divine Things and their
Revelation," (" Von gottlichen Dingen und ihrer Offen-
barung," 1811.)
"As a writer of fiction," observes Mrs. Austin, "Ja-
cobi is distinguished for vigorous painting, admirable
delineation of nature and the human heart, warmth and
depth of feeling, and a' lively, bold, yet correct turn of
expression. As a philosopher, he is admired for his
rare depth of thought, for the fervour of his religious
feelings, and for the originality and beauty of his style."
Again she says, " His character is rich in all that can
attract the wise and good." "Jacobi is ranked, and
justly," says Dr. Hedge, " among the philosophers of
modern Germany, although his philosophy, far from
shaping itself into a system, denies, — and that denial
may be regarded as one of its leading characteristics,—
on philosophical grounds, the possibility of a system,
and maintains that any system of philosophy, carried to
Its legitimate results, must lead to fanaticism. He vin-
dicated the ' affective' part of man's nature, which the
Kantian exaltation of pure reason had seemed to dis-
parage, at least to neglect, and gave to feeling its due
place and authority as a medium and interpreter of truth.
. . . He differed from contemporary philosophers in being
a devout believer in revelation, — in the Christian revela-
tion. The gospel was to him the test and criterion of all
truth. For the rest, he was an eclectic, and welcomed light
from whatever quarter it came. In philosophical insight
he is surpassed by none ; and, though his fixed idea of
the impossibility of a systematic philosophy may have
somewhat vitiated his view of existing philosophies, his
criticisms on some of them are among the best that
have been essayed."
See J. KUHN, "Jacobi und die Philosophic seiner Zeit," 1834:
a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I. o. u. y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mf t; n6t; good; moon;
JACOB1
1.363
JACQUARD
rale."
Jacob!, (JoHANN GEORG,) brother of the preceding,
was born at Dusseldorf in 1740. He became professor
of philosophy and eloquence at Halle, and in 1784
professor of belles-lettres at Freiburg. He published
a collection of poems. Died in 1814.
See ROTTECK, " Gedachtnissrede auf Jacobi," 1814; ERSCH und
GRUBER, "AUgemeine Encyklopaedie."
Jacobi, (KARL GUSTAV JAKOB,) an eminent German
n»athematician, born at Potsdam in 1804, became in 1829
professor of mathematics at Konigsberg. He wrote
" Foundations of the New Theory of Elliptical Func-
ti .ns," (1829,) and "Canon Arithmeticus," and contrib-
uted a number of able treatises to the Academy of
Sciences, of which he was a member. Died in Berlin
in 1851.
Jacobi, (MARY PUTNAM,) an American physician, a
daughter of G. P. Putnam, of New York, was born in
London, England, in 1842. She was educated in the
Philadelphia Woman's Medical College, in the New
York College of Pharmacy, and in the Ecole de Mede-
cine, Paris, where she graduated in 1871. In 1873 she
married Dr. A. Jacobi. She became professor of ma-
teria medica in a woman's medical college in New York,
and published many professional papers of high value.
Jacobi, (MAXIMILIAN,) a German alienist, a son of H.
F. Jacobi, already noticed, was born at Dusseldorf, April
10, 1775. He studied at Jena, Edinburgh, Gb'ttingen.
Erfurt, and London, taking the degree of M.D. in 1807.
He afterwards had charge of insane asylums at Salzburg
and at Siegburg. His writings on insanity are of high
importance. Died at Siegburg, May 18, 1858.
jacobi, (MORITZ HERMANN,) brother of K. G. J. Jaco-
bi, was born in 1801. He was the inventor of Galvano-
plastic, (1840,) on which he published a treatise, and of
the application of electro-magnetism to the moving of
machinery. Died at St. Petersburg, March 10, 1874.
Jacobini, ya-ko-bee'nee, (LuDOVico,) an Italian car-
dinal, born at Genzano, January 6, 1830. He became a
domestic prelate of the pope in 1862, and held various
offices, chiefly connected with the Propaganda. In 1874
he was made Archbishop of Thessalonica and nuncio at
Vienna. In 1879 he was created a cardinal-priest, and in
1880 was appointed papal secretary of state, administrator
of the property of the Holy See, and prefect of the
Lauretan congregation. Died Feb. 28, 1887. His rela-
tive, ANGELO JACOBINI, born in Genzano, April 25, 1825,
was in 1882 created a cardinal-deacon, and died in 1886.
Ja'cpbs, [Ger. pron. ya'kops,] (FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN
WILHELM,) an eminent German scholar and writer, born
at Gotha in 1764. He studied at Gottingen under Heyne
in 1784, and in 1807 became a teacher of ancient literature
in the Lyceum at Munich, and member of the Academy
of Sciences of that city. In 1810 he was appointed
chief librarian and director of the cabinet of coins at
Gotha. Among his numerous critical writings, which
are distinguished for profound learning and elegance of
style, are " Animadversions on Euripides," (" Animad-
versiones in Euripidem," 1790,) "Critical Emendations
on Ancient Writers," (" Emendationes criticae in Scrip-
tores veteres," 1796,) and "Emendations on Greek
Anthology," ("Emendationes in Anthologiam Graecam.")
He also prepared editions of Achilles Tatius, Bion and
Moschus, and other classics. He made translations from
the Orations of Demosthenes, the Greek Anthology, and
Velleius, and contributed a number of excellent treatises
to Wieland's " Attic Museum" and to the " Library of
Ancient Literature and Art" He also wrote "Glean-
ings from the Journal of the Pastor of Mainau," (1823.
Died in 1847.
Jacobs, (JACOBS,) a Belgian painter, whose true
name was JACQUES ALBERT MICHEL JACOBS. He
was born at Antwerp in 1812, and was noted for his
landscapes, sea-views, and town-pictures. Died in
1879.
Jacobs, (JOSEPH,) a British folk-lorist, born at
Sydney, Xew South Wales, in 1854. He is an
authority in England on fairy tales, of which he has
>ublished numerous collections, also works on the
listory of the Jews and other subjects.
Jacobs, ya'kops, (JURIEN,) a distinguished Swiss
jainter of animals and hunting-scenes, born in 1610 ; died
n 1664.
Jacobs, (LUCAS.) See LUCAS VAN LEYDF.N.
Jacobs, ya'kops, (SlMON,) a Dutch painter, born ai
Gouda, was killed at the siege of Haarlem in 1572.
Jacobsen, ya'kop-sen, (LEVIN,) a Danish surgeon,
Dorn at Copenhagen in 1783. He invented an instru-
ment called the "lithoclaste," and wrote several works.
Died in 1843.
See H. C. OERSTED, "Tale ved Jacobsens Liigfard."
Jacobsen or Jacopsen, ya'kop-sen, (MICHAEL,) a
naval commander, born at Dunkirk. He served in the
famous Spanish Armada sent against England in" 1 588,
and, by his skilful management, saved several vessels.
Died in 1633.
Jacobson, ya'kop-son, (JOHANN KARL GOTTFRIED,)
a Prussian technologist, born at Elbingen in 1726, pub-
lished a "Technological Dictionary of Useful Trades,
Arts," etc. Died in 1789.
Ja-co'bus, (MELANCTHON WILLIAMS,) D.D., LL.D.,
an American Presbyterian clergyman, born at Newark,
Mew Jersey, September 19, 1816. He graduated at
Princeton College in 1834, and at the theological school
n Princeton in 1838. In 1851 he became professor of
Oriental and Biblical literature in a theological seminary
at Allegheny City, Pennsylvania. He published " Notes '
on the Gospels, Acts, and Genesis, in six volumes, (1848
-65.) Died October 28, 1876.
Jacoby, ya-ko'bee, JOHANN,) a German democrat,
born at Konigsberg, May I, 1805. He was a physician,
when in 1841 a political pamphlet ascribed to him caused
his imprisonment. In 1848 he was a republican leader
and a member of the Frankfort Parliament and of the
National Assembly. He was later tried for high treason,
but got clear after a seven weeks' examination. He was
in later years often imprisoned as a socialist agitator,
Died March 6, 1877.
Jacometti, ya-ko-met'tee, (PIETRO PAULO,) a sculp-
tor, founder, and painter of the Roman school, born at
Ricanati in 1580; died in 1655.
Jacomb, jak'om, ? (THOMAS,) an English dissentirg
minister, born in Leicestershire in 1622. He wrote a
"Commentary on the Eighth Chapter of Romans," a
" Treatise of Holy Dedication," and other works. Died
in 1687.
Jacopo di Pietro, ya'ko-po de pe-a'tKO, an Italian
sculptor, born in Tuscany, was a pupil of Andrea Or-
cagna. He died after 1368.
Jacopo Tedesco, (architect.) See LAPO.
Jacopone da Todi, ya-ko-po'na da to'dee, or Ja-
copo, ya'ko-po, sometimes called Benedetto, an Italian
monk and poet, born at Todi. He wrote poems which
were approved by the Academy della Crusca. The
" Stabat Mater Dolorosa" is ascribed to him by some
writers. Died in 1306.
See G. Mopio, "Vita di Jacopone," 1558; GINGOKN*, "Histoire
litte'raire d'ltalie."
Jacopsen. See JACOBSEN.
Jacotin, zhi'ko'taN', (PIERRE,) a French officer of
engineers, bom near Langres in 1765, was distinguished
for his knowledge of topography. He drew a map of
Egypt and Syria which was taken from actual survey.
Died in 1827.
Jacotot, zhfko'to', (JOSEPH,) a French teacher, born
at Dijon in 1770. Under Napoleon I. he was a member
of the Chamber during the Hundred Days. He gained
distinction by his earnest efforts in the cause of national
education, for which he advocated a new and improved
system and on which subject he wrote several works.
Died in 1840.
See A. GUYARD, "Jacotot et sa Me'thode," 1840; C. F. WURW,
" Hamilton und Jacotot," 1831 ; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Jacquand, zhrkdN', (CLAUDIUS,) a French historical
painter, born at Lyons in 1805, settled in Paris in 1833,
and obtained a medal of the first class. Died in 1878.
Jacquard, zhS'kSR', (JOSEPH MARIE,) a Frenchman,
celebrated for his inventions in the art of weaving, was
€ as k; 5 as s; g hard; g asj; G, H, n,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as i; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23.)
JACQUELIN
JAGELLON
born in Lyons, July 7, 1752. At an early age, being
employed as a type-founder, and afterwards as a cutler,
he exhibited an uncommon mechanical genius. In 1793
he assisted in the defence of his native city against the
army of the Convention. He subsequently served for a
short period in the army of the Rhine. In 1801 he com-
pleted his great invention for weaving the finest and
richest kinds of figured doth. This apparatus, which
bears his name, — the Jacquard loom, — though at first
strongly opposed by the weavers of France, has been
brought into general use both in Europe and in America,
and, instead of destroying the occupation of labourers, it
has greatly increased the number of operatives employed
in the manufacture of figured stuffs. Jacquard also in-
vented a machine for wearing nets. For this invention
he received a gold medal in 1804 from the inspectors of
Paris.' While in that city, he was introduced to Napo-
leon I. Died in 1834. In 1840 a public statue was
raised to his memory by the citizens of Lyons.
See DE FORTIS, "E~loge historique de Jacquard," 1838; "Nou-
velle Biographic Ge'ne'rale ;" LAMAKTINK, ''Memoirs of Celebrated
Characters, 1856.
Jacquelin, zhJk'laN', (JACQUES ANDRE,) a French
dramatist, born in Paris in 1776; died in 1827.
Jacqueline, zhtk'len', Jac-o-bae'a or Jac-o-ba'a,
[Ger. pron. ya-ko-ba'a,] of Bavaria, Countess of Holland,
and heiress of William VI. of Bavaria, was born in 1400.
She was married successively to John the Dauphin of
France and son of Charles VI., to her cousin John of
Brabant, and to Humphrey Duke of Gloucester and
brother of Henry V. After a long contest with her
cousin Philip the Good of Burgundy, she was compelled
to give up to him her possessions. Died in 1436.
See PETIT, "Chronique ancienne et modeme de la Holiande;"
A. VAN OVERSTRATKN, " Jacoba van Beijeren, in V. Boeken," 1790;
MORBRI, " Dictionnaire Historique."
Jacquelot or Jaquelot, zhSklo', (ISAAC,) a learned
Protestant theologian, born in Champagne, France, in
1647. He wrote "On the Existence of God," (1697,)
a "Dissertation on the Messiah," (1699,) and on "The
Inspiration of the Old and New Testaments," (1715.)
Died in Berlin in 1708.
See DAVID DURAND, "La Vie de Jaquelot," 1785; NirfzoN,
" Memoires."
Jacquemard, zhtk'mf R', (fixiENNE,) a grammarian,
born in Paris in 1772, wrote a valuable "Elements of
French Grammar." Died in 1830.
Jacquemart, zhik'mSR', (ALBERT,) a French author,
born in Paris in 1808. His most important works are
those devoted to the history and description of the ceramic
art. Died in Paris, October 14, 1875. His son, JULES
FERDINAND JACQUEMART, born at Paris in 1837, won a
reputation as an engineer, and also as a designer, but
especially as an engraver and etcher. Died in 1880.
Jacquemont, zhlk'moN', (VICTOR,) a distinguished
naturalist, born in Paris in 1801. After making scientific
excursions through France and Switzerland, he sailed
in 1826 for America, and visited Canada, the United
States, and Hayti. He returned to France in 1827, with
a choice collection of plants and minerals. In 1828 he
went to the East Indies, and explored the greater part of
Hindpstan and Thibet. He was author of a " Geological
Treatise on the Alps," " Correspondence of Victor Jacque-
mont with his Family and many of his Friends during his
Journey in India," and "Travels in India from the Year
1828 to the Year 1832." Died at Bombay in 1832.
See E"DOUARD DB WARREN, " La Vie et les CEuvres de Jacque-
mont," 1852; "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale :" "Foreign Quar-
terly Review" for February, 1834.
Jacques, zhik, (AM^DEE,) bom in Paris in 1813,
wrote several works on philosophy, and edited the
works of Leibnitz. Died in Buenos Ayres in 1865.
Jacques, FRERE. See BAULOT.
Jacques, (MATHIEU JOSEPH,) a French ecclesiastic,
and professor of theology at Lyons, was born in 1736.
He wrote " Convincing Proofs of the Christian Religion,"
and other theological works. Died in 1821.
Jacques, (NICOLAS,) a French miniature-painter, born
near Nancy in 1780 ; died in 1844.
Jacques de Chison, zhik deh she'zoN', a French
poet, who lived about 1250, was highly esteemed by his
contemporaries.
Jacquet, zhjPk^', (EUGENE VINCENT STANISLAS,) a
distinguished Orientalist, born at Brussels in 1811, was
particularly skilled in the Sanscrit. In 1829 he was
admitted a member of the Asiatic Society of Paris, and
soon became known by his writings. Died in 1838.
See FELIX NEVE, "Me'nvnre sui la Vied'Eugeae Jacquet," 1856;
" Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne.-ale."
Jacquet, (Louis,) a French ecclesiastic, born at Lyons
in 1 732, wrote a " Parallel between the Greek and French
Tragic Writers," and a prize essay upon the Discovery
of America. Died in 1794.
Jacquier, zhj'ke-i', ( FRANC.OIS, ) a distinguished
French mathematician', born at Vitry-le-Fran9ais in 171 1,
was appointed professor of philosophy at the Roman
College by Pope Benedict XIV. He edited the " Prin-
cipia" of Newton, and wrote, with Le Sueur, a " Treatise
on Algebra," and other scientific works. Died in 1788.
Jacquin, zhi'kiN', (ARMAND PIERRE,) a French
writer, bom at Amiens in 1721 ; died about 1780.
Jacquin, zhi'kaN',?( JOSEPH FRANZ,) a German bota-
nist and chemist, son of Nikolaas Joseph, noticed below,
was born about 1766. He was professor in the University
of Vienna, and wrote on natural history. Died in 1839.
Jacquin, (NIKOLAAS JOSEPH,) a celebrated botanist,
born at Leyden in 1727. Having removed to Vienna,
he was sent by Francis I. to the West Indies, whence he
returned at the end of six years, with a choice collection
of plants. He was subsequently appointed professor
of chemistry and botany in the University of Vienna,
and created baron and councillor of mines and coinage.
He wrote numerous works on botany, among which may
be mentioned his magnificent " Florae Austriacje," whicn
contained five hundred coloured engravings, (1773-77.)
Died in Vienna in 1817.
See ERSCH und GRUBER, "Allgememe Encyklopaedie ;" MEUSEL,
"Gelehrtes Deutschland ;" "Nouvelle Biographic G^nerale;" KAI-
MANN, "Rede zur Gedachtnissfeier des N. J. Jacquin," 1818.
Jacquinot, zhfke'no', (CHARLES CLAUDE,) a French
general, born at Melun in 1 772, commanded two divisions
of cavalry at Waterloo. Died in 1848.
Jacquinot - Pampelune, zhi'ke'no' poMp'lnn',
(CLAUDE FRANC.OIS JOSEPH,) a French advocate and
politician, born at Dijon in 1771 ; died in 1835.
Jacquot, zhi'ko', (GEORGES,) a French statuary, bom
at Nancy in 1794, gained the grand prize in 1820, and
went to Rome with a pension. Died Nov. 23, 1874.
Jadassohn, ya'di-son, (SALOMON,) a German (Jew-
ish) musical composer, born at Breslau, August 13, i8jl.
He acquired distinction as a pianist, composer, and in-
structor, and especially by his " Science of Pure Compo-
sition," ("Lehre vom reinen Satze," 3 vols., 1883.)
Jadelot, zhid'lo', (NICOLAS,) a learned French phy-
sician, born at Pont-a-Mousson in 1738, became professor
of anatomy and physiology at Nancy. He wrote nume-
rous professional works, among which are a " Treatise
upon the Causes of the Pulsation of the Arteries," and
a "Complete Course of Anatomy." Died in 1793.
Jadin, zhi'daN', (Louis EMMANUEL,) a French com-
poser of dramatic music, born at Versailles in 1768 ; died
in 1853.
Jadin, (Louis GODEFROY,) a French landscape-painter,
son of the preceding, born in Paris in 1805 ; died in 1882.
Jadwiga. See HEDWIG.
Jaeger. See JAGER.
Jaerta, QOHAN or HANS.) See JARTA.
Jaffe, yif-fa', (PHILIPP,) a German (Jewish) historian,
born near Posen, February II, 1819. He was educated
at Berlin. His " History of Germany under Lothair the
Saxon," (1843,) and " History of Germany under Conrad
III.," (1845,) were followed by the important " Regesta
Pontificum Romanorum," (1851,) a standard work. He
then studied medicine, but in 1862 he was appointed a
professor of history in the University of Berlin. His
"Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum" (6 vols., 1864-73)
is highly esteemed. Died by suicide, April 3, 1870.
Jagellon, ya-gellon, Duke of Lithuania, born about
1354. He embraced Christianity, and married Hedwig,
Queen of Poland, thus uniting the two territories under
one government He also caused Christianity to be
established in Lithuania. Died in 1434.
a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, J?, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fat; met; nflt; good; moon;
JAG EM ANN
1365
JAMES
Jagemann, ya'geh-man', (CHRISTIAN JOSEPH,) a Ger-
man littlratntr, born at Dingelstadt in 1735, spent many
years in Italy. He translated several Italian works into
German. Died in 1804.
JSger or Jaeger, ya'ger, (GusTAV,) a German histor-
ical painter, born at Leipsic in 1808, painted some frescos
in the royal palace of Munich, and various oil-paintings,
which are highly commended. Died April 29, 1871.
JSger or Jaeger, (JOHANN WOLFGANG,) a German
Lutheran divine and theological writer, born at Stuttgart
in 1647 ; died in 1720.
Jag'gar, (THOMAS AUGUSTUS,) D.D., an American
bishop, born in the city of New York, June 2, 1839. He
took orders in the Episcopal Church, held rectorships in
New York and Philadelphia, and in 1875 was consecrated
Bishop of Southern Ohio.
Jagic, ya'gitch, (VATROSLAV, also written in Latin
IGNATIUS, and in Russian IGNATIE VIKENTIEVITCH,) an
eminent Croatian philologist, born at Warasdin, July 6,
1838. He was educated at Agram and Vienna. In 1871
he was called to the University of Odessa as professor
of comparative philology. In 1874 he was made pro-
fessor of Slavic languages at Berlin, and in 1880 took a
similar position at Saint Petersburg. Among his works
are a " History of Croatian and Servian Literature,"
(vol. i., 1867,) "Critical and Palxographical Essays,"
(1884,) etc. He has edited many Old Croatian, Glago-
litic, and Old Slovenian writings.
Ja'go, (RICHARD,) an English clergyman and poet,
born in Warwickshire in 1715. Among his poems may
be mentioned an " Elegy on the Death of a Blackbird,"
"Edgehill," and "Labour and Genius." Died in 1781.
Jalian-Geer or Jahanguire. See JEHAN-GEER.
Jalin, ySn, (FERDINAND HENDRIK,) a Danish histo-
rian, born at Neumiinster in 1789. He wrote on Danish
history. Died in 1828.
Jalin, ySn, (FRIEDRICH,) a German medical writer,
born at Meiningen in 1766; died in 1813.
Jahn, (FRIEDRICH LUDWIG,) a German writer, born
at Lanz in 1778, published several treatises on gym-
nastics, an essay "On German Nationality," (1810,) and
other works. Died in 1852.
Jahn, (JoHANN,) a German Orientalist and Roman
Catholic priest, born in Moravia in 1750. He was
professor of Oriental languages at Vienna from 1789 to
1806. He wrote, besides other works, an " Introduction
to the Old Testament," (1793,) and " Biblical Antiquities,"
(1805,) both of which were censured as unsound and put
in the " Index" by the court of Rome. Died in 1816.
Jahn, (OTTO,) a German archaeologist, born at Kiel
in 1813. He became professor of philology at Leipsic
in 1847, and published a "Life of Mozart," (1856,) and
other works. Died September 9, 1869.
Jahns, yans, (FREDERICK WILHELM,) a Prussian
musician, writer, and composer, born at Berlin in 1809.
In 1871 he published an excellent "Catalogue of Weber's
Works." Died August 8, iSSS.
Jahr, y3R, (GEORG HEINRICH GOTTLIEB,) a distin-
guished homceopathist, born at Gotha, in Germany,
January 30, 1801. He studied under Hahnemann, grad-
uated as doctor of philosophy in Germany, and as doctor
of medicine in Paris, (1840,) in which city he thenceforth
lived. Most of his numerous books (in German and
French) have been translated into English. Died at
Brussels in July, 1875.
Jaillot, zhfyo', (CHARLES HUBERT,) a French geog-
rapher and engraver, published some accurate maps of
France. Died in 1712.
Jaillot, (JEAN BAPTISTE RENOU,) a French geogra
pher, published " Researches in the City of Paris," (5
vols., 1772.) Died in 1780.
Jaime. See JAMES I. OF ARAGON.
Jaina and Jains. See JINA.
Jakob, von, fon yJ'kop, (LuowiG HEINRICH,) a
learned German writer, born at Wettin in 1759, became
professor of political economy at Halle in 1816. He
published a "Manual of National Economy," (1805,)
and other esteemed works. Died in 1827.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Jal, zhil, (AUGUSTE,) a French littfrateur and archae-
ologist, was born at Lyons about 1795. He published,
besides criticisms on art, " De Paris i Naples ; Etudes
de Mceurs, de Marine et d'Art," (2 vols., 1835,) and
" Arche'ologie navale," (2 vols., 1839.) His chief work
is the valuable " Dictionnaire critique de Biographic,"
often reprinted. Died April 5, 1873.
See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Jalabert.zhi'lS'baiR', (CHARLES FRANC.OIS,) a French
historical painter, born at Nimes about 1815, obtained a
iredal of the first class in 1855.
Jalal-ed-Deen, (or -eddin.) See JELAL-ED-DEEN.
Jaley, zhS'li', (JEAN Louis NICOLAS,) a skilful French
statuary, born in Paris in 1802. Among his works are
statues of " La Pudeur" and " La Priere." Died 1866.
Jallabert, zhS'U'baiR', (£TIENNE,) a French natural
philosopher and writer, born in 1658 ; died in 1724,
Jallabert, (JEAN,) a son of the preceding, born in
Geneva in 1712, filled the office of syndic of the repub-
lic. He wrote " Experiments upon Electricity," (1748,)
and several other scientific works. Died in 1768.
See DESGENETTES, notice in the " Biographic Me"dicale ;" " Nou-
velle Biographic Ge"ne"raJe."
Jam'bll-ehus, a native of Syria, who was enslaved
by the Romans under Trajan, flourished in the second
century. He subsequently obtained his liberty, and
wrote a romance, in Greek, entitled "Babylonics, or
the Loves of Sinonis and Rhodanes."
Jamblichus or Jamblicus, a Platonic philosopher,
and native of Syria. He flourished under the reign of the
emperor Julian, who dedicated numerous epistles to him.
Jam'bll-ehus or I-amTjlI-chus -ehal-ci-de'nus,
[Gr. 'la^Xifof / Fr. JAMBLIQUE, zhoNTMek',] an eminent
heathen philosopher, born at Chalcis, in Syria, flourished
in the reign of Constantino the Great, (306-37 A.D.) He
was a pupil of Porphyry, and was attached to the Neo-
Platonic school. Many of the Neo-Platonists encouraged
a life of ascetic meditation and a belief in magic and
divination. Their system was built on the doctrine
of emanation, — that the souls of all beings, after the
requisite purification, return to the Source from which
they emanated. Jamblichus wrote a " Life of Pythago-
ras," a treatise on the " Mysteries cf the Egyptians,"
and several other works. To his influence is ascribed
the prevalence of magic, sacrifices, and superstition in
the Neo- Platonic philosophy.
See EUNAPIUS, " Vitae Sophistarum ;" RITTER, " History of Phi-
losophy;" FABRICIUS, " Bibliotheca Grseca;" HEBKNSTRHIT, " Dis-
sertatio de Jamblichi Doctrina," 1764.
Jamblicus. See JAMBLICHUS.
Jamblique. See JAMBLICHUS.
Jamee, JamJ, or Djami, ji'mee, (Moolla-Nooi
ed-Deen- (Nour-ed-Din-) Abd-er-Rahman, mool'l J
nooR-ed-deen' Jbd eR-raH'man,) written also Djamy
and Dschami, a celebrated Persian poet, born at Jam, (or
Djam,) in Khorassan, in 1414, lived at Herat, where he
enjoyed the bounty of the Sultan Aboo-Saeed, (Abou-
Said.) Among his principal works are "The Chain
of Gold," (Sil'silet-zah'ab or -zeh'eb,) a collection of
satires, and " The Loves of Joseph and Zuleika, and Mej-
noon and Leila." He also wrote " Beharistan," (" Abode
of Spring,") a treatise on morality, in prose and verse,
which is admired for its graceful style as well as for its
sentiments. Jamee has sometimes been called " the Per-
sian Petrarch." He was devoted to the doctrine of the
Soofees ; and many of his poems are characterized by
the spiritual or mystical ideas of that sect Died in 1492.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale," article " Djami ;" OUSRLEY,
" Biographical Notices of Persian Poets ;" " Eraser's Magazh.e" for
November, 1856.
Jameray-DuvaL See DUVAL.
James [Sp. JAIME, Hi'mi] I, King of Aragon, sur-
named THE CONQUEROR, succeeded to the throne in
1213. He quelled an insurrection formed against him
by his nobles, and checked the encroachments of papal
power. Died in 1276. He was succeeded by his son,
Pedro III.
See T. DE SOTO, " Vida del Rey Don Jaime I. de Aragon," i6sz.
James IX, King of Aragon, surnamed THE JUST,
son of Peter III., was born in 1261. He ascended the
throne in 1291. He annexed Catalonia and Valencia to
his territory, and carried on long wars against Navarre
and the Moors. He was a brave, magnanimous, and
benevolent prince. Died in 1327.
c as k; 9 as s; g harJ; g as/; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (
ee Explanations, p. 23.)
JAMES
1366
JAMES
James 1 of England and VI. of Scotland was born in
the Castle of Edinburgh in June, 1566. He was the only
child of Mary Queen of Scots and her husband Henry
Lord Darnley, (called, after his marriage, King Henry.)
Both Queen Mary and Lord Darnley were grandchildren
of Margaret Tudor, sister of Henry VIII. of England.
It was through this princess that James claimed the
throne of England. In 1567 Lord Darnley was mur-
dered, James was placed under the care of the Earl of
Mar, and Queen Mary married Bothwell, and was soon
after made prisoner by the insurgent lords. Mary was
forced to abdicate in favour of her son, who was crowned,
as James VI., on the 2gth of July, 1567. During his
minority Scotland was fearfully rent by contending
factions and the violent disputes of the Protestants and
Catholics. The regent Morton having rendered himself
odious by his tyrannical acts, a successful conspiracy
was formed against him by a majority of the Scottish
nobles. Morton, however, on account of his Protestant
proclivities, soon regained his former influence. James
from the commencement of his reign exhibited a weak
and frivolous passion for favourites. His cousin Esme
Stuart, Lord D'Aubigny, a native of France, obtained
the principal ascendency over his onthful mind. Cap-
tain James Stuart held the second place in the king's
esteem. Lord D'Aubigny was created Duke of Lennox,
and Captain Stuart Earl of Arran. Both eagerly plotted
the destruction of Morton, who was put to death in
1581. In 1582 a company of nobles seized King James,
confined him in the castle of Ruthven, in Perthshire, im-
prisoned Arran, and forced Lennox to retire to France.
This revolt is known in history as the Raid of Ruthven.
At the expiration of ten months, James recovered his
liberty and reinstated Arran in his former power. In
1585 a treaty was concluded between the English and
Scottish sovereigns. Elizabeth conferred upon James
an annual pension of five thousand pounds, and through
her influence deprived the Earl of Arran of all emolu-
ments. In 1586 James formed another treaty with Eng-
land, offensive and defensive, for the protection of the
Protestant religion. In 1587 Mary Queen of Scots was
executed. James at first appeared insulted and enraged ;
he threatened to invade the dominions of Elizabeth;
but, feeling more interested for the inheritance of the
crown of England than for his honour or for filial duty,
he was soon pacified. In 1589 he married Anne, daugh-
ter of the King of Denmark. In 1594 he quelled a
rebellion of the Catholic lords. Bothwell also, having
taken part in this revolt, was obliged to fly from the
country, to which he never returned. James was an
earnest advocate of Episcopacy, and made strenuous
efforts to establish it in his dominions, in opposition to
the wishes of the people. On this account a tumult
was raised in Edinburgh in 1596, from which his life
appeared to be in imminent danger. But James, ex-
hibiting for him an unusual share of spirit and energy,
dexterously turned this to his own advantage. In 1600
he was decoyed to the castle of the Earl of Cowrie,
where Ruthven, brother of the earl, made an attempt
on the king's life, on which occasion both the noblemen
were slain. The Gowrie Conspiracy has always been
veiled in mystery, — no historian having yet unravelled it.
On the death of Elizabeth, in 1603, James became
King of England. He displeased his new subjects by
the prodigality of his gifts to his Scottish favourites. He
continued the foreign policy of Elizabeth by concluding
a treaty with Henry IV. of France for assisting Holland
against Spain. In 1605, chiefly through King James's
penetration, the Gunpowder Plot was discovered. (See
FAWKES, GUY.) The year 1612 was marked by the death
of Henry, Prince of Wales, who by his manly and noble
qualities had been far more successful than his father in
winning the affections of the English people. In 1613,
James's daughter, the princess Elizabeth, was married
to Frederick, the Elector-Palatine. Among the king's
favourites were successively Sir George Hume, Philip
Herbert, Earl of Montgomery, and Robert Carr or
Ker, a young Scotchman who by his handsome person
monopolized the royal favour. He was created Earl
of Somerset In 1615 Carr was ried and convicted on
a charge of poisoning his friend Sir Thomas Overbury.
This made room for a new favourite, named Villiers, who
was created Duke of Buckingham, and who retained
his influence over the king during the remainder of the
reign. In 1617 James visited Scotland, where he was
very zealous in introducing episcopal forms into the
Established Church. In 1618 Sir Walter Raleigh was
executed on the pretended charge of conspiracy, but in
act to conciliate the court of Spain. The public con-
empt which this excited against James was increased
>y his behaviour towards the Elector-Palatine, whom
the Bohemians had chosen as their king, and who was
attacked by the united forces of Austria and Spain,
[ames pusillanimously refused to give his son-in-law
any assistance or encouragement Frederick had been
he Protestant champion of Europe, and the people of
Britain hesitated not to express their grief and rage.
During a long period James had wished to form a Span-
sh alliance for Prince Charles ; and he now hastened
the negotiations. This alliance was, however, broken
off through the rashness and insolence of Buckingham.
Finally, in 1624, war was declared against Spain, and
an army was fitted out to assist the Elector. Owing to
jestilence and mismanagement, this army never entered
:he Palatinate, which remained in the possession of th»
Duke of Bavaria. James died in March, 1625, after a
reign of nearly fifty-eight years, during twenty-two of
which he sat on the throne of England. He had seven
children by his queen, Anne of Denmark, of whom only
Prince Charles and the Princess Elizabeth survived him.
" No prince," says Hume, "so little enterprising and
so inoffensive, was ever so much exposed to the opposite
extremes of calumny and flattery, of satire and panegyric.
. . . Many virtues, it must be owned, he was possessed
of; but scarce any of them pure or free from the conta-
gion of the neighbouring vices. His generosity bordered
on profusion, his learning on pedantry, his pacific dis-
position on pusillanimity, his wisdom on cunning, hi*
friendship on light fancy and boyish fondness." (Hume's
" History of England," chapter xlix. Respecting the
character of James, see, also, Gardiner's " History,"
referred to below, vol. i. chap. ii. pp. 55-57.) James was
the author of numerous works, which displayed con-
siderable learning and no little pedantry ; but the most
important of his labours was the supervision of the
present translation of the Bible, which will remain as a
lasting monument of his industry and munificence. The
translation was not only made under his immediate
superintendence, but the excellent rules by which the
translators were governed were drawn up by James him-
self. Among his works we may cite "Basilicon Doron,
or his Majesties Instructions to his Dearest Son, Henry
the Prince," "The Essays of a Prentice in the Divine
Art of Poesy," " The True Law of Free Monarchies,"
" Daemonology," and "A Counterblast to Tobacco."
WKLDON, and Sin E. PEYTON, with notes by SIR WALTER SCOTT, a
vols.,iSn; GARDINER, " History of England from the Accession of
James I. to the Disgrace of Chief- Justice Coke," London, 1863.
James LL of England and VTL of Scotland, son of
Charles I., and younger brother of Charles II., was born
at Saint James s, London, in 1633, and soon after was
created Duke of York. He was taken prisoner by the
Parliamentarians in 1646. In 1648 he escaped to Hol-
land, and went to Paris, where he remained nearly four
years. Having received a commission in the French
army, he served under Marshal Turenne until the peace
concluded between Cromwell and the French obliged
him to leave the kingdom. At the restoration, in 1660,
James accompanied his brother to England, where he
received the appointments of lord high admiral and lord
warden of the Cinque Ports. The same year he married
Anne, daughter of*Chancellor Hyde. In 1664 the Duke
of York was an earnest advocate of the war with Hol-
land. He took command of the fleet, and in June, 1665,
gained an important victory over the Dutch. In 1671
the Duchess of York died, and James avowed himself a
Roman Catholic. In 1672 war was renewed against Hol-
land, and James, as lord admiral, assumed the command
of the navy. In 1673 the Test Act was passed against
Catholics and dissenters. By it the Duke of York was
a, e, 1, 5, u, y, lonr; i. e. A same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 8, u, y\ short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; n6t; good; moon;
JAMES 13
compelled to resign the command of the navy, and all
other offices which he held under government. The same
year he married Maria Beatrice Eleonora, daughter of
the Duke of M6dena. In 1677, greatly to the satisfaction
of the English nation, Mary, daughter of the Duke of
York, was married to her cousin William, Prince of
Orange, who was a Protestant.
In 1679, during the commotions of the Gates Popish
Plot, James retired to the continent. In his absence
a bill for excluding him from the throne was brought
before the Parliament. It was passed by the Commons,
but was rejected by the Lords. Upon the death of King
Charles, in 1685, James ascended the throne unopposed,
and promised to maintain and defend the Established
Church. He summoned a Parliament, which voted him
all the revenues his brother had enjoyed. Having de-
clared his intention of continuing the alliance formed
by Charles with France, he received from Louis XIV.
500,000 livres. Strong suspicions were soon excited
against the king by his arbitrary measures. It became too
manifest that he only intended to keep his promises until
he could break them with safety. He sent an agent to
Rome to promote the restoration of Roman Catholicism
in England ; he publicly attended the illegal celebration
of the mass, and laboured earnestly for the repeal of
the Test Act. The blindness of his zeal was so apparent
that even the pope advised him to exercise more caution.
In June, 1685, England was invaded by the Duke of
Monmouth, a natural son of Charles II. Monmouth
was totally defeated at Sedgemoor on the 5th of July,
was captured two days after, and executed. James now
exhibited his true character. Colonel Kirke and the in-
famous Judge Jeffreys were sent to the western counties,
which had been the principal scene of Monmouth's insur-
rection, and, by the king's express authority, perpetrated
a series of butcheries. Men were shot and hung with-
out the form of trial, and women were burned at the
stake for sheltering fugitives. In opposition to law, he
admitted Catholics to the highest rank in the army and
the navy. Protestants holding high offices of state were
discharged, and a court resembling that of the high com-
mission under Charles I. was established. Episcopal
dioceses were given to professed Catholics, and the Prot-
estant clergy were driven from the colleges of Oxford and
Cambridge to make room for foreign priests. In June,
1688, the queen gave birth to a son, who was suspected
to be spurious. Previous to this period, Mary, Princess
of Orange, had been regarded as the heir-apparent to
the crown, and the English people had hoped that at
length they would again be governed by a Protestant
sovereign. These hopes being now blighted, they ap-
plied to the Prince of Orange for assistance in an effort
to depose the king. He was prepared to accept the in-
vitation which they sent him ; and in November, 1688,
he landed in Devonshire, with about fourteen thousand
men. The king, deserted by the nobility, the gentry,
the army, his friends, and his servants, quitted the island
in December, and fled to France, where he was kindly
received by Louis XIV. Soon after, the Prince and
Princess of Orange were crowned, as King William III.
and Queen Mary. In 1689 James landed in Ireland with
a small force given him by Louis. He besieged London-
derry, which he was unable to take. On the 1st of July,
1690, King William, who commanded in person, totally
defeated James's army at the battle of the Boyne, and
firmly established his own power. James soon returned
to France, and resided at Saint Germain's until his death,
which occurred in September, 1701. As a king, he was
brave, determined, energetic. He did much for the im-
provement of the British navy ; he was industrious, and
frugal of the public money. But he was implacable in
revenge, and his blind bigotry cost him three kingdoms.
James had by his first wife, Anne Hyde, eight children,
of whom only Queen Mary and the Princess Anne sur-
vived him. By his second wife, Mary of Modena, he
had six children, two of whom outlived him. He also
had four children by Arabella Churchill, a sister of the
Duke of Marlborough, and one by Catherine Sedley.
See DAVID JONBS, "Life of James II.," 1702; J. S. CLARKB,
"Life of James II., King of England," a vols., 1816; BURNET, "His-
tory of his Own Times;" MACAULAY, • History of England;" C
J. Fox, " History of the Early Part of the Reign of James II.,' 1808
JAMES
James I., King of Scotland, of the house of Stuart,
and son of Robert III., was born about 1394. In I4OJ
his father sent him to France, in order that he might
escape the intrigues of the Duke of Albany ; but he was
seized by a British fleet, carried as prisoner to Lon-
don, and thrown into the Tower, whence, after remaining
there more than two years, he was taken to Windsor.
In 141 7, when King Henry V. invaded France, James was
obliged to accompany him. In 1424, after a captivity of
nineteen years, he was released and restored to his king-
dom. While the young king was in England, Henry V.
had given him a good education ; and, upon his acces-
sion to power, James commenced with energy and firm-
ness to reform the laws and customs of Scotland. During
his captivity Scotland had been governed successively by
the two Dukes of Albany as regents, who had increased
their own power and that of the feudal lords, to the
detriment of the royal authority. On the recovery of his
kingdom he resolved to check with a strong hand the
arrogance and lawlessness of the nobles. He seized his
cousin Murdo, Duke of Albany, his sons, the Earls of
Douglas, Lennox, Angus, and many other peers and
barons. All were reconciled to the king except the Duke
of Albany, his sons, and the Earl of Lennox, who were
tried and executed. This blow struck terror into the order
of nobles. The king continued to conduct his reforms
with ability and prudence. One part of his policy was
to raise the ecclesiastical power in order to balance that
of the barons. James had married Joanna Beaufort, a
lady of the blood-royal of England. Although the earls
at first received the innovations of the king in a spirit
of submission, they at length, perceiving the rapid decline
of their authority, formed a conspiracy against him, and
assassinated him in 1437. James had the reputation of
being one of the most accomplished princes of his day.
He produced several poetical pieces and songs, which
were greatly admired, and in which much literary taste
was displayed. There yet remains his " Kings Quhair."
Robertson justly remarks that " it was the misfortune of
James that his maxims and manners were too refined for
the age in which he lived. Happy had he reigned in a
kingdom more civilized. His love of peace, of justice,
and of elegance would have rendered his schemes suc-
cessful ; and, instead of perishing because he attempted
too much, a grateful people would have applauded and
seconded his efforts to reform and improve them."
See BUCHANAN, " Rerum Scoticarum Historia;" BURTON, "His-
tory of Scotland," vol. iii. chap. xxviL ; ROBERTSON, " History of
Scotland."
James II, son and successor of the preceding, was
born in 1430. He had for his adviser an able man,
named Crichton, who during his minority obtained chief
control of the government Crichton impressed on the
mind of the young monarch the necessity of further hum-
bling the nobility. But what James I. had attempted
to do slowly and by legal means, his son and Crichton
pursued with an impetuosity as unscrupulous as it was
unwise. William, sixth Earl of Douglas, having defied
the royal authority, was decoyed by Crichton to an in-
terview in the Castle of Edinburgh, where both he and
his brother were murdered. James stabbed with his
own hand William, eighth Earl of Douglas. This led
to a revolt, and the house of Stuart appeared to be in
imminent peril. The Earl of Douglas commanded the
greater number and more warlike followers ; but, owing
to his want of energy, nearly all his retainers deserted
him before a battle was fought, and he was obliged to
fly to England. James would in all probability have
succeeded in his plans, had he not been killed in 1460
by the bursting of a cannon.
See BURTON, "History of Scotland," vol. iii. chap. xxviiL
ROBERTSON, " History of Scotland."
James HL, the son and successor of James II., was
born in 1453. During his minority the kingdom was
governed successively by Bishop Kennedy and Lord
Boyd. James married Margaret of Denmark about
1470. He had respectable abilities, and was a lover of
the fine arts and literature. The nobles were offended
because he neglected them and chose for his associates
artists, musicians, and other persons of inferior rank.
The king's brothers, the Duke of Albany, and the Earl
« as k; 5 as s; % hard; g as /; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (2^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
JAMES
1368
JAMES
of Mar, conspired with the malcontent nobles against
James, who was defeated by them in battle near Ban-
nockburn in 1488, and was murdered as he fled from
the field.
James IV., King of Scotland, succeeded his father,
James III., in 1488, at the age of fifteen. He was gen-
erous and brave, loved magnificence, delighted in war,
and was eager to obtain fame. During his reign the
ancient and hereditary enmity between the king and the
nobles appears almost entirely to have ceased. During
the revolt which had cost James III. his life, his son
had been compelled or persuaded to set himself at the
head of it, and was openly declared king. He was sub-
sequently troubled by remorse for this deed, and, not
being free from superstition, he received from the pope,
as penance, an iron belt to be worn without cessation for
the remainder of his life. He also performed several pil-
grimages on foot. James founded (1497) the University
of Aberdeen, and he also created the order of Knights
of the Thistle, (or of Saint Andrew.) In 1513, in oppo-
sition to the advice of his sagest counsellors, he rashly
invaded England with one of the most loyal and gallant
armies that ever a Scottish king had commanded, and
was defeated at the famous battle of Flodden, where
the flower of the Scottish chivalry perished. The king,
with twelve earls, thirteen lords, and a great number of
barons, died upon the field, in September, 1513.
James V., a son of James IV., was born in 1512, and
succeeded his father in 1513. The regency was conferred
upon his cousin, the Duke of Albany, a man of enter-
prise and ability, who was desirous to extend the royal
authority; but, in spite of all his exertions, the aris-
tocracy retained their power, and the duke resigned his
authority about 1525. The king was then in his thir-
teenth year, and the nobles agreed that he should assume
the government. The Earl of Angus, however, by hii
intrigues, obtained the chief control of affairs, and kept
the young king as a prisoner in his own palace. James,
after suffering this for some time, escaped, and Angus was
obliged to fly from the country. Firmly seated upon the
throne, James continued the policy of his predecessors |
in humbling the nobility. Commencing very cautiously,
he found loyal supporters among the clergy, the prin-
cipal of whom was Cardinal Beaton. The nobles had
received too severe a blow at Flodden to resist, and
James pushed forward his plans in an unscrupulous
and arbitrary manner. He married Mary of Guise in
1538. Henry VIII. of England declared war against
turn in 1542, and he was obliged to seek the assistance
of those nobles whom he had oppressed. They took
up arms at his command, were led by him against the
English, and were at first successful ; but, owing to the
lateness of the season, and to other causes of discontent,
they refused to follow up their good fortune. A second
expedition across the border was still less successful :
nearly ten thousand Scots were taken prisoners, or, as
some say, went deliberately over to the English. This
proved too great a blow to the proud and ambitious
monarch, who died of a broken heart in December,
1542, in the thirty-first year of his age, leaving the
crown to his only legitimate child, the unfortunate Mary
Queen of Scots. He had several natural children, one
of whom was the famous Regent Murray.
F
R
James VL OF SCOTLAND. See JAMES I. OF ENG-
LAND.
James, [Gr. 'laxuSof ; Lat. JACO'BUS ; Ger. JAKOB,
yl'kob; Fr. JACQUES, zhtk; Sp. SANTIAGO, sin-te-d'go;
It GIACOMO, ja'ko-mo,] one of the twelve apostles,
commonly called SAINT JAMES, son of Zebeclee, and
brother of Saint John. He was one of the three apostles
who appeared to be the most intimately associated with
our Saviour. He suffered martyrdom about 44 A. D., by
the order of Herod Agrippa.
James, called THE LESS, was one of the twelve apos-
tles, and is generally supposed to have been the brother
jf our Saviour, and the author of the Epistle bearing
that name. Josephus states that he was put to death
by the high-priest Ananias about 62 or 63 A.D.
James, (CHARLES T. C.,) an English novelist and
dramatist, born at London in 1858. He wrote "The
New Faith," (1890,) "One Virtue," (1893,)
"Where Thames is Wide," (1896,) etc.
James, (CONSTANTIN,) a French medical writer,
born at Bayeux in 1813. He edited Magendie's
" Lectures on Physiology," (1837-39.) Died in 1888.
James, (EDWIN JANES,) an American educator,
born at Jacksonville, Illinois, in 1855. He was edu-
cated at Harvard, held professorships in the University
of Pennsylvania 1883-95, and became connected with
the University of Chicago in 1895. He became presi-
dent of the American Academy of Political and
Social Science in 1889, and was president of the
University Extension Society 1891-96. He published
several works and numerous papers on economics.
James, (FLORENCE,) pen-name of Florence War-
den, a British novelist, born at Hanworth in 1857.
She was a governess 1875-80, and an actress 1880-85.
Her novels are numerous, some of the later being
"A Lady in Black," (1897,) "Joan, the Curate,"
(1898,) etc.
James, (GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFORD,) a very volu-
minous novelist and historian, born in London in 1801.
Before attaining the age of seventeen he had written a
series of Eastern tales, entitled "The String of Pearls."
In 1825 he published "Richelieu," which had previously
received the commendation of Sir Walter Scott and
Washington Irving. This is thought to be his best pro-
duction. In 1852 Mr. James was chosen British consul
at Norfolk, in Virginia, and in 1858 received the same
appointment for Venice. His very numerous works
are mainly novels, but include biographies and poems.
Died in 1860.
James, (Sir HENRY,) an English general, born near
Saint Agnes, Cornwall, in 1803. He was educated at
Woolwich, and in 1825 entered the royal engineers. He
invented photozincography, and executed valuable fac-
simile plates by that process. He published accounts
of the ordnance surveys of the three kingdoms, besides
other works of permanent value. Died June 14, 1877.
James, (HENRY,) an able and original writer on the-
ology, born at Albany in 1811. About 1843 he became
acquainted with the writings of Swedenborg, whose
leading doctrines he appears to have fully embraced,
without, however, joining himself to the ecclesiastical
organization of Swedenborgians. He published, be-
sides other works, "Moralism and Christianity," (1852,)
"Christianity the Logic of Creation," (1857,) " Substance
and Shadow, etc.," (1863,) and "The Secret of Sweden-
borg, being an Elucidation of his Doctrine of the Divine
Natural Humanity," (1869.) Died December 18, 1882.
James, (HENRY,) LORD, an English lawyer, bom
at Hereford, October 30, 1828. He studied at Chel-
tenham College and at the Middle Temple, was called
to the bar in 1852, was made a Queen's counsel in
1869, and a bencher in 1870. He entered Parliament
in 1869, became solicitor-general in 1873, and attor-
ney-general in the same year. In 1895 [he became
chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and was raised
to the peerage as Lord James of Hereford.
James, (HENRY,) an American novelist and critic,
ason of Henry James, (1811-1882,) was born at New
York city, April 15, 1843. He was educated in Paris,
Geneva, and Bonn, and early became known as a
contributor to American journals. Among his works
are "Roderick Hudson," (1875,) "The Portrrr
a Lady," (iSSi,) "Tales of Three Cities," (iS>
"The Tragic Muse," (1890,) " The Other House,"
(1896,) etc., with works of travel, criticism, etc.
James, (JOHN ANGEI.L,) an eloquent English
dissenting minister and popular writer, born at
Blandford, Dorset, in 1785. He was for many years
an Independent minister of Birmingham, and acquired
great influence by his oral ministry and his numerous
writings, which have had an immense circulation.
Died in 1859.
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; ndt; good; moon;
JAMES
1369
JAMESONS
James, (JOHN THOMAS,) Bishop of Calcutta, born at
Rugby in 1786. Upon the death of Bishop Heber he
was appointed to the diocese of Calcutta, and sailed for
India in 1827. He was the author of a "Tour through
Germany, Sweden, Russia, and Poland," (1816,) " Treat-
ise on the Italian, French, Dutch, and German Schools
of Painting," (1822,) and "The Semi-Sceptic, or the
Common Sense of Religion considered." Died in 1828.
James, (PAUL MOON,) an English poet, born in 1780.
His short lyric " The Beacon," often attributed to Moore,
is all that rescues him from oblivion. He was a banker
in Birmingham, where he died in 1854.
James, (RICHARD,) an English divine, linguist, and
traveller, and nephew of Thomas James, (1571-1629,)
was born at Newport, in the Isle of Wight, in 1592.
Among his works are manuscripts upon Russia, and a
" Poem upon the Death of Sir Robert Cotton." Died
in 1638.
James, (ROBERT,) an English physician, born in Staf-
fordshire in 1703. He was the inventor of a celebrated
fever-powder which bore his name, and the author of a
"Medicinal Dictionary," (1743-45,) (in which he was
assisted by Dr. Samuel Johnson,) treatises on the "Prac-
tice of Physic" and " On Canine Madness," and a "Dis-
sertation on Fevers," (1778.) Died in 1776.
James, (THOMAS,) a learned divine, born at Newport,
in the Isle of Wight, in 1571. He was distinguished as
an able and industrious writer against the Catholics.
Among the most important of his works are " A Treat-
ise of the Corruptions of the Scriptures, Councils, and
Fathers by the Church of Rome," (1612,) and "The
Jesuits' Downfall." Died in 1629.
See WOOD. "Athenae Oxonienses."
James, (THOMAS,) an English navigator, who sailed
in 1631 in search of a northwest passage. He made
some discoveries on the shores of Hudson's Bay, and to
the country lying west of it he gave the name of New
Wales. On his return to England he published "The
Strange and Dangerous Voyage of Captain Thomas
James for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage tc the
South Sea."
James, (THOMAS C.,) M.D., an American physician
and scholar, born in Philadelphia in 1766. He graduated
at the University of Pennsylvania in 1788, and followed
his profession with eminent success in his native city.
In :8li he was appointed professor of midwifery in the
above institution. Died in Philadelphia in 1835. He
is said to have been versed in the Greek, Latin, French,
and German languages, and to have possessed some
acquaintance with the Hebrew. He contributed several
short but beautiful poems to Dennie's "Portfolio."
James, (THOMAS LEMUEL,) LL.D., an American
statesman, born in Utica, New York, March 29, 1831.
He learned the trade of a printer, was engaged in jour-
nalism, 1851-60, held positions in the New York custom-
house, 1860-73, was postmaster of New York, 1873-81,
postmaster-general of the United States, 1881-82, and
afterwards was a bank-president in New York city.
James, (WILLIAM,) an English land-agent and sur-
veyor, born in Warwickshire in 1771. He was the first
to project the Manchester and Liverpool Railway, and is
generally regarded as "the father" of the railway-system
in England. Died in 1837.
James, (WILLIAM,) an Englishman, known as the
author of "The Naval History of Great Britain from
the Declaration of War by France in 1793 to the Ac-
cession of George IV. in 1820," (5 vols., 1822,) a work
evincing great research. Died in 1827.
James, (Sir WILLIAM,) an English naval officer of
high rank, born at Milford Haven about 1721. He dis-
tinguished himself in the East India service and in the
American war. Died in 1785.
James, (WILLIAM,) an American psychologist,
bora at New York in 1842. He was educated at
Lawrence Scientific School, and became professor of
philosophy at Harvard in 1872. He has published
"Principles of Psychology," "The Will to Believe,
and Other Essays," etc. Was appointed Gifford
lecturer on natural religion, University of Edinburgh,
1889-1901.
James (or Jacques, zhtk) de Vitri, (deh ve'tRe',) a
distinguished cardinal and historical writer, born at Vitri,
near Paris, in the twelfth century. He preached against
the Albigenses, and about 1218 joined the crusade against
the Saracens. He wrote, besides other works, a " His-
tory of the East and West." Died in 1240.
James (or Giacomo, ji'ko-mo) de Voragine, (dl
vo-ra'je-ni,) a Romish prelate, born at Voraggio, near
Genoa, about 1230. In 1292 he was ordained Archbishop
of Genoa. Died in 1298. He wrote various ecclesias-
tical works, and a famous collection of the lives of the
saints, entitled the " Golden Legend."
James Francis Ed-ward, called the first Pretender,
and Chevalier de Saint George, born in 1688, was the
son and heir of James II. of England. He was educated
in France, and was a Roman Catholic. At the death
of his father he was recognized as King of England by
Louis XIV. He entered the French army, and charged
at the head of the cavalry at Malplaquet in 1709. Lord
Bolingbroke formed a design to secure for him the suc-
cession to the throne, but was defeated by the death of
Queen Anne. In 1715 the Scottish Jacobites took arms
to assert the title of the Pretender, and, under the com-
mand of the Earl of Mar, were defeated at Sheriffmuir.
Another army of his partisans surrendered at Preston.
James Francis Edward landed in Scotland in December,
1715; but, finding his cause in a desperate state, ho
returned to France the next month. Died in 1 758 or 1 765.
See JESSE, "Memoirs of the Pretenders and their Adherents,"
1845.
Ja'me-spn, (ANNA,) a celebrated writer, born in
Dublin in 1797, was the daughter of Mr. Murphy, a
painter. She married in 1824 a barrister named Jame-
son, with whom she went to live in Canada ; but, various
circumstances causing a separation, Mrs. Jameson re-
turned to England, to employ herself in literature and
the fine arts. She was an earnest labourer for the fuller
development of the usefulness and mental culture of the
women of England. Her productions evince great dis-
crimination, learning, and refinement. Among the most
important of these we may mention "The Diary of an
Ennuyee," (1826,) " Memoirs of Celebrated Female
Sovereigns," (2 vols., 1831,) "The Beauties of the
Court of Charles II.," " Lives of the Early Italian
Painters," (2 vols., 1845,) and " The Poetry of Sacred
and Legendary Art," (2 vols., 1848.) Died in 1860.
Ja'me-son, (LEANDER STARR,) a British colonist,
was born at Edinburgh in 1853. He studied medi-
cine, went to Cape Colony, and became a physician at
Kimberley in 1878. He became connected there with
Cecil Rhodes, was made in 1891 administrator of the
South Africa Company at Fort Salisbury, and in 1895
set out with five hundred troops to aid the Uitlanders
in their contemplated revolt against the Boer govern-
ment. He and his force were defeated and obliged to
surrender January 2, 1896. He was handed over to
the British authorities, tried in London, and con-
demned to fifteen months' imprisonment, but was
released after a few months on account of illness.
Ja'me-son, (ROBERT,) an eminent Scottish naturalist,
born at Leith in 1774 or 1773. He published " Mineral-
ogy of the Scottish Isles," (2 vols., 1800,) " A System of
Mineralogy," (3 vols., 1804-08,) and other works. He
was professor of natural history in the University of
Edinburgh from 1804 until 1854. In 1819 Professor
Jameson and Sir David Brewster founded the "Edin-
burgh Philosophical Journal," which the former edited
many years. He also contributed to the " Encyclopaedia
Britannica." He had a high reputation as a professor
Died in 1854.
See "Edinburgh Review" for October, 1804, and April, 1805;
" Annual Register" for 1854.
Ja'me-sone, (GEORGE,) an eminent painter, called
" the Van Dyck of Scotland," was born at Aberdeen in
1586. About 1616 he went to Antwerp, where, with Van
Dyck, he studied under Rubens. " His excellence," says
Walpole, "consisted in delicacy and softness, with a
clear and beautiful colouring." It is said that, in 1633,
when Charles I. visited Edinburgh, the magistrates of
eas/i; easj; %kard; gas/;o, U.K., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasmtAis. (JEjp"See Explanations, p. 23.)
JAMET
JANNEY
that city employed Jamesone to paint the portraits of
some of the Scottish monarchs. Charles was so much
pleased with the result that he sat for his own portrait,
and presented the artist vrith a diamond ring from his
finger. Jameson was also a painter of historical and
landscape scenes. Died in 1644.
See ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, *' Lives of the Most Eminent British
Painters," etc. ; WALPOLE, "Anecdotes of Painting :" CHAMBERS,
" Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Jamet, zhS'ml', (PIERRE CHARLES,) a French writer,
born near Sens in 1701. Among his works are "Meta-
physical Essays," (1732,) "Letters on Taste and the Doc-
trine of Bayle," (1740,) and "The Mongol Philosopher
Dane-Che-Men-Kan," (1740.) Died about 1770.
Jami. See JAMEE.
Ja'mie-son, (JOHN,) D.D., a learned divine, born in
Glasgow in 1759, became in 1797 pastor of a church in
Edinburgh, where he remained until his death. The
degree of doctor of divinity was conferred upon him by
the College of New Jersey. He published, besides other
works, "Socinianism Unmasked," (1788,) "The Sorrows
of Slavery," a poem, " The Use of Sacred History," (2
vols., 1802,) an " Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish
Language," (2 vols., 1809,) which is highly esteemed,
and " An Historical Account of the Ancient Culdees of
lona," (1811.) Died in 1838.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;"
"Edinburgh Review" for April, 1809, and May, 1828: "Monthly
Review" for September, 1810.
Jamieson, (ROBERT,) a Scottish scholar, born in
Morayshire in 1780. For many years he was in the civil
service in Edinburgh. Among his works are " Popular
Ballads and Songs," (1806,) partly original. Died in
London, September 2>, 1844.
Jamin, zht'maN', (JEAN BAPTISTE, ) VICOMTE, a
French general, born in 1772; died in 1848.
Jamin, (JULES CELESTIN,) a French natural philoso-
pher, born in 1818. He became professor of physics in
the Polytechnic School at Paris. He commenced in 1858
the publication of an important work, entitled " Cours
de Physique." Died in 1886.
Jamin de Bermuy, zht'maN' deh beVmii-e', (JEAN
BAPTISTE AUGUSTE MARIE,) one of the best French
cavalry officers of his time, was born in Bretagne in
1773. He became colonel of the royal guards of light
cavalry about 1807, and went to Spain, where he dis-
tinguished himself at the battle of Ocana in 1809. As
general of brigade, he won additional honours at the
battle of Vitoria, in 1813. For his various services he
was created baron of the empire and Marquis de Ber-
muy. He fell at the battle of Waterloo, 1815.
Jamsheed. See JEMSHEED.
Jamshid. See JEMSHEED.
Jamyn, zhS'maN', (AMADIS,) a French poet, born
in Champagne about 1540. His productions attracted
the attention of Ronsard, who became a warm friend and
liberal patron of Jamyn and procured for him the situa-
tion of secretary and reader to Charles IX. He wrote
poems on various subjects, and made translations of the
last three books of the " Iliad" and the first three of the
"Odyssey." Died in 1585.
Janachen, yln-a'ken, (i.e. Jan (or John) Achen.)
See ACHEN.
Jauauachek, ya'now-sheV, (FRANCESCA MADELINA
ROMANCE, called FANNY,) a tragic actress of rare talents,
born in Prague, Bohemia, July 20, 1830. She appears
in both English and German plays, but her principal
successes have been won in Germany.
Jane OF NAVARRE. See JOAN.
Jane, (FREDERICK T.,) a British artist and author,
born at Honiton, Devon, in 1865. He served as artist
on several illustrated papers, and wrote " Blake of the
Rattlesnake," (1895,) "To Venus in Five Seconds,"
(1897,) "All the World's Fighting Ships," (1899,)
etc.
Janet, zhS'ni', or Janet-Lange, zhi"n&' loNzh,
(ANGE Louis,) a French painter, born in Paris, Novem
ber 19, 1818. A pupil of Ingres, Collin, and Vernet, he
became noted for his military pieces, and not less so for
those on religious subjects. Died at Paris, November
25, 1872.
Janet, (PAUL,) an eminent French philosopher, born
at Paris, April 30, 1823. He held professorships of
philosophy at Bourges and Strasburg, and later at the
Sorbonne. His position is that of an acceptor of science
who at the same time rejects materialism and defends
the old philosophy. Among his numerous works are
" Elements de Morale," (1869,) " La Philosophie fran-
caise contemporaine," (1879,) " Lamennais," (1890,)
"Fenelon," (1892,) etc.
Jane'way, (JAMES,) an English nonconformist divine,
born in Hertfordshire in 1636. He was a preacher of
great power, and was very actively employed at the time
of the plague both in the pulpit and in visiting the sick.
He wrote a " Life of John Janeway," his brother, and
"The Saint's Encouragement to Diligence," (1675.)
Died in 1674.
Jani, ya'nee, (CHRISTIAN DAVID,) a German phi-
lologist, born near Halle in 1743. He published a good
edition of Horace,- (2 vols., 1778-82,) and other works.
Died in 1790.
Jani?on, zhi'ne'siN', (FRANC.OIS MICHEL,) a noted
journalist, born in Paris in 1674. Being an avowed
Protestant, he went to receive his education in Holland,
which became his adopted country. In early life he
entered the army, but finally devoted himself to litera-
ture. Among his works are " Present State of the
Republic of the United Provinces and their Dependen-
cies," (1729,) a production of great merit, and "Serious
and Satirical Letters upon the Works of the Savants,"
(12 vols., 1740 et sef.) Died in 1730.
See MORERI, " Dictionnaire Historique ;" NICBRON, " M^moires."
Jauin, zhfnaN', (JULES GABRIEL^ a celebrated French
critic and litterateur, born at Saint-Etienne in 1804. He
contributed successively to the " Figaro" and the " Quo-
tidienne," and about 1830 became one of the editors
of the "Journal des Debats," for which he furnished a
number of brilliant and original articles on politics and
literature. He was for a long time the dramatic critic
of that journal. He also wrote for the " Revue des Deux
Mondes," etc. Among his other productions are the
romances of" Barnave, (1831,) "New Literary Tales,"
"Journey in Italy," (1839,) and " The Nun of Toulouse,"
(1850.) He also wrote an abridgment of " Clarissa Har-
lowe," and a "History of Dramatic Literature," (4
vols., 1851-56.) His critiques consist mostly of literary
gossip, written in a sparkling and polished style. He
was admitted to the French Academy in 1870. Died
June 20, 1874.
Janitius, ya-nlt'se-us, or Janicki, ya-n!t'skee, (CLE-
MENT,) a learned Polish writer, born in 1516. At fifteen
he wrote elegant Latin poetry. Among his works is
" Lives of the Kings of Poland." Died in 1543.
Jannabee or Jannabt, Al, al-jan-na'bee, [Lat. AL-
JANNA'BIUS, or simply JANNA'BIUS,] (Aboo-Moham-
med-Mustafa — moos'ta-fa,) written also Djaunaby
and Dschannabi, an Arabian historian, of whose life
scarcely anything is known. He wrote an abridgment
of universal history, entitled "Bahar-al-Zokkar," from
the creation of the world down to his own time. Died
in 1581.
Jannabi See JANNABEE.
Jannabius. See JANNABEE.
Jannaris, (ANTHONY,) a Greek philologist, born
at Lakkoi, Crete, in 1852, nephew of the famous Cretan
chief Michel Jannaris. He was lecturer in Greek lit-
erature at Athens University in 1889, a leader in the
Cretan insurrection of 1889-90, and subsequently
wnrked six years in the British Museum, investigating
the history of the Greek language. He published
"Historical Greek Grammar," (1897,) and various
works on Greek philology.
Jannequin.zhin'kaN', (CLAUDE,) Sieurde Rochefort,
a French traveller, sailed for Africa in 1637, and, after
his return, published a " Voyage to Libya, to the King-
dom of Senegal, and the Banks of the Niger," etc., (1643.)
Jannequin, (CLEMENT.) See CLEMENT, (JACQUES.)
Jan'ney, (SAMUEL M.,) an American writer, born in
a, e, 1, 5, u, y, long; i, t, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, J, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; mgt; not; good; moon;
JANNICKE
JANSSENS
Loudon county, Virginia, January n, 1801. Both his
parents were members of the Society of Friends, or
Quakers ; and his mind appears to have been at an early
age deeply impressed with the truth and high importance
of the religious principles in which he was educated.
Besides some smaller works, he wrote " Conversations
on Religious Subjects," (1835;) "A Teacher's Gift,
consisting of Essays in Prose and Verse," (1840;) "An
Historical Sketch of the Christian Church during the
Middle Ages," (1847,) and two valuable biographies, viz.,
a "Life of William Penn," (1852,) and a "Life of George
Fox," (1855.) His last and most important publication
is a " History of the Religious Society of Friends from
its Rise to the Year 1828," (4 vols., 1867.) This work
treats, among other subjects, of the causes and events of
the separation which occurred in the Society in 1827-28.
The writer belonged to the anti-orthodox division of the
Quakers ; and, though not professing strict impartiality,
he evinced, in his treatment of this delicate and difficult
subject, great moderation, a scrupulous regard for the
facts of the case, and, on the whole, a liberal and kindly
spirit. He was a highly-esteemed minister of the So-
ciety of which he was a member. Early in 1869 he was
appointed by President Grant superintendent of Indian
affairs in the Northern Superintendency. Died April 30,
1880.
Jannicke, yen'nik-keh, QOHANN FRIEDRICH,) a Ger-
man author, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, January 7,
1831. He became a prominent railway official. He
published " Hand-Book of Aquarelle-Painting," " Hand-
Book of Oil-Painting," " Principles of Ceramic Art,"
" Summary of the Literature of Ceramics," and other
works, partly on entomology.
Janozki, ya-nozh'kee, or Janotzkt yj-nots'kee,
sometimes written Janisck, (JOHN DANIEL,) a Polish
or Russian author, born at Viborg in 1720. He was
appointed superintendent of the Zaluski Library at
Warsaw. Among his works, which principally relate
to the literature of Poland, are " Letters on Criticism,"
"A Dictionary of the Living Authors of Poland," and
"Polish Literature of our Time." Died in 1786.
J.uisemiu. See JASMIN.
Jansen, jan'sen or yan'sen, or Jan-se'nl-us, [Dutch
pron. yan-sa'ne-us,] (CoRNELiS,) Bishop of Ypres, cele-
brated as the founder of the sect of Jansenists, born near
Leerdam, in Holland, in October, 1585. He pursued his
studies at Paris, and in 1617 was chosen professor of di-
vinity in the University of Louvain. About 1634 he bitterly
attacked the French government, in his " Mars Gallicus,"
for having formed a treaty of alliance with the Dutch Prot-
estants. This provoked the enmity of Cardinal Richelieu,
but obtained the favour of the King of Spain, who raised
Jansenius to the see of Ypres in 1635. His principal
production was entitled " Augustinus," (Louvain, 1640,)
m which he advocated the doctrines of Saint Augustine
in regard to the atonement, divine grace, free will, and
predestination. This work was finished a short time
previous to his death, in 1638, and by his will he referred
it to the judgment of the Holy See ; but his executors
published the book, and suppressed that part of the will
which related to it. The opinions which he advocated
were directly opposed to those advanced by the Jesuits,
who made great efforts to obtain a decision against them
by the pope. Finally the bishops of France reduced the
doctrines of Jansenius to five propositions for condemna-
tion,— viz. : I. That there are divine precepts which good
men are unable to obey for want of God's grace, although
desirous to do so. 2. That no person can resist the in-
fluence of divine grace when bestowed. 3. That for
human actions to be meritorious, it is not requisite that
they should be exempt from necessity, but only from
constraint 4. That the Semi-Pelagians err grievously in
maintaining that the human will is endowed with power
of either receiving or resisting the aids and influences
of preventive grace. 5. That whoever maintains that
Jesus Christ made expiation by his sufferings and death
for the sins of all mankind is a Semi-Pelagian. Innocent
X. condemned the first four of these propositions as
simply heretical, but the last as rash, impious, and in-
jurious to the Supreme Being. Many bulls were also
issued by the succeeding popes, by which the Jansenists,
several of whom were among the most learned and emi-
nent ecclesiastics of France, were deprived of office and
declared to be heretics. Louis XIV., at the instigation
of his Jesuit confessor, ordered them to be persecuted
and their monastery at Port-Royal to be suppressed.
Notwithstanding these attempts to crush them, the Jan-
senists continued to increase, comprising among their
champions Pascal, Arnauld, Nicole, and many other
celebrated men.
See LKYDHCKHR, "Historia Jansenismi," 1695; BAYLB, "His-
torical and Critical Dictionary;" SAINTH-BKUVB, "Port- Royal,"
tomes i., ii. ; HEESBR, " Histonsch Verhaal van de Geboorte, Leven,
etc van C. Jansenius," 1727: "Nouvelle Biographic Ge"n&ale."
Janseu, yan'sen, (HENDRIK,) a noted writer and trans-
lator, born at the Plague in 1741. He fixed his residence
in Paris about 1770, where he became librarian to Tal-
leyrand. His works were chiefly of a historical and
philosophical character. Died in 1812.
Jansenius. See JANSEN.
Jansenius, yan-sa'ne-us, (CORNELIS,) a learned Flem-
ish ecclesiastic, born at Hulst in 1510. In 1568 he was
ordained first Bishop of Ghent. Of his works we may
mention " Concord of the Evangelists," and a " Para-
phrase on the Psalms." Died in 1576.
Jansenius, (JAKOB,) a Dutch scholar, born at Am-
sterdam in 1547, became in 1595 regius professor of the-
Sacred Scriptures at Louvain. Among his works are
Expositions of the Prophet Job, of the Psalms of David,
and of the Gospel of John. Died in 1625.
Janson, yan'son, (KRISTOFFER NAGEL,) a Norwegian
poet, born at Bergen, May 5, 1841. He published sev-
eral volumes of poetry and novels, including " Torgrim,"
(1862,) "Fraa Bygdom," (1865,) "Han og ho," (1868,)
and " Norske Digt," ( 1 867.) He wrote " Fra Dansketidi,"
(1875,) a novel, and other works, including the strongly
effective drama "A Woman's Fate," (1879.) In 1882
he became a Unitarian preacher, removed to the United
States in 1884, and returned to Norway in 1893.
Janson or Jenson, zh8N's6N', (NICOLAS,) a French
engraver, printer, and type-founder, settled in Venice
about 1470. He produced there a number of celebrated
editions between 1470 and 1480. He is called the in-
ventor of the Roman type now generally used. Died
about 1481.
Janssen, ylns'sen, or John'son, (CORNELIS,) a noted
artist, born in Amsterdam in 1590. In 1618 he visited
England, where he was employed by James I. to paint
the portraits of the royal family. He was also patronized
by the nobility. He possessed neither the freedom nor the
grace of Van Dyck, but in other respects was regarded as
his equal, and m finishing was considered even superior
to him. His carnations have been particularly admired ;
and his pictures yet retain their original lustre, in conse-
quence perhaps of the ultramarine which he used. Died
in 1665.
Janssen, ylns'sen, (JOHANNES,) MONSIGNOR, a Ger-
man priest and historian, born at Xanten, April 10, 1829.
He was educated at Louvain, Bonn, and Berlin, and in
1880 was made a prothonotary to the pope. Among his
numerous works is a " History of the German People,"
(1876; 3d vol., 1884,) written from the ultramontane
stand-point. Died December 23, 1891.
Janssen, (PETER,) a German historical and por-
trait-painter, born in 1844. He became director of
the Academy at Diisseldorf in 1895.
Janssen, (PIERRE JULES CESAR,) a French as-
tronomer and physicist, born at Paris, February 22,
1824. He held professorships in the Lycee Charle-
magne and the Ecole speciale d'Architecture, and in
1875 was appointed director of the observatory at
Meudon. In 1892 he founded a meteorological ob-
servatory at the top of Mont Blanc.
Janssens, ylns'sens,(ABRAHAM,) a celebrated painter,
born at Antwerp in 1569. His designs were elegant and
spirited. He was a good colorist, and a rival of Rubens.
He excelled in painting subjects illuminated by torches,
where the brilliant light and deepest shade were placed
in a striking contrast. His most important works are
the " Resurrection of Lazarus," and a " Descent from the
Cross." Died at Antwerp in 1631.
«as/&; gass; ghard; gas/; G, H, ^giMural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in this. (JE^="See Explanations, p. 23.)
JANSSENS
1372
JARRIGE
Jans'sens, (Dutch pron. yans'sens,) (FRANCIS,) D.D.,
a Roman Catholic bishop, born at Tilburg, Netherlands,
October 17, 1843. He was educated at the American
College, Louvain, was ordained a Catholic priest in 1867,
and came to America in 1868. He was appointed Vicar-
General of Richmond, Va., in 1872, Bishop of Natchezin
iSSi.and Archbishop of Louisiana in iSSS. Died in 1897.
Janssena, (JAN WILLEM,) a distinguished Dutch
general, born at Nymwegen in 1762. In 1802 ha was
appointed governor and general-in-chief of the colony of
the Cape of Good Hope, where he was defeated by the
English, who took possession of that country in 1806.
After the abdication of Louis Bonaparte, under whom
he had held the office of minister of war, Napoleon made
him Governor-General of Holland and the East Indies.
In this capacity he bravely defended Batavia against the
Englishjn iSn, but was finally obliged to surrender.
Died in 1835.
Janssens, (VICTOR HONORIUS,) a noted Flemish
painter, born at Brussels in 1664. He studied in Rome
the works of Raphael, selected Albano for his model,
and excelled all his contemporaries in that style. At
the expiration of eleven years he returned to Brussels,
where he painted numerous large pictures for palaces
and churches. Died in 1739.
Janazopn. See KOSTER.
Januario. See JANUARIUS.
Jan-u-a'rI-us, [Fr. JANVIER, zhdN've-4'; It. JANUA-
RIO, ya-noo-a're-o,] SAINT, Bishop of l^enevento, was
beheaded during the persecution of Diocletian, about
305. A cathedral was erected over his grave at Naples,
where it is believed that his blood exerts great power in
checking the eruptions of Vesuvius.
Ja'nus, an ancient Latin deity, represented with two
faces. He was regarded as the opener of the day and
as having charge of the gates of heaven. He seems to
have presided over the commencement of enterprises.
The word Janua (" gate") is said by some to have been
derived from him ; also the name of the month January.
The temple of Janus Quirinus at Rome was kept open
in time of war and closed during peace. It has been
conjectured by some scholars that the name and attri-
butes of Janus may be traced to Ganesa, (or Ganesha,)
the Hindoo deity of prudence and circumspection, who,
among his other offices, had those of presiding over the
commencement of undertakings, guarding gates and
doors, etc.
See GUJGNIAUT, " Religions de 1'Antiquite1," Paris, 1825-29, vol.
ii. book v. sect 2, chap. iii. ; KEIGHTLBY, " Mythology."
Janvier. See JANUARIUS.
Janvier, zhoN've-4', (ANTIDE,) an ingenious and cele-
brated horologist, was born at Saint-Claude, in France,
in 1751. He invented numerous improvements for
watches and for different kinds of astronomical appa-
ratus. In 1784 he became watchmaker to the king.
Died in 1835.
Janvier, (Dom RENE AMBROISE,) a learned French
monk, born in 1614. He made a Latin translation of
the " Rabbi David Kimchi's Hebrew Commentary on
the Psalms." Died in 1682.
Janvier, (THOMAS ALLIBONE,) an American
author, born at Philadelphia in 1849. He has pub-
lished "Stories of Old New Spain," "The Aztec
Treasure House," "The Uncle of an Angel," etc.
His sister, MARGARET THOMSON JANVIER (pen-
name Margaret Vandergrift,) has published a num-
ber of juvenile stories and " A Dead Doll and Other
Verses."
Japet See IAPETUS.
Japetus. See IAPETUS.
Ja'pheth, [Heb. n3\] a patriarch, one of the three
sons of Noah, and the supposed ancestor of the Cauca-
sian race. (See IAPETUS.)
See Genesis vi, vii., be.
Japix, Japicx, or Japiks, yj'piks, (GvsBERT,) a
celebrated Frisian poet, born at Bolsward in 1603. But
few incidents in his early life are known. Japix was the
first, and in fact the only, writer in Frisian of any note of
that period, or as late as 1763, as we are told by Bos-
well. Died in 1776.
Japp, jSp, (ALEXANDER HAY,) LL.D., a Scottish
author, known by the pseudonym of H. A. PAGE. He
was born at Dun, near Montrose, in 1839, and graduated
at the University of Edinburgh. He was editor of the
" Sunday Magazine." His works include " Lives" of
Hawthorne, (1870,) De Quincey, (1877,) and Thoreau,
(1878,) " Golden Lives,"(i87i.) " Noble Workers,"(i873,)
"German Life and Literature," "De Quincey Me-
morials," (1891,) " Hours inMyGarden, "(1893, )etc.
Jaquelot See JACQUELOT.
Jaquotpt, zht'ko'to', (MARIE VICTOIRE,) a skilful
French painter on porcelain, born in Paris in 1778. She
copied several works of Raphael on porcelain, and
painted the dessert-service presented by Napoleon I. to
the Czar of Russia after the peace of Tilsit. Died in 1855.
Jarchi, zhaVshe', (SOLOMON BEN ISAAC,) sometimes
called Raschi, a distinguished Jewish writer, born at
Troyes, in France, about 1040. After finishing his edu-
cation at the Jewish Academy in that city, he travelled
through Egypt, Western Asia, Greece, Russia, and Ger-
many. On his return to France he wrote Annotations
on the Five Books of Moses, the Mishna, and the Gemara,
These works obtained a high reputation, and procured
for the author the title of " Prince of Commentators."
Died in 1105.
Jardin or Jardyn. See Du JARDIN.
Jar' dine, (GEORGE,) born in Lanarkshire, Scotland,
in 1742, was professor of logic in the University of Glas-
gow from 1774 to 1824, and made improvements in tha
mode of teaching. He published "Outlines of Philo-
sophical Education," (18:8.) Died in 1827.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;"
"Monthly Review" for July, 1819.
Jardine, (Sir WILLIAM,) a Scottish naturalist, born
in Edinburgh about 1800. He studied botany, orni-
thology, etc. He published, besides other works, " Illus-
trations of Ornithology," (3 vols., 1829-45.) He was
one of the authors of the "Naturalist's Library," (40
vols., 1833-43,) and joint editor of the "Edinburgh Phi-
losophical Journal." Died November 21, 1874.
Jardinier, zhtR'de'ne-i', (CLAUDE DONAT,) a French
engraver, born in Paris in~f 726. Among his works is the
" Virgin and the Infant Jesus," from C. Maratta. Died
in 1774-
Jardins, des, da zhtR'daN', (MARIE CATHERINE,)
MADAME DE VILLEDIEU, a talented and profligate French
authoress, was born in 1640. She removed to Paris,
where she supported herself by writing romances and
dramas. Her works were quite successful, and, not-
withstanding her very exceptionable conduct, she was
much courted by persons of distinction. Her active
and vivid imagination produced a new era in French
romances, changing their old and tedious style into that
of the modern novel. Died in 1683.
Jard-Fanvillier, zhiR'pfiN've'ye-i', (Louis ALEX-
ANDRE,) a French politician, born near Niort in 1757.
In 1792 he was elected to the National Convention,
where he distinguished himself by his bold defence of
the king. Napoleon created him baron of the empire
and president of the court of exchequer. Died in 1822.
Jardyn or Jardin, (KAREL DE.) See DUJARDIN.
Jarnac, de, dehzhjR'ntk', (Gui CHABOT,) SEIGNEUR,
a French soldier, who in 1547 killed La Chateigneraye
in a duel which was fought in the presence of King Henry
II. Died about 1560.
See TAVANNES, " Me'moires ;" BRANTOME, "Me'moires," tomeiii.
Jainowich, yaR'no-vik', or Giornovichi, joR-no-
veeTcee, (GIOVANNI MARIA,) a celebrated and eccentric
violinist, born at Palermo, Sicily, in 1745. He spent
several years in France, Prussia, and England. He sub-
sequently visited Saint Petersburg, where he died in 1804.
Jaroslaf. See YAROSLAF.
Jar'rett, (THOMAS,) an English philologist and cler-
gyman, born in I So;, graduated at Cambridge in 1827.
He published " A New Hebrew Lexicon," " A Sketch
of Sanscrit Grammar," (1875,) etc- Died March 7, 1882.
Jarrige, zhi'rezh', (PIERRE,) a French Jesuit, born at
Tulle in 1605. He embraced Protestantism, and wrote
a work against the society of which he had been a mem-
ber, entitled "The Jesuits upon the Scaffold ;" but sub-
a, e. I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 5, u, jf, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; m?t; not; good; moon;
fARRY
1373
JAUCOURT
sequently he was reconciled to them, and published a
refutation of his previous work. Died in 1660.
Jarry, zhi're', (NICOLAS,) a French calligraphist, born
in Paris about 1620, was famous for the beauty of his
penmanship.
Jarry, du, dii zht're', (LAURENT JuUhard— zhii-e'-
yaV,) a celebrated ecclesiastic, poet, and orator, born
near Saintes, in France, about 1658. He went to Paris,
where he was patronized by Bossuet and the Due de
Montausier. In 1714 he gained a poetical prize at the
French Academy over Voltaire and other competitors.
He wrote "The Evangelical Ministry, or Reflections
upon the Eloquence of the Pulpit," (1726,) "Poems,
Christian, Heroic, and Moral," and several other works.
Died in 1730.
See MoKiRi, " Dictionnaire Historique."
Jars, zhiR, (GABRIEL,) a distinguished mineralogist,
and member of the French Academy of Sciences, born
same purpose. He died in 1 769, leaving manuscripts from
which his brother compiled "Observations upon a Great
Number of Gold and Silver Mines," (3 vols., 1774-81.)
See QUBRARD, "La France Litte'raire."
Jars, de, deh zhtR, (FRANgois DE Rochechouart—
rosh'shoo-f R',) CHEVALIER, a French officer and cour-
tier. He was arrested by Cardinal Richelieu in 1632,
because he refused to give evidence in the prosecution
of his friend Chateauneuf, keeper of the seals. After
an imprisonment of eleven months in the Bastille, and
twenty-four examinations, during which nothing could
be extorted from him that would criminate Chateauneuf,
he was convicted on false evidence and sentenced to
death. A reprieve, however, arrived from the king after
Jars had placed his head upon the block. He obtained
his liberty after a long imprisonment Died in 1670.
See RICHELIEU, "Memoires."
Jar'ves, (JAMES JACKSON,) a writer and traveller, born
in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1818. He produced, besides
other works, a " History of the Hawaiian or Sandwich
Islands," (1843,) "Scenes and Scenery in the Sandwich
Islands, "(1844,) "Art Hints," (1855,) afterwards enlarged
and republished as " Art Studies," " The Art Idea, Sculp-
ture, Painting, and Architecture in America," (1865,)
" Art Thoughts," (1869,) and " Italian Rambles," (1883.)
Died in Switzerland in 1888.
Jar'vis, (ABRAHAM,) D.D., Bishop of the Protestant
Episcopal Church, was born at Norwalk, in Connecticut,
m !739- He graduated at Yale in 1761, and became
Bishop of Connecticut in 1797. Died in 1813.
Jarvis, (EDWARD,) M.D., an American statistician,
born at Concord, Massachusetts, January 9, 1803. He
graduated at Harvard College in 1826, and took his pro-
fessional degree at the Massachusetts Medical School in
1830. Among his works are " Practical Physiology,"
(1848,) "Primary Physiology," (1849,) and other school-
books on physiology and health, besides a large number
of reports, memorials, tables, and other papers regarding
public health, mortality-rates, education, longevity, in-
crement of population, insanity, and other matters per-
taining to state medicine. Died October 31, 1884.
Jar'vis, (JOHN,) an artist, born in Dublin about 1749,
had a great reputation for his paintings on glass and his
exquisite manner of finishing single subjects. Among
his principal works is the west window of New College
Chapel, Oxford, from a design of Sir Joshua Reynolds.
Died in 1804.
Jarvis, (JOHN WESLEY,) a distinguished artist, born
in the north of England in 1780, came at an early age to
New York, where he gained a high reputation by his
portraits. He was also noted for his eccentricities and
genial humour. Died January 12, 1840.
See DUNLAF, "Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in
America;" TUCKBRMAN, " Book of the Artists. M
Jarvis, (SAMUEL FARMER,) D.D., LL.D., an Ameri-
can clergyman and author, son of Bishop Jarvis, was
born in Middletown, Connecticut, in 1786. He graduated
at Yale in 1805, and was for some time professor of
Oriental literature in Washington (now Trinity) College
at Hartford, and from 1837 to 1842 was rector of Christ
Church in his native town. He wrote " A Chronological
Introduction to the History of the Church," etc., (1845,)
and " The Church of the Redeemed ; or, The History
of the Mediatorial Kingdom," (1850.) Died in 1851.
Jasikov or Ja2Jkov. See YAZIKOF.
Jasmin, zhis'maN', or Jansemin, zhSNSs'maN',
(JACQUES or JAQUOU,) the "Barber Poet of Agen," born
at that town in 1798. His poems, which are written
in the Proven9al patois, enjoy the highest popularity in
France, and display great powers of humour and pathos,
with a charming simplicity of diction. Among the most
admired are "The Curl-Papers," ("Los Papillotos,")
and "The Blind Girl of Castel-Cnillc*," ("L'Abuglo de
Castel-Cuille'.") The latter has been translated into
English by Longfellow. Died in 1864.
See SAINTE-BEUVE, "Causeries du Lundi;" " Nouvelle Biogra-
phic Generate ;" " Foreign Quarterly Review" for October, 1849.
Ja'son, [Gr. 'laowv,] a semi-fabulous Greek hero, cele-
brated as the leader of the Argonautic expedition, which
was supposed to have occurred before the siege of Troy.
The Argonauts went to Colchis to fetch a golden fleece
which was guarded by a dragon. Jason succeeded in
this enterprise by the aid of Medea, a sorceress, whom
he married. (See MEDEA.)
Jason, tyrant of Pheras, and chief magistrate of Thes-
saly, was ambitious and enterprising. He obtained
control of Thessaly in 374 B.C., and aspired to be master
of all Greece. He was assassinated in 369 B.C.
Jas'per, (\\'ILLIAM,) (known in history as SERGEANT
JASPER,) a brave soldier of the American Revolution,
born in South Carolina about 1750. When the American
flag was shot away in the attack on Fort Moultrie, June
28, 1776, he leaped outside the walls of the fort, amidst
a perfect storm of cannon-shot, replaced the flag, and
returned to his post without injury. For this gallant
service Governor Rutledge presented to him his own
sword. He afterwards served with distinction under
Marion, and was killed at Savannah in October, 1779-
Jastrow, yis'trov, (MARCUS MORDECAI,) Ph.D., a
Jewish scholar, born at Rogasen, Prussian Poland, June
5, 1829. He studied at Posen, Berlin, and Halle, grad-
uating at the latter university in 1856, was preacher at
Warsaw, 1858-62, and rabbi at Mannheim, Warsaw, and
Worms, 1862-66, in which year he removed to the United
States and became a rabbi in Philadelphia. His prin-
cipal works are " Lectures," in Polish, (1862,) "Jewish
Laws," in Polish, (1859,) "Four Hundred Years of Jew-
ish History," (1865,) " Episodes of Jewish History," and
a "Complete Talmudic Dictionary," a colossal work.
not yet finished,
Jaszay, ya'si, (PAUL, or PAL,) a Hungarian historian,
born at Szant6 in 1809. He became a secretary to the
Batthyanyi ministry, and died in 1852. He wrote two
valuable histories, — "The History of the Hungarian
People after the Battle of Mohacs," (1846, incomplete,)
and " History of the Hungarian People from the Oldest
Times to the Publication of the Golden Bull," (1855.)
Jaubert, zhoTjaiR', (FRANC.OIS,) COMTE, a French
lawyer, born at Condom in 1758. In 1804 he became
president of the Tribunate. In 1806 he was appointed
councillor of state. Died in 1822.
Jaubert, (HIPPOLYTE FRANC.OIS,) a French minister
of state, and naturalist, a nephew of the preceding, was
born in Paris in 1798. He became minister of public
works in 1840. He published " Illustrationes Plantarum
Orientalium," (2 vols., 1842-46.) Died Dec. 5, 1874.
See " NouveUe Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Jaubert, (PIERRE AMEDEE EMILIEN PROBE,) a French
Orientalist, born in Provence in 1779, accompanied Na-
poleon to Egypt as first secretary-interpreter in 1799.
He was appointed, after his return, professor of Persian
in the College of France, was elected to the Academy
of Inscriptions in 1830, and made a peer of France in
1841. He contributed to the "Journal Asiatique," and
wrote a number of learned works. Died in 1847.
See E. BIOT, "Notice biographique sur M. Jaubert ;" QUBRARD,
"La France Litteraire."
Jaucourt, de, deh zho'kooR', (ARNAIL FRANCOIS,)
MARQUIS, a French politician, born in Paris in 1757,
was a moderate member of the Legislative Assembly
t; 9 as*; ghard; gas/;G, H, K., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in this. (JEg^See Explanations, p. 23.)
JAUCOURT
1374
JAY
in 1791. In Jane, 1814, he acted as minister of foreign
affairs in the absence of Talleyrand. He founded the
Protestant Bible Society of Paris. Died in 1852.
Jauoourt, de, (Louis,) CHEVALIER, an accomplished
French writer and scholar, born in Paris in 1704. He
studied at Geneva, Cambridge, and Leyden, and was a
pupil of Boerhaave in medicine. He published in 1734
a " History of the Life and Works of Leibnitz," which
is much admired. He wrote many articles on natural
philosophy, natural history, literature, etc. for the great
French Encyclopaedia of Diderot His principles were
more consistent with the Christian religion than those
of the other Encyclopaedists. He wrote a voluminous
Medical Lexicon, but lost the manuscript at sea, and
contributed largely to the " Bibliotheque raisonne'e des
Ouvrages des Savants de 1'Europe," (1728-40.) Died
at Compiegne in 1779.
See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'nerale;" MM. HAAG, "La France
protestante."
JaufEret, zho'fi4', (GASPARD JEAN ANDRE JOSEPH,)
a French writer on theology, born in Provence in 1759,
became chaplain to Napoleon about 1804, Bishop of Metz
in 1806, and Archbishop of Aix in 1811. Died in 1823.
Jauflret, (Louis FRANCOIS,) a brother of the pre-
ceding, was born in Paris in 1770. He was secretary of
the Academy of Marseilles, and wrote several valuable
juvenile books. Died about 1850.
Jaugeon, zho'zh6N', (N.,) an able French mechani-
cian, who wrote several works on natural history and
physiology. Died in 1725.
Jault, zho, (AUGUSTIN FRANCOIS,) a physician and
Orientalist, born in Franche-Comte^ in 1700, became
professor of Greek and Syriac in the Royal College at
Paris. He translated Ockley's " History of the Sara-
cens" (1748) from the English, and several medical works
from the Latin. Died in 1757.
Jauregui y Aguilar, de, di How-ra'gee e 1-ge-laR',
(JUAN,) Chevalier de Calatrava, a Spanish poet and
painter, born at Toledo about 1570. In 1607 he visited
Rome, where he studied Italian and improved himself
in the art of painting. He translated into his native
tongue the "Pharsalia" of Lucan and the "Aminta" of
Tasso, (1607.) The latter is an excellent version. He
introduced a superior style among the Spanish painters.
Died in 1650, or, according to some, in 1640.
See TICKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature ;" QUILLJET, " Dic-
tionnaire des Peintres Espagnols."
Javello, ya-vel'lo, (CRISOSTOMO,) a learned philoso-
pher and theologian of the Dominican order, was born
near Milan about 1471.
Jav-o-le'nus, (PRiscus,) a Roman jurist, supposed to
have lived under the reigns of Nerva and Hadrian. He
wrote an " Epitome of the Libri Posteriores of Labeo,"
and several treatises on law.
Jay, zr4, (ANTOINE,) a French journalist and littira-
teur, born in the Gironde in 1770. He was for many
years chief editor of the " Constitutionnel," a daily paper
of Paris, and the " Minerve." In politics he was liberal.
He spent seven years in the United States, 1795-1802.
In 1832 he was chosen a member of the French Academy.
His most important work is a " History of the Ministry
of Cardinal Richelieu," (1815,) which is highly praised
by Henri Martin. Died in 1854.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Jay, (HARRIETT,) an English novelist and actress,
born near London, September 22, 1857. She published
"The Queen of Connaught," (1875,) "Dark Colleen,"
(1876,) "Two Men and a Maid," (1881,) and other
works. She went upon the stage in 1881. She was a
sister-in-law ol Robert Buchanan, and became his second
wife in 1884.
Jay, (JOHN,) an illustrious American statesman, first
chief justice of the United States, was born in New York,
December 12, 1745. He was descended on his father's
side from Pierre Jay, a Huguenot merchant of La Ro-
chelle, who fled to England on the revocation of the
edict of Nantes. Jay graduated at King's (now Columbia)
College in 1764, and was admitted to the bar of New
York in 1 768. At this period he combined in a remark-
able degree the dignity and gravity of manhood with the
ardour of youth. His talents soon procured for him
both an extensive legal practice and great influence in
the political assemblies called to consider the aggressive
policy of the British government Elected to the first
Continental Congress at Philadelphia in 1774, he took
a leading part in all its proceedings, and, as one of a
committee of three, drew up the address to the people
of Great Britain, which at once procured for its author
the reputation of being one of the ablest and most elo-
quent writers in America. He also prepared the address
issued by Congress in 1775 to the people of Canada. In
the general debates he took strong ground in favour of
the central authority and against separate colonial action.
Having been recalled from Philadelphia in May, 1776,
to take part in the deliberations of the New York pro-
vincial Congress, his name does not appear on the
Declaration of Independence, which, however, received
his cordial support He exerted great influence in the
convention which met in August of the same year to
frame a State government for New York. To arouse
the people from the despondency occasioned by the
disasters to our arms, he prepared, in December, an
address to the country, which was issued by the con-
vention and ordered by Congress to be translated into
German. He also reported to the New York conven-
tion, in March, 1777, a bill of rights, and had a chief
share in framing the Constitution. Before its adjourn-
ment, May, 1777, the convention appointed Jay chief
justice of New York.
In December, 1778, he again took his seat in Congress,
and a few days after was chosen its president His dig-
nified and impartial discharge of the duties of this posi-
tion won the esteem of all parties. In September, 1779,
he resigned the offices both of president and chief justice,
to accept the appointment of minister to Spain to nego-
tiate for a loan of $5,000,000 and for the free navigation
of the Mississippi. After many months of vexatious
and fruitless labours at Madrid, he proceeded to Paris,
and took part with Adams, Franklin, and others in ne-
gotiating the treaty of peace between the United States
and Great Britain, signed September 3, 1783. Jay re-
turned to New York in July, 1784, and, learning that
Congress had already appointed him secretary of foreign
affairs, then probably the most important office in the
government, he accepted this position in December
following, and discharged its duties until the election of
Washington as President of the United States in 1789.
To answer the objections of the opponents to the Federal
Constitution as it came from the General Convention of
1787, Jay united with Hamilton and Madison in writing
"The Federalist" "No constitution of government,"
says Chancellor Kent, " ever received a more masterly
and successful vindication." Jay contributed greatly
towards overcoming the majority against the Constitution
in the New York convention called to adopt or rejec*
it in 1788, (at first the vote stood only eleven for, to
forty-six against it ; afterwards thirty for, to twenty-seven
against,) and on the reorganization of the government
under it in 1789 he was offered by Washington, it is said,
the choice of the offices in his gift He accepted that of
chief justice of the supreme court " His general learn-
ing and ability," says Daniel Webster, " and especially
the prudence, the mildness, and the firmness of his char-
acter, eminently fitted Mr. Jay to be at the head of such
a court" In 1792 Jay received a majority of the votes
for Governor of New York ; but, on some technical
grounds, George Clinton, the Republican candidate, was
declared elected. In writing of this result to his wife, he
said, " A few years will put us all in the dust ; and then
it will be of more importance to me to have governed
myself than to have governed a State." In 1794 Jay
accepted with reluctance the appointment of special
minister to England to negotiate a settlement of the dif-
ficulties between the two countries, well knowing that
in the state of public feeling no adjustment that could be
effected would give satisfaction to all parties. He con-
cluded a treaty on the igth of November of the same year.
It provided, among other things, that pre-revolutionary
debts owed to British subjects should be paid by the
United States, that the British government should indem-
nify Americans for losses sustained by illegal captures, etc.
(About $10,000,000 were afterwards paid on this account)
a, e,T, 5, u, y,long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fall, fit; met; not; good; moon;
JAY
1375
JEANNE
This treaty was at once assailed with almost unexampled
violence by the party favourable to France. Mobs lighted
bonfires with it in the principal cities, and in Boston Jay
himself was burned in effigy. On the other hand, Ham-
ilton defended the treaty with an ability that extorted
the admiration even of its opponents, and Fisher Ames,
in one of the greatest efforts of American eloquence,
declared that the " treaty had justly raised the character
of the nation." It was finally carried into effect by a
vote of fifty-eight to fifty-one. While Jay was absent
in England, he was elected, without his knowledge or
consent, Governor of New York, — an office which he
held for six years. It was under his administration that
slavery in that State was abolished. In writing to a
friend, in 1780, he had declared, "Till America comes
into this measure, [the abolition of slavery,] her prayers
to Heaven for liberty will be impious." Five years later
(1785) he was made president of a society in New York
"to promote the manumission of slaves." Having de-
clined a re-election at the close of his second guberna-
torial term, Jay was nominated and confirmed by the
Senate to succeed Oliver Ellsworth in his former office
of chief justice of the United States; but this honour he
also declined, and for the remainder of his life resided
on his estate at Bedford, Westchester county, New York.
He died May 17, 1829. "In lofty disinterestedness,"
says Hildreth, " in unyielding integrity, in superiority
to the illusions of passion, no one of the great men of
the Revolution approached so near to Washington,"
(as Jay.) Jay was a member of the Episcopal Church,
and was a man of deep religious as well as earnest moral
convictions ; the Bible is said to have been his con-
stant study. In stature he was somewhat less than six
feet in height ; he was well formed, but rather thin, face
colourless, with deep-blue eyes, and aquiline nose.
See a " Life of John Jay, with Selections from his Writings," by
his son, WILLIAM JAY, 2 vols., 1833; JAMES RENWICK, " Lives of
John Jay and Alexander Hamilton," 1840; HENRY FLANDERS,
Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States,"
1855 ; " National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," voL
u. ; " North American Review" for July, 1823, and October, 1833.
Jay, (JOHN,) an eminent lawyer, a grandson of the
preceding, and a son of Judge William Jay, was born in
New York in 1817. He graduated at Columbia College
in 1836, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1839.
He distinguished himself as an opponent of slavery, and
was counsel for several fugitive slaves in the courts of
law. From 1869 to 1875 he was minister to Austria,
and from 1883 to 1888 president of the New York
State Civil Service Commission. He was twice chosen
president of the Union League of New York. Died
May 5, 1894.
Jay, (WILLIAM,) a popular English dissenting minis-
ter and writer, born at Tisbury, Wiltshire, in 1769. He
was the pupil and protege of the Rev. Cornelius Winter.
He began to preach about the age of sixteen, and be-
came in 1791 minister of Argyle Chapel, Bath, where
he continued to preach for sixty-two years. He was
called the "prince of preachers" by the eminent John
Foster. Among his works are " Morning and Evening
Exercises," (1842,) "Lectures on Female Scripture
Characters," (1854,) a "Life of Cornelius Winter,"
"Mornings with Jesus," (1854,) and "Evenings with
Jesus," (1854.) Died in December, 1853.
Jay, (WILLIAM,) an American philanthropist, second
son of Chief- Justice Jay, was born in New York in 1789.
He graduated at Yale in 1807, and on the death of his
father, in 1829, succeeded to the family estate at Bedford.
He had previously, in 1820, been appointed first judge
of Westchester county, in which office he was continued
till superseded, in 1842, on account of his anti-slavery
opinions. He early entered upon his philanthropic
labours, and continued to exert himself in behalf of
the temperance reform, the abolition of slavery, educa-
tional and missionary enterprises, Sunday-schools, tract
and Bible societies, etc., for the remainder of his life. He
was for several years the president of the American
Peace Society, and was one of the chief founders of the
American Bible Society. His principal works are the
" Life of John Jay, with Selections from his Writings,"
(2 vols., 1833,) "An Inquiry into the Character and
Tendency of the American Colonization and American
Anti-Slavery Societies," (1835,) "A View of the Action
of the Federal Government in Behalf of Slavery," (1839,)
" War and Peace," (1848,) and " A Review of the Causes
and Consequences of the Mexican War," (1849.) Died
at Bedford, New York, in 1858.
Jay, le, (Gui MICHEL.) See LE JAY.
Jayadeva or Djayadeva, jl-a-da'va, a celebrated
Hindu poet, known as the author of the " Gita Govinda,"
("Song of Krishna,") a famous Sanscrit poem in honour
of Krishna. The time and circumstances of his life are
unknown. An Oriental critic refers to Jayadeva as a
poet in the following terms : " Whatever is delightful
in the modes of music, . . . whatever is exquisite in
the sweet art of love, whatever is graceful in the strains
of poetry, — all thit let the happy and wise learn from
the songs of Jayadeva."
See MOOR, "Hindu Pantheon;" "Asiatic Researches," vol. iii
p. 207.
Jazet, zhjPzi', (JEAN PIERRE MARIE,) a French en-
graver, born in Paris in 1788. He perfected the art of
engraving in aquatint, and reproduced the works of
Horace Vernet and other masters. Died in 1871.
Jeacocke, ja'kok, ? (CALEB,) a baker of London,
known as the author of the " Vindication of the Moral
Character of the Apostle Paul against the Charges of
Hypocrisy and Insincerity brought by Bolingbroke, Mid-
dleton, and Others," (1765.) Died in 1786.
Jeaffreson, jef'fer-sn, (JOHN CORDY,) an English
author, born at Framlingham, in Suffolk, January 14,
1831. He was educated at Pembroke College, Oxford,
where he graduated in 1852. In 1859 he was called to
the bar at the Middle Temple. He has published
"Crewe Rise," (1854,) "The Rapier of Regent's Park,"
(1882,) and a dozen other novels, "Novels and Novel-
ists," (1858,) " A Book about Doctors," (1860,) " A Book
about Lawyers," (1866,) "The Real Lord Byron,"
(1883,) " Lady Hamilton and Lord Nelson," (1889,)
"Victoria, Queen and Empress," (1893,) etc.
Jean OF FRANCE. See JOHN.
Jean Bon Saint-Andr6, zh8N b6N saN'toN'dRi',
BARON, a French revolutionist, born at Montauban in
1749. He studied theology, and became a Protestant
minister. He was chosen deputy to the National Con-
vention in 1792, joined the Jacobins, voted for the death
of the king, and was elected one of the committee of
public safety. He was appointed prefect of Mayence,
(Mentz,) where he won great esteem by the firmness, in
tegrity, and wisdom of his administration. Died in 1815.
Jean Jacques. See ROUSSEAU.
Jean de Matha. See JOHN OF MATHA, SAINT.
Jean de Paris, zhoN de pt're', a French Dominican,
and professor of theology at Paris, wrote " De Regia
Potestate et Papali," in which he maintained the caus?
of King Philip against the pope. Died in 1304.
Jean Paul. See RICHTER.
Jeanes, jeenz, (HENRY,) an English divine, born at
Allensay, in Somersetshire, in 1611. He wrote a treatise
on "Abstinence from Evil," one entitled "The Image
Unbroken," (1651,) in defence of Charles I., and a work
in reply to the " Iconoclastes" of Milton. Died in 1662.
Jeanne d'Albret, zhtn dil'bRi', or Joan, Queen of
Navarre, born in 1528, was the only child of Henri
d'Albret, King of Navarre, and Marguerite, sister of the
French monarch Francis I. Her earliest suitor was Philip,
the son of Charles V. of Germany ; but Francis I. opposed
the union, and gave her in marriage to Antoine de Bour-
bon, Duke of Vendome, in 1548. Through her husband's
influence she embraced the Calvinistic faith, caused it to
be introduced into Navarre, and in a short time was re-
garded as one of the chief supporters of Protestantism in
France. On the I3th of December, 1553, she gave birth to
a son, afterwards known as the illustrious Henry IV. In
I555> wi'h ner husband, she succeeded to the sovereignty
of Navarre. Two years later, her husband, having been
appointed lieutenant-general of France, was killed at
the siege of Rouen. Jeanne died at Paris in 1572. She
was distinguished for her talents, virtues, and heroic
qualities.
See SISMONDI, " Histoire des Francais :" DB THOO, " Historil
sui Temporis;" D'AuBlGNB, " Me"moire»."
eas.4,- 9asj; ghard; gas/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in Mil.
Explanations, p. 23.)
JEANNE
1376
JEFFERSON
Jeanne d'Arc. See JOAN OF ARC.
Jeanne of Naples. See JOAN OF NAPLES.
Jeanne of Navarre. See JOAN OP NAVARRE.
Jeauiiin, zhJ'naN', (PIERRE,) a French statesman and
diplomatist of high reputation, born at Autun in 1540.
He held an office at Dijon in 1572, when a royal order
came for the massacre of the Protestants. Although he
was a zealous Catholic, he persuaded the local authori-
ties to disobey or suspend the execution of the order,
which in a few days was countermanded. He afterwards
became president of the Parliament of Dijon. In 1594
he gave his adhesion to Henry IV., who employed him
on important foreign missions. He gained the confidence
ofthe king in a high degree. After the death of Henry
IV., (1610,) the queen, Marie de Me'dicis, appointed
Jeannin controller of the finances, and confided to him
the chief direction of affairs. He died in 1622, leaving
" Memoirs of his Negotiations," (1656.)
Jeanron, zh8N'r6N', (PHILIPPE AUGUSTS,) a French
painter, born at Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1809. Died 1877.
Jeaurat, zh5'rt', (EoME SEBASTIEN,) a French as-
tronomer, born in Paris in 1724. He published in 1750
a valuable "Treatise on Perspective." In 1753 he was
appointed professor of mathematics in the Military School
of Paris, where he caused an observatory to be estab-
lished. Among his works is " Observations on the Solai
Eclipse of 1793." He became a member ofthe Institute
in 1796. Died in 1803.
Jebb, (JOHN,) M.D., a celebrated divine, born in Lon-
don in 1736. In 1768 he delivered a course of lectures
on the Greek Testament at Cambridge. He obtained
the living of Ovington, in Norfolk, in 1764, and became
chaplain to the Earl of Harborough. Having subse-
quently embraced Socinian views, he resigned all his
ecclesiastical appointments and commenced the study
of medicine. He obtained his degree at Saint Andrew's,
and practised with success. He was much engaged in
political controversy, and earnestly advocated the Amer-
ican cause during the Revolutionary war. Died in 1786.
Jebb, (JOHN,) an Irish Protestant bishop and clas-
sical scholar, born at Drogheda in 1775, was educated
at Trinity College, Dublin. He published, in 1819 or
1820, an important work on "Sacred Literature," which
is highly praised by several critics. " It has the highest
claims," says T. H. Home, " to the attention of every
biblical student." In 1823 he was appointed Bishop of
Limerick. Among his works is " Practical Theology,"
(2 vols., 1830.) Died in 1833.
Jebb, (Sir RICHARD,) BART., son of Dr. Samuel Jebb,
noticed below, was born at Stratford, in Essex, in 1 729.
He studied medicine in London, and afterwards at the
University of Leyden, where he obtained the degree of
M.D. He became physician-extraordinary to George
III. about 1777, and physician-in-ordinary to the Prince
of Wales in 1780. Died in 1787.
Jebb, (RICHARD CLAVERHOUSE,) a British scholar,
born at Dundee, August 27, 1841. He was educated at
the Charterhouse, and at Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he graduated in 1862 and received a Fellowship.
In 1875 he was made Greek professor in Glasgow Univer-
sity, in 1889 regius professor of Greek at Cambridge,
and in 1891 was elected to Parliament for Cambridge.
Among his works are " The Attic Orators," " Modern
Greece," " Growth and Influence of Classical Greek
Poetry," (1893,) etc. His greatest work is his edition
of Sophocles, (6 vols., 1883-97.)
Jebb, (SAMUEL,) M.D., a noted English physician
and classical scholar, born in Nottinghamshire, was an
uncle of John Jebb, M.D., noticed above. He embraced
the principles of the nonjurors, and became librarian to
the celebrated Jeremy Collier. He edited the "Dialogue
of Justin Martyr with Trypho the Jew, in Greek and
Latin," the " Opus Majus" of Roger Bacon, and several
other works. Died in 1772.
Jee-jeeb-hoy', (Sir JAMSETJEE,) BART., a Parsee mer-
chant, born in Bombay, July 15, 1783. He acquired great
wealth as a merchant, and was distinguished for his re-
markable benevolence and large charities. He was made
a baronet in 1857, and died April 15, 1859. His son, of
the same name and titles, (born i8n,died July n, 1877,)
was also distinguished for his charities and public spirit
The third baronet of this name was born March 3, 1851,
and before his succession to the title bore the name of
Manockjee Cursetjee.
Jef fer-spn, (JOSEPH,) a distinguished comedian, born
in Philadelphia, of a family of actors, February 20, 1829.
In early youth he went upon the stage, and rapidly rose
to a very high rank in his profession. The characters
of " Rip Van Winkle" and " Bob Eccles" are those in
which he has attained the greatest celebrity.
Jefferson, (THOMAS,) an eminent American statesman,
and the third President of the United States, was born,
April 2, 1743, at Shadwell, Virginia, near the spot which
afterwards became his residence with the name of Mon-
ticello. He was the oldest son in a family of eight
children. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a man of
great force of character and of extraordinary physical
strength. His mother, Jane Randolph, of Goochland,
was descended from an English family of great respecta-
bility. Young Jefferson began his classical studies at
the age of nine, and at seventeen he entered an advanced
class at William and Mary College. On his way thither
he formed the acquaintance of Patrick Henry, who was
then a bankrupt merchant, but who afterwards became
the great orator of the Revolution. At college Jefferson
was distinguished by his close application, and devoted,
it is said, from twelve to fifteen hours a day to study.
He became well versed, we are told, in Latin, Greek,
Italian, French, and Spanish, making at the same time
a respectable proficiency in his mathematical studies.
After a five years' course of law under Judge Wythe,
he was admitted to the bar in 1767. His success in the
legal profession was remarkable ; his fees for the first
year amounted to nearly three thousand dollars. In
1769 Jefferson commenced his public career as a member
of the Virginia House of Burgesses, in which he had,
while a student of law, listened to Patrick Henry's great
speech on the Stamp Act.
In 1773 he united with Patrick Henry and other pa-
triots in devising the celebrated committee of corre-
spondence for disseminating intelligence between the
colonies, of which Jefferson was one of the most active
and influential members. Elected the next year to a
convention to choose delegates to the first Continental
Congress at Philadelphia, he drew up for their instruc-
tion his famous " Summary View of the Rights of British
America," which, though rejected by the convention as
being too radical, was subsequently issued by the House
of Burgesses, and, after some revision by Edmund Burke,
passed through several editions in Great Britain. June
I, 1775, Jefferson reported to the Assembly the reply of
Virginia to Lord North's conciliatory proposition, and
on the 2ist of the same month took his seat in the
Continental Congress. His reputation as a statesman
and accomplished writer at once placed him among the
leaders of that renowned body. He served on the most
important committees, and, among other labours, drew
up the reply of Congress to the above proposal of Lord
North, and assisted John Dickinson in preparing, in be-
half of the Colonies, a declaration of the cause of taking
up arms. The rejection of a final petition to the king
having at length destroyed all hope of an honourable
reconciliation with the mother-country, Congress, early
in the session of 1776, appointed a committee to draw
up a declaration of independence, of which Jefferson was
made chairman. In this capacity he drafted, at the re-
quest ofthe other members of the committee, (Franklin,
Adams, Sherman, and R. R. Livingston,) and reported to
Congress, June 28, that great charter of freedom known
as the " Declaration of American Independence," which,
on July 4, was adopted unanimously, and signed by every
member present except John Dickinson of Pennsylvania.
It may be doubted if in all history there be recorded so
important an event, or if a state paper has ever been
framed that has exerted, or is destined to exert, so great
an influence on the destinies of a large portion of the
human race. The Declaration of Independence, says
Edward Everett, " is casual to anything ever born on
parchment or expressed in the visible signs of thought."
" The heart of Jefferson in writing it," adds Bancroft,
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, s/iort; a, e, i, g, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; nSt; good; moon;
THOMAS JEFFERSON.
JEFFERSON
'377
JEFFERSON
'and of Congress in adopting it, beat for all humanity."
In October following, Jefferson resigned his seat in
Congress, and also the appointment of commissioner to
France, to take part in the deliberations of the Virginia
Assembly. A State Constitution had previously been
adopted, to which he had furnished the preamble ; and
he now applied himself to a radical revision of the laws
of the commonwealth, in which he was engaged for two
years and a half. Among other reforms, he procured
the repeal of the laws of entail, the abolition of pri-
mogeniture, and the restoration of the rights of con-
science,— reforms which, he believed, would eradicate
"every fibre of ancient or future aristocracy." He also
originated a complete system of elementary and collegiate
education for Virginia.
In June, 1779, Jefferson succeeded Patrick Henry as
Governor of Virginia, and held the office during the
most gloomy period of the Revolution. He declined
a re-election in 1781, assigning as a reason that at that
critical juncture "the public would have more confidence
in a military chief." Two days after retiring from office,
his estate at Elk Hill was laid waste, and he and his
family narrowly escaped capture by the enemy. Jefferson
was twice appointed, in conjunction with others, minister-
plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great
Britain, — viz., in June, 1781, and in November, 1782, —
but was prevented, by circumstances beyond his control,
from action in either instance. Returned to Congress
in 1783, he reported to that body, from a committee of
which he was chairman, the definitive treaty of peace,
(concluded at Paris, September 3, 1783,) acknowledging
the independence which had been announced in the De-
claration of July 4, 1776. He also proposed, and carried
through Congress at its next session, a bill establishing
the present Federal system of coinage, which took the
place of the English pounds, shillings, pence, etc., and
reported a plan of government for the territory of the
United States. In May following, (1784,) Congress ap-
pointed him minister-plenipotentiary to act with Frank-
lin and Adams in negotiating treaties of commerce and
amity with foreign powers; and in 1785 he succeeded
Dr. Franklin as resident minister at Paris. It was during
this sojourn in France, which was one of the happiest
periods of Jefferson's life, that he formed that strong
predilection for the French nation over the English
which marked so conspicuously his subsequent career.
He published, while abroad, his famous "Notes on Vir-
ginia," relating to politics, commerce, manufactures, etc.,
(Paris, 1784,) which at once attracted general attention
throughout Europe. Having obtained permission to
return to America, he left Paris in September, 1789, and
reached Virginia soon after the election of Washington
as first President of the United States. The Federal
Constitution, then recently adopted, did not meet with
his approval. He declared that he did not know whether
the good or the bad predominated. Subsequently, how-
ever, he thought more favourably of it. In organizing
the government, Washington offered him a seat in his
cabinet as secretary of state, which Jefferson accepted.
With Washington's administration began the fierce
struggles between the two great political parties of the
country, the Republicans and Federalists, — the former
under the lead of Jefferson, and the latter under that
of Alexander Hamilton, then secretary of the treasury.
Jefferson opposed Hamilton's funding system, his United
States bank, and other financial measures ; and when the
war broke out between England and France he was ir
favour of aiding the latter with our arms, while Hamilton
advocated the observance of a strict neutrality. These
differences between the two rival chiefs, which were the
occasion of many stormy discussions in the cabinet and
of an almost unexampled political excitement throughout
the country, culminated shortly after the dismissal of the
French minister Genest, (Genet,) and Jefferson resigned
his office, December 31, 1793, and retired to Monticello.
At the close of Washington's second term he was again
called into public life, as the Presidential candidate of
the Republican party, John Adams being the nominee of
the Federalists. In the ensuing election Adams received
the highest number of votes, and was declared President ;
and, according to a rule then in force, Jefferson, being
the nert highest candidate, became Vice- President. By
virtue of this office he took his seat, March 4, 1797,
as president of ihe Senate. The disputes with France,
and other difficult questions, rendered the administration
one of extraordinary turbulence. At its close, Jefferson
and Adams were again the respective candidates of the
Republican and Federal parties. In this election the Re-
publicans triumphed, but cast an equal number of votes
for Jefferson and Aaron Burr, — seventy-three: Adams
received but sixty-five. As it was necessary that the
person chosen to the first office should have a plurality
of votes, the election, in these circumstances, devolved
upon the House of Representatives, which, on its thirty-
sixth ballot, declared Jefferson President and Burr Vice-
President, their terms of office to commence March 4,
1801. Jefferson was re-elected in 1804 by an electoral vote
of one hundred and forty-eight to twenty-eight, and in
1809 retired voluntarily from office, after a prosperous ad-
ministration of eight years. Among the important events
that occurred during his term of office were the purchase
of Louisiana, (1803,) the brilliant victories of our fleets in
the Mediterranean, and peace with Morocco and Tripoli,
in 1803, Lewis and Clark's overland exploring expedi-
tion to the Pacific, sent out by the President in 1804, the
arrest and trial of Aaron Burr for treason, 1807, and the
attack, the same year, of the British war-frigate Leopard
on the American frigate Chesapeake, which led to Jeffer-
son's embargo act and ultimately to the second war with
Great Britain. Washington and Adams had opened Con-
gress with a speech ; but fefferson preferred a written
message, as being more democratic. He also initiated
the policy of removing incumbents from office on the
grounds of a difference in political opinion. After par-
ticipating in the inauguration of his friend and successor,
James Madison, Jefferson retired to Monticello, where
he passed the remainder of his life in attending to hia
private affairs, receiving the numerous calls of friends
and strangers, and in the exercise of a most liberal hos-
pitality. In 1819 he took the chief part in founding the
University of Virginia, at Charlottesville, near Monti-
cello, and acted as its rector till his death, which occurred
on the same day with that of John Adams, July 4, 1826,
— the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independ-
ence. The following epitaph, written by himself, is
inscribed on his tombstone, a small granite obelisk, at
Monticello : " Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, author
of the Declaration of Independence, of the Statute of
Virginia for Religious Freedom, and Father of the Uni-
versity of Virginia." As the author of the Declaration of
Independence and the founder of the Republican (Demo-
cratic) party, Jefferson has probably exerted a greater
influence on the institutions of this country than any other
American except Washington. He was regarded as the
very embodiment of democracy. All titles of honour
—even that of Mr. — were distasteful to him. Dressed
in the plainest apparel, he was as accessible to the
yeoman in his every-day garments as to a foreign dig-
nitary of state. In his intercourse with others he was
distinguished for his affability. His conversation was
fluent, imaginative, various, and eloquent. " In Europe,"
wrote the Due de Liancourt, "he would hold a distin-
guished rank among men of letters." His adroitness in
politics and in the management of men has rarely been
surpassed. In religion he was what is denominated a
free-thinker. "His instincts," says Bancroft, "all in-
clined him to trace every fact to a general law, and to
put faith in ideal truth." Slavery he considered a moral
and political evil, and declared in reference to it that he
"trembled for his country when he remembered that
God is just." His extreme views of State rights in
later life were very much modified, and he owned that
it was necessary for the general government sometimes
to show its teeth."
In his prime, J>fferson was six feet two and a half
inches in height, with a sinewy, well-developed frame
angular face, but amiable countenance, and ruddy com-
plexion delicately fair. He had deep-set, light-hazel eyes,
and hair of a reddish chestnut colour, very fine. He
was married in 1772 to Mrs. Martha Skelton, daughter
of John Wales, a distinguished Virginia lawyer. She
brought him a large dowry in lands and slaves, about
c as k; c as s; g hard; g as/V G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
Explanations, p.
JEFFERSON
1378
JEFFREYS
equal in value to his own property; but his liberalit)
and generous living left him insolvent at his death. One
daughter and ten grandchildren survived him. "The
Memoirs, Correspondence, and Private Papers of Thomas
Jefferson," in 4 vols. Svo, edited by his grandson, Thomas
Jefferson Randolph, was published at Charlottesville in
1829, and republished in London and Boston the same
year, and in New York in 1830. In 1848 his manuscripts
were purchased by Congress, and published under the
title of " The Writings of Thomas Jefferson," in 9 vols.
?"0, 1853-55. His " Manual of Parliamentary Practice"
it still in use among legislative bodies in this country.
See, in addition to the works already mentioned, HENRY S. RAN-
DALL, " Life of T. Jefferson," 3 vols., 1858 ; GEORGE TUCKER, " Life
of Thomas Jefferson." 1836 : B. L. RAYNER, " Life of Thomas Jef-
ferson," 1834; THEODORE DWIGHT, "Character of T. Jefferson,"
1839; W. LINN, " Life of T. Jefferson," 1835: NICHOLAS BIDDLE,
"Eulogy on T. Jefferson," 1827; GBISWOLD, "Prose Writers of
America:" DUYCKINCK, " Cyclopedia of American Literature,'
Tol. i. ; "Edinburgh Review" for July, 1830, and October, 1837.
"North American Review" for April, 1830, and January, 1835:
"Westminster Review" for October, 1830: and an excellent article
on Jefferson in the " New American Cyclopzdia," (by JOHN E.
COOKE.)
Jeffery or Jeffrey, (JOHN,) an English divine, born
at Ipswich in 1647. He was chosen rector of Kirton
and Falkenham, in Suffolk, in 1687, and was appointed
Archdeacon of Norwich in 1694. He published the
religious works of Sir Thomas Browne. Dr. Jeffrey was
strongly opposed to religious controversy. Died in 1720.
See " Life of Jeffery," prefixed to his " Sermons."
Jeffery or Jeffrey, (THOMAS,) an English dissent-
.iig minister, born at Exeter about the year 1700. He
was the author of several religious works, in which he
displayed great ability. Of these we may mention "The
True Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion,"
and " The Divinity of Christ proved from Holy Scrip-
ture." Died about 1728.
Jeffrey, (FRANCIS,) LORD, a distinguished Scottish
critic and essayist, born in Edinburgh on the 23d of Oc-
tober, 1773. He was sent to the University of Glasgow
in 1787, and removed in 1791 to Queen's College, Ox-
ford, where he remained but a few months. In 1794 he
was admitted an advocate to the Scottish bar, but for
several years obtained scarcely any practice. About
this time he became a member of the Speculative Soci-
ety of Edinburgh, where he formed the acquaintance of
several young men afterwards eminent in the literary
and political world. Among these were Sydney Smith
and Henry (afterwards Lord) Brougham, with whom he
projected the "Edinburgh Review," the first number
of which was issued in October, 1802. Three numbers
were edited by Smith ; but upon his removal to London
the entire charge devolved upon Jeffrey, who held the
position of editor for the ensuing twenty-six years. It
was successful from the first, and in a short time the
circulation had increased to about nine thousand, and
in 1813 it considerably exceeded twelve thousand. As
Jeffrey himself expressed it, "it stood on two legs, the
one being the criticism of current literature, the othei
being Whig politics." The commencement of the "Ed-
inburgh Review" formed a new era in English literature,
and completely changed the style of the popular maga-
zines. Jeffrey was the principal contributor ; and his
articles in both politics and criticism attracted great atten-
tion. Scott, Byron, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Moore, and
other distinguished poets of that period were severely —
sometimes unjustly — criticised ; but most of them after-
wards became warm friends of the great reviewer. About
1802 he married his second-cousin, Catherine Wilson,
who died in 1805. In 1813 he married an American lady
in New York, named Charlotte Wilkes. Though Jeffrey-
devoted so much of his time to editorial labours, his
practice as a lawyer greatly increased. In rapidity, flu-
ency, and eloquence he had no equal at the Scottish bar.
Once, while conducting the prosecution of a libel-suit
at Glasgow, he poured forth such a torrent of words that
the opposing counsel declared " that, by calculation with
his watch, that man had actually spoken the English
Janguage twice over in three hours." In 1820 he was
elected lord rector of the University of Glasgow. Nine
(rears later he became dean of the faculty of advocates,
and thereupon resigned the editorial chair of the
'•Edinburgh Review." In 1830 he was elected to the
first Parliament of William IV. He continued in Par-
liament four years, and held the office of lord advocate
of Scotland under the administration of Grey. He re-
ceived the appointment to a Scottish judgeship in 1834,
with the honorary title of Lord. As a judge he was
highly esteemed for his conscientiousness and his busi-
ness qualifications. Lord Jeffrey's contributions to the
" Edinburgh Review" extend over a period of nearly
fifty years, and amount to over three hundred articles.
The greater part of these were published, in 4 vols., in
1843. Died in January, 1850.
See LORD COCKBURN, "Life of Lord Jeffrey," i vols., :35»:
ALLIKONE, " Dictionary of Authors ;" " Quarterly Review" for July,
1852; "Blackwood's Magazine" for September and October. 1852:
"Eraser's Magazine" for May, 1852; "North British Review" for
May, 1850, and August, 1852. Foi an able, though somewhat severe,
review of Jeffrey's character as a critic, see article entitled " British
Critics," published in the second volume of WHIPPLH'S " Essays and
Reviews," New York, 1849: (it first appeared in the " North Amer-
ican Review" for October, 1845.)
Jeffrey, (RoSA VERTNER,) an American novelist,
born at Natchez, Mississippi, in 1828. Her maiden
name was GRIFFITH, the name Vertner being that of an
aunt who adopted her. When seventeen years old, she
married a Mr. Johnson, of Lexington, Kentucky, and
after his death married Mr. Alexander Jeffrey. Among
her works are "Poems," (1857,) "Daisy Dare," etc.,
(1871,) "Crimson Hand, and other Poems," (1881,) and
the novels " Woodburn" (1863) and " Marah," (1884.)
Jeffreys, (Lord GEORGE,) Baron Wem, the infamorj
minion of James II., was born at Acton, in Denbighshire,
and studied law at the Middle Temple. At first he pro-
fessed to be a Roundhead, and was chosen recorder of
London, and city judge. During his practice at the Old
Bailey bar he had acquired a boundless command of the
language in which the depraved express hatred and con-
tempt ; and on the bench he hesitated not to pour forth
torrents of oaths, curses, and vituperative epithets on
attorneys, jurymen, witnesses, and prisoners. Age and
merit were treated in the same manner ; for when Baxter
was brought before him, on a charge of nonconformity,
he railed in such a manner at that eminent divine and
his counsel that it was impossible to obtain a fair trial.
His voice and manners were always disagreeable ; but
these, which he considered natural advantages, he had
improved to such a degree that in his paroxysms of rage
few could hear him unmoved. His eye had a terrible
fascination for the prisoner on whom it was fixed. He
appeared to delight in misery merely for its own sake.
Such was the man who became the court favourite of
James and chief justice of England. Jeffreys, perceiving
that he had obtained all that could be expected from
his old friends, sought the favour of the court. He
received great attention from the Duke of York ; but
the king regarded him with contempt and disgust Not-
withstanding these views, however, Jeffreys was soon
made chief justice of the king's bench. Upon James's
accession to the throne he was raised to the peerage,
with the title of Baron Wem, and was subsequently
made lord high chancellor of England. He gained great
notoriety during the trials of those who had participated
in the rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth. Pen can
scarcely portray the atrocities committed under his juris-
diction. He delighted in torturing, burning, hanging,
and beheading men, women, and children, after the
merest shams of trials. All these actions appeared to
give great satisfaction to his sovereign. Yet his decisions
are said to have been generally just and impartial where
political purposes were not to be subserved. When the
Prince of Orange came to England, the lord chancellor
attempted to escape to the continent ; but as he was
in a beer-house at Wapping, dressed as a sailor, he
was discovered by an atton.ey whom he had formerly
abused. This person gave the information to the popu-
lace, who immediately seized Jeffreys and carried him
before the mayor, from whence he was sent to the
Lords. Hy them he was committed to the Tower, where
he died in 1689, from the effects of his intemperance and
misfortunes.
See WOOLRYCH, "Memoirs of the Life of G. Jeffreys," 1827;
LORD CAMPBELL, "Lives of the Lord Chancellors," 1856; MAC-
AULAY, " History of England," vols. i. and ii.
a, e. I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, J>, short; a, f, i, 9, obscure; far, till, lit; mSt; n6t; good; moon;
JEFFREYS
1379
JEMSHEED
Jeffreys, (GEORGE,) in English poet, born in North-
amptonshire in 1678. He studied at Cambridge, and
was admitted to the bar, but never practised. Among
his productions were several aagedies, and an oratorio,
entitled "The Triumph of Truth." Died in 1755.
See BAKER, " Biographia Dramatica."
Jeffreys, (JOHN GWYN,) a Welsh naturalist, born at
Swansea, January 18, 1809. He became a solicitor, and
in 1856 was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, but retired
from the profession in 1866. His principal work is
"British Conchology," (5 vols., 1862-69.) Died in 1885.
Jeffries, jeffrez, (JOHN,) M.D., an American physi-
cian, born in Boston in 1744. He graduated at Harvard
in 1763, and took his medical degree at Edinburgh. In
the Revolution he sided with the British, and became
surgeon-major to the royal army in America. In 1780
he resumed his profession in London. While making
some investigations in atmospheric temperature, in 1785,
he crossed from England to France in a balloon. This
was the first successful experiment in aeronautics on
an extensive scale. He returned to Boston in 1789,
and died in 1819.
JehSn-Geer or JahSngir, je-hSn'geer', written also
Djahanguir, Djehanguire, Djahan Gbyr, and
Dschehangir, (i.e. the "Conqueror of the World,")
one of the Mogul emperors of Hindostan, succeeded his
father, the great Akbar, in 1605. Jehangeer left Memoirs
of his own life. He died in 1627. He inherited nothing
of the ability of his father. It was during the reign of
this emperor that the celebrated embassy of Sir Thomas
Roe arrived from England at the court of Deihi.
See COLLIN DH BAR, " Histoire de 1'Inde;" " London Quarterly
Review" for March, 1834.
Je-ho'a-naz, [Heb.inxirv; Fr. JOACHAZ, zho'fkiz',1
son of Jehu, ascended the throne of Israel 856 B.C., and
reigned seventeen years.
See II. Kings xiii. 1-10.
Jehoahaz, also called Shallum, succeeded his father
Josiahon the throne of Judah, and reigned three months
Died about 610 B.C.
See II. Chronicles xxxvi. 1-4.
Jehoash. See JOASH.
Je-hoi'a-kim. [Heb. D'p'irr ; ?r. JOACHIM, zho'f-
klN ', ] whose name was changed by Pharaoh-Necho
from Eliakim, succeeded to the throne of Judah 608 B.C.,
and reigned eleven years.
See II. Chronicles xxxvi. 4-9.
Je-hoi'a-kin or Jec-o-nl'ah was the son of the pre-
ceding, whom he succeeded as King of Judah in 597 B.C.,
and reigned three months.
See II. Kings vx.v. ; II. Chronicles xxxvi. 8-10.
Je-ho'ram or Jo'ram, [Heb. D">liT,j King of Israel,
son of Ahab, succeeded to the throne 896 B.C. He was
killed in battle by Jehu in 884 B.C.
See 1 1. Kings i.-x.
Jehoram or Joram, son of Jehoshaphat, ascended
the throne of Judah 893 or 892 B.C. Died in 885 or 884.
See II. Kings viii. 15-25; II. Chronicles xxi.
Je-hosh'a-phat, [Heb. OStyirV; Gr. 'luoa^ar; Fr.
TOSAPHAT, zho'zi'fSt',1 King of Judah, a son of Asa, was
born about 950 B.C. He began to reign in 914, formed
an alliance with Ahab, King of Israel, and reigned
twenty-five years. He had a high reputation for piety
and justice.
See II. Chronicles xvii.-xxii.
Je'hu, [Heb. XIH',] King of Israel, was an officer in
the army of King Jehoram, when he was anointed king
by a young prophet sent by Elisha in 884 B.C. He killed
Jehoram, and reigned about twenty-eight years.
See II. Kings ix. and \.
Jek'yll, (Sir JOSEPH,) a distinguished lawyer and
statesman, born in Nottinghamshire in 1664. He was
a prominent member of the Whig party during the reign
of Queen Anne, and was knighted upon the accession
of George I. He was afterwards master of the rolls, and
privy councillor. Died in 1738.
Jekyll, (JOSEPH,) M.P., a witty English barrister,
born about 1752, was distinguished by his talent for
epigram and repartee. He became solicitor-general to
the Prince of Wales in 1805. Died in 1837.
Jelal-ed-Deeu or Djelal-Eddin, jeh-lil' ed-deen',
(i.e. the "Splendour (or Glory) of Religion,") written also
Jalal-ed-Deen and Djalal-Eddin, King of Khorasmia,
who succeeded his father, Ala-ed-Deen, in 1218, was re-
nowned for his military ability and enterprise. He fought
numerous battles against Jengis Khan with various suc-
cess. It is said that he afterwards abandoned himself to
indolence and pleasure, and when a Mongol army in-
vaded his capital he fled, and was killed, in 1231.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'nerale."
Jelal-ed-Deeu-Roomee, (Jelal-ed-Din-Raml or
Djelal-ed-dyu-Roumy,) jeh-lal' ed-deen-roo'mee, one
of the most eminent Persian poets, born at Bulkh or
Balkh, in Khorassan, about 1200. His father was a
noted doctor and preacher of the Soofee sect, who set-
tled at Iconium, (Konieh,) in Asia Minor, (called in Arabic
and Persian Room, because it was part of the empire
of Rome.) At his death, in 1233, Jelal-ed-Deen became
the chief of the Soofees. His "Mes'newee" ("Mesnewi")
or "Mesnevee," (i.e. poem with rhyming couplets,) less
correctly written " Metsnewee" or " Metsnevi," is re-
garded as an excellent model of the mystical style.
"This precious pearl of the ocean of mysticism departed
from this fragile world" in 1272.
Jelf, (RICHARD WILLIAM,) D.D., an English clergy-
man and author, born in London in 1798. He graduated
in 1820 at Oxford, and became a Fellow of Oriel and a
tutor, was made canon of Christ Church in 1831, was
Bampton lecturer in 1834, and in that year became prin-
cipal of King's College, London. He wrote several
theological works. Died at Oxford, September 19, 1871.
Jelf, (WILLIAM EDWARD,) D.D., a brother of the pre-
ceding, was born in Gloucester in 1811. He was educated
at Eton, and at Christ Church, Oxford, graduating in
1833. His "Greek Grammar" (1842-45) added greatly
to his fame. He also edited the "Ethics" of Aristotle.
Died October 18, 1875.
Jellachich von Buzim, von, fon yel'la-KiK' fon
boot'sJm, (FRANZ,) BARON, an Austrian general, born in
1746, fought with distinction in the principal campaign?
of the French Revolution, and rose to be lieutenaut-
field-marshal in 1800. Died in 1810.
Jellachich von Buzim, von, (JOSEPH,) Ban of Cro-
atia, son of the preceding, was born at Peterwardein in
1801. In the revolution of 1848 he was appointed Bar.,
or commander-in-chief, of the Croats, and had the prin-
cipal share in the victory of Schwechat, near Vienna,
over the Hungarians. He gained several advantages
over General Bern, but was at length defeated, (1849,) and
forced to retreat with considerable loss. Died in 1859.
See BALLEYDIEH, " Histoire de la Guerre de Hongrie."
Jel'lett, (JOHN HEWITT,) an Irish mathematician,
born at Cashel, December 25, 1817. He graduated at
Dublin University, took orders in the Episcopal Church
was made a Fellow of Trinity College in 1840, a pro-
fessor of natural philosophy in 1848, and provost of the
university in iSSr. He published various able mathe-
matical treatises. Died in 1888.
Jellinek, yel'le-nek', (ADOLPH,) a German philologist,
of Jewish extraction, born in Moravia in 1821, wrote on
the Cabala and on Oriental philology. Died in 1893.
See JOST, " Adolphe Jellinek et la Kabbale," 1852.
Jem or Djem, j Jm, sometimes called Zizim, a Turkish
prince, born in 1459, was a son of Mahomet II., and
younger brother of Bayazeed, (Bajazet.) At the death of
his father he aspired to sovereign power, but was de-
feated in battle by Bayazeed, (1481.) Jem became an exile,
passed some years in France, and died in Italy in 1495.
Jemlah or Djemlah, je'm'la, [Hindoo pron. jumla,]
(Mohammed, mo-ham'med,) called AMEER (or EM?R)
AL OMRA, (i.e. " Prince of the Nobles,") a famous states-
man and general, born near Ispahan. In 1652 he entered
the service of Aurung-Zeb, and was raised to the rank of
first vizier of the Mogul empire. Having been appointed
Viceroy of Bengal, he commanded in 1659 an expedition
against Assam, in which he displayed great talents and
prudence. Died in 1665.
See "JfouveUe Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Jemsheed or Jemshid, jSm-sheed', written also
Djemchyd, Dschemschid, and Jamshid, an ancient
Persian king, supposed to have ascended the throne
about 800 B.C. He greatly improved and embellished
eas/J,- ijasj; g/4ur</; gas/V G, a, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasinMif.
Explanations, p. 25.)
JEMSHW
1380
JENIFER
the city of Istakhar, or Persepolis, the ruins of which are
now known by the name of Chilminar, (" Forty Pillars.")
Tradition ascribes to him the introduction of the solar
year among the Persians, and the invention of tents. He
was dethroned by Zohak, an Arabian.
See ATKINSON, "Abridgment of the Shah Nameh of Firdausi;"
D'HERBELOT, " Bibliotheque Orientale."
Jemshid or Jemschid See JEMSHEED.
Jengis Khan, jen'gis Kin, (written also Djenguiz
Khan. Dschengis Chan, Tchenguyz TThan Chingia
Khan, and in various other modes,*) a celebrated Tartar
conqueror, born in 1 164, was the son of a Mongolian chief.
Having subdued a number of Mongol and Tartar tribes,
he caused himself to be proclaimed khan of the nation,
and about 1210 invaded China, took Peking, (1215,) and
in a few years gained possession of the northern prov-
inces. In 1218 he marched against Mohammed Koteb-
ed-Deen, King of Khorasmia, whom he defeated, and
afterwards destroyed Bokhara, Samarcand, and other
cities. Having subjected the whole of Persia, he gained
a victory over the King of Tangoot, and was proceeding
towards the south of China, when he died in 1 227, leaving
the principal part of his empire to his son Oktai. Jengis
Khan is said to have caused the destruction of five mil-
lions of human beings. He gave a code of laws, which
is still called by his name.
See DE GUIGNES, " Histoire ge'nirale des Huns," etc. : PBTIS
DB LA CROIX, " Histoire du grand Genghizcan ;" A. RBMUSAT,
" Nouvelles Melanges Asiatiques;" VON HAMMER-PURGSTALL,
" Geschichte der Goldenen Horde in Kiptschak," 1840; ANTOINB
GAUBM, "Histoire de Gentchiscan," 1739: ABOOLFBDA, " Annales
Moslemici :" KARAMZIN, " Histoire de Russie."
Jeuicheu or lenichen, ya'ne-Ken, (GoTTLOB AU-
GUST,) a German jurist and bibliographer, born at Leipsic
in 1709; died in 1750.
Jenisch, von, fon ya'nish, (BERNHARD,) BARON, a
German Orientalist, born at Vienna in 1743, became
in 1772 keeper of the Imperial Library. He pub-
lished "Persian Anthology," ("Anthologia Persica,"
1778,) and a "History of the Early Kings of Persia
after the Establishment of the Mohammedan Religion,"
(" Historia priorum Regum Persarum post firmatum in
Regno Islamismum ex Mohamede Mirkhond," 1792.)
Died in 1807.
Jenischius, ya-nis'Ke-us, (PAUL,) a Dutch or Flemish
writer, born at Antwerp in 1558. He published "Thea-
trum Animarum." Died in 1647.
Jenk'in, (ROBERT,) an English divine, born in the
isle of Thanet in 1656. He was educated at Cambridge,
and received several preferments ; but, refusing to take
the oaths of allegiance to William and Mary, he was
deprived of them all. He wrote "The Reasonableness
of the Christian Religion," (1696,) and several other
works. Died in 1727.
Jenkin or Jenk'yn, (WILLIAM,) an English Puritan
minister, born at Sudbury in 1612. He preached many
years in London, and published an " Exposition of the
Epistle of Jude," (1652,) which is called an excellent
work. His ministry was highly commended by Baxter.
He died in Newgate prison in 1685.
See J. SHERMAN, " Memoir of William Jenkin," 1839.
Jgnk'ins, (ALBERT G.,) an American general, born
in Cabell county, Virginia, about 1830. He represented
a district of Virginia in Congress, 1857-61. He served
under General Lee at Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863, and
was killed at the battle of the Wilderness, May 5, 1864.
JSnk'ins, (DAVID,) a Welsh judge, was born in Gla-
.norganshire in 1586. After the commencement of the
civil war he condemned to death several persons who
had fought against the king. He was taken prisoner by
the Parliamentary forces, and confined in the Tower, in
1645. Having been brought before the House of Com-
mons on a charge of high treason, he refused to kneel,
and called the House "a den of thieves." He was fined
j£iooo, and imprisoned in Newgate. He was released
about 1660. He wrote several legal works. Died in 1667.
See WOOD. " Athenae Oxonicnses."
Jenk'ins, (EDWARD,) an English author,* born at
Bangalore, (Orissa,) in India, in 1838. He was educated
* This name is written in more tlinn twenty different modes, not
counting such forms (like Gentchiscan) as are manifest errors
at McGill College, Montreal, and at the University of
Pennsylvania. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn
in 1X64, was agent-general for Canada, 1874-76, and sat
in Parliament as an "Anti-Republican Liberal" of ad-
vanced social views, 1874-80. Among his works are
"Ginx's Baby," " Lord Bantam," " Little Hodge," "The
Church and the Law," " A Paladin of Romance," and
several other books and pamphlets treating on social,
political, and colonial questions.
Jenk'ins, (HENRY,) an Englishman, celebrated for
his longevity, born in Yorkshire in 1501 ; died in 1670.
Jenkins, (JOHN,) an English musician and composer,
born at Maidstone in 1592; died in 1678.
Jenkins, (JoHN S.,) an American author, born at
Albany, New York, February 15, 1818. He published,
besides other works, " Lives ot the Governors of the
State of New York," a "Lite of Silas Wright," and a
"Life of Jackson," (1847.) Died September 20, 1852.
Jenkins, (Sir LEOLINE,) a British civilian and states-
man, born in Glamorganshire in 1623. He fought on the
king's side in the civil war, and on the death of Charles
became tutor to several families in Wales. He was sub-
sequently obliged by Parliament to leave the country.
After the restoration he was chosen principal of Jesus
College, Cambridge. In 1665 he was appointed judge
in the court of admiralty, and in 1672 ambassador to
Holland. On his return he became secretary of state.
He was twice chosen member of Parliament for the
University of Oxford. His letters and manuscripts, con-
taining valuable diplomatic information, were published,
in 2 vols., in 1724. Died in 1685.
Jeuk'iii-son, (ANTHONY,) an Englishman, travelled
in Russia and Persia about 1560. His Adventures were
published by Hakluyt and Purchas.
Jenkinson, (CHARLES.) See LIVERPOOL, EARL OF.
Jenkinson, (ROBERT.) See LIVERPOOL, EARL OF.
JSnks, (BENJAMIN,) an English religious writer, born
in 1646, was curate of Kenley and Harley. He wrote
" Prayers and Offices of Devotion," (1697.) and " Medi-
tations on Important Subjects," (1701.) Died in 1724.
Jenks, (EDWARD,) an English historian, born at
Clapham in 1861. He became connected as lecturer
and professor with Oxford, Cambridge, and other uni-
versities, and published " Constitutional Experiments
of the Commonwealth," (1891,) " Law and Politics in
the Middle Ages," (1897,) etc.
Jgn'ner, (EDWARD,) M.D., celebrated for having in-
troduced the practice of vaccination, was born at Berke-
ley, in Gloucestershire, England, in 1749. He studied
surgery at Sodbury, and afterwards went to London,
where he attended the lectures of the celebrated John
Hunter, with whom he formed an intimate friendship.
He commenced practice at Berkeley, and obuined a
high reputation for skill. His attention was first called
to the subject of vaccination by hearing a countrywoman
remark that she could not take the smallpox, because she
had had the cow-pox. Upon investigating the subject,
he ascertained that milkers frequently caught a disease
from an eruption on '.he cow's udder, and that to such per-
sons it was impossible to communicate the smallpox by
inoculation. Jenner related the circumstance to several
eminent men in the profession ; but they treated it with
ridicule. By further experiments he clearly demonstrated
the fact that from one of the several eruptions to which
cows were subject, the true cow-pox, as he termed it,
could be propagated to the human body, and then from
one person to another, and that this was a preventive of
the smallpox. After nearly twenty years of experiments,
he published " An Enquiry into the Causes and Effects
of the Variola; Vaccinas," (1798;) and soon after more
than seventy physicians and surgeons signed a declara-
tion of their entire confidence in the truth of Jenner's
theory. He was rewarded by Parliament for his dis-
covery by a present of j£io,ooo in 1802, and a grant of
£, 20.000 in 1807. He also received marks of distinction
from the Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia.
Died in 1823.
See DR. JOHN BARON, " Life of Dr. Jenner," 1817; DR. V*L»
TIN " Notice historique surle Docleur Jenner," Nancy. i8v • » *•
UOP, "Hulde aan E. Jenner," Rotterdam, 1813; J. A. DurAD.
" Notice historique sur le Dr. E. Jenner," 1824.
i, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, tat; met; not; good; moon;
JEtfNER
1381
JEROME
Jenner, (Sir WILLIAM,) an English physician,
born at Chatham in 1815, graduated in London in 1844.
He became professor of anatomy in University College
in 1848, and professor of clinical medicine there in
1857. He was appointed physician-in-ordinary to the
queen in 1862, and physician-in-ordinary to the Prince
of Wales in 1863. He established the difference be-
tween typhus and typhoid fevers, and published " Lec-
tures and Essays on Fever and Diphtheria," (1893.)
He was president of the Royal College of Physicians
1881-88. Died December 11, 1898.
J6n'ning8, (DAVID,) a learned dissenting minister,
born in Leicestershire, England, in 1691. He was ap-
pointed to an Independent church in Wapping, where
he preached about forty years. He wrote " An Appeal
to Reason and Common Sense for the Truth of the
Holy Scriptures" "An Introduction to the Knowledge
of Medals," (1763,) and a "Treatise on Jewish Antiqui-
•ies," (1766, often reprinted.) Died in 1762.
Jennings, (HENRY CONSTANTINE,) an English an-
tiquary and virtuoso, born at Shiplake, Oxfordshire, in
1731. He had a passion for the collection of medals,
antiquities, and works of art, by the purchase of which
he ruined his fortune. Died in 1819.
Jennings, (SARAH.) See MARLKOROUGH, DUCHFSS
OF.
Jensen, (ADOLPH,) a German musician and com-
poser, born at Konigsberg in 1837. He was espe-
cially distinguished as a song-writer. Died in 1879.
Jensen, ( WILHELM,) a German novelist, born near
Kiel in 1837. He studied medicine, and after 1860
engaged in journalism, editing several important news-
papers. His novels are especially noteworthy for their
fine descriptions of the sea. His principal works are
" Lieder aus Frankreich," (1871,) and " Rumen-
steine," ( 1888, English translation 1895.)
Jensoii, (NICOLAS.) See JANSON.
Jeu'yus, (SOAME,) a distinguished writer and politi-
cian, born in London in 1704, was educated at Cam-
bridge. At the age of twenty he married a young lady
of a large fortune, from whom he soon after separated.
He was several times elected to Parliament, and in 1755
was made a lord of trade. In politics he was a Tory.
His writings are conspicuous for elegance of style, wit,
and discrimination. Among them we may mention "A
Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil," (1757,)
"View of the Internal Evidence of the Christian Reli-
gion," (1776,) a work which attracted great attention,
and several poetical productions. Died in 1787.
Jeph'son, (ROBERT,) a dramatic writer, and captain in
the English army, was born in Ireland in 1736. He wrote,
besides other works, the tragedies of " Braganza," (1 775,)
and " The Count of Narbonne," which were successful,
and a poem entitled "Roman Portraits," (1797.) He
was master of the horse under twelve successive viceroys
of Ireland. Died in 1803.
Jeph'thah, [Heb. JinS',] a judge of Israel, about
1200 B.C.
See Judges xi. and xii.
Jequitmhonha, de, da zha'ke-teen-yon'ya, (FRAN
Cisco G6 ACAIBA DE Montesuma, originally named
FRANCISCO GOMES BKANDAU Montesuma,) VISCOUNT,
a Brazilian statesman, born at Bahia, March 23, 1794.
In 1808 he became a Franciscan monk, but soon aban-
doned his profession, went to Coimbra, studied medicine
and law, and graduated in 1816. Banished from Brazil
in 1823, he entered the Senate in 1851. Died in 1870.
Jer'dan, (WILLIAM,) a writer and critic, born at
Kelso, in Scotland, in 1782. He became a journalist,
and in 1817 established the " Literary Gazette," which
he edited in an able manner until 1850. He published
an interesting work, entitled " Men I have known,"
(1866.) Died in 1869.
Jereer, Jerir, or Djerir, jgh-reeR', [in German,
DSCHKRIR,] or, more fully, Jereer-Ibn-Ateeyah-At-
temeeniee, (Attemimi,) Ib'n a'tee'yah at-te-mee'mee,
surnamed ABUO- (Ai:0-) HAZRAH, (a'boo haz'ra,) a
celebrated Arabian poet, who lived at Bassora, (Basra,)
whence he was called EL-BASREE, (or -BASRY.) He
whence he was called EL-BASREE, (or -BASRY.) He
€ as k; if as s g haril: g as /; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R. /.
excelled in almost every kind of poetry, in panegyric,
and in amatory pieces, but was most distinguished for
his wit and satiric powers. He died about 730 (or,
according to some authorities, about 700) A.r>.
JSr-e-mi'ah, I Heb. iTDT or ID'OT ; Lat. JEREMI'AS ;
Fr. JEREMIE,' zha'ra'me'; Ger. JEREMIAS, ya-ra-mee'is ;
It. GEREMIA, ja-ra-mee'a,] a prophet of Judah, who
lived about 600 B.C., was one of the four great prophets
of the Bible. He was the author of the greater part of
the book in the Old Testament which bears his name,
and of all the book of Lamentations. He is called
JEREMY in the New Testament. (Matthew xxvii. 9.)
Died about 580 B.C.
Jeremiah was Patriarch of Constantinople in 1572.
The Lutherans sent him a copy of the Confession of
Augsburg, hoping to obtain his approval of it ; but, on
the contrary, he condemned it in many of his writings.
Jeremie. See JEREMIAH.
Jeremie, jer'e-me, (Sir JOHN,) an eloquent lawyer,
born in Guernsey in 1795, at tne age °* twenty was
admitted to the bar. In 1824 he was appointed chief
justice of Saint Lucia, in the West Indies. When he first
went to that island he was opposed to the abolitionists ;
but, improving the opportunities which he possessed
of investigating the subject at slavery, he formed very
different views. During the time that he held office in
Saint Lucia he ably enforced the laws for the ameliora-
tion of the condition of the slaves. On his return to
England, in 1831, he published " Four Essays on Colonial
Slavery." In 1836 he became justice of the supreme
court of Ceylon, and four years later Governor and Cap-
tain-General of Sierra Leone, where he died in 1841.
He was the author of a " Letter on Negro Emancipation
and African Civilization."
Jerichau, yek'i-Kow, (JENS ADOLF,) a Danish sculp-
tor of distinction, was born at Arsens, April 17, 1816;
died at Copenhagen, July 25, 1883. His wife, ELIZA-
BETH JERICHAU-BAUMANN, was born at Warsaw, No-
vember 19, 1819, and died at Copenhagen, July n, 1881.
She had a good reputation as a painter.
Jerlr. See JEREER.
Jerningham,jer'ning-am, (EDWARD,) an English poet,
born in 1727. Of his productions we may cite "The
Rise and Fall of Scandinavian Poetry," " Essay on the
Mild Tenour of Christianity," and "The Shakspeare
Gallery," which was praised by Edmund Burke. Died
in 1812.
Jer-o-bo'am [Heb. D>'3V] I, first King of Israel,
was elected king by the ten tribes who had revolted
from Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, 975 B.C. Died
about 954 B.C.
See I. Kings xi. to XV. ; II. Chronicles ix. to xiv.
Jeroboam H., a son of Joash, became King of Israel
in 834 or 825 B.C., and reigned forty-one years.
See II. Kings xii.
Jerome, je-rom' or jeVpm, [Lat. HIERON'YMUS; Fr.
JER&ME, zhi'rom'; Ger. HIEROM, hee'rom ; It. GIRO-
LAMo,je-rol'a-mo; Sp. GERONIMO, Ha-ron'e-mo,| SAINT,
or, more fully, Eu-se'bl-usHi-er-on'jr-musSo-phro'-
nl-us, one of the most learned of the Latin Fathers of
the Church, was born at Stridon, in Dalmatia or in Pan-
nonia, about 340 A.D. After receiving his education at
Rome, he visited Gaul, where he collected a valuable
library. He next travelled through Thrace, Pontus, and
Cappadocia, and finally fixed his residence in Syria. He
subsequently went to Jerusalem to study Hebrew. About
382 he returned to Rome, and became secretary to Pope
Damasus. Upon the death of that pontiff he removed
to a monastery at Bethlehem, where he died in 420 A.D.
A large portion of his writings were of a controversial
character, exhibiting great learning, eloquence, and in-
genuity, though too often betraying bigotry, passion, and
bitterness. But the works by which he will ever be
remembered and honoured are a treatise on the " Lives
and Writings of the Elder Christian Fathers," " Com-
mentaries on the Prophetical Books of the Old Testa-
ment, the Gospel of Saint Matthew, and several of the
Epistles of Saint Paul," and a translation of the Old and
New Testaments into Latin, known in the Romish
Church as the " Vulgate."
See ERASMUS, "Vita Doctoris Hieronymi," BSIe, 1319; SCHROKH,
'rilliii; s as s; th as in this,
Explanations, p. 23. ;
JEROME
1382
JESSEY
" Kirchenpeschichte," vol. xi. : MARTIANAY, " Vie de Saint- Jerome,"
1706; F. Z. COLLOMBET, " Histoire de Saint-Jerome," 1844; Josd
DE SIGUENZA, " Vida de San Geronimo," Madrid, 1595 ; SEBASTIANO
DOLCI," Maximus Hieronymus Vitassua: Scriptor," etc, 175? ; VILLE-
MAIN, "Tableau de ['Eloquence chre'tienne a-j quatrieme Siecle,"
1857: ViNCENZo ROMANI, " Compendio storico della Vita e degli
Scritti di S. Girolamo," 2 vols., 1844; ERSCH und GRUBER, "Allge-
meine Encyklopaedie. "
Jerome OF SANTA F6, (san'ta fa,) a learned Spanish
few, who lived about 1420. His Hebrew name was
OSHUA LARCHI. After making a careful examination
of the prophecies in regard to the Messiah, he was con-
vinced of the truth of Christianity. He wrote a treatise
on the errors of the Jewish faith, and another against
the Talmud.
Jerome de fcardie. See HIERONYMUS.
Jerome of Prague, [Lat. HIERON'YMUSPRAGEN'SIS,]
f ne of the most distinguished followers of John Huss,
was born in the city from which he took his surname. He
studied at the Universities of Paris, Heidelberg, and Co-
logne, each of which conferred upon him the diploma of
D.D. About 1400 he became acquainted with John Huss,
whose doctrines he soon after began to preach with great
effect in Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland. In 1415, when
Huss was arrested, Jerome prepared to go to Constance
to defend him. Being informed, however, of the great
hostility felt there towards reputed heretics, he retired
to Eberlingen, and afterwards attempted to return to
Bohemia, but was arrested, and placed in the custody
of the Prince of Salzburg, who sent him in chains to
Constance, where he was thrown into prison and treated
with great cruelty. On a third examination before the
council, he signed a recantation of the doctrines of Huss
in regard to transubstantiation ; but a few months after he
bitterly repented of this, and declared that fear of a cruel
death alone induced him to do it. He was thereupon
condemned as a heretic, and sentenced to be burnt on
the 3Oth of May, 1416. He suffered with the greatest
firmness, serenity, and Christian heroism, and his death
excited the highest admiration even in his enemies.
Jerome, ((EROME KI.APKA,) an English humourist,
born at Walsall in 1859. He was successively clerk,
school-master, actor, and journalist, being editor of
"Idler" 1892-97, and of "To-Day" 1893-97. His
first and greatest success as a humourous writer was
with "Three Men in a Boat," (1889.) He subse-
quently published numerous other works.
JSr'ram, (CHARLES,) an English theologian, born in
1770, was vicar of Chobham, Surrey. He published,
besides other works, "Conversations on Infant Baptism,"
(3d edition, 1826.) Died about 1853.
See " Memoirs of C. Jerram," by his son, 1855.
Jer'rold, (DOUGLAS WILLIAM,) celebrated as a hu-
mourist, a journalist, and a dramatical and satirical
writer, was born in London in 1803. He was the son
of the manager of Sheerness Theatre, where he imbibed
his taste for dramatic literature. He was apprenticed
to a printer in London, in which situation he diligently
improved his leisure hours in the study of literature and
the languages. Shakspeare was his favourite book. His
first production was an essay on the opera of " Der Frei-
schiitz," which he enclosed anonymously to the editor
by whom he was then employed. The article was highly
commended, and Jerrold had the satisfaction of placing
it in type. Thus encouraged, he wrote "Black-Eyed
Susan," (about 1824,) one of the most popular dramas
ever acted on the English stage. This was followed by
several other plays of great merit. He afterwards be-
came a contributor to " Punch," the popularity of which
was rapidly increased by his satirical and witty produc-
tions. He also edited successively " The Heads of the
People," "The Illuminated Magazine," "The Shilling
Magazine," and " Lloyd's Weekly." All of these were
very successful, and the last had an immense circulation.
Many of his writings have been issued in volume form
among which we may mention " Mrs. Caudle's Curtain
Lectures," (new edition, 1846,) "Chronicles of Clover-
nook," (1846,) "Saint Giles and Saint James," (1851,)
^"Prisoner of War," "Time Works Wondei«." (1854,)
^ antf tbt" Bubbles of the Day." Died in 1857.
Jerjrold, (\\ 'ALTER COPELAND,) grandson of the
preceding, was born at Liverpool in 1865. He became
a journalist, and published biographies of Faraday,
Gladstone, and Holmes, " Electricians and their Mar-
vels," (1895,) and various other works.
Jerrold, (WILLIAM BLANCHARD,) a son of Doug-
las, was born at London in 1826. He published, be-
sides other works, "A Brage-Beaker with the Swedes,
or Notes from the North," (1853,) "Life of Douglas
Jerrold," (1859,) " Chronicles of a Crutch," (1860,) " Two
Lives," (1865,) "Up and Down in the World," (1866,)
"The Children of Lutetia," "The Gavroche Party,"
(1870,) " London, a Pilgrimage," (1872,) " Life of Napo-
leon III.," (1874,) etc. He succeeded his father as editor
of "Lloyd's Weekly News." Died March 10, 1884.
Jerusalem, ya-roo'za-ISm', (JoHANN FRIEDRICH
WILHELM,) a celebrated Protestant divine and pulpil
orator, born at Osnabriick, in Germany, in 1709. He
was appointed in 1740 court preacher to Duke Charlei
of Brunswick, and soon after became tutor to his son,
Prince Charles William. Through his influence the
Caroline College was established at Brunswick. In 1771
he was created vice-president of the consistory at Wol-
fenbiittel. He published, besides sermons, "Contem-
plations on the Principal Truths of Religion," (5 vole.,
1768-79.) Died in 1 789.
Jer'vis, (JOHN,) Earl of Saint Vincent, and admiral of
the British fleet, born at Meaford, in Staffordshire, in
1734. He entered the navy when ten years old, and in
1760 became a post-captain. In 1778 he commanded an
eighty-gun ship in Keppel's action against the French,
and in 1782 captured the Pegase, of seventy-four guns.
He sat in Parliament several years for various boroughs,
until the commencement of the French Revolution, when
he sailed at the head of a squadron to the West Indies,
with the rank of rear-admiral. He captured Martinique,
Guadeloupe, and Saint Lucia. In 1795 he was made
admiral of the blue, and commander of the naval force in
the Mediterranean. He encountered the Spanish fleet
off Cape Saint Vincent in February, 1797, and, though
their force was double his own, he gained a complete
victory. For this exploit he received the thanks of both
Houses of Parliament, and a pension of £3000, and was
raised to the peerage, with the titles of Earl of Saint Vin-
cent and Baron Jervis of Meaford. He was appointed
first lord of the admiralty in 1801, and retired from that
office in 1804. He became admiral of the fleet in 1821.
Died in 1823.
Jesabel, the French of JEZEBEL, which see.
Jesi, ya'see, (SAMUELE,) an Italian engraver, born at
Milan about 1789, executed a number of excellent plates,
after Raphael. Died in 1853.
Jesid. See YEZEED.
Jes'se, (EDWARD,) an English naturalist and writer,
published, besides other works, " Gleanings in Natural
History," (3 vols., 1832-35,) and "Scenes and Tales of
Country- Life," (1844.) Died in 1868.
Jesse, (JOHN HENEAGE,) an English poet and his-
torical writer of the present age. Among his works are
" Memoirs of the Court of England during the Reign of
the Stuarts," (4 vols., 1839-40,) and "Memoirs of the
Pretenders and their Adherents," (1845.) Died in 1874.
Jes'sel, (Sir GEORGE,) an English judge, was born in
London, of Jewish parents, in 1824. He was educated
at University College, London, and in 1847 was called to
the bar at Lincoln's Inn. In 1865 he was made a bencher
and Queen's counsel, was sent to Parliament in 1868 as
a Liberal, became solicitor-general in 1871, was knighted
in 1872, and in 1873 was appointed master of the rolls
and sworn of the Privy Council. He was regarded as
the best equity lawyer in Great Britain. Died March 21,
1883.
Jesseuius, ye's-sa'ne-us, (JoHANN,) a physician, born
in Hungary in 1566, was employed by the Emperor of
Germany. In 1621 he was condemned and executed for
having attempted to incite his countrymen to revolt
against the house of Austria.
Jes'sey, (HENRY,) a learned English divine, born in
Yorkshire about 1600. He was ordained after the Epis-
copal forms, and obtained a living. He subsequently
became minister of a Baptist congregation. He com-
i, e, i, 3*6, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e., j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; n&t; good; moon;
JESSOPP
1383
JIRECEK
menced a new translation of the Bible, but, from the
persecutions which he suffered for his religious belief,
was unable to finish it. He died in prison in 1663.
Jes'sopp, (AUGUSTUS,) an English author, born
at Cheshunt in 1824. He became rector at Seaming
in 1879. His works include " Arcady, for Better for
Worse," (1887,) "Trials of a Country Parson,"
(1890,) "Random Roaming," (1893,) "Frivola,"
(1896,) etc.
Jes'up, (MORRIS KETCHUM,) an American philan-
thropist, born at Westport, Connecticut, in 1830.
He was very active in reform movements, including
the Five Points Mission, the Suppression of Vice, the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Young Men's
Christian Association, etc. He became president of
the Museum of Natural History in 1881, and presented
it a $100,000 collection of native woods.
Jeuiie, le, leh zhun, (JEAN,) a celebrated French
preacher, born in Franche-Comte in 1592; died in 1672.
His sermons were published in 10 vols.
Jevhery or Djevhery, jev'ha-ree, (Ismaeel-Ibu-
Ham'mad,) an Arabian lexicographer, born at Farab.
After travelling through various countries, he settled at
Nishapoor, in Persia, where, in 999, he published one
of the most perfect of Arabian dictionaries, of which
Golius made extensive use in his "Lexicon Arabicum."
Died about 1005.
Jev'on, (THOMAS,) an English dramatic writer and
actor, who died in 1688, aged about thirty-five.
Jev'pns, (FRANK BYRON,) an English antiquarian
writer, born in 1858. He became classical tutor at
Kimberworth, November 24, 1816. Among his publica-
tions are "The Ceramic Art of Great Britain," (2 vols.,
2000 engravings,) " The Stately Homes of England,"
(partly by S. C. Hall,) "Mountain, River, Lake, and
Landscape Scenery of Great Britain," (4 vols. lolio,)
"The Wedgwoods," "Life of William Hutton," "His
tory of Plymouth," "Hand-Book of Englisn Coins,"
" History of the County of Derby," etc. Died in 1886.
Jews'bur-jf, (GERALDINE ENDSOR,) younger sister
of Mrs. Fletcher, noticed below, was born at Manchester
in 1821. She published a number of novels, among
which may be named "Zoe, or the History of Two
Lives," (1845,) "Marian Withers," (1851.) and "The
Sorrows of Gentility," (1856.) Died Sept. 22, 1880.
Jewsbury, (MARIA JANE,) an English authoress,
.born in Warwickshire about 1800. Among her principal
works are "Phantasmagoria, or Sketches of Life and
Literature," (1825,) "Lays of Leisure Hours," (1829,)
and "Three Histories." Having been married in 1832
or 1833 to the Rev. William Fletcher, she accompanied
him to India, where she died in 1833.
Jex-Blake, (THOMAS WILLIAM,) D.D., an English
educator, born in London, January 26, 1832. He was
educated at Rugby, and at University College, Oxford,
graduating in 1855. He became a Fellow of Queen's
College, was made principal of Cheltenham College in
1868, and head-master of Rugby in 1874. Among his
works are " Long Vacation in Continental Picture-Gal-
leries, " (1858,) "Life by Faith," (1875,) "Higher
Religious Education," (1896,) etc.
Jez'e-bel, [Heb.
Fr. J^SABEL, zhi'zfbH',] a
daughter of Ethbaal, King of the Zidonians, and wife of
Durham University in 1882 and was senior proctor , Ahab) K; f Israe]_ She was notorious for her cruelty
1896-98. He wrote " The'Prehistoric Antiquities of , and ;u fai(h_ ghe wa§ kil]ed b bei thrown out of a
the Aryan Peoples," (1890,) "A Manual of Greek , window by the or(jer of jenu.
Antiquities," (1895,) "An Introduction to the His- Jezid or Jezed. See YEZEED.
tory of Religion," (1896,) etc. Jezzar or Djezzar Ahmed, jez'zar iH'med, a Pasha
Jev'pns, (WILLIAM STANLEY,) an English economist j of Acre and Sidon, notorious for his cruelty, was born
and author, born at Liverpool, September i, 1835. He
was a grandson of William Roscoe, the historian. He
was educated at University College, London, and grad-
uated in 1862 as M.A., after having spent five year&as an
officer of the mint at Sydney, Australia. He was, 1866
-76, professor of logic and mental and moral philosophy
at Owens College, Manchester, and in 1875 became pro-
fessor of political economy in University College, London.
Among his works are " Pure Logic," (1864,) "The Coal
Question,"! 1865,) " Elementary Lessons in Logic,"(i87oJ
"Theory of Politi
(1876,) " Political Economy
in Bosnia. After being a slave of Ali Bey in Egypt, he
became governor of Cairo. In 1775 he was appointed
Pasha of Acre and Sidon, and about 1 784 he received
the Three Tails. In 1799 he was defeated by the French,
and shut himself in Saint-Jean-d'Acre, which, with the
aid of Sir Sidney Smith, he successfully defended against
Bonaparte. Died in 1804.
Jhering, von, fon ya'rlng, (RUDOLF,) an able German
jurist, born at Aurich, in East Friesland, August 22, 1818.
He was educated at Heidelberg, Munich, and Gottingen.
He held professorships of Roman law successively at
Basle, Rostock, Kiel, Giessen, Vienna, and Gottingen.
tive Logic," (1880.) He was drowned, August 13, 1882. ' He published the celebrated " Spirit of the Roman Law,"
Jew'ell or Jew'el, (JOHN,) Bishop of Salisbury, one ( ? vols., 1852-65.) One of his popular works, " The Strug-
of the earliest champions of the Episcopal Church, born gle about Law," (" Der Kampf urns Recht," 1872,)
at Buden, in Devonshire, in 1522. He studied at Oxford, . has been very frequently translated. Died in 1892.
and graduated in 1540. Under the reign of Edward VI. j Jina, jin'a, [a Sanscrit word signifying "victorious,"]
he openly avowed the Protestant faith, and assisted Peter ' one of tne mally names applied to Vishnu : also the
Martyr in his dispute with the Catholic theologians at J name of a celebrated sage, (called also JAINA, jl'na,)
Oxford. After the accession of Mary he fled to Ger- tne founder of tjle sect of Jains or Jainas. It is also the
many, (1555,) and at Strasburg again met Martyr, whom tjt]e Of eac[j of tne sai,,ts wno have been deified by the
he assisted on some of his works. When Elizabeth jajns As the Hindoos have no trustworthy annals, it
ascended the throne, Jewell returned to England, and seems impossible to determine positively the historical
was ordained Bishop of Salisbury in 1559 or 15°°- I" j character of the Jains. They are commonly regarded as
this position he continued to labour diligently for the | a djvjsion or offshoot of the Booddhists. Thus much is
advancement of the Protestant religion. He died in j certajn> tnat jn SOme of their tenets and customs the
1571, greatly esteemed for his eminent piety and vast j jajns closely resemble the Booddhists. They have a.
theological knowledge. His writings are principally pecuijar sacred language (not now in use) called the
of a controversial nature, and are still highly valued. .. jaj,la prakrjt."
The most important of these is " Apologia Ecclesiae gee MOQR| ., Hindu P;lntheon_-. and an exceiient article on ih.
Anglicans," ("Apology for the Church of England, Jaios, by ME. RHYS DAVIDS, in the " Encydopzdia Briunnica."
1562,) written in elegant Latin, and translated into jirecek yee'Ret-chek, (HERMENEGILD,) a Bohemian
English by the mother of Lord Bacon. Versions were
also rendered of it into various European languages ;
and it is said to have done more for the promotion of
the Reformation than any other work.
Jew'ett, (SARAH ORNE,) an American author, born I born at Huhemnauth, October 9, 1825. He became con-
Jirecek, yee'Ret-chek, (HERMENEGILD,) a con<
(Czech) jurist, brother of Joseph Jirecek, was born at
Hohenmauth, April 13, 1827. His principal works are
on Bohemian and Moravian law.
Jirecek, (JOSEPH,) a Bohemian (Czech) historian,
Mate of the bayfight," (1882,') and other novels. Hungary. His writings have special reference to the
• Jew'itt, (LLEWELLYN,) an English author, born at literary history of the Slavs of Austria. Died in 1888.
€ as A; 5 as i; g harj; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: s as z; th as in this. 1 2^=See Explanations, p. 23. )
JIRECEK
1384
Jirecek, (KO.NSTANTIN JOSEPH,) a son of Joseph
Jirecek, was born at Vienna, July 24, 1854, and became
general secretary of the Bulgarian ministry of public
instruction. Me published a " Bibliography of Bulgarian
Literature," ( 1 872,) a •• History of the Bulgarians," (1876,)
and valuable works on the resources and trade of the
Balkan peninsula. In 1884 he was appointed professor
of history at Prague.
Jo'ab, jlleb. 3Sr,| chief captain of the armies of
Israel under King David.
See II. Samuel iii., iv., x., xviii.. xix., XX. ; I. Kings ii.
Jo'a-ehim, |It. GioACCHiNo,jo-ak-kee'no,|an Italian
monk, founded the monastery of Flora, in Calabria. He
wrote several heretical works, in which he advanced
the doctrines of tritheism. Died in 1202 or 1207.
Joachim, (GEORGE.) See RHETICUS.
Joachim, yo'a-Kim, (JOHANN FRIEDRICH,) a German
historian and medallist, born at Halle in 1713. He was
professor of history and law at Halle, and wrote several
works on history and numismatics. Died in 1667.
Joachim, (JOSEPH,) an eminent Hungarian (Jewish)
violinist, composer, and teacher, born at Kiltsee, near
1'resburg, June 28, 1831. He made his first public ap-
pearance when only seven years of age. He has visited
London, and made a tour of the principal cities in Ger-
many. Since 1868 he has resided in Berlin as head of
the High School for Musical Execution, attached to the
Royal Academy of Arts.
Joachim Murat. See MURAT.
Joan or Jo-an'na [Fr. JEANNE, zhin ; It Gio-
VANNA, jo-van'na| I., Queen of Naples, a daughter of
Charles, Duke of Calabria, was born in 1327. She was
married to Andrew, Prince of Hungary, and in 1343 suc-
ceeded her grandfather, Kobert, King of Naples. In 1345
Andrew was murdered by conspirators, probably with
the connivance of Joan, who soon after married Prince
Louis of Tarentum. To avenge the death of Andrew,
Louis, King of Hungary, invaded Naples and expelled
Joan from the kingdom. Having gained the favour of the
pope by ceding Avignon to him, she was restored to the
throne in 1352. She was married in 1376 to her fourth
husband, Otho of Brunswick, but continued to be child-
less. In 1381 Naples was invaded by Charles Durazzo,
who captured Joan and put her to death in 1382.
See " Historical Life of Joanna of Sicily," London, 2 vols., 1824;
GIANNONE, " Storia civile del Regno di Napoli;" V. MIGNOT, " His-
toire de Jeanne I, Reine de Naples," 1764; D. CRIVBLLI, " Delia pnma
e della seconds Giovanna, Regine di Napoli," 18 *a ; *' Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Generate, " (under "Jeanne.")
Joan (or Giovanna) H., daughter of the Duke of
Durazzo, succeeded her brother Ladislaus on the throne
of Naples in 1414. She was notorious for her licentious
conduct and the number of her favourites. She died iti
1435, leaving the kingdom in a very unsettled state.
See D CRIVKLLI, " Delia prima e della seconda Giovanna, Regine
Ji Napoli." iX,j; "Nnnvellp Rincraphie OnrWe."
Joan, POPE, supposed by most authorities to be a fabu-
lous character, is placed by several writers in the ninth
century. I laving assumed male attire, she went to Rome,
and became so celebrated for her ecclesiastical know-
ledge that upon the death of Leo IV. she was unani-
mously elected pope. She was, however, one day seized
with the pains of childbirth as she was proceeding to the
Lateran Basilica, and died in the street, after a pontificate
of two years, five months, and four days. She was buried
without honours. Other accounts state that upon the
discovery of the imposture she was stoned to death by the
populace. David Blonde], a Protestant historian, was
the first to show this story to be a fiction, although it was
in circulation as early as the thirteenth century.
See J. LKNFANT, " Histoire de !a Papesse Jeanne," 1730; S.
BARING GOULD, " Curious Myths of the Middle Ages," 1867; DOL-
LiNiiER, " Papsi-Fabeln," 1803.
Joan, Queen of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand and
Isabella the Catholic, was married in 1496 to Philip,
Archduke of Austria. In 1500 she gave birth to Prince
Carlos, afterwards Charles V. of Germany. She soon
after lost her reason ; and when, upon the dearh of Isa-
bella, she became Queen of Castile, it was necessary that
5 r-gent should be appointed. Died in 1555.
See PRKSCOTT, " History of Ferdinand and Isabella:" MARIANA,
"Hisloria de Kspana."
JOAN
(Jeanne,) daughter and heiress of Henry I
of Navarre, and queen of Philippe le Bel of France,
was born in 1272. Upon her marriage with the French
monarch she retained authority over her hereditary do-
minions of Navarre and Champagne. She carried on
a successful war against the Castilians and Aragonese,
assisted her husband in the councils and administration
of affairs in France, established a college in Navarre,
and was a liberal patroness of learning. In 1297, Count
de Bar having invaded Champagne, the queen marched
against him at the head of her troops, cut his army in
pieces, and carried him prisoner to Paris. Died in 1305.
Joan d'Albret See JEANNE D'ALBRET.
Joan of Arc, or Jeanne Dare, zhin dink, Mir named
THE MAID OF ORLEANS, [Fr. LA PUCELLE D'ORL£ANS,
M pii'sf 1' doR'li'oN',] the most illustrious of the hero-
ines of history, was born in the hamlet of Dom-Remy,
in Lorraine, about 1411. She was the daughter of
poor and religious peasants, who implanted in her heart
at an early age the seeds of that exalted enthusiasm
which subsequently obtained so absolute an ascendency
over her character. At this time the rival factions of
the Orleanists or Armagnacs and the Burgundians deso-
lated France by their wars. The former supported the
claims of Charles VII.; while the latter had sworn al-
legiance to Henry V. of England. Joan from infancy
had imbibed the principles of the Orleanists, by whom
she was surrounded. Her devotion to their cause was
increased by the cruelties which she frequently saw the
enemy commit. She was untiring in her efforts to re-
lieve the sufferings of the poor around her, and even sold
her bed and the greater part of her clothing in order to
procure them supplies. She afterwards stated that as
early as the age of thirteen she received commands from
Heaven to go and liberate France. These commands
continued to be repeated ; but her parents endeavoured
to suppress her enthusiasm. She. however, obtained
the assistance of an uncle, who introduced her to De
Baudricourt, the commander of a neighbouring fortress,
before whom her voices, as she termed them, had or-
dered her to lay her divine commission. That officer at
first treated her assertions with scorn ; but finally, on
account of the disasters that his prince had suffered, he
gave her the assistance which she had requested, and
in February, 1429, with a guard of five or six men, she
set out on her journey for C.hinon, where Charles then
held his court. At this time his cause appeared to be
almost desperate. Orleans, which was the only place of
importance that remained to him, was closely besieged
by the English. Joan appeared before him, and declared
that her mission was to raise the siege and to conduct
him to Rheims to be crowned. At this period she had
reached her eighteenth year, and possessed a very beau-
tiful countenance and noble form. Charles was convinced
of the truthfulness of her statements, and, notwithstand-
ing the opposition of his ecclesiastics and courtiers,
raised her to the rank of a military commander, and
placed a considerable body of troops at her disposal.
She entered Orleans about the last of April, 1429, with
a convoy of provisions, and in one week raised the siege.
In battle Joan displayed great personal bravery. She
subsequently gained the battles of Jargeau and Patay, in
the latter of which the noted Talbot was made prisoner.
Several important cities surrendered to her without resist-
ance ; and in less than three months from the time that she
received her military command, Charles was crowned at
Rheims, in the cathedral consecrated to the coronation of
the French sovereigns. She then petitioned the king that
she might be permitted to return home ; but he prevailed
on her to continue in the army. The following spring, as
she was making a sortie against the Burgundians near
Compiegne, she was captured by them and subsequently
handed over to the English, who, with the Bishop of
Beauvais and the University of Paris, urgently demanded
her execution as a sorceress. The King of England
granted their request, and Joan, after a mock-trial at
Rouen, was condemned to be burnt. On the 3istof
May, 1431, she was dressed in the garb of the victims of
the Inquisition, and, amidst the clamours of assembled
thousands, conducted to the stake, where, in i. short
time, her body was consumed. She died declaring that
i, e, i,o. u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a,e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m8t; not; good; moon;
JOAN
1385
JODE
her voices had not deceived her, and with the name ol
Jesus on her lips. Many of those who had most eagerly
sought her death were melted to tears ; and even the
executioner declared that he had committed an unpar-
donable sin. A secretary of the King of England also
said, " We are lost ! we have burned a saint." Thus
perished the Maid of Orleans, against whom not the
slightest crime could be proved. If the inspiration which
she received came not from the source to which she
attributed it, it was at least the offspring of bravery, of
generosity, of patriotism, of those virtues which nave
raised to immortality so many of the great and good.
In the high-coloured and eulogistic account given of
her by Michelet, he remarks, "She had the goodness of
the ancient martyrs, but with this difference : the early
Christians remained pure and virtuous only in retiring
from the encounter and in separating themselves from
the struggles and temptations of the world, while she
was benign in the fiercest conflicts, good among the bad,
gentle even in war; 'into war, that triumph of the devil,
she carried the spirit of Heaven.' This tenderness of
heart she had for all men. She wept after the victories,
and relieved the sufferings of the wounded English."
Her death stamped indelible infamy on all the parties
connected with the war, — on the Burgundians for de-
livering her to her inveterate enemies, on the English
and their French allies for their inhuman cruelty and
thirst for revenge, and on her own prince and party for
not making a powerful attempt to save her.
See BARTHRI.KMY DK BHAUREGARD, " Histoire de Jeanne a" Arc,"
2 vols., 1847 ; DESJARDINS, "Vie de Jeanne d'Arc," 1854 ; VALLEI
DE VIRIVILI.H, " Nouvelles Recherches sur la Famllle, etc. de Jeanne
Dare," 1854: LENGLET-DUPRESNOY, " Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc,"
1753: LK BRUN DE CHARMKTTES. "Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc,"
4 vols., 1817: ALPHONSE DE LAMARTINE, "Jeanne d'Arc," 1852;
JULES MICHELET, "Jeanne d'Arc," 1853; R. M. EVANS, " Storv
of Joan of Arc," 1847: A. M. MENEGHEI.LI, " Giovanna d'Arc."
Padua, 1841: MJCHELET, "History of France;" CARL LIEBELT,
" Diiewica Orleanska ustep dziejow Francyi," Posen, 1847: GUI or
GOERRES. "Die Jungfrau von Orleans," 1834: HARRIET PARR,
" Life and Death of Jeanne d'Arc," 1866; THOMAS DE QUINCEY,
"Miscellaneous Essays."
Joan |Sp. JUANA, Hoo-Jn'ya] Henriquez, (Jn-ree'
k?th,) Queen of Aragon and Navarre, daughter of Fred-
erick Henriquez, of the blood-royal of Castile, and
admiral of that kingdom. In 1444 she was married to
John II. of Aragon, and in 1452 gave birth to Ferdinand
the Catholic. She was a princess of great energy of
character and of uncommon mental endowments ; and
to her advice and assistance many of the successes of
John II. are to be attributed. Died in 1468.
Joanes, Hn-a'nes, or Juane8, Hoo-a'nes, (VlNCENTE,)
an eminent Spanish painter, born in Valencia in 1523,
studied at Rome, and was regarded as the greatest artist
of the Valencian school. Died in 1579. Among his
most important works may be mentioned Christ after
death borne by the angels, the Saviour with the two
prophets, and a Saint Francis.
Joannes. See JOHN.
Joannes Comnenus. See CALO-JOANNES.
Joannes Massiliensis. See CASSIAN, (JoHN.)
Joannet, zho'f'ni', (CLAUDE,) a French litttrateur,
born at Pole in 1716; died in 1789.
Joanny, zho't'ne', the assumed name of JEAN BAP-
TISTE BERNARD BRISSEBARRE, a famous French tragic
actor, born at Dijon in 1775, and who is said to have
been nearly equal to Talma. Died in 1849.
Joao (or Joam) OF PORTUGAL. See JOHN.
Joao or Juan, surnamed DE Dios or DE DIEU. See
DIEU.
Jo'ash [Heb. BW] Or Je-ho'ash, King of Judah,
•nd son of Ahaziah. He ascended the throne when
seven years of age, and reigned virtuously forty years.
He was assassinated by his servants in 838 B.C.
See II. Chronicles xxiii. and xriv. ; II. Kings xi. and xii.
Joash or jelioash, King of Israel, succeeded his
father, Jehoahaz, 839 or 840 B.C., and reigned sixteen years.
See 11. Kings xiii. : II. Chronicles xxv. 17.
Job, [Heb. 2VX; Gr. 'Iu/3; Arabic, AIYOOR, (AlYOUB
or AlYUB,) I'yoob'; Ger. HIOB, hee'op ; It. GIOBBE,
job'ba, | a patriarch of Uz, (a country which is believed
by many to be the same as Idumaea,) who is supposed to
have lived in a very remote antiquity. One of the most
sublime books of the Old Testament bears his name and
gives an account of his life and virtues. By many it has
been thought that Job was an allegorical character ; but
there appears to be little reason for this supposition.
He is mentioned by the prophet Ezekiel, (xv. 16,) and
by Saint James, (v. n,) as a real person. Much con-
troversy has arisen about the age in which he lived, and
the author of the book ; but both these points remain
unsettled. This work was written in Hebrew, with a
mixture of Arabic.
Job or Aiyoob, I'yoob', (SOLOMON,) an African
prince, son of a king of Bondoo, in Senegambia. In
1730 he was sold to the English, who carried him to
Maryland, where he became a slave. His story interested
General Oglethorpe and others, who ransomed him and
sent him to England in 1733. He was presented at
court, and attracted much attention. He produced an
interesting geographical account of his native country,
and wrote from memory, it is said, three copies of the
Koran. He returned to Bondoo about 1735.
Jobard, zru/baV, (J. B. A. M.,) a writer on social
economy, born in Haute-Marne, France, in 1792. He
lived in Belgium.
Jobbi-Duval,
Died in 1861.
zho'ba' du'vaT
(ARMAND MARIK
Ftux,) a French painter, born at Carhaix, July 16, 1821.
He went to Paris in 1829, and was a pupil of Paul De
laroche. He is best known by his refined and delicate
religious pictures and his portraits. Died April 2, 1889.
Jobert, zho'baiR', (Louis,) a French Jesuit and anti-
quary, born at Paris in 1637. For some time he was
a professor of rhetoric in his native city, and afterwards
became celebrated as a preacher. He was the author
of several treatises on medals. Died in 1719.
Jobert de Lamballe, zho'baiR' deh IftN'bil', (AN-
TOINE JOSEPH,) an eminent French surgeon, born at
Lamballe in 1799. He lectured in Paris, and published,
besides other works, a "Treatise on Plastic Surgery,"
("Traite de Chirurgie plastique," 2 vols., 1849.) He
became surgeon to the emperor in 1854. Died in 1867.
Jo-cas'ta or Jo-cas'te, |Gr. 'loKuori) .- Fr. JOCASTE.
zho'ktst',] sometimes called Epicaste, the wife of Laius,
and the mother of CEdipus. According to tradition, she
was married to CEdipus without knowing who he was,
and hung herself after she discovered the relationship
between them.
Jo9'e-lyn, (ADA MARIA,) an English novelist,
born at Aldershot in 1860. She has written "A Big
Stake," (1892,) "A Regular Fraud," (1896,) " Miss
Rayburn's Diamonds," (1897,) etc.
Jo9'e-lyn, (ROBERT,) LORD, M.P., an English poli-
tician, born in 1816, visited China about 1840, and pub-
lished "Six Months in China." Died in 1854.
Jo-cha'nan or Jo-ha'nan Ben !B-lI-e'zer, a Jewish
rabbi, born in Palestine about 184 A.D. He compiled
the "Jerusalem Gemara," a part of the Talmud. He is
said to have died in 279 A.D.
Jocher or Joecher, yb'Ker, (CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB,)
an eminent German scholar and writer, born at Leipsic
in 1694. He became professor of philosophy and his-
toiyat Leipsic about 1730. His most important work
is a " Universal Dictionary of Learned Men," ("Allge-
meines Gelehrten-Lexikon," 4 vols., 1750-51,) which is
highh esteemed. Supplements have been published by
Adehing and others. Died in 1758.
Jochmus, yoK'mus, (ALBRECHT,) a German general,
born at Hamburg in 1808. About 1838 he was sent by
Lord Palmerston to Constantinople to plan a campaign
in Syria. He became general-in-chief of the allied
armies of England and Turkey in December, 1840. He
was appointed minister of foreign affairs by the Archduke
fnhn, Vicar of the German empire, i" May, 1849, and
resigned in December of that year. Died in 1881.
Jocundus. See GIOCONDO, (GIOVANNI.)
Jode, de, deh yo'deh, (ARNOLD,) son of Pieter, Jr.,
noticed below, was born about 1636. He is said to
have been inferior to his grandfather and father as an
engraver. While in London, in 1667, he engraved for
Charles I. "Mercury Instructing Cupid," by Correggio.
Among his other works is "The Infant Jesus embracing
Saint John."
Sec BASAN, " Dictionnaire des Graveurs."
« as k; c as s ; g hard: g as/; G, H, K,SuUural; N, nasal; R, trilled: s as z; th as in this. ( J®=See Explanations, p. 23.)
JODE
1386
JOHN
Jode, de, (PIETER.) a Flemish engraver, born in 1570 ;
died in 1634. Among the most important of his pro-
ductions may be mentioned "The Last Judgment," by
Cousin, and "Jesus Christ giving the Keys to Saint
Peter," by Rubens.
Jode, de, (PIETER or PETRUS,) Jr., son of the pre-
ceding, was born at Antwerp about 1606. He engraved
numerous pictures from Rubens, Van Dyck, Titian, and
other artists. Among his best works is "The Visita-
tion of the Virgin," after Rubens. Died after 1660.
Jodelle, zho'del', (ETIENNE,) Lord of Lymodin, born
at Paris in 1532. He was one of the seven French poets
termed the " Pleiades." He is said to have been the first
to write plays in the French language and to introduce
choruses after the Greek manner. It is said that his
fluency of composition was so great that on a wager he
composed in one night five hundred Latin v« rses on a
given subject. He died poor in 1573. His principal
production was the tragedy of "Cleopatra," (1552.)
See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" BAVLE, " His
torical and Critical Dictionary;" NICERON, "Memoires;" SAINTP
BBUVE, " Poe"sie Francaise au seizieme Siecle."
Jo-do'cus (or Jus'tus) OF GHENT, known also by
the Italian name of GIUSTO DA GUANTO, a Flemish
painter, who about 1465-74 painted "The Communion
of the Apostles" at Urbino. Very little is known about
him.
Jo'drelL, (RICHARD PAUL,) an English dramatic
writer, born in 1745. He produced "A Widow and no
Widow," a farce, "The Persian Heroine," a tragedy,
(1786,) and " Philology of the English Language," (1820.)
Died in 1831.
Joecher. See JOCHER.
Jo'eL, [Meb. *7Wj Gr. 'Iuri\] one of the twelve minor
Hebrew prophets, is supposed to have lived in the reign
of Uzziah, about 800-750 B.C. A passage of his prophecy
is quoted in Acts ii. 17.
Joerdens. See JORDENS.
Joffredus. See JOUKFROI.
Jof frid, an English abbot of Lincolnshire, lived in
the twelfth century. Peter de Blois, a writer of the time
of Henry II., states that Joffrid was the founder of the
University of Cambridge.
Jogues, zhog, (ISAAC,) a French Jesuit, born at Or-
Wans in 1607, spent many years in Canada as a missionary.
He was killed by the Mohawks in 1646.
Johann, (princes of Germany.) See JOHN.
Johanneau, zho'S'no', (£LOI,) a French antiquary,
born near lilois in 1770. He was one of the founders
of the Academic Celtique. In i8'l he became imperial
censor of books. He wrote on botany, Celtic monuments,
and other subjects. Died in 1851.
Johannaeus, (FINNUS.) See JONSSON, (FiNN.)
Johannes, the Latin for JOHN, which see.
Johannes Antiochenus. See JOHN OK ANTIOCH.
Johannes Cliniacus. See CLIMACUS.
Johannes Secundus. See EVERARD, (JOHANNES.)
Johannot, zho'S'no', (CHARLES,) eldest son of Fran-
cois, noticed below, was born at Frankfort about 1790.
He was a skilful engraver, and produced illustrations of
the life of Saint Genevieve of Brabant. Died in 1825.
Johannot, (CHARLES HENRI ALFRED,) an engraver
and painter, second son of Francois, noticed below,
was born at Offenbach in 1801. He acquired a high
reputation for his vignette-designs illustrating the French
translations of Byron, Scott, and Cooper. Among his
best paintings are "The Entrance of Mademoiselle
Montpensier into Orleans during the Fronde.'' and " Marv
Stuart leaving Scotland." Died in 1837.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge"ne"rale."
Johannot, (FRANCOIS,) a German designer and en-
graver, of French extraction, was born in Hesse-Darm-
stadt, and lived about 1790. He settled at Paris with
his partner, Charles Andre.
Johannot, (ToNY,) a painter and wood-engraver, a
son of the preceding, was born at Offenbach in 1803.
He gained a wide reputation as a designer and engraver
of vignettes for books. Among the works which he
illustrated are " Werther," the plays of Moliere, " Manon
Lescaut," " Jerome Paturot," and " The Vicar of Wake-
field." Died in Paris in 1852.
John |Gr. 'ludwrif ; Lat. JOHAN'NES ; Fr. JEAN, zhflN ;
It GIOVANNI, jo-vin'nee] THE DIVINE, commonly called
SAINT JOHN THE EVANGELIST, with his brother James,
was among the first to become a disciple of our Saviour
when He commenced his ministry. John was made
one of the twelve apostles ; and his gentle, loving spirit
appears to have especially endeared him to his divine
Master. He spoke of himself as "the disciple whom
Jesus loved." He was with his Master in the garden of
Gethsemane. When our Saviour was nailed to the cross,
He commended his mother to the care of the beloved
disciple. After the resurrection and ascension of Jesus,
Saint John became one of the most prominent of the
propagators of the Christian religion. Syria and Asia
Minor were the principal scenes of his labours. We
are told by Tertullian and Saint Jerome that under the
reign of Domitian, by the order of a Roman proconsul,
he was immersed in a caldron of boiling oil, and that in
this terrible ordeal he was miraculously preserved, so
that he sustained not the slightest injury. After this
he was banished to the isle of Patmos, where he wrote
the Apocalypse, or Revelation. He also wrote three
Epistles, and the Gospel according to Saint John. He
is supposed to have died at Ephesus in 99 A.D., at the
age of ninety-tour.
In recent years there has been a sharp discussion as to
the authorship of Saint John's Gospel. Orthodox theolo-
gians in general, with many Unitarians, like Ezra Abbot
and E. H. Sears, assert that Saint John was its author.
Among all the disciples of Christ, John appears to
have most fully comprehended the character and spirit
of his divine Master. He first announced in clear and
concise terms the 'grfiat central truth of Christianity,
that "God is love," — a truth which, in his view, finds
its fullest proof in the great fact that God gave His
Son for the salvation of the world. (See John iii. 16,
17 ; and I. Epistle iv. 8, 9, 10.) The soul of "the be-
loved disciple" seems ever filled with the one theme.
Love, not fear, is to be the motive of obedience : — " If ye
love me, keep my commandments." The love to which
he refers is not a mere sentiment, but a living power: —
" This is the love of God, that we keep his command-
ments." (See John xiv. 15, 21, 23; I. Epistle iv.)
See F. A. THOLUCK, " Commentary on the Gospel of John," the
;th edition of which was translated into English by DR. C. P.
KRAUTH, Philadelphia, 1859: WEGSCHHIDER, Introduction to the
Gospel of Saint John," Gouingcn, i3oo ; ABBOT, " The Authorship
of the Fourth Gospel ;" E. H. SEARS, "The Fourth Gospel the
Heart of Christ," 1872.
John I., surnamed ZIMIS'CES, |Gr. T(i/uaKf/(,] became
Emperor of the East in 969 A.D. He carried on a suc-
cessful war against the Rossi, or Russians, and quelled
serious disturbances in his eastern provinces. He died
of poison, as he was returning to Constantinople, in 975.
He is said to have been a man of superior talents.
John IH., of the family of Ducas, surnamed VATAT'-
ZES, born in Thrace in 1 193, succeeded his father-in-law,
Theodore Lascaris, in 1222, as Emperor of the East.
Constantinople being then in possession of the Latins,
John fixed his capital at Nicaea, in Bithynia. In 1235 he
besieged Constantinople, but was repulsed. He, how-
ever, reconquered all the other possessions belonging to
the Greek Empire which had been taken by the Latins.
John was a liberal patron of the useful arts, and did much
to promote the welfare of his subjects. Died in 1255-
John IV. (Las'caris) succeeded his father Theodore
as Emperor of the East in 1259, when he was aged but
six years. He was deprived of the crown in 1261 by
Michael Palaeologus, who put out his eyes and im-
prisoned him during the remainder of his life.
Jolm V. See CANTACUZENUS.
John VI., (Palaeol'ogus,) born in 1332, was a son ot
Andronicus, whom he succeeded on the imperial throne
of Constantinople in 1341. He was afterwards impris-
oned by one of his sons. During these intestine troubles
the Turks attacked the capital, and forced John to con-
clude a disgraceful treaty. He left the throne to his son
Manuel. Died in 1391.
John VII. (Palaeologus) succeeded his father Man
uel on the throne of Constantinople in 1425. Being
unable to oppose the Turkish invaders, he sought the
Assistance of the Latins ; and, in order to cement the
S, e, i, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, o, fi, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; not; good; in6"5n;
fOHN
1387
fOH.V
He succeeded his father Henry (Henrique) II.
He subsequently invaded Portugal, but met
union, he formed a reconciliation between the Eastern
and Western Churches, which, however, lasted but a
short period. Died in 1448. He was succeeded by his
brother, Constantine XIII.
See Ls BBAU, " Histoire du Gas- Empire."
John [Sp. JUAN, Hoo-an'] I., son of Peter (Pedro) IV.,
was born in 1350, and ascended the throne of Aragon in
1387. Died in 1395.
John (Juan) II., King of Aragon and Navarre, born
in 1397, was one of the bravest and most enterprising
of the Spanish sovereigns. In 1425 he ascended the
throne of Navarre, as the husband of Queen Blanche,
and three years later was appointed by his brother Al-
fonso V. to the government of Aragon. Blanche died
soon after, and in 1447 he married Joan Henriquez, of
the blood-royal of Castile, who became the mother of
Ferdinand the Catholic. He became King of Aragon in
1458. He carried on long and successful wars against
Henry IV. of Castile and Louis XI. of France. He also
suppressed a formidable rebellion of the Catalans. Died
in 1479.
See PRESCOTT, " Ferdinand and Isabella," chap. ii. ; ERSCH und
GRUBEK, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."
John (Juau) I., King of Castile and Leon, was bom
in 1358.
in 1379.
with a total defeat at Aljubarota in August, 1385. Died
in 1390.
John II., King of Castile and Leon, son of Henry
(Henrique) III., born in 1404, was proclaimed sovereign
two years later. He carried on successful wars against
the Kings of Aragon and Navarre and the Moors of
Granada. By his first wife, Maria of Aragon, he left
three children, one of whom succeeded him as Henry
(Henrique) IV. By his second queen, Isabella, he had a
daughter, afterwards illustrious as Isabella the Catholic.
Though a feeble sovereign, he was a liberal patron of
learning, and his reign was distinguished for the revival
of literature in Castile. Died in 1454.
See PRSSCOTT, "Ferdinand and Isabella," chap. i. ; ERSCH und
GRUBER, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."
John (Hans, bans) I. OF DENMARK and II. OF
SWEDEN, son of Christian I., of the house of Oldenburg,
born in 1455, ascended the throne in 1481. About the
year 1500 the Swedes rebelled against him because he
had garrisoned the fortresses with Danish and German
troops. He was finally obliged to resign all claims to the
Swedish crown. Died in 1513.
John, King of England, surnamedSANSTERRE,(" Lack-
land,") the youngest son of Henry II. by his queen, Elea-
nor of Guienne, was born at Oxford in 1166. The king
at first created him Earl of Montague, in Normandy, and
in 1178 made him Lord of Ireland, In 1189 he married
the daughter and sole heiress of William, Earl of Glou-
cester. The same year he was a confederate in the
rebellion of his brother Richard. On the accession of
the latter to the throne he gave John several earldoms,
including about one-third of the kingdom. Soon after
Richard's departure on the crusade for the Holy Land,
John formed plans to obtain the crown on the event of
the king's death, in opposition to the rights of his nephew
Arthur, Duke of Bretagne, whom Richard had recognized
as his heir. When John was informed of his brother's
imprisonment in Germany, he immediately attempted to
usurp the throne, but was kept in check by the loyalty
of the nobles. On the king's return to England, in
1194, he deprived John of all his estates and compelled
him to make a humble submission. Richard died in
France in 1199, leaving his kingdom to John, who was
then with him. That prince hastened to establish his
authority in Normandy and his other dominions, and
was crowned at Westminster in May, 1199. In 1201 he
obtained a divorce from his wife, and married Isabella
of Angouleme. Philip Augustus of France espoused
.he cause of Arthur, who commenced hostilities against
John and gained several victories, but was subsequently
taken prisoner by his uncle and conveyed to Rouen.
Nothing further was heard from him ; but the probability
is that he was murdered. The war afterwards went
entirely against the King of England, who in the course
of two years lost the greater part of his continenta)
possessions. During this period he drew upon himself
the hostility of the Roman pontiff by insisting on his
right to appoint the Archbishop of Canterbury, that see
being then vacant. The pope excommunicated him and
laid the kingdom under an interdict, (1208.) John, how-
ever, paid no attention to the thunders of the Vatican,
but imprisoned or banished the bishops and clergy who
obeyed the pope's orders. Meanwhile he reduced Lle-
wellyn, a Welsh prince, to subjection, and suppressed a
rebellion in Ireland. Finally the pope, having formally
deposed him and absolved his subjects from their oaths
of allegiance, instigated the French king to invade Eng-
land. John, perceiving his danger, made an abject sub-
mission to the papal legate, and resigned to him the
kingdoms of England and Ireland, (1213.!
then forbidden to prosecute his enterprise.
Philip was
For a long
time John's tyranny had excited the hatred of his barons.
This was increased by Langton, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, who, presenting them with the charter of Henry I.,
exhorted them to obtain the' liberties therein granted. A
numerous body of barons solemnly swore to regain their
rights or to levy an unceasing war on the king. King
John, being supported by the pope, scornfully refused *o
make any concessions to the barons, who raised a power-
ful force and marched to London, where the citizens
gladly received them. On the I5th of June, 1215, John
consented to grant all that they required, and signed at
Runnymede the famous Magna Charta. Scarcely had
he done this before he induced the pope to absolve him
from these obligations and to excommunicate several
of his opponents. He also brought into England large
bodies of foreign troops, and gained several victories
over the barons. The latter then chose Louis, Dauphin
of France, as their king. This prince landed at Sand-
wich in May, 1216. John would probably have been
successful, (for dissensions were already breaking out in
the camp of Louis,) had he not been carried off by a
fever in October of that year. John has left one of the
darkest names in the history of the English kings. He
was extremely cruel, fickle, and licentious, without a
redeeming virtue. He had, by his queen Isabella, five
children, the eldest of whom succeeded him as Henry
III. The second, Richard, was elected King of the
Romans in 1257.
See HUMS, "History of England;" HALLAM, "Constitutional
History of England ;" JOSEPH BERINGTON, " H istory of Henry II.
and of Richard I. and John, his Sons," 1790; LINGARD, "History
of England."
John [Fr. JEAN, zhftN] I., a posthumous son of Louis
X., King of France, was born in 1316. Though he lived
but eight days, he is recorded among the French mon-
archs.
See N. DE MoNMERQuri, "Dissertation historique sur Jean I.
Roi de France," 1844-
John (Jean) H., surnamed LE BON, ascended the
throne of France upon the death of his father, Philip
of Valois, in 1350. Charles, King of Navarre, having ac-
cepted an invitation to meet John at Rouen, was there
imprisoned, and several of his lords put to death. The
people of Navarre applied to England for assistance, and
Edward the Black Prince invaded France at the head of an
army. John marched against him with 60,000 men, was
defeated and made prisoner at the battle of Poitiers, fought
in 1356, and conducted to London, where he was received
with great honour by Edward III. While he remained
in England a civil war broke out in France with the peas-
antry, known in history by the name of" La Jacquerie."
In this revolt the castles of the nobility were plundered
and burnt and the inmates massacred. These ravages
continued for two years, until the dauphin, assisted by
several powerful lords, defeated the peasants, putting
thousands of them to the sword. In 1360, peace having
been concluded between France and England, John re-
turned to his capital ; but, finding much opposition made
by the nobles to the conditions of the treaty, he again
visited England, to confer with King Edward. He wa«
soon after taken ill, and died in London in 1364.
See SISMONDI, "Histoire des Francais:" FROISPART, "Chroni-
cles;" MICHELET, "Histoire de France;" HENRI MARTIN, "His-
toire de France."
John I. OF NAVARRE. See JOHN II. OF FRANCE.
John II OF NAVARRE. See JOHN II. OF ARAGON.
€ as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/'; G, H, H,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as »; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23.)
JOHN
1388
JOHN
John m. OF NAVARRE, or Jean d'Albret, zhoN
•JJl'bRj', began to reign in 1494. In 1512 Ferdinand
the Catholic invaded Navarre and drove John from the
throne. Died in 1516.
John I, King of Poland, a son of Casimir IV., was
born in 1459, and succeeded his father in 1492. He
waged war against the Tartars and Turks. Died in 1501.
John n. OP POLAND. See CASIMIR V.
John m. OP POLAND. See SOBIESKI.
John [ Port. JoAo or JOAM, zho-owN'] I, surnamed TH E
GREAT, King of Portugal, the natural son of Peter I.,
was born in 1357. On the death of his brother F-rdi-
nand, in 1385, he assumed the regal power in opposition
to the rights of Ferdinand's daughter Beatrix, who had
married John I., King of Castile. This led to a war with
Spain, in which the Portuguese monarch gained several
important victories and firmly established his power. He
subsequently carried on a successful war against the
Moors of Africa. During his reign the Portuguese com-
menced those maritime expeditions which soon after
rendered them so celebrated. Under the command of
his son, Prince Henry, they discovered Madeira, the
Canaries, the Azores, and several places on the western
coast of Africa. Died in 1433.
See LA CLBDE, " Hisioire ge'ne'rale de Portugal :" FERNANDO
LOPEZ, "Chromca del Rev Joio I.," 3 vols., 1644; MANOBL MOM-
THIRO. "Joannes Portugal!* Reges," 1742.
John (Joao) II., King of Portugal, surnamed THE
PERFECT, son of Alfonso V., was born in 1455, and
ascended the throne in 1481. At the age of sixteen
years he fought against the African Moors and took Ar-
zile and Tangiers, and five years later gained the battle
of Toro over the Castilians. Soon after his coronation
he quelled a powerful conspiracy formed against him
by his nobles. He encouraged the spirit of enterprise
among the Portuguese, and fitted out a squadron destined
for the East Indies and the Eastern Seas. Died in 1495.
See VASCONCELI.OS, " Vida y Acciones del Rey Don Juan II.,"
1639, (translated into French, 1641 ;) DAMlAo DE GOES, "Chronics
do Principe Dom Joao Rey," etc., 1567; " Nouvelle Biographic
Ge'ne'rale."
John iJoaoi III., King of Portugal, born in 1502,
succeeded his father, Emanuel the Great, in 1521. In
1524 he married Catherine of Austria, to whose brother,
Charles V., he gave his sister Isabella in marriage. He
colonized Brazil, and sent to the Eastern Seas a fleet,
by which Japan was discovered. He established the
Inquisition in Portugal and its colonies. Died in 1557.
John (Joao) IV., surnamed THE FORTUNATE, chief
of the dynasty of Braganza, was born in 1604. He threw
off the authority of Spain, to which Portugal had been
subjected since the days of Philip II., and became king
in 1640. He enacted many wise and beneficial laws, and
died, greatly regretted by the nation, in 1656.
See VERTOT, " Histoire des Revolutions de Portugal," 1689.
John (Joao) V., King of Portugal, born in 1689, suc-
ceeded his father, Peter II., in 1707. He joined the allies
against France and Spain about 1702. After the peace
of Utrecht (1713) he devoted his time to the encourage-
ment of education and commerce. Died in 1750.
See " Vida, Successes e Fallecimento do Rey Joao V'.," Lisbon,
1750; FERDINAND DENIS, "Portugal."
John (Joao) VI. of Portugal, was born in 1769, and
was appointed Regent of Portugal in 1793 on account of
the derangement of his mother, Maria I., who was then
queen-regnant. In 1807, when the French invaded
Portugal, he sailed to Brazil, where he received the title
of emperor. He returned in 1821, soon after which the
Brazilians revolted and declared themselves independent.
Died in 1826.
See " Histoire de Jean VI, Roi de Portugal," 1827; " Nouvelle
Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
John, KING OF SCOTLAND. See BALIOL.
John OF RUSSIA. See IVAN.
John (Johan, yo'han) I., King of Sweden, the last
of the dynasty of Sverker, succeeded Eric in 1216. He
was very active in establishing Christianity. Died in 1222.
John H. OF SWEDEN. See JOHN I. OF DENMARK.
John HI., King of Sweden, the second son of Gus-
tavus Vasa, was born in 1537. He married Catherine
Jagellon, daughter of Sigismund, King of Poland. In
1560 he visited England, to negotiate a marriage between
us elder brother Eric and Queen Elizabeth, in which he
was unsuccessful. In 1568 he deposed Eric and ascended
the throne in his stead. Influenced by his queen, he
attempted to re-establish the Catholic religion, but was
eflectually resisted by his brother Charles, Duke of
Sudermania, at the head of the Protestants. Died
in 1592.
John, King, or Emperor, of Abyssinia, was known as
Prince Kassai or Kasa, (Lij Kassa,) and was Under-
Governor of Adowa. In 1867 the Emperor Theodore
made him one of the kings of Tigre. In 1868 he as-
sisted the English in their march against Theodore, after
whose fall John received from the conquerors large
amounts of military stores. Civil wars followed, but in
1872 John was crowned at Axoom. la 1876 he repelled
an Egyptian invasion, and in 1879 he received the alle-
giance of Menilek, King of Shoa. Died Marcli 12, 1)589.
John (Jean) I., Duke of Bretagne, was born in 1217.
Having attempted to check the papal encroachments,
the pope excommunicated him, and he was obliged to
g-> to Rome to obtain absolution. Died in 1284.
John IL, son of the preceding, was born in 1 239. He
married Beatrix, daughter of Henry III. of England,
from whom he received the title of Count of Richemont.
He was also made a peer of France by Philippe le Bel.
He was killed at the ordination of Clement V. at Lyons
by the falling of a wall.
John HI., Duke of Bretagne, surnamed THF. GOOD,
succeeded his father, Arthur II., in 1312. He is said
to have been a just and benevolent prince. Died in
1341-
John IV., Duke of Bretagne, known as JEAN DE
MONTFORT, half-brother of the preceding, was born in
1293. John (Jean) III., having no children, willed the
dukedom to Charles de Blois ; but Jean de Montfort, re-
garded by many as the legitimate heir, soon reduced all
the towns and provinces to his subjection, and went to
England to render homage to King Edward for his estates.
On his return he was summoned before the court of peers
to prove his claims to Bretagne. The peers decided
against him, and he raised an army to defend his rights,
but was shortly after taken prisoner by the Duke of Nor-
mandy and confined in the tower of Louvre at Paris.
In the mean time the war was carried on with energy
by his duchess, Jeanne of Flanders. At the expiration
of nearly four years, John escaped, disguised as a mer-
chant. He died soon after, in 1345.
See DARU, " Histoire de Rretasne."
John (Jean) V., (or John IV, according to some
authorities,) Duke of Bretagne, born in 1338, was a
son of the preceding. lie married Mary, a daughter
of Edward III. of England. By a decisive victory over
his competitor, Charles de Blois, at Auray, in 1364, he
obtained possession of Bretagne. He afterwards fought
for the English against the French, who drove him out
of Bretagne about 1374 ; but he was soon restored. Died
In 1399.
See SISMONDI, " Histoire des Francais."
John (Jean) VI., son of the preceding, became Duke
of Bretagne in 1399, when he was ten years of age. He
carried on a war against the Count of Penthievre and
the Duke of Burgundy, and afterwards joined the Eng-
lish under the Duke of Bedford against France. Died
in 1443.
John, surnamed THE FEARLESS, [Fr. JEAN SANS FEUR,
zhoN SON pUR,| Duke of Burgundy, born at Dijon in
1371, was the eldest son of Philip the Bold. At the age
of twenty-five he assisted Sigismund, King of Hungary,
against the Turks, by whom he was made prisoner at the
battle of Nicopolis. When taken before the Sultan Baya-
zeed, (Bajazet.) he evinced so much courage that that
sovereign gave him his liberty and the surname of SANS
PEUR, (the "Fearless.") After his return to France he
was engaged in fighting the English and in political in-
trigues at the French court. He was appointed guardian
of the dauphin of France in 1406. He caused the assas-
sination of his rival, the Duke of Orleans, in I. .07, and
obtained almost unlimited power in the kingdom. He
was murdered in 1419, at the instigation of the dauphin,
son of Charles VI.
i. e. I. o, u, y, long ; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, f, 6, u, 5?, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; n6t; good, moon ;
JOHN
1389
JOHN
John, IGer. JOHANN, yo'hln,] surnamed THE CON-
STANT, a son of the Elector Ernest, was born in 1467,
and became Elector of Saxony in 1 525. He was a zealous
defender of the Protestant faith, and in 1530 caused the
Confession of Augsburg to be proclaimed in the Diet
assembled at that city. Died in 1532.
See EXSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie. "
John |Lat. JOHAN'NES; Fr. JEAN, zhON ; It. GIO-
VANNI, jo-vin'nee| I., a native of Tuscany, was raised to
the Roman see upon the death of Hormisdas, in 523.
He was sent on an embassy to Constantinople by King
Theodoric to obtain toleration for the Arians ; and on
his return, having displeased that monarch, he was
thrown into prison, where he died in 526.
John n., surnamed MERCURIUS, was a native of
Rome, and succeeded Boniface II. in 532 or 533. Died
in 535.
John IH, a native of Rome, succeeded Pelagius I.
in 560. Died about 573, and was succeeded by Bene-
dict I.
John IV., a Dalmatian, succeeded Severinus in 640.
He condemned the doctrines of the Monothelites and the
edict of the emperor Heraclius, called "The Exposition
of Faith," which was issued in their defence. Died in
642, and was succeeded by Theodorus.
John V., a native of Antioch, in Syria, was chosen
pope on the death of Benedict II., in 685, and died in
687. Conon succeeded him.
John VI., a Greek, succeeded Sergius I. in 701. During
his pontificate Wilfred, Archbishop of York, was tried
and acquitted of the charges preferred by the English
clergy. Died in 705.
John VII., a native of Greece, was elected successor
to the preceding. Died in 707. Sisinnius succeeded
him.
John VHI., (called John IX. by those who admit the
truth of Pope Joan's history,) was a native of Rome, and
succeeded Adrian II. in 872. He crowned the emperor
Charles the Bald, and afterwards Charles le Gros. He
confirmed Phocius Patriarch of Constantinople. In 878
the Saracens invaded Italy and compelled him to pay
tribute. Died in 882. He was succeeded by Martin II.
See ARTAUD DB MONTOR, " Histoire des souverains Pontifes."
John IX., an Italian, became pope in 898, after the
death of Theodore II. Died about 900.
John X was elected in 91 5, through the influence of his
mistress Theodora, as successor to Lando. He crowned
Berengarius as emperor. Subsequently, with the assist-
ance of this sovereign, he marched against the Saracens,
who had invaded Italy, defeated them, and drove them
from the country. At this time Guido, Duke of Tus-
cany, with his wife, the infamous Marozia, possessed
great power in Rome. John, having offended them, was
seized in his palace by their soldiers and put in prison,
where he is said to have been killed in 928.
John XI., elected pope in 931, was the son of Maro-
zia, as some suppose, by Pope Sergius III. Alberico,
another son of Marozia, raised a revolt against his
mother, whom he imprisoned with John in the castle
of Sant' Angelo. The latter died about 936, and was
succeeded by Leo VII.
John XI I., son of Alberico, was elected successor to
Agapetus II. in 956, when he was but eighteen years old.
He changed his name from Octavianus. Four years
later he crowned Otho I. Emperor of Germany and
King of Italy. Subsequently he became so notorious for
his oppression and licentiousness that Otho returned to
Rome in 963 and caused John to be deposed and Leo
VIII. to be chosen in his place. But, as soon as Othu
left Italy, John entered Rome at the head of a powerful
party, drove out Leo, and committed great atrocities.
He died in 964. One of his mistresses, named Joan,
exercised much influence at Rome during his pontificate ;
and it has been suggested that this may have given rise
to the story of " Pope Joan."
See BARONIUS, "Annales."
John XIII., Bishop of Narni, was raised to the papal
see in 965 by the influence of the emperor Otho I. The
Romans, however, being opposed to this election, im-
prisoned John. Otho marched to Rome, liberated him,
ind hanged several of his opponents. John crowned
Otho II., son of Otho I., as emperor. Died in 972, and
was succeeded by Benedict VI.
John XIV., Bishop of Pavia, was raised to the papal
see, as successor to Benedict VII., about 984. After a
pontificate of nine months, he was deposed by Boniface
VII. and put in prison, where he is supposed to have
been poisoned in 985.
John XV., elected successor to John XIV., died a few
days after. By some he is left out of the order of popes.
John XVI., a native of Rome, became pope about
986. During his pontificate, a patrician, named Cres-
centius, caused great disturbances and drove the pope
from Rome. He was, however, reinstated in his au-
thority by the emperor Otho. Died in 996, and was
succeeded byGregory V.
John XVU . whose previous name was PHILACA-
THIUS, a native of Calabria, and Bishop of Piacenza, was
chosen pope in 997 by the faction of Crescentius, in op-
position to Gregory V. Otho III., espousing the cause
of the latter, executed Crescentius with his adherents,
and imprisoned John after having horribly mutilated him.
John XV1I1. was elected successor to Sylvester II.
in 1003, and died four months afterwards.
John XIX, elected pope in 1004. He sent Saint
Bruno to preach Christianity to the Russians, and healed
the schism between the Churches of Rome and Constan-
tinople. Died in 1009, and was succeeded by Sergius IV.
John XX., previously named ROMANUS, was the son
of Count Gregory of Tuscany, and brother of Benedict
VIII., whom he succeeded in 1024. In 1027 he crowned
Conrad as emperor. He died in 1033 or 1034, and was
succeeded by Benedict IX.
John XXI., born in Lisbon, was elected successor to
Adrian V. about 1276. He died after a pontificate of a
few months. Nicholas III. succeeded him.
John XXII., a native of Cahors, in France, and pre-
viously known as JACQUES D'EusE, or JAMES OF OSSA,
was chosen to succeed Clement V. in 1316. He was
consecrated at Lyons, and made his residence at Avignon.
At this period there was a competition for the throne of
Germany between Louis of Bavaria and Frederick of
Austria. John, who declared that he had the right to
appoint the emperor, excommunicated Louis in 1324 or
1 327, and advanced the claims of Robert, King of Naples.
This led to a long war in Italy between the Guelphs,
who were allies of Robert, and the Ghibelines, who were
assisted by the troops of Louis. At first the Guelphs had
the advantage ; but their opponents soon gained ground,
and in 1327 Louis visited Italy and received the iron
crown of Milan. At Rome the Bishops of Venice and
Aleria crowned him emperor, after which he deposed
John and appointed Peter de Corvara in his place, with
the name of Nicholas V. After the return of Louis to
Germany the Guelphs began to obtain the ascendency.
John died at Avignon in 1334. He possessed extraor-
dinary abilities, was devoted to study, and wrote some
medical treatises. His avarice, however, was the most
prominent trait in his character ; and to him is attributed
the introduction of the Annates, or First-Fruits. He left,
besides his jewels, eighteen millions of golden florins in
his coffers.
See ARTAUD DE MONTOR, "Histoire des souverains Pontifes;'
PLATINA, " Historia de Vitis Pontificum Romaiiorum ;" " Nouvelle
Biographic Gt^ne'rale."
John XXLLL, (or XXTL, according to some authori-
ties,) (Cardinal COSSA,) a Neapolitan, was elected as suc-
cessor to Alexander V. in 1410, during a schism of the
Church. His title was disputed by two rivals, Benedict
XIII. and Gregory XII. He was a man of depraved
morals and of insatiable cupidity. A quarrel between
John and Ladislaus of Naples resulted in the expulsion
of the former from Rome. John applied for support
to the emperor Sigismund, who convoked at Constance
in 1414 a general council. This council (at which John
was present) required him to abdicate the popedom.
He pretended to comply, but left Constance disguised,
and fled towards Rome with the intention to resist the
decree of the council. He was quickly arrested and
brought back to Constance, where he was convicted of
many heinous offences, and formally deposed, in 1415.
He was confined in prison about three years. He died
at Florence in 1419.
eas/t; 9 ass; gAard; gasj; G,H,Vi, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasr; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 2V
JOHN
1390
JOHN
John, (Juan,) DON, OF AUSTRIA, one of the most cele-
brated military and naval commanders of the sixteenth
century, was the natural son of the emperor Charles V.
and Barbara Blomberg, a native of Germany. He was
born at Katisbon in 1546, and passed as the son of a
Spanish nobleman named Quixada, by whom he was
educated. Charles V. on his death-bed recommended
him to the protection of Philip II., who soon after ac-
knowledged John as his brother and made appropria-
tions which enabled him to live in princely state. At
the age of twenty-two he was appointed commander-in-
chief of the forces sent against the Moriscoes of Granada,
whom he vanquished in several battles and finally re-
duced to complete subjection. In 1571, war having been
declared between Philip II. and the Sultan, Don John
was appointed generalissimo of the combined fleets of
Spain and Italy. He sailed from Messina in the middle
of September with two hundred and fifty ships of war
and about fifty thousand men, and on the 7th of October
encountered the Turkish fleet in the Gulf of Lepanto,
where he gained one of the greatest naval victories of
which history makes mention. Soon after the battle
of Lepanto he received an embassy from thf Greeks of
Albania and Macedonia, requesting him to assist them
against the Turks and to receive the sovereignty of their
countries. Don John was prevented from accepting the
offer by Philip, who, jealous of his brother's reputation,
refused the assistance necessary for the enterprise. Don
John, in a subsequent expedition against Africa, took
Tunis, Biserta, and several other important places. Ik
was appointed in 1576 Governor of the Netherlands,
which were then in a state of rebellion. He at first used
conciliatory measures ; but the States, suspecting him
of duplicity, declined his overtures and prepared for war
Don John soon after took Namur by stratagem, and on
the 1st of January, 1578, gained the decisive victory ol
Gemblours. He afterwards reduced Louvain, Nivelle,
and other towns belonging to the insurgents. \Vhilt
thus actively engaged, in October, 1578, he was seized
with an illness which carried him to the grave. Strong
suspicions were entertained by many that he was poisoned.
See L. VAN DER HAMMRN, " Vida de Don Juan," 1627: BRUSLI*
DB MONTPLBINCHAMP, " Vie de Don Juan d'Autriche," i6qo ; ALEXI>
DUMESNIL, " Vie de Don Juan d'Autriche," 1827 ; MOTLEY, " Rise
of the Dutch Republic." vol. iii. part v. chaps, i.-v. ; PRESCOTT.
" History of Philip 1 1., "vol. ii. ; I. P. LVSHR, " Enherzog Johann,
der Freund des Volkes," iS4S; SCHNBIDEWIND, " Leben des Erz-
herzogs Johann von Oesterreich," etc., 1849.
John, yon, (EUGENIA,) a German novelist, best known
by the pseudonym of E. MARLITT. She was born at
Arnstadt, December 5, 1825. Adopted by the Princess
of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, she was trained as a
singer ; but, having lost the sense of hearing, she became
a very successful and prolific writer of romances. "The
Twelve Apostles," "Gold Else," and "The Second
Wife" are among her works. Died in 1887.
John or Johann, (NF.POMUK MARIA JOSEPH,) born in
1801, succeeded his brother Frederick Augustus as King
of Saxony in 1 854. He was distinguished for great virtues
as a ruler, and for his literary attainments. He trans-
lated Dante's " Divine Comedy." He was an ally of Aus-
tria in the war against Prussia in 1866. Died Oct. 29, 1^73.
John OF BAYEUX, [Fr. JEAN DE BAYEUX, zh&N deh
bl'yuh',] a haughty and violent French prelate. He
became Archbishop of Rouen in 1070. Died in 1079.
John OF BRIENNE, [Fr. JEAN DE BRIENNK, ?.h6N deh
bRe'en',) King of Jerusalem, and Regent of Constant!
nople, was born in France. He assisted in the taking
of Jerusalem in 1204, and in 1218, at the head of a Latin
army, he took Damietta. In 1226 he was compelled to
resign Jerusalem to the emperor Frederick II. Three
years later he was elected, by the French barons in the
East, Regent of Constantinople, which he bravely de-
fended against the Greek emperor John Ducas. Died
in 1237.
John OF BRUGES. See EYCK, (JAN VAN.)
John OF CAPPADOCIA, a theologian, became Patriarch
of Constantinople about 518. He co-operated with the
pope Hnrmisdas in the restoration of union between
the Eastern and Western Churches. Died in 520.
John II. OF CAPPADOCIA became Patriarch of Con-
stantinople about 582 A.D. Died in 596.
John, surnamed CLIMACUS or CLIMACHUS. See
CLIMACUS.
John OF GIS'CALA or GISCHALA, a Jewish captain,
was an enemy of Josephus the historian. He was the
chief of one of the factions of zealots and outlaws that
fought against each other and against the Romans in Je-
rusalem while that city was besieged by Titus, in •JOA.U
On the capture of the city he was imprisoned for life.
John OF LUXEMBURG, surnamed THE BLIND, son of
the emperor Henry VII., was born in 1295. In 1309
he was elected King of Bohemia, and in 1322 he con-
quered Silesia. In 1331 he formed a league with Louis
of Bavaria, Emperor of Germany, against Pope John
XXII., and entered Italy. The pope then offered to
recognize him as King of Italy. The emperor, in order
*o prevent this, invaded Bohemia. John left the com-
mand of his army in Italy to his son, returned to Bo-
hemia, and drove out Louis. He was soon after attacked
with a disease in his eyes, which produced blindness,
but did not in the least affect his spirit of enterprise,
lie invaded Poland, reduced it to subjection, and formed
an alliance with Philip of France against the English.
He was mortally wounded at the battle of Crecy, in 1346,
after having performed great feats of valour.
See FROISSART, "Chronicles:" SISMONDJ, " Histoire des Fran-
;ais."
John OF RAGUSA, a learned Romish prelate, was i:i
1426 sent by Martin V. to the Council of Bale, over which
he presided in 1431. He distinguished himself by his
controversies with the followers of Huss.
John OF SALISBURY, a learned scholastic philosopher
and writer, born at Salisbury about 1120. He entered
the service of Thomas a Becket, and became his secre-
tary. In 1176 he was appointed Bishop of Chartres.
He wrote, besides other valuable works, " Polycraticus
de Nugis Curialium et Vestigiis Philosophorum," which
is a satire on the follies of courtiers, etc., and a " Life
of Thomas a Becket." Died in 1180. His works were
published by J. A. Giles, Oxford, (5 vols., 1848.)
See " Gallia Christiana," tome viii. ; B. HAUKSAU, "De la Philo-
•ophie scholastique ;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ue'rale."
John OF SEVILLE or OK LUNA, a learned Jewish
convert of the twelfth century. lie translated into Span-
ish many valuable Arabic works.
John OF SUABIA, surnamed THE PARRICIDE, born
in 1289, was a nephew of the emperor Albert I. Th«s
latter, having withheld from him his hereditary domains
was murdered by John and a band of conspirators.
See BRANTCIME, " Viea des grands Capitaines."
John OF UDINF, See GIOVANNI.
John (Johann) Baptist, (JOSEPH FABIAN SEBAS
riAN,) Archduke of Austria, born in 1785, was a son of
Leopold II. He succeeded Kray in 1800 as commander
of the Austrian army, and was defeated by General
Moreau at Hohenlinden, in December of that year. In
the campaign of 1809 he directed the operations in the
Tyrol, and gained a victory over the viceroy Eugene. In
June, 1848, he was elected Vicar of the German empire
by the Parliament at Frankfort. He resigned that office
in December, 1849. Died in 1859.
John Cast-mir, [Ger. JOHANN CASIMIR, yo'hin
ka'ze-mtR,] Count Palatine, born in 1543, was the second
son of the Elector-Palatine Frederick III. He was a
zealous Calvinist, and in 1568 raised an army with which
he invaded Lorraine to aid the French Huguenots. In
'575 ne agam entered France, as the ally of the Prince
of Conde. His court at Neustadt became the centre
of the Calvinist policy. After the death of his father,
John Casimir was the political chief of the Reformers.
Died in 1592.
See DE THOU, " Histoire Universelle :" DANIEL PARRNS, " H»
loria P.-Uatina ;" F. JUNIUS, " Ecloga in Obitum Joannis Casimiri.'
1592; "Nouvelle Biographic GeWrale."
John Comneiuis. See CALO-JOANNES.
John Damascenus. See DAMASCENUS.
John de Matha, mi'tha, (SAINT,) a French priest,
born in Faucon, in Provence, June 24, 1169. He studied
at Aix and Paris, and became the associate of Saint
Felix of Valois, with whom he founded the order of
Trinitarian Brethren, for the purpose of aiding in the
£, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; not; good;
JOHN
JOHNSON
work of ransoming Christian captives from among the
Moors, lie several times visited the Moorish countries.
Died December 21, 1213.
John Frederick |Ger. JOHANN FRIEDRICH, yo'han
freed'riK] 1 of Saxony, surnamed THE MAGNANIMOUS,
was a son of the Elector John the Constant, whom he
succeeded in 1532. Having joined the Protestant League
of Schmalkalden, he was taken prisoner at the battle of
Muhlberg, but was released through the intervention of
his cousin, Maurice of Saxony. Died in 1554.
See ERSCH und GRUBBR, "Allpemeine Encyklopaedie;" CASPAR
SAGITTARIUS, " Historia Joannis Fnderici Electoris," etc., 1678; C.
BUDER. " Nachricht von der Kurfurst Johann Friedrich's zu Sach-
«en," 1755.
John Frederick II., Duke of Saxony, and a son of
the preceding, was born in 1529. He began to reign
in 1554. Died in 1595.
John George [Ger. JOHANN GEORG, yo'han ga'oRG]
L, Elector of Saxony, born in 1585, began to reign in
1611. During the Thirty Years' war his course was
vacillating, alternately favouring the cause of the emperor
and of the Protestant allies. In 1635 he made a disad-
vantageous peace with Ferdinand II. Died in 1656.
See KARL AUGUST MtiLLHR, "Kurfurst Johann Georg I., seine
Familie," etc.. 1838; SKBLIGMANN, " Dissertatio de Vita Joannit
Georgii I.," 1676.
John George IT, Elector of Saxony, born in 1613,
began to reign in 1656, and distinguished himself as a
legislator. Died in 1680.
See STOCKMANN, " Programma : Elector Joannes Georgius II.
Saxonix et Lusatiz Legislator," 1789.
John of Antioch, or John the Scholastic, [Lat.
JOHAN'NES ANTIOCHE'NUS, or JUHAN'NES SCHOLAS'TI-
cus; Fr. JEAN D'ANTIOCHE, zhON ddN'te-osh',] a Greek
canonist, born at Antioch, became Patriarch of Constan-
tinople in 565 A.D. He published a collection of canons.
Died in 578. (See MALALA.)
John of Bologna. See BOLOGNA.
Johu of Damascus. See DAMASCENUS.
John of Gauut or Ghent, Duke of Lancaster, a
younger son of Edward HI. King of England, was born
in 1340. His birthplace, Ghent, in Flanders, then called
in English Gaunt, (after the French GanJ,) gave him the
designation by which he is generally known. He served
in ear y youth under his eldest brother Edward the Black
Prince in the French wars, where he gained great dis-
tinction for his skill and bravery. He married Constance,
a natural daughter of Peter the Cruel, King of Castile
and Leon, and, on the death of that monarch, laid claim
to une sovereignty ot those kingdoms, but was defeated by
Henry of Trastamara. He subsequently gave his daughter
ir. marriage to the heir-apparent of the crowns of Castile
aod Leon, upon which he resigned his own claims. His
third wife was a sister-in-law of the poet Chaucer, to
whom he proved a liberal patron. Died in 1399. His
uon, surnamed Bolingbroke, afterwards ascended the
throne of England, with the title of Henry IV.
John of God, SAINT. See DIEU, DE, (JEAN.)
John of Leyden, sometimes called Johann Bock-
elson or Beccold, a notorious fanatic, born at Leyden
in 1510. Having joined the Anabaptists, he associated
himself with Matthys, and with his followers took pos-
session of the city of Minister. After committing the
greatest excesses and cruelties, he was taken prisoner
by the Bishop of Miinster, and executed in 1536.
See JOCHMUS, "Geschichte der Miinsterschen WiedertSufer :"
ROBERTSON, " History of Charles V.," book v. ; C. A. VULPIUS,
"Johann von Leyden," i7Q3 ; J. C. WALLMANN, "Johann von Ley
c3en, 1844: ERSCH und GRUBER, "Aligemeine Encyklopaedie."
John the Baptist, [Fr. JEAN BAPTISTE, zhftN bfp'-
test'; It. GIOVANNI BATTISTA, jo-van'nee bat-tis'ta,]
sion of Zacharias, a Jewish priest, and his wife Elisabeth.
1 1 was foretold of him that he should come in the spirit
a.nd power of Elias, to prepare the way of the Lord.
(Luke i. 17.) Our Saviour also said that no prophet
was greater than John the Baptist. (Luke vii. 28.) He
bt?gan to' preach and to baptize in the desert country
through which the Jordan flowed. It was here that
Jesus received baptism and was proclaimed by him as
the promised Messiah. He was subsequently cast into
prijson, and beheaded by the order of Herod.
15ee Mark vi. 16-30.
Johnes, j6nz, ? (THOMAS,) an English scholar and
bibliomaniac, born at Ludlow, in Shropshire, in 1748.
He was twice elected a member of Parliament. He
translated Froissart's "Chronicle," and other literary
works, from the French. Died in 1816.
Johns, (JOHN,) D.D., an American bishop, born in
Newcastle, Delaware, July 10, 1796. He graduated at
Princeton College in 1815, took orders in the Episcopal
Church, was appointed Assistant Bishop of Virginia in
1842, and in 1862 succeeded Bishop Meade as diocesan.
He was for some time president of William and Mary
College, and of the Theological Seminary of Virginia.
Died April 5, 1876.
John'spn, (ALEXANDER B.,) an author and banker,
born in Gosport, England, in 1786. He settled in Utica,
New York, in 1801, and engaged in banking opetations
in that town. He devoted his leisure to the study of
the nature of human knowledge, or ideas irrespective of
the words by which they are expressed. The results of
his investigation are his " Philosophy of Human Know-
ledge, or a Treatise on Language," (1828,) a " Treatise on
Language, or the Relation which Words bear to Things,"
(1836,) and other publications on the same subject. His
"Physiology of the Senses" (1856) was highly com-
mended by the " Westminster Review." He also pub
lished a "Treatise on Banking." Died Sept. 9, 1867.
John'son, (ANDREW,) the seventeenth President ot
the United States, was born at Raleigh, North Carolina,
in 1808. He learned the trade of a tailor, which he fol-
lowed for many years at Greenville, Tennessee. He waa
self-educated, and, it is said, never attended any school
In 1828 he was elected alderman, and in 1830 mayor, of
Greerville. After he had served several terms in the
legislature of Tennessee, he was elected a member of
Congress by the Democrats in 1843, and continued in
that body for ten years. He was chosen Governor of
Tennessee in 1853, and again in 1855. In 1857 he was
elected a United States Senator for six years. Having
taken a decided stand against the disunion movement in
1860 and 1861, he was appointed Military Governor of
Tennessee by President Lincoln in 1862. He was elected
Vice-President of the United States by the Republicans
in November, 1864, and, on the death of Mr. Lincoln,
became President in April, 1865. On his accession to
office he displayed at first a spirit of great severity
against the rebels, but soon afterwards adopted a line of
policy in relation to the reconstruction of the seceded
Slates which was very favourable to them. His policy,
which tended to restore the domination of the secession-
ists and to reduce the freedmen again to many of the
:vils of slavery, was rejected by a majority of Congress;
ind a violent contest ensued between that body and the
President, who vetoed numerous acts passed by Con-
gress for the reconstruction of the Southern States, etc.
His vetoes, however, were overruled by a majority of
two-thirds in each House, and the policy of Congress
prevailed. In the course of a tour from Washington to
Chicago, in 1866, he made many undignified political
speeches, which rendered him very unpopular, and in
the next elections his opponents, the Radicals, obtained
large and increased majorities. He opposed impartial
suffrage, recommended repudiation, and co-operated with
the Democratic party. He pardoned a large number
of counterfeiters. In August, 1867, he suspended Mr.
Stanton, secretary of war, and appointed General Grant
secretary ad interim. The Senate of the United States
reinstated Mr. Stanton in January, 1868, and President
Johnson quarrelled with General Grant because he gave
up the war office to Mr. Stanton. Great excitement was
produced by the attempt of the President to remove Mr.
Stanton in February, and he was impeached of high
crimes and misdemeanours by a large majority of the
House of Representatives. Among the crimes charged
against him was the violation of the "Act regulating
the Tenure of certain Civil Offices," by the removal of
Mr. Stanton without the consent of the Senate. The
trial before the Senate bogan about March 13, and ended,
May 26, in his acquittal. Thirty-five Senators voted that
he was guilty, and nineteen voted not guilty. Among
the latter were seven Republicans. Died July 31, 1875.
See " Life of Andrew Johnson," New York, 1866.
casi; 9asj; gfard; gas;;G, H, Vi, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23.)
JOHNSON
139*
JOHNSON
Johnson, (BEN.) See JONSON, (BEN.)
Johnson, (CHAPMAN,) an eminent American lawyer,
born in Virginia in 1779. He began the practice of law
at Staunton, and rose to the first rank in his profession.
He served as aide-de-camp to General James Brecken-
ridge in the second war with Great Britain. Died in 1849.
Johii'aon, (CHARLES,) an English dramatic writer,
born in 1679, is mentioned in Pope's "Dunciad," particu-
larly on account of his obesity. The comedy of the
"Country Lasses" was the most popular of his plays.
Died in 1748.
Johnson, (CLIFTON,) an American author and
illustrator, born at Hadley, Massachusetts, in 1865.
He published "The New England Country," "A Book
of Country Clouds and Sunshine," "The Farmer's
Boy," etc., and has illustrated numerous works.
Johnson, (CUTHBERT W.,) an English writer on agri-
culture, born at Bromley, Kent, about 1800. He pub-
lished "The Farmer's Encyclopaedia and Dictionary of
Rural Affairs," (1842.) Died March 8, 1878.
Johnson, (EASTMAN,) an American painter of por-
traits and genre, born at Lovell, Maine, in 1824. Among
his works are " The Old Kentucky Home," " Savoyard
Be iv." "The Woodsman," "The Chimney-Corner," and
other admirable delineations of common life, and
numerous portraits of prominent statesmen and other
leading personages.
Johnson, (EDWARD.) one of the earliest historians of
New England, born in Kent, England, about 1600. He
emigrated to Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1630. Died
in 1672. His valuable "History of New England from
the English Planting in 1628 till 1652" was published in
London in 1650, and afterwards in the Massachusetts
Historical Collections.
Johnson, (GABRIEL.) See JOHNSTON.
Johnson, (GKUKGE,) an English physician, born ai
Goudhurst, Kent, in November, 1818. He was educated
at King's College, London, and graduated in 1842 at the
London University. He was professor of materia medica
in King's College, 1857-63, of the practice of medicine,
1863-76, and in 1876 took a professorship of clinical
medicine. He was made physician extraordinary to
the queen in 1889, and knighted in 1892. Among his
works are "On Diseases of the Kidney," (1852,)
"The Laryngoscope," (1864,) " Lectures on Bright's
Disease," (1873,) etc. Died in 1896.
Johnson, (HELEN KENDRICK,) an American author,
daughter of Rev. Dr. A. C. Kendrick, and wife of Ros-
siter Johnson. She was born at Hamilton, New York,
January 4, 1843, an^ was married in 1869. She is the
author of "The Roddy Books," (3 vols., 1874-76,) and
" Our Familiar Songs, and those who made them,"
(1881,) and has edited several -.ompilations.
Johnaon,(IsAAC,) one of the founders of Massachusetts
colony, came from England with Governor Winthrop in
1630. He and three others organized, July 30, the church
of Boston at Charlestown ; but, for the want of good
water, they removed to Shawmut, now Boston, which
was settled under Johnson's supervision. Died in 1630.
Johnson, (JOHN,) a learned nonjuring divine, born
in Kent, England, in 1662. He was the author of" Holy
David and his Old English Translation Cleared," written
in answer to one of the works of Baxter, "The Clergy-
man's Vade-Mecum," (1708,) and several other works
Died in 1725.
See THOMAS BRETT, " Life of John Johnson," 174$.
Johnson, (Sir JOHN,) a general, son of Sir William,
noticed below, was born in 1742. He was a royalist in
the Revolution, instigated the Indians to fight foi the
king, and conducted several raids from Canada against
the State of New York. Near the close of last century
he was appointed Governor of Upper Canada. Died in
1830. See his " Life," by J. W. de Peyster.
Johnson, (fosKi'M.) M.D., brother of Judge William
Johnson, was born in Charleston in 1776. He practised
as a physician in his native citv, and in 1807 was chosen
president of the Medical Society of South Carolina, He
took an active part in the literary and political move-
ments of Charleston, was long mayor of the city, and a
prominent leader of the party which opposed nullifica-
tion in 1832-33. He wrote a valuable work entitled " Tra-
ditions and Reminiscences of the Revolution," (1851.)
Johnson, (MANUEL JOHN,) an English astronomer,
born about 1805. He was astronomer of the Radcliffe
Observatory of Oxford, and published "Astronomical
Observations," (13 vols., 1845-55.) Died in 1859.
Johnson, (MARTIN,) an English landscape-painter
and seal-engraver of the time of Charles II. Died
about 1685.
Johnson, (MAURICE,) an English lawyer and antiqua-
rian, born in Lincolnshire. He founded an antiquarian
society at Spalding, and wrote several commentaries.
Died in 1755.
Johnson, (REVERDY,) an American lawyer, son of
Judge Johnson, was born in Annapolis, Maryland, May
21, 1796. He studied at Saint John's College, waa
admitted to the bar in 1815, and followed his profession
with great success in Baltimore. He was also extensively
engaged in cases before the supreme court of the United
States. In 1845 ne was elected by the Whigs to the
United States Senate. This position he resigned in 1849
to accept the attorney-generalship of the United States,
tendered him by President Taylor. On the death of Gen-
eral Taylor, in July, 1850, Mr. Johnson resumed his pro-
fession in Baltimore. In connection with Thomas Harris,
he published seven volumes of reports of the Maryland
court of appeals, (from 1800 to 1826.) He was elected
a Senator of the United States for six years, (1863-69,)
and appointed minister to England in June, 1868. He
negotiated in relation to the Alabama claims a conven-
tion which the Senate of the United States rejected al-
most unanimously. He was recalled early in 1869. Died
February IO, 1876.
Johnson, (RICHARD,) a commentator and gramma-
rian, born in England. Among his works are "Noctes
Nottinghamics," and "Grammatical Commentaries."
Died in 1721.
Johnson, (RICHARD MENTOR,) ninth Vice- President
of the United States, was born near Louisville, Kentucky,
in 1780. He studied at Transylvania University, and
practised law with success. Elected a representative
to Congress in 1807, he zealously supported the admin-
istration of President Madison, and was regularly re-
elected for a period of twelve years. On the breaking
out of the war of 1812, he raised and commanded a
regiment of mounted riflemen on the Indian frontier. In
1813 l»e again took the field, and contributed greatly to
Harrison's victory of the Thames, (October 5, 1813.)
The Indian chief Tecumseh, who fell in this battle, is
generally believed to have been killed by Colonel John-
son, who was dangerously wounded. In 1819 he visa
transferred to the Unitea States Senate, of which he
! was a member for ten years. He was again returned to
the House of Representatives in 1829, and was regularly
re-elected till chosen Vice- President in 1837, Van Buren
being the President. None of the candidates for Vice-
President having on that occasion received a majority
of votes in the electoral college, Colonel Johnson was
elected by the United States Senate. He was again
the candidate for the Vice-Presidency on the ticket with
Van Buren in 1840, but was defeated. Died in 1850.
Johnson, (RICHARD W.,) an American general, bora
in Kentucky about 1827, graduated at West Point in
1849. He commanded a division at the battle of Stone
River, December 31, i862-January 2, 1863, and at Chick
amauga, Sept. 19 and 20, 1863. He served under Sher-
man in Georgia in 1864. He was professor of military
science in the Missouri State University 1868-69 ano
in the University of Minnesota 1869-71. Died in St.
Paul, April 21, 1897.
Johnson, (ROBERT,) an English composer of sacred
music, who flourished in the middle of the sixteenth cet-
tury. Little is known of his life beyond the fact that hr
was an ecclesiastic. There was another Robert Johnson,
who composed music for the London theatres from abeut
1610 to 1621.
Johnson, (RossiTF.R,) an American author, born at
Rochester, New York, January 27, 1840, graduated at
Rochester University in 1863. He is the author of
"Phaeton Rogers," (1881,) "Idler and Poet," poens,
a, e, 1, 5, u, y, l~mg; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; i, e. ' ", "., y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; mon;
JOHNSON
JOHNSON
(1882,) " History of the War of 1812," (1882,) " His-
tory of the Old French War," (1883,) etc., editor of
various books and series and of several cyclopaedias,
and associate editor of the " Standard Dictionary."
John'son, (SAMUEL,) an English divine, memorable
for his undaunted support of the Protestant cause, was
born in Staffordshire in 1649. Soon after he had taken
orders he removed to London. He became an earnest
advocate of the bill of exclusion against James, Duke
of York, and published a tract entitled "Julian the
Apostate," (1682,) in which he refuted the arguments in
favour of passive obedience. For writing this article he
was tried and imprisoned ; but during his confinement he
issued several treatises against popery. In 1686 he wrote
"An Humble and Hearty Address to all the English
Protestants in the Present Army." For the production
of this essay he was sentenced to stand three times in
the pillory, to pay a fine of five hundred marks, and to
be publicly whipped from Newgate to Tyburn. He bore
all these sufferings with great firmness. He subsequently
wrote in favour of the Revolution, and also of William
of Orange, on whose accession he was rewarded with
a present of ^1000 and an annuity of ^300. Died in
1703-
Johnson, (SAMUEL,) an eccentric English dramatic
writer, born in Cheshire about 1705. He wrote, besides
other comedies, " Hurlothrumbo, or the Supernatural."
Died in 1773.
Johnson, (SAMUEL,) one of the most eminent Eng-
lish writers of the eighteenth century, a son of Michael
Johnson, a bookseller, was born at Lichfield, September
18, 1709. He commenced his studies in his native town,
and subsequently continued them at a school in Stour-
bridge. In 1728 he entered Pembroke College, Oxford.
From boyhood he had been afflicted with the scrofula,
which greatly impaired his eyesight and weakened his
constitution. To this may be attributed the natural in-
dolence which he never fully succeeded in overcoming.
Notwithstanding these obstacles, he acquired such stores
of knowledge that, when he was examined at Oxford,
one of the officers pronounced him to be the best pre-
pared among all those who had entered since his re-
membrance. Three years afterwards he was under the
necessity of leaving college, on account of the narrowness
of his resources. The same year, his father dying under
pecuniary embarrassments, he obtained employment as
usher to a school in Market-Bosworth. The duties of
this office, however, soon became so irksome that he
threw it up and removed to Birmingham, where he had
made an engagement to contribute to a newspaper. It
was there, also, that he produced his first book, an
abridged translation from the French of " Father Lobos'
Voyage into Abyssinia," for which he received the small
compensation ot five guineas. In 1736 he married Mrs.
Porter, the widow of a mercer. This lady is described
as being nearly twice his age, and as having vulgar
manners, a loud voice, and florid complexion. Johnson
said, however, that it was a love-match on both sides.
Not long after, he attempted to establish an academy at
Edial Hall, where he obtained only three pupils, one of
whom was David Garrick. In 1737 he went to London,
accompanied by Garrick. In a short time he produced,
in imitation of the third Satire of Juvenal, a poem on
London, which attracted great attention. Pope remarked
"that the author, whoever he was, would not be long
concealed." It was in the metropolis that Johnson
formed a friendship for the poet Savage, with whom he
frequently walked the streets at night because they were
too poor to procure lodgings. In 1740 he wrote the
parliamentary speeches for the "Gentleman's Magazine,'1
»nd in 1744 published the "Life of Richard Savage."
Three years latei he commenced his English Dictionary.
In March, 1749, the first number of the " Rambler" was
issued. Johnson coi.titjued this periodical until his wife's
death, in 1752, which affected his mind so deeply that he
suspended many of his literary labours. In 1762 George
III. granted him a pension of .£300 per annum; and
from that time he was enabled to live in ease and inde-
pendence. He became a member of the famous literary-
club to which Burke, Goldsmith, Reynolds, and many
other celebrated men belonged. He received the degree
of LL.D. in 1765 from the University of Dublin, but did
not assume the title until several years later, when the
same honour was conferred on him by the University of
Oxford. He was also treated with marked attention by
the king, to whom he was introduced at the library in
Buckingham House. In 1773 he made an excursion to
the Western Islands of Scotland, of which he wrote
j an account, and two years later visited Paris. In 1781
he finished the " Lives of the British Poets," the last of
his literary works. He died in 1784, from the effects
of dropsy and asthma.
Johnson's intellect was incisive, comprehensive, and
profound ; and, when free from the influence of prejudice
or passion, his judgments are, generally speaking, re-
markably just. He seemed to seize, instantaneously and
without effort, the essential features of the subject undei
discussion, and his decisions are often expressed with a
clearness and force that make a vivid and indelible im-
pression upon the minds of his readers. He was pre-
eminently distinguished for his conversational powers ;
in society he was original, pointed, logical, and fond of
argument, in which no one but Burke could successfully
encounter him. Much of the intolerance and ill temper
which he too often betrayed on such occasions must be
ascribed to distressing and deep-rooted bodily infirmi-
ties, which powerfully reacted upon his mind. If his
disposition was irritable, his heart was essentially kind
and generous. Few persons, with means so limited as
his, ever spent more for charitable or benevolent pur-
poses. " He loved the poor," says Mrs. Thrale, " as I
never yet saw any one else love them. . . . He nursed
whole nests of people in his house, where the lame, the
blind, the sick, and the sorrowful found a sure retreat."
Francis Barber, the servant and friend of Dr. Johnson,
was originally a Jamaica slave. It is related that John-
son, on making his will, asked his physician what would
be a sufficient annuity for a faithful servant. Being told
that fifty pounds a year would be regarded as adequate
in the case of a nobleman, "Then," he said, "I shall
be nobilissimus; for I mean to leave Frank seventy pounds
a year." "That, with all his coarseness and irrita-
bility," says Macaulay, (who will scarcely be accused of
any undue partiality to Johnson,) " he was a man of
sterling benevolence, has long been acknowledged. But
how gentle and endearing his deportment could be was
not known till the 'Recollections of Madame D'Arblay'
were published." Although certainly not wanting in a
proper respect for dignities, he possessed a true Saxon
independence of character, of which his well-known letter
to Lord Chesterfield furnishes a fine illustration. He
was a sincere and humble believer in the great truths
of Christianity, which he ably upheld and defended.
Johnson was great in all the branches of literature to
which he devoted his attention. Few men have exerted
so great an influence while living, — an influence which
will probably be felt far into the future. His poems,
which are chiefly descriptive and satirical, have been
greatly admired by some of the most eminent critics.
" I have had," said Sir Walter Scott, " more pleasure
in reading 'London' and the 'Vanity of Human Wishes'
than any other poetical composition that I can mention."
Of the latter Byron remarks, " 'Tis a grand poem, all
the examples and mode of giving them sublime." His
romances and plays attracted less attention. He was
particularly unsuccessful with his female characters.
Burke aptly remarked that among his dramatis personae
"all the ladies introduced were Johnsons in petticoats."
His excellence in literary criticism lies in his strength,
perspicuity, and originality of thought. His critical
observations are generally extremely just (as already
intimated) when not biased by prejudice. He had not,
however, that nice discrimination or sensibility requisite
in order to appreciate poetical beauties of a delicate or
subtle kind. His most important critical works are the
" Preface and Notes to Shakspeare," and " The Lives
of the British Poets." His English Dictionary, upon
hich he bestowed vast labour for several years, is
probably the most remarkable work of the kind ever
produced by a single person. His style, precise and
stately, was much admired and imitated during his
lifetime ; but at present the prevailing taste in literature
€ as k: c as s: g hard: g as;'; G, H, K.,gitttnrjt; N, nasal; R, triiled; s as z; %h as in this.
88
Explanations, p. 23.)
JOHNSON
JOHNSTON
has pronounced it too artificial and elaborate to be ever
used as a model.
See BOSWELL, " Life of Johnson ;" review of CROKER'S edition
of BOSWELL'S "Life of Johnson," in MACAULAY'S "Essays;"
"Anecdotes of Dr. Johnson," by MADAME Plozzi, ^MRS. THRALE,)
(y86; ANDERSON, "Life of Johnson," 1795; THOMAS CARLYLE,
'Heroes and Hero- Worship;" SCOTT'S Miscellaneous Prose
Works; GARY, "Lives of English Poets from Johnson to Kirke
White ;'' "Quarterly Review" lor November, 1831, June, 1850, April,
1858, and January, 1859; "Westminster Review" for October, 1531 ;
see, also, the excellent and elaborate article in ALLI BONE'S " Dictionary
of Authors."
Johnson, (SAMUEL,) D.D., born in Guilford, Con-
necticut, in 1696, graduated at Yale in 1714. Having
become an Episcopalian, he took holy orders in England
in 1722, and on his return settled at Stratford. He was
chosen president of King's College in 1754. This posi-
tion he resigned in 1763. Died in 1772. He wrote,
besides other works, a " System of Morality."
Johnson, (SAMUEL,) an American author, born at
Salem, Massachusetts, October 10, 1822. He graduated
at Harvard College in 1842, and at the Cambridge Di-
vinity School in 1843. r'e became a preacher of the
Free Religious movement. He was one of the compilers
of two collections of hymns for advanced Unitarian con-
gregations, and was himself the author of some fine
\ymns. He published "The Worship of Jesus," (1868,)
and a laborious work on "Oriental Religions," (1872
ft sty.) He was an able orator and writer, and a man of
pure and noble, but somewhat eccentric, life. Died
February 19, 1882.
Johnson, (SAMUEL FROST,) an American painter, born
in New York city, November 9, 1835. He studied art
in New York, Dusseldorf, (1860,) and Antwerp, (1863.)
After his return to New York he became a professor in
the art-schools of the Metropolitan Museum.
Johnson, (SAMUKL WILLIAM,) an American chemist,
born at Kingsborough, New York, July 3, 1830, was
educated in the scientific school at New Haven, and in
the German universities. In 1856 he became professor
of agricultural chemistry at Yale College. Among his
oooks are "Essays on Manures," (1859,) "Peat and its
Uses," (1866,) " How Crops Grow," (1868,) " How Crops
Feed," etc.
Johnson, (THOMAS,) a lieutenant-colonel in the roval
army, distinguished as a botanist, was born at Selby,
in Yorkshire. lie received from the University of Ox-
ford the title of M.I), lie was mortally wounded at
"he siege of Basinghouse, in 1644. He wrote several
botanical works.
Johnson, (THOMAS,) an English scholar, born in
Oxfordshire, was educated at Cambridge, where in 1692
he received the degree of M.A. He edited Sophocles,
(1705,) and other classical works. Died about 1750.
Johnson, (VIRC.INIA WALKS,) an American novelist,
born in Brooklyn, New York, December 28, 1849. Her
principal books are "Keltic Club Series," (1870,) " Joseph
the Jew," (1873,) " A Sack of Gold," (1874,) "The Cal-
derwood Secret," "Miss N .nicy's Pilgrimage," "The
Catskill Fairies," "A Foreign Marriage," "The Nep-
tune Vase," "The English Daisy Miller," etc.
Johnson, (WALTER ROGERS,) an American chemist
and geologist, born in Leominster, Massachusetts, about
1794. He graduated at Harvard in 1819; and, while
professor of mechanics, natural philosophy, etc. in the
Philadelphia High School, he contributed largely by
lectures and essays towards introducing an improved
system of common-school education in Pennsylvania.
He afterwards made important investigations in the
teology of that State, particularly the coal formations,
lied lor four years (1839-43) the chair of chemistry in
the Medical University of Pennsylvania, and in 1844
published, by order of Congress, his " Report on the
Different Varieties of Coal." Died in 1852.
Johnson, (WILLIAM,) judge of the supreme court of
the United States, was born in Charleston, South Caro-
lina, in 1771. He was a brother of Joseph, noticed above.
He graduated at Princeton, with the highest honours of
his class, in 1790, rose to distinction at the bar of his
Dative State, and was appointed judge by Jefferson in
1801. He died, while undergoing a surgical operation,
in New York, in 1834. He published "The Life and
Correspondence of Major-General Greene," (2 vols.,
1822.)
Johnson, (Sir WILLIAM,) a British military officer,
born about 1715, was employed in North America, and
had great influence over the Indians. He commanded
an expedition sent against Crown Point in 1755, and
defeated the French and their Indian allies. He wrote
a short work " On the Customs and Languages of the
American Indians." Died in New York in 1774.
See "Life and Times of Sir W.Johnson," by W. L. STONE, :86j.
Johnson, (WILLIAM B.,) a Baptist minister, born near
Charleston, South Carolina, in 1782. He presided over
the Baptist Convention of South Caiolina for twenty-five
years or more. He was the author of several religious
works. Died in 1862.
Johnson, (WILLIAM SAMUEL,) F.R.S., an eloquent
American lawyer and scholar, born at Stratford, Con-
necticut, in 1727, graduated at Yale in 1744. Having
been sent as a colonial agent to England in 1766, he
became an acquaintance of the celebrated Dr. Johnson,
with whom he corresponded for many years. He was
elected to Congress in 1785, was a member of the con-
vention which formed the Federal Constitution in 1787,
and was elected a United States Senator for Connecticut
in 1789. He was president of Columbia College, New
York, from 1791 until 1800. Died in 1819.
Johns'ton, (ALBERT SYDNEY,) an eminent American
general, born in Mason county, Kentucky, in 1803,
graduated at West Point in 1826. Having resigned his
commission in 1834, he enlisted as a private soldier in
the army of Texas in 1836. He soon became commander-
in-chief, in place of F. Houston, with whom he fought
a duel about 1837. He was secretary of war of the
republic of Texas, 1838-40, and served as colonel of
the army of the United States in the Mexican war,
(1846-47.) In 1849 he was appointed paymaster of the
army of the United States. Having been raised to the
rank of colonel, he commanded the expedition sent to
Utah against the Mormons in 1857. In 1860 he took
command of the department of the Pacific. He offered
his services to the secessionists in 1861, and was ap-
pointed commander of the department of Kentucky
and Tennessee. He occupied a fortified position at
Bowling Green in the autumn of 1861. The capture
of Fort Donelson, February 16, 1862, having rendered
this position untenable, he moved hastily southward
into Tennessee, and formed a junction with the army
of General Beauregard at Corinth. About six weeks
were spent in this disastrous retreat. He collected a
force of about 50,000 men at Corinth, and attacked the
army of General Grant at Shiloh on the 6th of April,
1862. He was killed about two P.M. on the first day
of this battle, by a ball, which cut an artery of his leg.
"A. S. Johnston," says Mr. Greeley, "was probably
the ablest commander at any time engaged in the rebel
service." ("American Conflict.")
See Life of A. S. Johnston in "Southern Generals," (anony-
mous.) 1865; TENNEY, "Military and Naval History of the Rebel-
lion," 1865.
Johns'ton, (ALEXANDER,) a Scottish painter, born in
Edinburgh in 1816. His works mostly represent scenes
of Scottish life, or Scottish history. Died in 1891.
Johnston, (ALEXANDER,) an American publicist, born
at Brooklyn, New York, April 29, 1849. He graduated
at Rutgers College in 1870, was admitted to the bar in
1876, and in 1883 was appointed professor of juris-
prudence and political economy in Princeton College.
Among his works are a " History of American Politics,"
(1879,) "The Genesis of a New England State: Con-
necticut," (1883,) and a small "History of the United
Stales," (1884.) Died J»'v 10.
.
Johnston, (ALEXANDER KEITH,) an eminent geog-
rapher, was born at Kirkhill, in Scotland, in 1804. In
order to be thoroughly informed upon geography, he
made himself acquainted with the French, Spanish,
Italian, and German languages. His first important
work, the "National Atlas," was issued in 1843. In
1848 he published a valuable "Physical Atlas," which
greatly extended the celebrity of its author. lie was
elected a member of the Geographical Societies of Ber-
lin and Paris, of the Geological Society of London, and
», e. I, o, u, y, la'if: a. e, o. same, iess prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u,y,sA0rt;z,e, \,<),06scurs;{%.r, fill, fit; met; not; good; moor;
JOHNSTON
J395
JOHNSTON
the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Of the other worfe
of Mr. Johnston may be mentioned "A Dictionary of
Geography," (1850,) and an "Atlas of the Historical
Geography of Europe." He died July 9, 1871.
See " Blackwood's Magazine" for April, 1849.
Johnston, (Dr. ARTHUR,) a Scottish physician and
poet, eminent for his classical learning, was born in Aber-
deenshire in 1587. He pursued his studies mostly on
the continent, and in 1610 received the degree of M.D.
at Padua. He afterwards resided at Pari= several years,
and on his return to England, in 1632, was appointed
physician-in-ordinary to Charles I. Died in 1641. He
contributed to Sir John Scott's collection of Latin
poems, and composed, in Latin, "Poetical Paraphrases
of the Psalms of David," (1637.) "I am inclined to
think," says Hallam, "that Johnston's Psalms do not
fall far short of those of Buchanan, either in elegance
of style or in correctness of Latinity."
Johnston, (GEORGE,) a distinguished naturalist, was
born at Simprin in 1789, and graduated as a physician at
the University of Edinburgh in 1819. Among his inter-
esting and valuable contributions to science may be men-
tioned " History of British Zoophytes," (1838,) " History
of British Sponges and Lithophytes," (1842,) papers on
" British and Irish Annelides," a work on Conchology,
(1850,) and "Botany of the Eastern Borders," (1854.)
He practised medicine at Berwick-on-Tweed for many
years. Died in 1855.
Johnston, (Sir HENRY HAMILTON,) an English
traveller, born near London in 1858. His travels be-
gan in 1879, and embraced North Africa, Portuguese
West Africa, the Congo region, Mount Kilimanjaro,
Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika. He held several
consulships in Africa, and in 1891 was made consul-
general for British Central Africa. He wrote several
books descriptive of his travels.
Johnston, (JAMES F. W.,) a noted agricultural chem-
ist, was born at Paisley, in Scotland, about 1796. He
studied in Sweden, under Berzelius. In 1833 he was
appointed professor of chemistry in the University of
Durham. He also visited America, where he became
distinguished as an agricultural chemist. Among his
works are the " Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and
Geology," (1842,) " Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry
and Geology," (1844,) a work which has been translated
into nearly every European language, "Contributions
to Scientific Agriculture," (1849,) "Notes on North
America," (1851,) and " Chemistry of Common Life,"
(2 vols., 1854-55.) Died in 1855.
Johnston, (JoHN,) an eminent physician and natural
philosopher, born in Poland in 1603. He graduated at
the Universities of Leyden and Cambridge. He wrote,
besides other works, in Latin, the " Wonders of Nature,
divided into Ten Classes," which was a natural history
of beasts, birds, fishes, and insects. Died in 1675.
Johnston, (JOHN,) LL.D., an American scientist,
born at Bristol, Maine, August 23, 1806. He graduated
at Bowdoin College in 1832, and was professor of natural
science in Wesleyan University, 1837-79. He wrote a
tific papers. Died at Clifton, New York, December 2
1879-
Johnston, (JOSEPH EGGLESTON,) an able American
general, born in Prince Edward county, Va., February 3,
1807. His mother, whose maiden name was Wood, was
a niece of Patrick Henry. He graduated at West Point
in 1829, gained the rank of captain in 1846, and served
with distinction in the Mexican war, 1846-47. In June,
1860, he was appointed quartermaster-general, with the
rank of brigadier-general. He resigned his commission
in April, 1861, and was immediately appointed a major-
general, or gexieral, by Jefferson Davis. He took com-
mand of a force at Harper's Ferry in May, 1861, and was
opposed in that vicinity by General Patterson. Having
eluded Patterson, he moved his army rapidly to Ma-
nassas, and effected a junction with the army of Beau-
regard on the 2oth or 2ist of July. General Johnston
was superior in rank to Beauregard, but he waived his
claim to precedence in the battle of Bull Run, July 21.
He remained inactive at Manassas Junction during the
autumn of 1861 and the ensuing winter. About the 8th
of March, 1862, he changed his base and retired behind
the Rapidan. He soon moved his army to the peninsula
to oppose McClellan, and, having been repulsed at Wil-
liamsburg, May 5, retreated towards Richmond. On
the 3 1st of May he attacked a part of the Union army at
Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines. In this battle he received
a severe wound, which disabled him for several months.
In November, 1862, he was assigned to the command of
a department comprising Tennessee, Alabama, and Mis-
sissippi. He reported in April, 1863, that he was still
unfit for active service in the field. After General Grant
approached Vicksburg from the south, General Johnston
moved a small army to relieve that place, and reached
Jackson on the I3th of May. He was defeated on the
I4th, abandoned Jackson, and retreated to Canton. On
the 2gth of May he wrote to General Pemberton, "I am
too weak to save Vicksburg. Can do no more than
attempt to save you and your garrison." In December
1863, he took command in person of the army which had
recently been defeated by General Grant near Chatta-
nooga, and which was required to oppose the advance
of General Sherman towards Atlanta. He began this
campaign with about 55,000 men, occupying a strong
ind fortified position at Dalton, Georgia. This position
naving been turned by the Union army, Johnston fell
back to Resaca, where he was attacked on the I5th of
May. After a severe battle, he retreated in the ensuing
night, closely pursued, and reached Cassville, near the
Etowah River, on the igth. Having crossed the Etowah
under cover of the night, General Johnston made another
stand in the strong position of Allatoona Pass, to dis-
lodge him from which General Sherman ordered a flank
movement to Dallas. General Johnston attacked the
Federals at Dallas on the 28th of May, was repulsed,
and on the 4th of June retreated to Kenesaw Mountain.
On the 27th of June, General Sherman made an unsuc-
cessful assault on the works at Kenesaw, but he resorted
again to a flank movement, which compelled General
Johnston to abandon Kenesaw on the 2d or 3d of July,
and to retreat across the Chattahoochee. He was re-
moved from the command on the i8th of July, 1864.
Before this date he had attained the rank of general,
the highest in the service. He obtained command of
an army in South Carolina about February, 1865, and
on the i8th of March attacked the advance of General
Sherman's army at Bentonville, North Carolina. He
retreated to Smithfield on the 2ist of March, and
surrendered his army to General Sherman on the 26th
of April, 1865, on the same terms as were granted to
General Lee. He was elected to Congress in 1877,
and was made a commissioner of railroads. Died
March 21, 1891.
Johnston, (KEITH,) a Scottish geographer, a son of
A. K. Johnston, was born in Edinburgh, November 24,
1844. He travelled in Paraguay, published various maps
and geographical papers, edited and rewrote a work on
"Africa," (1878,) and one on general geography. In
1879 he started on an expedition from the east coast of
Africa into the interior, but died at Berobero, June 28,
1879.
Johnston, (RICHARD MALCOLM,) an American
author, born at Powelton, Georgia, in 1822. He was
professor of literature in the University of Georgia
1857-61, served in the Confederate army in the civil
war, and afterwards engaged in literary work. He
had much merit as a humourist and as a delineator of
Southern life. Among his works are "Georgia
Sketches," (1864,) "Two Gray Tourists," (1885,)
" Studies: Literary and Social," (1891,) "Old Times
in Middle Georgia," (1897,) " Pearse Amerson's
Will," (1898.) Died September 23, 1898.
Johnston, CROEERT,) a Scottish historical writer,
was the author of a " History of his Own Times,"
(1642, in Latin.) Died about 1636.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scots-
/ 5 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K., guttural; N, nasal; ^trilled; s as z; th as in this. (J^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
JOHNSTONE
1396
JOLY
Johnstone, (BRYCE,) an eminent Scottish divine, born
in Dumfriesshire in 1747. He studied at the University
of Edinburgh, which in 1786 unanimously conferred upon
him the degree of D.D. Among his works may be men-
tioned " Commentary on the Revelation of Saint John
the Divine," (1794,) "Essay on the Influence of Religion
on Civil Society and Civil Government," and a treatise
on agriculture. Died in 1805.
Johnstone, Johnson, or Johnston, (CHARLES,) an
author, born in Ireland about 1720, was educated for the
bar. The most important of his productions was a po-
litical romance, entitled "Chrysal, or the Adventures of
a Guinea," (1760,) which met with a great sale. Besides
this, he wrote "The Reverie, or a Flight to the Paradise
of Fools," (1 762,) "Arsaces, Prince of Betlis," and other
works. Died in Calcutta in 1800.
See SIR WALTER SCOTT'S Miscellaneous Prose Works.
Johnstone, (CHRISTIAN ISOBEL,) a Scottish author-
ess, born in Fifeshire in 1781. Her second husband was
a Mr. Johnstone, whom she married in 1812. Her prin-
cipal works are the novels "Clan Albyn" (1815) and
" Elizabeth de Bruce," (1827.) She also wrote " Diver-
sions of Holycott," "Nights of the Round Table,"
many tales. Died in 1857.
Johiistone, (GEORGE,) a diplomatist and post-capta
in the royal navy, the son of a Scottish baronet. In 17*
he was made Governor of West Florida. During the
American Revolution he was appointed (in 1778) one of
the commissioners sent with Lord Carlisle to the United
States to treat with Congress. Died in 1 787.
Johnstone, (JAMES,) a distinguished Scottish physi-
cian, born at Annan in 1730, was educated at Edinburgh
and Paris. He was very successful in malignant fevers.
several hundred armed men from among his tenants and
accompanied Louis IX. in his first crusade to the Holy
Land. He soon became a great favourite with this
monarch. Joinville distinguished himself for bravery at
the capture of Damietta in Egypt, and was subsequently
with Louis, made prisoner at Mansoorah. He returned
to France with the king in 1254. He wrote a very in-
teresting work entitled "History of Saint Louis IX.,
King of France, by Jehan Sire de Joinville." "In this
history," says Ambrose Firmin Didot, "which is one of
the most precious monuments of ancient or modern
times, the Christian, the man of the world, the friend of
the king, and the naif historian, display themselves with
such naturalness, simplicity, and candour that the readei
can penetrate the inner heart of the author by the simple
recital which he has given us. ... His natural and
easy style has all the charm of conversation." ("Nou-
velle Biographic Gene'rale.") He is supposed to have
died about 1317.
See F. FRRIEL, " Notice sur Jean de Joinville," 1853 : CHEZJBAN,
Notice historique sur Sire de Joinville," 1853 : SAINT
Causeries du Lundi."
NTK-BHUVK,
Notice historique sur Sire de Joinville," 1853:
" Causeries du Lundi."
Jokai, (MAURICE, or MAURUS,) (in Hungarian, J6KAI
MOR, yo'koi moR,) a very eminent Hungarian novelist
and dramatist, born at Comorn, February 19, 1825. He
for many years was prominent in political journalism, and
' is often been elected to public office. In the best of
s numerous works the style is brilliant, and many have
translated into other languages. Among his best
are"The Hungarian Nabob,""The White Rose."
and '%The New Landlord." A jubilee edition in one
hundred volumes was published in 1894.
Joliet, zhole-A', (Louis,) a French traveller, was one
the first white men that explored the Mississippi
. w men
on which he wrote a treatise. He. s also said to have been £ the >™ d £ Quebec before
the first to recommend the use of mineral acids in those *
„ ».!. ..i,,^...-...- ALEXANDRINE,)
See CHAMBERS," Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Si poetess, born at Bar-sur-Aube in 1756; died in 1830.
Johnstone, (ToHN.) son of the preceding, was born g),e wrotc "New Fables in Verse," etc.
m 1768, and educated at Oxford. He was equally jou'vet, de, deh zho'le'vj', (JEAN BAPTISTE MOYSE,)
celebrated as a skilful physician and an accomplished cOUNTl a French advocate, born in 1754, was elected
scholar. He wrote the "Life of Dr. Parr," (1828,) with m ,yg, to the Legislative Assembly, in which he boldly
denounced the Jacobins. On the accession of Napoleon
tie was created councillor of state. Died in 1818. He
wrote various works on political economy.
Jollivet, zho'le'vi', (ADOLPHE,) a French politician,
oom in 1799, wrote many works against the abolition of
slavery. He was killed in Paris during the revolution
of February, 1848.
Jollivet, (PIERRE JULES,) a French painter of history,
born in Paris in 1803, gained a medal of the first class
in 1835. Died September 7, 1871.
Jollois, zhoHwa', (JEAN BAPTISTE PROSPER,) a French
antiquary and engineer, born in Burgundy in 1776. He
was chief engineer of the department of Seine, (Paris.)
He published many works on French antiquities. Died
whom he was very intimate ; also several medical works.
He practised in Birmingham about forty years. Died
in 1836.
See a notice of J. Johnstone in the "Gentleman's Magazine" for
May, 1837.
Johnatone, (JOHN HENRY,) a celebrated comic actor
and vocalist, born in Ireland in 1750; died in 1828.
Johnstone, jons'tpn, de, CHEVALIER, a native of
Edinburgh, entered in 1745 the army of the Pretender, to
whom he soon became aide-de-camp. He served at the
battle of Prestonpans and in subsequent engagements.
After the battle of Culloden he escaped to Paris, and re-
ceived an appointment in the French army. He wrote,
in French, " Memoirs of the Rebellion in 1745 and 1746,"
which was translated and published in London in 1820.
Died in France at an advanced age.
Joinville, zhwin'vel', (EnMOND,) a French landscape-
painter, born in Paris in 1801 ; died in 1849.
Joinville, de, deh join'vi! or zlnvaN'vel', (FRANC.OIS
FERDINAND PHILIPPE Louis MARIE D'ORL£ANS, )
PRINCE, the third son of King Louis Philippe, was born
in 1818. He served in the navy, and obtained the rank
of captain for his conduct at the attack on Vera Cruz in
1838. In 1840 he was sent to Saint Helena to bring the
remains of Napoleon to France. He commanded the
naval division which bombarded Tangier in 1844, and gave
an impulse to the construction of steam ships of war by
his "Note sur les Forces navales de la France," (1844.)
He served for a time on McClellan's staff during the
civil war. In 1886 he was expelled from France, as a
member of the former royal house. Died in 1900.
Joinville, de, (JEAN or JEHAN,) SIRE, a French noble-
man and chronicler of high reputation, born in Cham-
pagne in 1224. He grew up at the court of Thibaut, King
of Navarre and Count of Champagne, and in 1248 raised
in 1842.
See ALFRED MAURV,
1 Notice sur la Vie et les Ouvragea de J.
P. Jollois," 1846; "Nouvelle Biographic Generate."
Joly, zho'le', (BfeMGNE,) a French religious writer,
born at Dijon in 1644, wrote a number of devotional
works. Died in 1694.
Joly, (CLAUDE,) a French writer and ecclesiastic, born
in Paris in 1607, wrote "A Collection of True Maxims
for the Education of a King, against the Pernicious
Policy of Cardinal Mazarin," (1652.) a copy of which
was burnt by the common executioner. lie became a
canon of the Church of Paris in 1631. Died in 1700.
See MORBRI, " Dictionnaire Historique."
Joly, (CLAUDE,) a French preacher, born in Lorraine
in 1610, became Bishop of Agen, and left several volumes
of sermons, (1692-94.) Died in 1678.
Joly or Jolly, zho'le', (FRANCOIS ANTOINE,) a French
comic poet, born in Paris in 1662. He wrote several
comedies, and published accurate editions of Moliere
(6 vols., 1734) and Corneille, (5 vols.) Died in 1753.
Joly, (GUI,) a French writer, a nephew of Claude Joly,
a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; n6t; good; moon;
J01.Y
'397
JONA THAN
noticed above, became confidential secretary to Cardina
de Retz. He is known as the author of the historica.
"Memoirs" from 164810 1665, (1718.) An English trans-
lation of this work was published in 1755. r''s " Memoirs"
are designed to explain and complete those of De Retz.
Joly, (JusEPH ROMAIN,) a French monk and writer,
born in 1715 ; died in 1805.
Joly, (MARC ANTOINE,) a French dramatist, born in
1672, wrote "The School of Lovers," and "The Jealous
Wife." Died in 1753.
Joly or Jolly, (MARIE ELISABETH,) a noted French
actress, born at Versailles in 1761. In 1793 she was
imprisoned by the revolutionists, but regained her free-
dom on condition that she should perform at the theatre
of the Republic. Died in 1798.
Joly, (PHILIPPE Louis,) a learned French ecclesiastic
and philologist, born at Dijon about 1712. Among his
works are " Critical Remarks on the Dictionary of Bayle,"
(1748,) and a " Treatise on French Versification," (1751.)
Died in 1782.
See QuiRARD, "La France LitteVaire. "
Joly de B6vy, zho'le' deh bi've', (Louis PHILIPPE
JOSEPH,) a French judge and religious writer, born at
Dijon in 1736; died in 1822.
Joly-Clerc, zho'le' klaiR, (NICOLAS,) a French natu-
ralist, wrote a number of works on botany. Died in 1817.
Joly de Fleury, zho'le' deh fluh're', (GUILLAUME
FRANCOIS,) a learned and eloquent French advocate and
magistrate, was born in Paris in 1675. For more than
twenty years he was attorney-general in the Parliament of
Paris. He wrote several treatises on law. Died in 1756.
Joly de Fleury, (JEAN FRANCOIS,) a French financier,
a son of the preceding, was born in 1718. He succeeded
Necker as minister of finances in 1781, and resigned in
French army, became aide-de-camp to Ney about 1804,
and presented to Bonaparte on the field of Austerlitz
his "Treatise on the Grand Operations of War." A
few days after this event he was appointed chief of the
staff of Ney. He received the title of baron for his
conduct at Jena in 1806, and was employed in Spain in
1808. In 1811 he became a general of brigade, and in
1812 French governor of Wilna. He contributed greatly
greatly
to the victory of Bautzen in 1813. His promotion having
been obstructed by the enmity of Berliner, he quitted
the French service in 1813, and entered that of Russia,
with the rank of lieutenant-general, and became aide-de-
camp to the emperor Alexander. Died about April i,
1869. Among his chief works are "Traite des grandes
Operations militaires, ou Histoire critique et militaire des
Guerresde Frederic II compare'es a celles de la Revolu-
tion," (5 vols., 1805,) a "Critical and Military History of
the Campaigns of the Revolution from 1792 to iSoi,"
(15 vols., 1819-24,) and " Precis de 1'Art de la Guerre,"
(5th ed., 2 vols., 1838.) The works of Jomini are among
the best that have ever been written on the art of war.
See PASCAL, "Observations sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de Baron
Jomini:" QU^RARD, "La France LiueVaire;" " Nouvelle Biogra-
Dhie Gene>ale ;" "Monthly Review," vol. id., lS*>, (Appendix.)
Jon Areson. See ARESON, (JoN.)
Jon, du, (FRANCIS.) See JUNIUS.
Jonae, yo'na, (PETER,) Bishop of Strengnas, in Swe-
den, was professor of theology at Upsal when John III.
attempted to re-establish the Catholic religion. Jonx
boldly opposed this proceeding. Died in 1607.
Jon3.ll "r -T/-v'«T5a I I I . 1 , T1H*. (~* _ 'I , ....t
JONAS,)
subject of the book bearing his name, is supposed to
have lived under the reign of Jeroboam II., about 800
or Jo'nas, |Heb. HJV ; Gr. 'lovuf; Lat
one of the minor Hebrew prophets, and the
1783. Died in 1802. B.C. ; but some place him under that of Jehu.
Joly de Fleury, (JEAN Omer — o'maiR',) a French See II. Kings xiv. 15; Matthew xii. 39, 41 ; Luke xi. 29, 33.
priest, nephew of Guillaume Fran9ois, noticed above. Jo'uah of Cor'dova, known also as Marinus or
Died in 1755. Merinos, (in Arabic, Aboo-1 Waleed Merwan IBN
Joly de Maizeroy. See MAIZEROY. (JANAH,) an eminent Jewish rabbi, born at Cordova,
Jomard, zho'mSR.', (EnME FRANCOIS,) a French Spain, about 990 A.n. He was a very able Hebrew lexi-
archsologist and geographer, born at Versailles in 1777. cograjjher and grammarian, and his principal work,
He accompanied the army to Egypt in 1798, returned "Kitabel Tankih," or " The Book of Minute Research,"
in 1802, and was appointed secretary of the Egyptian is sliil highly valued,
commission. He contributed to the redaction of the j Jonas. See JONAH.
great " Description of Egypt," and, as imperial com- i Jonas, yo'nas, Jonae, yo'ni, or Jonsaon, yon'son,
missary, directed the engraving and impression of the (ARNGRIM,) a learned historian, antiquary, and divine,
same for twenty years, (1807-26.) The portions of this born in Iceland about 1568, is said to have studied
work written by Jomard were published separately, astronomy under Tycho Brahe. Most of his works
with the title of "Observations on Ancient and Modern relate to the history of Iceland. Died in 1648.
Egypt, or a Historical and Picturesque Description of I Jonas, zho'na', (£MILE,) a French musical composer
its Monuments," (4 vols., 1830.) He was a member of "
the Institute. Died in 1862.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale.
Jombert, zhoN'baiR', (CHARLES ANTOINE,) a French
writer on art, born in Paris in 1712; died in 1784.
Joraelli, yo-mel'lee, (NiccoLb,) a celebrated Italian
composer, born at Aversa, near Naples, in 1714. He
studied under Feo, Leo, and Martini. His first opera,
" L'Errore amoroso," produced when he was twenty-
three years of age, rendered him so famous that he was
soon after invited to Rome, where he composed two
more operas and was patronized by the Cardinal of
York. In 1742 he went to Vienna, where he formed an
intimate friendship with Metastasio and gave instruc-
tions in music to the empress Maria Theresa. He was
employed as musician or chapel-master in Saint Peter's
at Rome from 1749 to 1754. The Duke t>( Wiirtemberg
having invited him to enter his service as chapel-master
to the court, Jomelli removed to Stuttgart, where he
passed about seventeen years, ( 1 754-70.) Died at Naples
in Aug;s^ 1774. Among his best productions are operas
entitled " Didone," (1745,) " Eumene," (i 746,) " Merope,"
('747.) and "Ezio," (1748,) several oratorios and masses,
and a miserere for two voices.
See Fgris, "Biographic Universelle des Musiciens;" PIETKO
ALFIBKI, " Notizie biografiche d
Biographic Gi<ne>ale;" CHORON
Musiciens."
N. Jomelli," 1845: "Nouvelle
FAYOLLK, " Dictionnaire dea
Jomini, zho'me'ne', (HENRI,) BARON, an able general
and eminent writer on strategy, was born at Payerne,
in the Swiss Canton de Vaud, in 1779. He entered the
of Jewish origin, born March 5, 1827. He produced
"Le Duel de Benjamin," (1855,) " Le Roi boit," (1857,)
" Les deux Arlequins," (1865,) " Le Canard a trois Bees,
(1869,) and other operas-bouffes.
Jonas, yo'nJs, (JUSTUS,) an eminent German Re
former and writer, born at Nordhausen in 1493. He
became in 1521 professor of theology at Wittenberg
He assisted Luther in the translation of the Old Tes
lament, accompanied him to the Diet at Worms and at
Augsburg, and had a share in the composition of the
so-called Torgau Articles. He also translated a numbei
of Luther's works, and Melanchthon's " Defence (Apol-
ogy) of the Augsburg Confession," from the Latin into
German. Died in 1555.
See P. EKERMAN, "Vita et Acta Dr. J. Jonz," Upsal, 1761 ; G
C KNAPP " MI™..*;,* j~ r ._ T iM_°i_, i.
. ' Narratio de Justo Jona Theologo," etc., 1817; F.RSCW
onj GRUBHR, "Allgemeioe Encyclopaedic ;" "Nouvelle Biographic
Generate : L. REINHAHD, " Life of Justus Jonas," (in Latin,) 1731.
Jonas or Jonae, (RuNOLPH,) a scholar and author,
born in Iceland, graduated at Copenhagen, where he
fixed his residence after 1649. He wrote "Elements
of the Northern Languages," and " Rudiments of the
Icelandic Grammar." Died in 1654.
Jou'a-thau, 1 1 leb. |n:irr, ] son of King Saul, and the
ost intimate friend of the psalmist David. The death
of this prince, who fell with his fathe', near Mount Gilboa,
while fighting the Philistines, furnished the subject o/
one of the most beautiful of David's songs.
See I. Samuel xviii., xix., xx. ; II. Samuel L 17-27.
Jon'athan Ap'phus, ( af fus, ) a celebrated Jewish
leader and high-priest, succeeded his elder brother, Judas
-e as /<•; c as .,; g hard; g asy ; G, H, K,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( J^=See Explanations, p. 23.'
JON A THAN
1398
JONES
Maccabseus, in 161 B.C., as chief ruler of his nation. For
seventeen years he governed with wisdom and justice, and
carried on successful wars with many of the surrounding
nations. During the civil dissensions in the kingdom
of Syria he was decoyed into the city of Ptolemais and
massacred with his entire escort.
Jonathan Ben TJz-zi'el (or uz'ze-el) or U-zi'el,
a Jewish rabbi, supposed to have been contemporary
with the prophets Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. He
was the author of the "Targum," a Chaldaic paraphrase
of most of the Hebrew prophetical books.
Jonckbloet, yonk'bloot, (WiLLEM JOSEPH AN-
DREAS,) a Dutch author, born at the Hague, July 6, 1817.
He was educated at Leyden, and held professorships of
the Dutch language and literature at Groningen and
Leyden. He published histories of poetry in the Neth-
erlands, and of Dutch literature. Died in 1885.
Joncourt, de, deh zhdN'kooR', (ELIE,) a Dutch writer,
of French extraction, born at the Hague in 1707. He
was one of the editors of the " Bibliotheque des Sciences
et des Arts," (50 vols., 1754-80,) and wrote various
works. Died about 1775.
Jonctys, yonk'tis, (DANIEL,) a Dutch liafratmr-and
physician, born at Dort, lived many years at Rotterdam.
Among his works was an able treatise against torture.
Died in 1654.
Jones, jonz, (AttsoN,) an American physician, Presi-
dent of the republic of Texas at the time of its annexation,
was born in Berkshire county, Massachusetts, in 1798.
He settled in Brazoria, Texas, in 1833, took a promi-
nent part in the political and military movements which
resulted in the independence of that republic, was min-
ister to the United States in 1838, and afterwards for
three years secretary of state under President Houston.
In 1844 he succeeded Houston as President Died by
his own hand in 1858.
Jones, (CiiAKi.Ks COLCOCK,) JR., an American author,
born at Savannah, Georgia, October 28, 1831. He
graduated at Princeton College in 1852, became a
lawyer, was an officer in the Confederate army, and
after 1865 removed to New York, returning to Georgia
in 1887. Among his works are " Ancient Tumuli in
Georgia," (1869,) "Antiquities of the Southern In-
dians," (1873,) " De Solo's March through Georgia,"
(1880,) "Negro Myths from the Georgia Coast,"
(1888,) etc. Died July 19, 1893.
Jones, jonz, (DAVID,) a Welsh poet, born in Caer-
narvonshire, was also a collector of Welsh manuscripts.
Died about 1780.
Jones, (DAVID R.,) an American general, born in
South Carolina about 1827, graduated at West Point in
1846. He served as brigadier-general in the army of
General Lee at ArUietam, September 17, 1862. Died
in 1863.
Jones, (EDWARD,) a Welsh musician and bard, born
in Merionethshire about 1750. He published, besides
other works, " Musical and Poetical Relics of the French
Bards," (1784.) Died in 1821.
Jones, jonz, (ERNEST,) M.P., an English poet and
Chartist. He became the leader of the Chartist move-
ment about 1846. He was imprisoned about two years
for his radical political speeches, (1848-49.) Among his
works are "The Wood Spirit," (1841,) and "Chartist
Lyrics." He was elected a member of Parliament in
1869, and died the same year.
Jones, (GRIFFITH,) an English author, born in 1721.
He edited at different times several periodicals, and was
connected with Dr. Johnson in the " Literary Magazine"
and with Goldsmith in the " British Magazine." Among
his works are " Great Events from Little Causes," and
several "Liliputian Histories." Died in 1786.
Jones, jonz, (HENRY,) an Irish poet and dramatic
writer, born at Drogheda about 1720, was by trade a
bricklayer. His productions attracted the attention of
the Earl of Chesterfield, then lord lieutenant of Ireland,
who took him to England and procured a large sub-
scription for his poems. Among his works we may cite
the "Tragedy of the Earl of Essex," (1753,) and
"The Cave of Idra." Died in 1770.
Jones. (HENRY ARTHUR,) an English dramatist,
born at Grandborough in 1851. His first marked
success as a playwright was with " The Silver King,"
(1882.) Later plays are " The Middleman," (1889,)
" The Triumph of the Philistines," (1895,) etc.
Jones, (HENRY BENCE,) F.R.S., an English physician,
writer, and lecturer on medical subjects, born at Lowes-
toft in 1813. He graduated at Cambridge in 1836, and
commenced the study of medicine. In 1846 he was
elected physician to Saint George's Hospital, and a Fel-
low of the Royal Society. His principal works were
" Animal Chemistry," " Lectures on Pathology and
Therapeutics," and "The Life and Letters of Faraday."
Died in London, April 20, 1873.
Jones, (HUGH BOLTON,) an American artist, born at
Baltimore, October 20, 1848. Among his best pictures
are "The Poplars," "Tangier," "The Wayside Pool,"
"The Return of the Herd," " October," " On Herring
Run," and "The Ferry Inn." In 1883 lie was elected to
the National Academy of Design, New York.
Jones (INIGO,) a distinguished architect, styled "the
English Palladio," was born in London about 1572.
Being apprenticed to a joiner, his talent for designing
attracted the attention of the Earl of Pembroke, who
furnished him with means to travel through Europe.
While in Italy, he accepted an invitation from Christian
IV. to visit Denmark. The sister of that monarch was
the queen of James I. of England ; and thus the way
was paved to the royal patronage when he reached his
native land in 1605. In a short time he was appointed
architect to the queen and to Prince Henry, in which
position he formed a friendship with Ben Jonson. They
subsequently quarrelled, and the poet ridiculed him in
several plays. In 1612 he visited Italy a second time;
and it was at this period that he fully adopted the classic
style of architecture, which was then but little known in
England. On his return he became surveyor -general of
the royal buildings. He died in 1653. Of the edifices
; designed and constructed by him may be mentioned the
palace at Whitehall, and the west front of Old Saint
Paul's. He wrote a work entitled " Stonhenge Re-
stored."
Jones, (JACOB,) COMMODORE, an American naval
officer, born in Kent county, Delaware, in 1770. He
became a lieutenant about 1801, and in October, 1812,
'commanded the sloop-of-war Wasp, with which he cap-
tured the British sloop Frolic, which carried more guns
than the Wasp. He was promoted to the rank of post-
captain in 1813, and obtained command of the frigate
Macedonian. Died in Philadelphia in 1850.
Jones, (JAMES CHAMBERLAIN,) a United States Sen-
ator, born in Davidson county, Tennessee, in 1809. In
1841 he was chosen by the Whigs Governor of the State,
James K. Polk being his competitor. He was re-elected
in 1843, when Mr. Polk was again the opposing can-
didate. In the National Whig Convention of 1848
Governor Jones strenuously advocated the nomination
of Henry Clay ; but after the selection of General Taylor
as the choice of the Convention he entered the canvass
warmly in his support, and spoke to large audiences
in different States of the Union. He was elec'ed to the
United States Senate in 1851, and served the full term
of six years. He supported the Kansas-Nebraska bill
in 1854, and thenceforward acted principally with the
Democratic party. Died in 1859.
Jones, (JEREMIAH,) a learned and eloquent English
dissenting minister, born in 1693, published an important
work entitled a "New and Full Method of Settling the
Canonical Authority of the New Testament," (2 vols.,
1726,) which is said to be the best English work on the
subject. Died in 1724.
Jones, (JOHN,) a physician and medical writer, sup-
posed to have been born in Wales about 1500. He was
educated at Cambridge, and practised at Bath, in Eng-
land. Among his works was " The Art and Science of
Preserving the Body and Soul in Health," (1579.)
. Jones, (JOHN,) a Benedictine, born in London in
1575. He studied at Oxford, where he roomed with
Laud, afterwards the celebrated archbishop. Having
become a Roman Catholic, he went to Spain, became a
monk, and continued his studies at Compostella. He
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, 6, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fat; met; not; good; moon;
JONES
'399
JONES
was subsequently appointed professor of Hebrew an«J
divinity at Douay. He was the author of several theo-
logical works. Died in London in 1636.
Jones, (JOHN,) a Welsh antiquary, who collected and
transcribed numerous old manuscripts in his native lan-
guage. Fifty large volumes of these are yet preserved.
He is supposed to have died about 1600.
Jones, (JOHN,) the author of "Adrasta, or the
Woman's Spleen," (1635,) and other dramatic works,
lived in England during the reign of Charles I.
Jones, (JoHN,) a clergyman of the Church of Eng-
land, born in Wales in 1700, and educated at Oxford.
In 1751 he became rector of Boulne-Hurst, and in 1755
vicar of Hitchin. Four years later he was chosen by Dr.
Young, the poet, to be his curate. He wrote "Catholic
Faith and Practice," (1765,) and other religious works.
Died about 1770.
Jones, (JOHN,) LL.D., a Unitarian minister, born in
Carmarthenshire about 1765. About 1795 he was ap-
pointed pastor of a congregation at Plymouth Dock, and
afterwards at Halifax, in Yorkshire. He subsequently
removed to London. He was the first to introduce
the use of Greek-and-English dictionaries. Previous
to his time the Greek had been studied entirely with the
aid of books written in Latin. Of his numerous works
we may mention " Illustrations of the Four Gospels,
founded on Circumstances peculiar to our Lord and the
Evangelists," (1808,) and "A Greek-and-English Lexi-
con," (1823.) Died in 1827.
Jones, (JoHN,) a lawyer and writer, born in Carmar-
thenshire in 1772, was admitted to the bar in 1803.
Among his works are "A History of Wales," and
" Cyfamod Newydd," a translation of the New Testament
from the Greek into Welsh. Died in 1838.
Jones, (JoHN M.,) an American general, born in
Virginia about 1820, graduated at West Point in 1841.
He became a captain in 1853, and resigned his commis-
sion in 1861. He served as a brigadier-general in the
army of General Lee, and was killed near Spottsylvania,
May 10, 1864.
Jones, (NOBLE WIMBERLY,) a physician and patriot,
born in Georgia in 1725. He was an early and active
promoter of the Revolution, was a delegate to Con-
gress in 1775, and was taken prisoner at Charleston in.
1780. In 1781 he was again elected to Congress. Died
in 1805.
Jones, (OwEN,) an antiquary, born in Denbighshire,
Wales, in 1740. He published a large collection of
ancient Welsh poetry, and the "Archaeology of Wales,"
containing several historical documents. Died in 1814.
Jones, (OWEN,) an architect, born in Wales about
1809. In 1837 he visited Granada, and in 1842 published
"Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Details of the Al-
hambra," with a translation of the Arabic inscriptions,
and a historical account of the sovereigns of Granada
from the Spanish. He chiefly devoted his attention to ,
ornamental architecture, in which he soon acquired
distinction. In 1852 he was appointed "Director of
Decorations" at the Crystal Palace in London. He
displayed his taste and artistic knowledge with a very
happy effect in arranging and ornamenting the various
courts of that building. Among his writings are "De-
signs for Mosaic and Tessellated Pavements," (1842,) and
the "Grammar of Ornament," (1856.) Died in 1874.
Jones, (PAUL; originally JOHN PAUL,) a famous naval
officer, born at Arbigland, in Scotland, in 1747. He emi-
grated to Virginia, entered the colonial naval service in
1775, was appointed a captain in August, 1776, and took
command of the Ranger, a vessel of eighteen guns, about
June, 1777. He sailed to Europe in that year, cruised on
the coast of Scotland, and made a bold attack on White-
haven, where he burnt some shipping. He also captured
the Drake, a sloop of war. Early ^1779 he was trans-
ferred to the Bonhomme Richard, which carried about
forty-five guns. Having several smaller vessels under
his command, he captured or destroyed many British
vessels. In September he attacked the Serapis. a frigate
of forty-four guns, which surrendered after a long battle.
His own ship was so much damaged in this action that
she sank a few hours after. Congress voted Captain
Jones a gold medal for this victory. He entered the
Russian service, with the rank of rear-admiral, in 1788;
but, having quarrelled with one of the Russian admirals,
he was soon removed from the command. He died in
Paris in 1 792.
D __ _ _. _ _?
Jones," 1845; "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Ameri-
cans," vol. iii. ; "Monthly Review" for September, 1825.
Jones, (RiCE,) a Welsh poet, born in 1715. He pub-
lished " Welsh Anthology," (1770.) Died in 1801.
Jones, (RICHARD,) a Welshman, published about
1654 "Gemma Cambricum," a work of great ingenuity,
in which all the books and chapters of the Bible were
abbreviated and written in his native dialect.
Jones, (SAMUEL,) an American major-general, born
in Virginia, graduated at West Point in 1841. He took
arms against the Union in 1861, and commanded in
Western Virginia in 1862-63. He was killed at the
battle of the Wilderness, May 5, 1864.
Jones, (SAMUEL M.,) an American political re-
former, was born in Wales in 1846, and brought to
the United States in infancy. He became wealthy as
a manufacturer, introduced reforms in labor con-
ditions, and was elected mayor of Toledo in 1897.
As such he became a vigorous advocate of municipal
ownership and opponent of monopolies, and was re-
elected as an independent candidate in 1899.
Jones, (STEPHEN,) born in London in 1763. He wa»
the editor of the Whitehall "Evening Post," the "Bio-
graphia Dramatica," and a " Biographical Dictionary,"
(2d edition, 1796.) Died in 1827.
Jones, (Sir THOMAS,) chief justice of the common
pleas during the reign of James II. He openly opposed
the encroachments of the king on the laws of England,
and was dismissed from office in 1686.
See MACAULAY, " History of England," vol. ii. chap. vi.
Jones, (THOMAS RUPERT,) an English geologist,
born at London in 1819. He became professor of
geology at Sandhurst in 1862. He wrote numerous
works and papers on fossil foraminifera, entomostraca,
etc.
Jones, (THOMAS RVMER,) an English physician and
surgeon, distinguished as a comparative anatomist and
physiologist, was born about i8to. He was educated
at London and Paris. He was appointed professor of
comparative anatomy in King's College, London, and
in 1840 became Fullerian professor of physiology in
the Royal Institution of Great Britain. In 1844 he was
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Among his
works may be mentioned " A General Outline of the
Animal Kingdom," (1841,) and "The Natural History
of Animals," (ist vol., 1844.) Died December 10, 1880.
Jones, (THOMAS WHARTON,) a British oculist and phy-
siologist, born at Saint Andrew's, Scotland, about 1808,
published a " Treatise on Ophthalmic Medicine and Sur-
gery," etc., and became professor of ophthalmic medicine
in University College, London. Died in 1891.
Jones, (Sir WILLIAM,) an English judge under James
I. and Charles I., was born in 1566. He wrote several
legal works, and became a judge of the king's bench in
1625. Died in 1640.
Jones, (WILLIAM,) an able mathematician, born in
the island of Anglesey in 1680. He taught mathematics
for several years, and corresponded with the most dis-
tinguished scientific men of that age. He was the friend
of Newton and of Halley, and the father of the emi-
nent Orientalist Sir William Jones. He held the office
of vice-president of the Royal Society. Died in 1749.
Among his productions are "A Compendium of the Art
of Navigation," (1702,) and several works in defence
of the theories of Newton.
Jones (WILLIAM) of Nayland, a learned Episcopal
divine and multifarious writer, born in Northampton-
shire, England, in 1726, graduated at Oxford in 1749.
Of his productions we may mention " Catholic Doctrine
of the Trinity proved from Scripture," (1756,) an " Essay
on the First Principles of Natural Philosophy," (1762,)
" A Course of Lectures on the Figurative Language of
«as/t; 9asf; ghard; gas_/'/G, n,K,gutturaI; N, nasal; K,trillid; sasz; thasinM/j. (Jg^See Explanations, p. 23.)
4037;
-
O (
JONES
1400
JONSON
the Haly Scriptures," (1786,) and two political treatises
against the French Revolution, entitled " A Letter from
Thomas Bull to his Brother John," and " The Scholar
armed against the Errors of the Times." He was per-
petual curate of Nayland. Died in 1800.
See WILLIAM STEVENS, "Life of W. Jones of Nayland," 1801.
Jones, [Lat. JONE'SIUS,] (Sir WILLIAM,) an eminent
Orientalist, son of William Jones, noticed above, (1680-
1749,) was born in London September 28, 1746. He
lost his father when he was three years of age ; but his
mother, a lady remarkable both for her learning and
accomplishments, ably superintended his education. In
1753 he was placed at the Harrow School, of which Dr.
Thackeray was preceptor. Jones early distinguished
himself for his classical acquirements, and at the age of
seventeen entered University College, Oxford, with more
learning than many good scholars have carried thence.
The following year he left Oxford, to become tutor to
the son of Earl Spencer, in whose family he continued
to reside for five years. During this period he devoted
much of his time to the acquirement of the Oriental
languages. He was also versed in nearly all the Euro-
pean tongues. In 1768, at the request of the King of
Denmark, he translated the "Life of Nadir Shah" from
the Persian into French. The year following he issued
a valuable Persian Grammar. In 1770 he began the
study of law, and in 1774 he was admitted to the bar.
In March, 1783, he was appointed judge of the supreme
court of judicature at Fort William, in Bengal, and re-
ceived the order of knighthood. Soon after he married
Anna Maria Shipley, a daughter of the Bishop of Saint
Asaph. In the following September Sir William Jones
reached India, where he continued to pursue his Oriental
studies with unabated zeal. He also organized (about
1785) the " Asiatic Society," for the purpose of obtaining
further information relative to the sciences, antiquities,
languages, and history of Asia. He died at Calcutta
on the 27th of April, 1794, after a short illness. In the
branch of literature to which he devoted his attention
he undoubtedly surpassed all other Europeans. He is,
however, to be equally esteemed for his noble qualities
and Christian virtues as for his vast erudition. Among
his numerous works are " Commentaries on Asiatic
Poetry," commenced in his twenty-first year, and contain-
ing translations from the most distinguished Hebrew,
Persian, Arabic, and Turkish poets, treatises " On the
Gods of Greece, Italy, and India," " On the Second
Classical Book of the Chinese," " On the Musical Modes
of the Hindus," and a translation of the " Institutes
of Manu," and a prose translation of Kalidasa's cele-
brated poem "Sacontala," (" Sakoontala,") both from
the original Sanscrit. He was also author of several
works on the laws of England and of India.
See LORD TBIGNMOUTH, " Lite of Sir William Jones," 1804 ;
" Autobiography of William Jones." published by his son, London,
1846; H. A. HAMAKER, "Oratiode Vita et Mentis G. Jonesii,"
Leyden, 1823; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale :" "Edinburgh Re-
view" for January. 1805: GARY, "Lives of English Poets from
Johnson to Kirke white."
Jones, (WILLIAM ALFRED,) an American writer and
critic, was born in 1817. He graduated at Columbia
College in 1836. He has contributed largely to various
periodicals, and published several volumes of essays.
His " Characters and Criticisms" (2 vols.,
highly commended by Washington Irving.
1857)
Jones, (WILLIAM BASIL,) D.D., an English bishop,
born at Cheltenham in 1822. He graduated at Trinity
College, Oxford, in 1844, was a Fellow of Queen's Col-
lege, 1848-51, and of University College, 1851-57, and
a tutor, 1854-65. In 1867 he became archdeacon and
canon of York, In 1874 he was consecrated Bishop of
Saint David's. Among his works are "Vestiges of the
Gael in Gwynedd," (1851,) "History of Saint David's,"
(1856,) " Notes on the CEdipus Tyrannus of Sophocles,"
" New Testament, with a Plain Commentary," and "The
Peace of God." Died January 14, 1897.
Jonesius. See JONES, (SIR WILLIAM.)
Jong, de, deh yong, (LUDOLF,) a Flemish painter
of battle- and hunting-scenes, born near Rotterdam in
1616 ; died in 1697.
Jongelingx, yong'eh-links', (JACOB,) a Flemish sculp-
tor, born at Antwerp in 1531. Among his works is a
monument to Charles the Bold at Bruges. Died in 1606.
Jonin, zho'naN', (GiLEF.RT,) a French Jesuit and poet,
born in Auvergne in 1596. He translated into Latin,
with many modifications, the Odes of Anacreon, which
he published under the title of " The Christian Anacreon."
He wrote several Greek and Latin odes. Died at Tournon,
March 9, 1638.
Jonsius, yon'se-Os, (JoHANN,) a German scholar, born
at Flensburg in 1624. He wrote, besides other works,
"De Scriptoribus Historian Philosophical," (1659,) which
was nnce highly prized. Died at Leipsic in 1659.
Jon'spn or Johnson, (BEN,) one of the most cele-
brated English poets and dramatists, was born at West-
minster in 1574. His father, a Protestant clergyman,
died a month previous to his birth. Jonson's mother
subsequently married a master-bricklayer, who sent him
to Westminster, then under the charge of Camden, to
whom he afterwards dedicated the drama entitled " Every
Man in his Humour." Jonson regarded his preceptof
through life with esteem and affection. In his sixteenth
year he entered the University of Cambridge ; but, on
account of his straitened circumstances, he was obliged
to leave college and to assist his step-father as a mason.
Becoming disgusted with this employment, he enlisted
in the army in Flanders, and greatly distinguished himself
by his bravery. When he returned, as Gifford observes,
"he brought little but the reputation of a brave man, a
smattering of Dutch, and an empty p.irse." He soon
afterwards joined a company of actors ; but, having killed
one of them in a duel, he was thrown into prison, and
- "'- During his confinement
to the Roman Catholic
narrowly escaped with his life.
he was converted by a priest
religion. Subsequently, after a careful examination,
he renounced his adopted faith, and was again received
into the communion of the Church of England. In 1598
he produced "Every Man in his Humour," drama,
which at once brought him into notice. One of the
characters of this play is said to have been performed
by Shakspeare. It was followed by numerous produc-
tions, which added to the fame he had already acquired.
About 1605 he assisted Chapman and Marston in writing
"Eastward Hoe." This was regarded as a libel on the
Scots, and his associates were thrown into prison, whither
he voluntarily accompanied them. The three poets were
condemned to lose their ears and noses ; but, through
Jonson's influence at court, they escaped. I le was shortly
afterwards created poet-laureate by James I., with an
annual pension of £100 and a tierce of Spanish wine.
Jonson died in 1637. On his death-bed he expressed
the deepest penitence for the profanity that he had intro-
duced into his plays, which, with this exception, are far
purer in morals than the other dramas of that age. Jon-
son's convivial habits (perhaps his greatest weakness)
caused him to suffer from poverty in his declining years.
He was accustomed to meet Shakspeare and other dis-
tinguished persons at the drinking-houses of London.
He also gave costly entertainments at his own residence.
He was brave, generous, and benevolent, and governed
by the highest principles of honour. Towards his friends
he was unwavering in his attachment, and was easily
reconciled to those who had injured him. As a poet he
exhibits uncommon classical learning, great intellectual
power, and acuteness of perception. He unquestionably
deserves much praise for refining English poetry and
the morals of the English stage. " I think him," says
Dryden, "the most learned and judicious writer which
any theatre ever had. ... If I would compare him with
Shakspeare, I must acknowledge him the most correct
poet, but Shakspeare the greater wit. Shakspeare was
the Homer or father of dramatic poets. Jonson was the
Virgil, the pattern of elaborate writing. I admire him,
but I love Shakspeare." Jonson was most successful in
satirical comedies, the style of which he obtained from
the ancients. To the refinement and thought displayed
in his writings may be attributed the ill success which
many of them first met with among the English people,
whose taste had been vitiated by the low wit and ob-
scenity which they had been accustomed to hear from
the stage. Among the most important of his dramas
are "Cynthia's Revels," (i6oo,)"Sejanus," (1603,) " Vol-
», e, T, o, u, y, long; a, e, o, same, lea 5 prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, f,sAorl; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; ndt; gdod; moon-
JONSSON
1401
JORGENSON
I
pone," (1605,) "The Alchemist," (1610,) and "Catiline's
Conspiracy," (1611.)
See CHETWOOD, "Life of Ben Jonson," 1756: "Memoir of Ben
onson,' prefixed to an edition of his works, (9 vols., iSi6.) by W.
."iiFFGRD ; BAKER, " Biographia Dramatic* ;" VON BAUDISSIN, " B.
Jtonson und seine Schule," 2 vols., 1836; "Lives of British Drama-
tists," by CAMPBELL, LEIGH HUNT, etc. : "Retrospective Review,"
vol. i., 1820; "North British Review" for February, 1856.
Jonsson, (ARNGRIM.) See JONAS.
Jonsson, yons'son, (FiNN,) [Lat. FIN'NUS JOHAN-
NJ'E'US,] a clergyman and historical writer on the church
and literature of Iceland, was born in that island in
1704. After receiving his education at the University
of Copenhagen, he returned to Iceland. Died in 17^9.
His most important work is the "Ecclesiastical History
of Iceland," ("Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiae.")
Jonston, (ARTHUR.) See JOHNSTON.
Jordaens, yoR'dins, (JAKOB,) a distinguished painter,
born at Antwerp in 1594. He studied under Van Oort,
but was indebted for the most of his artistic knowledge
to Rubens, by whom he was subsequently employed. He
painted with rapidity and ease, and his colouring was
rich and harmonious ; but he was deficient in elegance
and loftiness of conception. Among his numerous works
are "Jesus Christ in the Midst of the Doctors," (a paint-
ing which has been frequently attributed to Rubens,)
"The Adoration of the Shepherds," "Saint Peter Cut-
ting off the Ear of Malchus," and "The Satyr and the
Man who Blew Hot and Cold." Died in 1678.
Jordan, zhoR'doN', (CAMILLE,) a French politician
and orator, born at Lyons in 1771. He was distinguished
for his moderate principles during the Revolution, and
his attachment to the Catholic religion, which he bravely
defended. Having been proscribed by the Directory, he
sought an asylum in Switzerland in 1797, and afterwards
in Germany, where he became acquainted with Goethe,
Schiller, and other men of note. Jordan returned to
France about 1800. During Bonaparte's administration
he led a private life ; but upon the accession of Louis
XVIII. he was ennobled, and elected to the Chamber
of Deputies. He wrote several works of a political
nature. Died in 1821.
Jordan, (CHARLES ETIENNE,) a French Protestant
minister and writer, born at Berlin in 1700. He was
appointed privy councillor by Frederick the Great in
1740. He rendered important services to Berlin by the
suppression of mendicity and the promotion of educa-
tion. Among his works is "Travels in France and
England," (1735.) Died in 1745.
Jor'dan, (DAVID STARR,) Ph.D., M.D., an American
zoologist, was born at Gainesville, New York, January
19, 1851. He graduated in the scientific department of
Cornel] University in 1872, and as M.D. at Indiana Uni-
versity in 1875, was a special agent of the United States
census for the marine industries of the Pacific coast from
1879 to iSSl, was professor of biology in Butler Univer-
sity, Indianapolis, from 1875 to 1879, and in the Indiana
University 1879-85, president of Indiana University
1885-91, and became president of Leland Stanford,
Jr., University in 1891. He was president of the
California Academy of Sciences 1896-98. Among
his works are a " Manual of Vertebrates," (1876,)
and a " Synopsis of the Fishes of North America,"
(1883,) with other books and a great number of sci-
entific papers.
Jor'dan, (DOROTHEA,) or DOROTHY Bland, a cele
brated actress, born at Waterford, Ireland, about 1762.
In 1785 she made her appearance in London at Drurj
Lane Theatre, where she enjoyed the highest popularity.
She subsequently became the mistress of the Duke of
Clarence, (afterwards William IV.,) to whom she bore
ten children. This connection being suddenly broken
off by the duke in iSn, Mrs. Jordan retired to France,
where she died in 1816 in great poverty. As an actress
she possessed uncommon versatility, and excelled both
in comedy and tragedy.
See J. BOADEN, " Life of D. Jordan," 2 vols., 1831 ; OXBBRRY,
Dramatic Biography '"
Jordan, HOR-dan', (EsTEBAN,) a Spaniard, oorn at
Valladolid in 1543, excelled in painting, architecture.
and sculpture, but devoted his attention chiefly to the
last-named art. Philip II. appointed him his first
sculptor. Among his most admired ] reductions are
"Saint Peter," "Saint Paul," and "The Adoration of
the Kings." Died in 1605.
Jordan, yoR'din, (JoHANN CHRISTOPH,) a noted anti-
quary, and privy councillor to the King of Bohemia,
was the author of annotations on Livy, Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, Polybitis, and Diodorus Siculus. Died
about 1740.
Jordan, (JoHANN PETER,) a German (\Vendish)
scholar, born at Zischowitz, Upper Lusatia, February
15, 1818. He studied at Prague. His works include a
" Wendish Grammar," a " History of Bohemia," a
Polish-German and two Czech-German dictionaries, etc.
Jordan, (Sir JOSEPH,) an English admiral, who com-
manded at the victory of Solebay, which was gained over
the Dutch in 1672.
Jordan, (MAX,) a German author, born at Dresden
in 1837. He was successively director of the Munici-
pal Museums of Leipsic and Berlin, in 1875 lecturer at
Berlin University, and in 1880 councillor in the
Ministry of Public Instruction. He wrote. a number
of works on the history of art.
Jordan, (RUDOLF,) a German painter, born at Berlin
about 1810. His delineations of fisher-life in Helgoland
are greatly admired : among these we may name "The
Shipwreck" and "The Death of the Pilot." Died 1867.
Jordan, (SYLVESTER,) a German jurist and politician,
born near Innspruck in 1792. He was imprisoned about
twelve years for his liberal opinions, and was released
in 1845. Died in 1861.
Jordan, yoR'din, (WiLHEi.M,) a German poet, born
at Insterburg, Prussia, February 8, 1819. He was edu-
cated at Leipsic, Kbnigsberg, and other universities, and
was when young distinguished as a republican agitator
and orator. Besides a "History of Hayti," (1846-49,)
he published a large number of volumes of verse, in-
cluding " Demiourgos," (1852,) a bold and thoughtful
attempt at a poetical theodicy. He also published several
parts of a new " Nibelungenlied," besides translations
of Sophocles, Homer, and Shakspeare.
Jordanes. See JORNANDES.
Jordano, (LucA.) See GIORDANO.
Jordano Bruno. See BRUNO.
Jor'den, (EDWARD,) an English physician and scien-
tific writer, born in Kent in 1569. He was a graduate
of the University of Padua. Died in 1632.
Jordens, yoR''dens, (GEORG,) a Dutch jurist, born at
Deventer in 1718, was known as the author of two legal
treatises, — one in defence of the University of Utrecht,
and the other on the Mosaic, Greek, and Roman laws.
Died in 1771.
Jordens or Joerdens, ybR'dens, (KARL HEINRICH,)
a German philologist and biographer, born in the county
of Mansfeld in 1757. He was rector of an academy at
I.auban. His chief work is an excellent "Dictionary of
German Poets and Prose Writers," (6 vols., 1805-11.)
Died in 1835.
See ERSCH und GRUBER, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."
Jordy, zhoR'de', (NICOLAS Louis,) a French general,
born at Abreschwiller in 1758; died in 1825.
Jore, zhoR, (CLAUDE FRANCOIS,) a French printer,
lived about 1750, was a friend of Voltaire, for whom
he published several works. He wrote "Six Letters to
Voltaire," and some other productions.
Jorgensou, yoR'gen-son, written also Jiirgensen,
I (JoRGEN,) a Danish adventurer, born at Copenhagen
I in 1779. Having gone to England in early youth, he
was some years later promoted to the command of an
English vessel, and during the war between England
and Denmark sailed for Iceland. On the 25th of June,
1809, he landed with twelve English sailors and took
the governor, Count Trampe, prisoner, and proclaimed
that Iceland was free and independent of Denmark.
With a force of eight Icelanders, he continued to exer-
cise undisputed sway over the island until August, when
the British restored it to its former government. During
this revolution not a gun was fired nor a drop of blood
eas*; casj; ghard; gas/;c, H, K.,gutlural; N, nasal; H, trilled; sasz; th as in MM.
Explanations, p. 23.)
JORJSSEN
1402
JOSEPHINE
shed. The inhabitants feared to resist, as their capital ' Joseph TL, Emperor of Germany, the eldest son of
lay exposed to the guns of Jorgenson's vessel. Soon J Francis of Lorraine and Maria Theresa of Austria, was
born in Vienna in 1741. In 1764 he was elected King
of the Romans, and in the following year succeeded his
father on the throne of Germany. He married Isabella,
a daughter of the Duke of Parma, in 1760, and Maria
Josepha, a daughter of the emperor Charles VII., about
1764. In 1772 he signed, with the sovereigns of Russia
and Prussia, the treaty by which Poland was divided
between them. At the death of his mother, in 1780,
he came into possession of Hungary and all the other
after his return to England he became very dissipated,
and was finally convicted and transported to New South
Wales, where he is supposed to have died. While in
Newgate, before his transportation, he wrote a work en-
titled "The Religion of Christ the Religion of Nature."
See SIR WM. HOOKER, "Tour in Iceland ;" SKULASON, " J. Jiir-
gensens Usurpation i Island," 1832 ; EESLKW, " FoHktter-Leiicon."
Jorissen, yo'ris-sen, (THOMAS THKODORE HEN-
DRIK,) a Dutch author, born at Utrecht, February 23,
1833. In 1865 he became professor of history at Am-
sterdam. His principal writings are biographies, chiefly
written in a historical spirit. He also wrote useful works
on literary history.
Jorisz, yoR'is, (AUGUSTIN,) a Dutch painter and en-
graver, born at Delft in 1525 ; died in 1552.
Jorisz, (DAVID.) See DAVID GEORGE.
Jorjauee, Jorjani, or Djordjaui, jor-ja'nee, (Saeed
Shereef Zein-ed-Deen Abool Hassan, or Said
Scherif Zein-ed-Dm Abou'l Hassan, si-eed' sher-
eef zan (or zin) ed-deen' a'bool has'san,) a renowned
Arabian writer, born in Tagoo, (Tagou,) in the district
of Asterabad and the region called Jorjan, in 1339. He
was the author of numerous works, among which per-
haps the most important is an extremely valuable dic-
tionary, entitled "Tarafat," (i.e.a Definitions.") Jorjanee
enjoyed the favour of the great conqueror Tamerlane.
Died in 1413.
Jor-nan'des or Jor-da'nes, a distinguished Gothic
historian of the sixth century, was secretary to the Gothic
kings of Italy. Having embraced Christianity, he was
ordained Bishop of Ravenna in 552. The most important
of his works is a " History of the Goths" until the reign
of Vitiges, who was conquered by Belisarius, (" De Ge-
tarum sive Gothorum.Origine et Rebus gestis.") It was
first printed at Augsburg in 1515, and is highly prized.
He also wrote an abridgment of universal history, en-
titled "De Regnorum et Temporum Successione."
See Vossius, "De Historicis Latinis;" ERSCH und GRURRR,
" Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" D. W. MOLLF.R, " DUputatio Circu-
laris de Joniande," 1690.
Jor'tin, (JOHN,) D.D., an English divine and critic,
of French extraction, born in London in 1698. Soon
after graduating at Cambridge he settled in his native
city, where he gained great distinction for his eloquence
and learning. He was appointed Archdeacon of London
in 1764. Of his works may be mentioned a volume of
"Latin Poems," (1722,) which are classed among the
most finished of the modern productions in that lan-
guage, "Miscellaneous Observations on Authors, An-
cient and Modern," (2 vols., 1732,) "Remarks upon
Ecclesiastical History," (5 vols., 1751-73,) and the "Life
of Erasmus," (1758.) Died in 1770. " Jortin's sermons,"
says Dr. Johnson, " are very elegant."
See JOHN DISNEY, " Life of Jortin," 1792.
Josaphat See JKHOSHAPHAT.
Jo'seph, [Heb. ^DV ; Gr. 'loo-?*; Lat JOSE'PHUS;
It JOSEF, yo-sef ; Sp. JOSEF, Ho-sef,] one of the twelve
patriarchs, and the favourite son of Jacob, was born in
Mesopotamia about 1900 B.C. At an early age, on ac-
count of their jealousy, he was sold by his brothers to
some Ishmaelitish merchants, who carried him as a slave
into Egypt, over which kingdom he was subsequently
appointed governor by Pharaoh. The descendants of hii
sons Ephraim and Manassch formed the two half-tribes,
which exerted no little influence in the Hebrew nation.
See Genesis xxxv.-l.
Joseph [Ger. pron. yo'sef] 1, Emperor of Germany,
of the house of Hapsburg, and son of Leopold I., was
born in 1676. In 1687 he was proclaimed King of Hun-
gary, and in 1690 King of the Romans. At the death
of his father, in 1705, lie ascended the imperial throne.
He carried on a successful war against Louis XIV., in
which he was assisted by England, Holland, and Savoy.
The allied armies were commanded by Prince Eugene
and the Duke of Marlborough. Joseph granted, through
the influence (it is said) of Charles XI I. of Sweden, nume-
rous privileges to his Protestant subjects. Died in 1711.
See G. LANGE. " Leben undThaten des Kaysers Joseph I.," 1713;
FRANZ WAGNER, "Historia Josephi I. Cssaris Augusti," 1745.
hereditary dominions of the house of Austria. He
united with Catherine of Russia, six years later, in a
Turkish war, in which his general Laudon gained
several important victories. During his reign he intro-
duced many civil and ecclesiastical reforms, which would
probably have been very beneficial to his subjects had
he acted with more calmness and deliberation. He
abolished feudal serfdom, regulated the taxes, allowed
liberty of conscience and rights of citizenship to all
denominations of Christians, mitigated the condition of
the Jews, suppressed several convents, greatly abridged
the power of the pope and clergy in his dominions, and
encouraged manufactures and industry. But his zeal in
correcting the abuses of the Roman Church caused an
insurrection in Belgium ; while his attempt to establish
the German as the universal language in his dominions
induced the Hungarians to revolt. He died, without issue,
in February, 1790, and was succeeded by his brother,
Leopold II.
See PAGANBL, "Histoire de Joseph II," 1843; F. X. HUBSR,
"Geschichte Kaiser Joseph's II.," 2 vols., 17(32; L. A. DS CARAC-
CTOLI, "Vie de Joseph II, Empereur d'Allemagne," 1700; IGNAZ
CORNOVA, "Leben Joseph II., Rb'mischen Kaisers," 1802; C. T.
HEYNB, " Geschichte Kaiser Joseph's II.," 2 vols., 1848 ; RAMSHORN,
" Kaiser Joseph II. und seine Zeit," 1845.
Joseph, FATHER, |It. Fra GIUSEPPE,) an Italian mis-
sionary, whose family name was SEDASTIANI. He went
to Persia, and obtained no little influence at the court of
the Shah. He used his power in favour of the English
interests and against those of the French. He was
acquainted with several of the Oriental languages, and
translated the works of the Persian poet Hafiz into
Latin.
Joseph, zho'zef, (FRANCOIS LECLERC du Trem-
blay — du tR5m'bl|',) called FATHER JOSEPH, a French
monk, born in Paris in 1577, became the agent and
confidant of Cardinal Richelieu, who employed him in
negotiations and intrigues. Died in 1638.
See ABBE RICHARD, "Vie du Pere Joseph " 2 vols. ; " Le veri-
table Pere Joseph," 1704; RICHELIEU, "Me'moires;" " Nouvelle
Biographic G^ne"rale."
Joseph OF EXETER. See ISCANIUS.
Joseph Al'bo, a Jew, distinguished for his learning,
born at Sora, in Spain, in the fourteenth century. He
was the author of a work on Jewish faith, entitled " Se-
pher Ikkarim." Died in 1430.
Joseph Ben Gorion. See GORIONIDES.
Joseph Emanuel, (Port. Jozfi MANOEL, zho-za' ma-
no-el',] King of Portugal, born in 1714. In 1750 he suc-
ceeded his father, John V. In 1755 his kingdom suffered
from a great earthquake, which destroyed a large part
of Lisbon and killed about sixty thousand persons. In
1758 an attempt was made to assassinate him, in which
he was severely wounded. He discovered that the Jesuits
were implicated in the plot, and immediately caused all
against whom any evidence was brought to be executed.
He also issued an edict by which all the Jesuits in Por-
tugal were declared traitors. In 1762 he united with
England in a war against France and Spain. He enacted
several laws to encourage education and to advance
religious toleration, and restricted the powers of the
Inquisition. Died in 1777.
See "Leben Joseph Emmanuels Konigs von Portugal," Nurem-
berg, 1778.
Joseph Meir, (miR,) a French Jew, born at Avig-ion
in 1496. He wrote a work, in Hebrew, on the Kinjjs of
France and the Sultans of Turkey. Died in 1554.
Josephe, the French of JOSEPHUS, which see.
Josephine, jo'ze-feen', [Fr. pron. zho'za'fen',] origin-
ally Marie Joseph Rose Tascher de la Pagerie,
(tS'shi' deh It pizh're',) wife of Napoleon I. of France,
a, e, T, o, u, y, /c«£va, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, o, ii, y\ short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fat; met; not: good; n>o«n
JOSEPHSON
JOSIKA
was born in 1763 in the island of Martinique. At a
very early age she attracted attention by her remark-
able beauty and vivacity. About 1778 she went to
reside in France with an aunt by whom she had been
adopted, and thus became the heiress to a large for-
tune. She was soon after married to Viscount de Beau-
hatnais, one of the most polished noblemen of the French
court. In 1780 she gave birth to Eugene, who was sub-
sequently appointed Viceroy of Italy by Bonaparte, and
in 1783 to Hortense, afterwards Queen of Holland, and
mother of Napoleon III. Jealousies having arisen be-
tween Beauharnais and his wife, the former sued for a
divorce before the Parliament of Paris. The case was
decided in favour of Josephine, who in a short time
sailed for Martinique with her daughter. At this period
her circumstances were so straitened that she was glad
to accept from the captain of the vessel a pair of shoes
for Hortense. At the expiration of three years she re-
turned to France and was reconciled to her husband.
During the French Revolution Beauharnais boldly op-
posed the measures of the Jacobins, by whom he was
executed in 1794. His wife, who was then in prison,
escaped the same fate only by the sudden fall of Robes-
pierre. Through the influence of Barras and Tallien,
she regained part of her husband's property, which had
been confiscated. She now became one of the leaders
of fashion. Her talents and personal attractions enabled
her also to exert no little influence in the politics of that
period. In 1796 she was married to Bonaparte, who had
recently been appointed commander-in-chief of the army
in Italy. At the time Josephine was thought by her
friends to have formed a misalliance. After Bonaparte
became First Consul, she exerted all her influence to alle-
viate the sufferings of the royalists, and even endeavoured
to persuade him to restore the Bourbons. While Napo-
leon was in Egypt, she had bought for her favourite resort
the estate of Malmaison, which she fitted up with royal
magnificence. At length her expenditures for this and
other luxuries became so enormous as to occasion the
First Consul serious embarrassment. When Napoleon
was raised to the imperial throne and she became Empress
of France, to her was due in a great measure the honour of
having imparted to the court of the Tuileries the splendour
and taste for which it was then distinguished. From the
time of her coronation her influence over the emperor
rapidly diminished ; and, as there was no longer hope of
her bringing him an heir, he finally resolved to divorce
her. The announcement of this decision plunged the
empress into the deepest despair. Napoleon himself
is said to have been greatly affected ; but his resolu-
tion was fixed, and the bill of divorce was passed in 1809.
Josephine, still retaining her former dignities and titles,
retired to Malmaison. Napoleon occasionally visited
her, and appeared to cherish a sincere affection for her.
When the allied armies invaded France, she was treated
with the greatest respect by the emperor Alexander.
She died in 1814, soon after the abdication of Napoleon.
The character of Josephine has been greatly admired.
The cause of this is to be attributed more to her pleasing
manners than to any exalted virtue which she possessed.
It is said that there was a fascination in her countenance
which no painter could transfer to canvas. She had a
very remarkable memory, was accomplished, educated,
and witty ; but vanity seems to have had an unlimited
ascendency over her, and it does not appear that she
was endowed with so many uncommon qualities as several
modern writers have attributed to her. (See BONA-
PARTE, NAPOLEON.)
See "Josephine, " in the " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale," vol.
rxxvii. For the private life of Josephine, the reader may consult
AOBENAS' " Histoire de I'lmperatrice Josephine," 2 vols. 8vo, Paris,
iSs7-sy ; also the letters of Napoleon to Josephine, and of Josephine
to Napoleon and to her daughter. For a very curious account of
the empress Josephine's descendants, see "London Review" for
June, 1866: MARIE ANNE LE NORMAND, " Memoires historiques
et secrets de Josephine," 2 vpls., 1820, (English version of the same,
1848 ;) P. C. HEADLBV, " Life of the Empress Josephine," 1852.
Josephsou, yo'sef-spn, (LuDWiG,) a Swedish dram-
atist, born at Stockholm, of Jewish parents, February
20, 1830. Among his pieces are " Kunstens Vapen, '
"Kapten Gars," and "Thord Hasle," (1881.) He also
prepared a history of the Swedish stage. His brother
JAKOB (1818-80) was a noted composer of music.
was born at Jerusalem A.D. 37. His mother was of the
royal house of the Asmonasans, and his father belonged to
the sacerdotal order from which the chief pontiffs were
chosen. He pursued his studies in his native city with
such assiduity that at the age of fourteen he was often
consulted on abstruse points of Jewish law. He after-
wards joined the sect of the Essenes, and passed three
years with a hermit in the desert. At the age of nine-
teen he became a Pharisee. In the year 63 he visited
Rome, in order to procure the liberation of some Jew-
ish priests whom the governor Felix had sent there as
prisoners. lie was favourably received at the imperial
court, and succeeded in his enterprise through the in-
fluence of Poppaea, the wife of Nero. On his return to
Judea he opposed the revolutionary spirit that was then
gaining ground among his countrymen. Perceiving his
efforts to be of no avail, he accepted the government of
the twoGalilees, and in 67 A.D. bravely defended for forty-
seven days the city of Jotapata against a powerful Roman
army under Vespasian. The Romans finally triumphed,
however, and of the Jewish warriors Josephus alone was
saved, on account of his predicting that Vespasian would
soon receive the imperial purple. He was treated with
the greatest respect by Vespasian and Titus, and at the
destruction of Jerusalem his influence procured the
liberation of his brother and fifty of his friends. He
afterwards accompanied Titus to Rome, where Vespasian
granted him a pension and raised him to the rank of a
Roman citizen. As a mark of gratitude for these and
other favours, Josephus assumed the emperor's family
name of Flavius. The date of his death is unknown ;
but some writers have placed it A.D. 95. The most im-
portant works of Josephus are his " History of the Jew-
ish War," in seven books, " The Antiquities of the Jews,"
lovdaiKf/ 'Apjoiofoym,) in twenty books, two treatises
Against Apion of Alexandria," a "Discourse on the
Martyrdom of the Maccabees," and an account of his
own life. All of these were written in Greek, with the
exception of the first, which was originally composed in
Syro-Chaldaic and afterwards translated into Greek by
himself. On account of the beauty of his style, he has
been called " the Grecian Livy." His works have been
translated into Latin and most of the modern languages
of Europe.
See G. R. VAN HOBVELL, " F. Joseph! Vita," 1835 : J. F. ECK-
HARU, " Biographic des beriihmten F. Josephus," 1785 ; FABRICIUS,
" Bibliotheca Grzca ;" CAVE, " Scriptorum ecclesiasticorum Historia
literaria :" C. F. BOEHMERT, " Ueber des Flavius Josephus Zeu^niss
von Christo," 1823 ; PHILARK.TECHASLES, "De 1'Autorite historique
de F. Josephe," 1841.
Jos^pin. See CESARI, (GIUSEPPE.)
Josh'u-a, [Heb. 1'jyiH' ; Gr. 'IiyooCf ,- Fr. Josut, zho'-
zii'a',] or O'she-a, the son of Nun, (Numbers xiii. 16,)
became commander of the Israelites on the death of
Moses. He was distinguished for his bravery and mili-
tary skill, and gained numerous important victories over
the different Canaanite princes. Much controversy has
arisen in regard to the authorship of the book of Joshua.
Many suppose it to have been compiled from manuscripts
written by himself; others attribute it to Samuel. Died
about 1425 B.C.
Jo-si'ah [Heb. ID'tyX' ; Fr. JOSIAS, zho'se'as'] suc-
ceeded hi's father Amon on the throne of Judah 641 B.C.,
at the age of eight years. He was an able and pious
prince, and during his reign of thirty-one years many
wise and beneficial laws were enacted: idcJatry was
suppressed, the Temple was repaired, and the true forms
of worship were restored. He was killed in a battle
against Pharaoh-Necho, King of Egypt, about 610 B.C.
See II. Kings xiii., xxii. ; II. Chronicles xxxiv., xxxv.
Josias. See JOSIAH.
Josika, yo'she-koh, (MlKL6s,) a Hungarian nobleman
and celebrated novelist, born in 1796 at Torda, in Tran-
sylvania. His first and most successful work, " Abafi,"
a historical tale, appeared in 1836. He produced about
sixty volumes of romances, which were very popular with
the Hungarians. In 1848, as a member of the upper
house of nobles, he took a bold stand against the en-
croachments of Austria, and advocated the measures of
as k; c as j; g hard: g as ;'; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (
nations, p. 2} *
JOSQUIN
1404
JOUFFROY
Kossuth. After the defeat of the Hungarians in 1849 he
lived in exile. Died in 1865.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Generale."
Joaquin Desprez or Depres. See DESPRES.
Josselin de Courtenay, zhos'laN' deh kooRt'n^', a
Frenrh nobleman, who went on a crusade to Palestine in
HOI. He was created Count of Edessa by the King of
Jerusalem, and won great distinction by the numerous
victories which he gained over the Saracens. Died in 1147.
Jost, yost, (IsAAK MARCUS,) a learned Jew, born at
Bernburg, in Germany, in 1793, studied philology at
Gottingen and Berlin. His principal work is a " I listory
of the Israelites," (10 vols., 1846.) He also published a
translation of the " Mishna," with a text and commen-
tary. Died November 25, 1860.
Josue. See JOSHUA.
Jo'tham, (Heb. D71V,] King of Judah, was the son
of Uzziah, whom he succeeded B.C. 757.
Jotun, yo'tun, in the plural Jotuns, [an old Norse
word signifying "giant," supposed to be derived from
an ancient form of the verb to "eat," (Anglo-Saxon
fofcn,} the most prominent characteristic of the Jotun?
being their prodigious voracity. (See Thorpe's " North-
ern Mythology," vol. i. p. 148,)] in the Norse mythology,
the name applied to certain mythical beings supposed
to be hostile to men and to the beneficent ^tsir. The
Jotuns, or Giants, are types of the disturbing, untamable,
or destructive forces of nature. Hence the wolf Fenrir,
(supposed to typify1 volcanic fire,) Midgard's Serpent,
(the vast untamable ocean,) and Hela (the goddess of
death) are all represented as of Jotun birth. Loki him-
self is considered to be of Jotun origin, and is the father
of the mightiest and most terrible beings belonging to
that race. Cold or frost, being one of the principal causes
of desolation and death, is represented as the parent of
a powerful family of Jotuns, termed Frost-giants. The
abode of the Jotuns is called Jotunheim or Utgard,
(oot'glrd, i.e. "outer ward,") and comprises the desert
regions on the outermost boundary of the world. The
Jotun? (i.e. the elements of disorder and desolation) are
represented as being always at war with the /fcsir, the
powers presiding over life and order. (See J£SIR.) The
opposition is eternal ; they are never reconciled, as in the
case of the Vanir and /Esir, (see VANIR,) because there
can be no reconciliation between order and confusion, or
between life and death.
See, besides the work above referred to, KEVSER, "Religion of
the Northmen;" MALLKT, "Northern Antiquities;" PBTERSKN,
" Nordisk Mythologi."
Joubert, zhoo'baiR', (BARTHELKMY CATHERINE,) a
French general, born at Pont-de-Vaux, in Bresse, in
1769. In 1791 he enlisted in the army of the Rhine,
and served with distinction against the Austrians. Two
years later he was taken prisoner by the Sardinians, fie
soon after regained his liberty and returned to France,
where he boldly opposed the Jacobins. In 1794 he re-
ceived the appointment of adjutant-general, and in 1795,
having displayed great bravery at Loano, he was raised
to the rank of a brigadier-general on the field of battle.
He subsequently gained distinguished honours at several
battles in Italy and in the Tyrol. In 1799 he was ap-
pointed general-in-chief of the army in Italy, and fell at
the battle of Novi, in August of that year.
Joubert, (FRANCOIS,) a French priest and Jansenist,
distinguished for his learning, born at Mompellier in
1689. On account of his principles, he was persecuted
by the Jesuits and was imprisoned in the Bastille. 1 le
wrote commentaries on the Apocalypse and on a number
of the Hebrew prophecies. Died in 1763.
Joubert, (JOSEPH,) a French Jesuit, born at Lyons,
known as the author of a valuable work, entitled " French
and Latin Dictionary, taken from the Original and Clas-
sical Authors in both Languages." Died in 1719.
Joubert, JOSEPH,) a French moralist, born at Mon-
tignac (Perigord) in 1754, became a resident of Paris
about 1778. He was an intimate friend of Fontanes, by
whose influence he was appointed inspector-general of
the University of Paris in 1809. He died in 1824, leaving
many manuscripts, a part of which Chateaubriand edited,
with the title of "Pensees." A more complete edition
of the "Pensees, Essais," etc. appeared in 2 vols., 1842.
Joubert, (JOSEPH ANTOINE RENE,) a French general,
born at Angers in 1772. He served with distinction at
Heliopolis, Wagram, (1809,) Smolensk, (1812,) and Liit-
zen, (1813.) Died in 1843.
Joubert, (LAURENT,) an eminent French physician,
born at Valence in 1529. He graduated at the Univer-
sity of Montpellier, of which he was afterwards chosen
chancellor. He was also appointed first physician-in-
Joubert, (LEO,) a French author, born December 13,
1826. He very early won distinction as a critic and re-
viewer. He was chief editor of the "Moniteur Univer-
sel," (1868-77,) and wrote " Leaena," a romance, (1869,)
"La Bataille de Sedan," (1873,) and other works.
Joubert, (PIETRUS JACOBUS,) a Boer general,
born in 1831 or later in Cape Colony, or, as some
accounts state, in Pennsylvania. He served with the
United States forces in the civil war. Subsequently
he became a prominent citizen of the Transvaal Re-
public, and was acting president during the term of
President Burgess. He went with Paul Kruger to
England in 1878 to protest against the annexation of
the Transvaal, and in 1880 joined with Kruger and
Pretorius in proclaiming its independence. In the war
that followed he commanded the army and won the
famous victories of Laing's Nek and Majuba Hill.
He was elected vice-president in 1883, contested the
presidency in 1888, and in 1899 took command of the
| army in Natal, defeating the British in several en-
! gagements and holding General White besieged for
' months at Ladysmith, despite General Buller's efforts
at relief. He died at Pretoria, March, 1900.
Jouenneaux. See JUVENAL.
Jouffroi, de, deh zhoo'fRwJ', [ Lat JOFFRF/DUS,]
(JEAN,) a French prelate, born at Luxeuil about 1412.
He obtained the favour of Louis XL, who procured for
him a cardinal's hat in 1461, and made him his almoner.
in 1473.
Jouffroy, zhoo'fRwi', (FRANC.OIS,) a French sculptor,
1 born at Dijon in 1806. He gained the grand prize in
I 1832, and received a pension. He became a member of
the Academic des Beaux-Arts in 1857. Died in 1882.
Jouflroy, (THEODORE SIMON,) a French philosophical
writer, born near Mouthe (Doubs) in 1796, was a pupil
of Victor Cousin, who influenced the development and
direction of his mind. He was appointed a tutor of
philosophy (Hive ripttiteur) in the Normal School in
1817. This school having been suppressed in 1822, he
began to write for several journals in Paris. In 1830 he
became a professor in the Normal School, then re-estab-
lished. He produced a version of the complete works
.if Thomas Reid, (6 vols., 1828-35.) In '^33 he was
appointed professor of Greek and Latin philosophy in
the College de France. He exchanged this position in
1838 for the office of librarian to the University, and
succeeded Laromiguitre as professor of philosophy in
1837. Among his works are " Melanges philosophiques,"
i (1833.) and "Cours d'Esthetique," (1843.) He also
produced a version of Dugald Stewart's " Essays on
Moral Philosophy," (1826,) to which he wrote a valuable
preface. Died in 1842.
See MIGNKT, "Notice sur Jouffroy," 1853; ADOLPHK GAR-
NIFR, article "Jouffroy" in the " Dictionnaire cies Sciences pKiloso-
phiques," tome iit. : " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'nerale."
Jouffroy, de, deh zhoo'fRwa', (CLAUHK FRANCOIS
DOROTHEK,) MARQUIS, an ingenious Frenchman, born
in Kranche-Comte, about 1750. He studied the con-
struction of different vessels, and went to Paris, where
he conceived the idea of propelling boats by steam. His
first vessel of this kind was launched in 1776. Although
this attempt was far from being successful, Jouffrov was
convinced that his object was attainable. In 17^3 he
completed another steam-vessel, one hundred and forty
feet long, with which he ascended the Saone several
miles, but. on account of his limited means, was unable
to carry his invention to a higher state of perfection.
j The inventions of Jouffroy were highly spoken of by
Robert Fulton. Died in 1832.
a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, snort; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; m£t; n&t; good; moon;
JOUKOFSKI
i4°5
JOUY
Joukofski, (VASILI ANDREIVITCH.) See ZHOOKOF-
«KY.
Joule, jool, ? (JAMES P.,) F.R.S., an English experi-
mental philosopher, born at Salford, near Manchester,
in 1818. He was a pupil of the celebrated Dalton. He
made some discoveries in electro-magnetism, and in the
theory of heat. He is considered one of the founders of
the theory of the correlation of forces. Died in 1889.
Jourdain, zhoog'dlN', (AMABLE Louis MARIE MI-
CHEL Brechillet — bRi'she'yl',) a distinguished French
writer and Orientalist, born in Paris in 1788. Among
his principal works is "Persia; or, A Description of the
History, Government, Religion, and Literature of that
Empire," (5 vols., 1814.) He was a contributor to the
" Biographic Universelle." Died in 1818.
Jourdain, (ANSELME Louis BERNARD Br6chillet,)
an eminent surgeon-dentist, the father of the preceding,
was born in Paris in 1734. He invented several instru-
ments used by dentists, and wrote numerous treatises on
dentistry. Died in 1816.
See J. R. DUVAL, " Notice historique sur la Vie de M. Jourdain,"
1816.
Jourdain, (CHARLES MARIE GABRIEL Brechillet,)
a philosopher, a son of Amable, noticed above, was born
in Paris in 1817. He published, besides other works,
" La Philosophic de Saint Thomas d'Aquin," (2 vols.,
1858.) Died July 20, 1886.
Jourdain, (CLAUDE,) a French Benedictine and
antiquarian writer, born at Poligny in 1696; died in
1782.
Jourdan, zhooR'ddx', (ANDR* JOSEPH,) a French
statesman, born in Provence. In 1795 he was elected
to the Council of *Five Hundred, where he opposed the
laws against the emigrants. For this reason, in 1797 he
was obliged to seek an asylum in Spain. On the acces-
sion of Louis XVIII. Jourdan was chosen councillor of
state. Died in 1831.
Jourdan, (ANTOINE JACQUES Louis,) born in Paris
in 1788, published a "Dictionary of Terms used in the
Natural Sciences," (2 vols., 1834.) Died in 1848.
Jourdan, JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French dramatist, born
at Marseilles in 1711 ; died in 1793.
Jourdan, (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a marshal of France, born
at Limoges in 1762, was the son of a poor surgeon, who
paid but little attention to his education. At the age
of sixteen he entered the French army, and fought for
the Americans in the Revolutionary war until 1782,
when he returned home on account of ill health. In
1791 he again entered the army, and soon after received
the command of a battalion, and served under La Fa-
yette and Dumouriez. In 1793 he was appointed general
of division. Having distinguished himself at the battle
of Hondschoote, in 1793, he was chosen commander-in-
chief of the French army. He then gained a decisive
victory over the Austrians at Wattignies, near Mau-
beuge, and raised the siege of that town. He was sub-
sequently called to Paris by the committee of public
safety to consult upon the future movements of the
army. He was at first received with great enthusiasm ;
but, having given offence by the candour with which
he expressed his sentiments, he was deprived of his
authority, and Pichegru was chosen in his place. In
1794, however, he was appointed commander of the
annv of the Moselle against the Austrians, over whom,
in a few weeks, he won the important battles of Arlon
»nd Fleurus. He also captured Charleroi and many
other towns. In the autumn of 1794 he gained the
victories of Ayvaile and Aldenhoven. He afterwards
took Luxemburg, Dusseldorf, Frankfort, and Wiirzburg,
but in September, 1796, was signally defeated by the
Archduke Charles near the last-named place. Jourdan
§oon after resigned, and, having returned to Paris, was
chosen a member of the Council of Five Hundred, of
which a few months later he was elected president. Ii
1798 he was appointed to the command of the army or
the Danube. In 1799, having met with two decisive
defeats from the Archduke Charles, he was succeeded
by Massena. The same year he was dismissed from the
Council of Five Hundred for having opposed the ambi-
tious projects of Napoleon. He was sent as ambassador
to the Cisalpine Republic in 1800. Though created a
'. as k; 9 as ;; g hard; g as/; G, H, K. %utturai; N, nasal; R, tr
marshal of the empire in 1804, no military command of
importance was given to him until he accompanied Jo-
seph Bonaparte to Spain as major-general. He remained
with that monarch through all his vicissitudes, and was
the nominal commander of the French forces when they
were defeated at Vitoria by Wellington in 1813. In 1818
Louis XVIII. created Jourdan a peer of France. Died
in 1833. He was the author of two works, — "Opers
tions of the Army of the Danube under the Orders of
General Jourdan," and " History of the Campaign of
1796, containing the Operations of the Army of the
Sambre-et-Meuse." Napoleon, at Saint Helena, con-
fessed that he had ill-treated Jourdan, whom he charac-
terized as a "true patriot."
See THIHRS, " Histoire du Consulat et de 1'Empire;" DB COUR-
CELLHS, " Dictionnaire des Ge'ne'raux Francais ;" M ICHAUD. " Noticei
historiques sur le Mare"chal Jourdan, les GeneVaux KaJckreuth, KU-
maine." etc. ; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Jourdan, (MATHIEU JOUVE,) surnamed COUPE-TETE,
koop'teV, (" cut-throat,") a French revolutionist, noto-
rious for his inhumanity, was born in Vivarais in 1749.
He was executed in 1794.
Jourde, zhooRd, (GILBERT AMABLE,) a French law-
yer, burn in Auvergne in 1757, in 1795 was elected a
member of the Council of Five Hundred. Died in
1837.
Jourdeuil, zhooR'dul' or zhooR'duh'ye, (DiDiER,) a
French Jacobin, was one of the chief instigators of the
massacre in September, 1792. Died about 1800.
Jourgniac Saint-Meard, zhooRn'ye-ik' S!N
(Chevalier FRANCOIS,) a French satirical writer and
royalist, born at Bordeaux in 1745. In 1792 he was
arrested on a charge of treason, but was acquitted. Died
in 1827.
Jousse, zhooss, (DANIEL,) an eminent jurist, born
at Orleans, in France, in 1704. He entered a college
in Paris, where he gained distinction in mathematics.
He subsequently began the study of law. Among his
numerous works are a " Historical Detail of the City
of Orleans," and " New Commentary upon the Criminal
Ordinance." Died in 1781.
See ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."
Joussouf, Joussef, or Joussof. See YOOSUF.
Jouvancy or Jouvency, zhoo'vo.N'se', (JOSEPH,) a
celebrated French Jesuit, born at Paris in 1643. He
was chosen professor of rhetoric in the college of Louis
le Grand, and was afterwards called by his superiors to
Rome to assist in writing the history of the Jesuits. His
style is remarkable for its purity and elegance. Among
his works are " Notes upon Juvenal, Persius, Terence,
Horace, Martial, and the Metamorphoses of Ovid," and
the fifth volume of the " History of the Jesuits" from
1591 to 1616. Died in 1719.
See MORBRI, " Dictionnaire Historique ;" QU£RARD, " La France
Litte"raire."
Jouvency. See JOUVANCY.
Jouvenet, zhooi/n^', (JEAN,) a celebrated historical
painter, born at Rouen, France, about 1646. He was a
pupil of his uncle, Laurent Jouvenet, and afterwards
studied in Paris and was admitted into the Academy of
Painting. He was subsequently patronized by Louis
XIV., who granted him a pension of 1700 livres. Having
lost the use of his right hand by a paralytic stroke, he
ascertained that he could use his left with equal facility,
and soon after painted one of his best pictures, a repre-
sentation of Innocence followed by Falsehood and seek-
ing protection in the arms ol Justice. Among his other
works are "Esther before Ahasuerus," "Jesus Christ
driving the Money-Changers from the Temple," "The
Resurrection of Lazarus," and the " Descent from the
Cross."
See D'ARGENVILLE, " Vies des Peintres;" " Nouvelle Biographic
Ge'ne'rale.*'
Jouvenneaux. See JUVENAL.
Jouy, de, deh zhoo'e', (Louis FRANCOIS,) a French
lawyer, and advocate of the Parliament of Paris, where
he was born in 1714 ; died in 1771.
Jouy, de, (VICTOR JOSEPH ETIENNF.,) an eminent
French writer, born at Jouy, near Versailles, in 1764 or
1769. He entered the army at an early age, and in 1790
favoured the Revolution ; but during the reign of terror
'Hied; s as z; th as in Ihis.
Explanations, p. 23. '
JOVE 1406 JOYNER
he fled for safety to Switzerland. In 1794 he returned to j in 367 A.D. He received the command ol the cavalry in
France, and, after serving for some time in the army, which j Gaul, and soon after cut in pieces a German army which
he quitted in 1797, fixed his residence in Paris and turned j had invaded that country. He built in his native city a
his attention to literary pursuits. Among his works are | church, in which he was buried in 370 A.D.
the operas of "The Vestal" (1807) and of "The Ama- 1 Jovinua, a Roman general, who in 411 A.D., under the
,„„ » t>,o , „„»,],. nt "Q,,iio " i<x-,-> \ " Ci-i-<} " * nnvpt reign of Honorius, assumed the imperial title and pos-
sessed himself of part of Gaul. In 412 he was defeated
by Ataulphus, King of the Visigoths, an ally of Hono-
zon," the tragedy of " Sylla," (1822,) "Cecil," a novel,
(1827,) and a series of essays entitled " The Hermit of
the Chaussee d'Antin," (5 vols., 1812-14.) The last
work, which somewhat resembles Addison's " Spec- rius. He was soon after taken and executed,
tator," obtained a European reputation. He was elected Jovius, (PAUL.) See GIOVIO, (PAOLO.)
to the French Academy in 1815, and appointed chief Jow'ett, (BENJAMIN,) an eminent English scholar,
librarian of the Louvre in 1831. Besides the works born at Camberwell, near London, in 1817. He was edu-
above named, he wrote "The Hermit in the Province," icated at Balliol College, Oxford, was chosen a Fellow in
("L'Hermite en Province," 14 vols., 1818 et seq.,} and 1838, was a tutor of Balliol College from 1842 to 1870,
The Hermits in Prison," (" Les Hermites en Prison," and afterwards was regius professor of Greek at Oxford.
2 vols., 1823,) which was very popular. Died in 1846.
Jove. See JUPITER.
Jovellanos, de, da Ho-v£l-yi'nos, (CASPAR MEL-
CHIOR,) a Spanish statesman, author, and scholar, born
In 1870 he was elected master of Balliol. Among his
works are " The Dialogues of Plato,'* (a translation,
in 4 vols., 1871, one of the best ever made,) a trans-
lation of Thucydides, (2 vols., iSSi,) "College Ser-
of noble parentage at Gijon, in Asturias, in 1744. He mons," (1895,) etc. Died October I, 1893.
studied at the Universities of Oviedo, Avila, and Alcala. ~ " "
Jow
born abo
'ett, (Rev. WILLIAM,) an English missionary,
rout 1787. He published "Christian Researches
In 1770 he was chosen a member of the Royal Academy
of Madrid, and was soon after appointed councillor 01 jn Syria and the Holy Land," (1825,) and other works,
state by Charles III. In 1778 he became a judge of Died in 1855.
the criminal court at Madrid. Afterwards, through the i Joy, Joye, or Gee, (GEORGE,) an early English Re-
instrumentality of Don Manuel Godoy, Prince of Peace, former, born in Bedfordshire. He graduated at Cam-
he was banished to Majorca, where for more than seven
years he remained a prisoner. He returned to Spain
in 1808, and in a short time became a member of the
supreme junta. Among his works are several valuable
treatises on political economy, the tragedy of " Pelayo,"
bridge in 1513. Being accused of heresy, he retired to
Germany, where he remained several years. He is sup-
posed to have died in 1553. He assisted in the transla-
tion of Tyndale's Bible which was printed at Antwerp in
1534, and wrote several religious works, among which is
(1790,) the comedy of "The Honourable Delinquent," one "On the Unity and Schism of the Ancient Church."
a " Dissertation on English Architecture," and an ex- See LEWIS, " History of the Translations AT the Bible."
cellent " Memoir on Law applied to Agriculture," (" In Joyant, zhwi'yoN', (Jui.ES ROMAIN,) a skilful French
forme sobre la Ley agrana.") Diedin iSlI. [landscape-painter, born in Paris in 1803. He produced
Jovellar y Soler, (JOAQUIN,) a Spanish soldier, viewso, Venice, which were much admired. DiediniS54.
bom at Mallorca in 1819. He joined the army, Joyce, jois, (JEREMIAH,) an English writer and Uni-
took part in the Carlist war, served in Cuba and Itarian minister, born in 1764. He was principal editor
Morocco, and filled important civil and military of the "Cyclopaedia" which appeared under the name
positions. He was captain-general of Cuba at the of William Nicholson, and was the author of a justly
time of the Virginius affair, in 1874 fought against 'popular work, "Scientific Dialogues," "Letters on Nat-
the Carlists, and in 1875 was made minister of ural Philosophy," and other productions of a similar
war. Twice afterwards he filled this post, and was nature. He was arrested in 1794 with Home Tooke and
prime minister for a short period. Died April 16, others on a charge of treason, but was released without
!g92. trial after the acquittal of Tooke. Died in 1816.
Jo'vi-an. [Lat. JOVIA'NUS ; Fr. JOVIEN, zho've-aN', Joyeuse, de, deh zhwJ'yuz' (ANNE,) Due, a French
It. GIOVI'ANO, jo-ve-a'no,l or, more fully, Jo-vl-a'nua nobleman, born about 1561. He married Margaret of
Fla'vi-us Clau'dl-us, Emperor of Rome, was born in Lorraine, sister of the queen of Henry II About 1586
Pannonia, 331 A.D. He early distinguished himself as he received the command of the army sent against the
a commander in the Roman army, and, though an avowed Huguenots. He at first gained some advantages, and
Christian, received many marks of distinction from Julian committed great cruelties upon the Protestants, but in
the Apostate, whom he accompanied on his unsuccessful October, 1587, was defeated and slam at the battle of
expedition into Persia. At the death of that sovereign, Contras by Henry of Navarre.
in 363, Jovian was elected emperor by the army. The moFr^..SlsMONm' "Hlstolre des Fra°P"s:" D'AUBIGN*. "Me-
Roman troops were at that time in imminent danger,
both on account of the Minerior Persian forces hv which Joyeuae, de, (FRANCOIS,) CARDINAL, brother of the
He was the confidential
nd Louis XIII. In
i of Avignon. Died
up the Roman conquests west of the Tigris. Returning, m '°15-
he spent some time at Antioch, where he annullSi See AUBEBY, "H.sto.redu Cardinal de Joyeuse, ett, Pans, ,854.
Julian's laws against the Christians and re-established Joyeuae, de, (GuiLLAUME,) VISCOUNT, a French
both on account of the superior Persian forces by which
the orthodox religion. He died in 364, at Dadastana,
in Galatia, as he was proceeding to Constantinople.
military commander, born about 1520. He was made
lieutenant-general of Languedoc, and in 1562 distin
Jovianua. See JOVIAN. guished himself in the wars against the French Protest-
Jovien, the French for JOVIAN, which see. ants. In 1582 he was created a marshal. Died in 1592.
Jovin. See JOVINUS. Joyeuse, de, (HENRI,) Due, born in France in 1567.
Jo-vinl-an, [Lat. JOVINIA'NUS; Fr. JOVINIEN, zho'- The death of his wife, about 1587, affected him so deeply
ve'ne^N',] an Italian monk, distinguished for his bold that he entered the order of the Capuchins. In 1592 he
opposition to the growing superstition and encroachments ' obtained a dispensation releasing him from his vows, and
of the Roman Church. He particularly censured celi- received the command of the army in Languedoc. Henry
bacy, fasting, and the austerities of the convent For IV. created him marshal of France. He afterwards be-
the propagation of these principles he was condemned came again a Capuchin. Died in 1608.
for heresy by the Bishops of Rome and of Milan, and ' See BROUSSK, "Viede Henri, Due de Joyeuse," Paris, 1621.
in 398, by the orders of the emperor Honorius, was Joyeuae, de, (JEAN ARMAND,) MARQUIS, a French
scourged and banished. Died about 410 A.D. nobleman, born in 1631. He served with distinction in
Jovinianua. See JOVINIAN. Flanders under Turenne, and was afterwards created
Jovinien. See JOVINIAN. ! marshal of France. Died in 1710.
Jo-vi'uus, (Fr. JOVIN, zho'vaN',] a native of Rheims, Joy'ner, (WILLIAM,) sometimes called Lyde, an
was created a Roman consul by the emperor Valentinian | English Catholic and author, born near Oxford in 1622 ;
a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, 6, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m6t; not; good; moon :
JOZE
1407
JUDAS
died in 1706. Among his works are "The Roman Em-
press," a comedy, and several English and Latin poems.
See BAKHR, " Biographia Dramatica."
Joz6, zho-za', (ANTONIO,) a Portuguese Jew and cele-
brated dramatist. He excelled in wit and sai casm, which,
in one of his comedies, he directed against some of the
Catholic ceremonies. He was soon after seized by trie
officers of the Inquisition, tortured, and finally burned at
an auto-de-fe in 1745. Among the best of his comedies
are "Esop" and "The Enchantments of Medea."
Joz6 Manoel. See JOSEPH EMANUEL.
Juan, DON. See JOHN, DON, OF AUSTRIA.
Juan, Hoo-an', DON, natural son of Philip IV. of
Spain and Maria Calderona, an actress, was born in
Madrid in 1629. In 1647 he received the command of
the Spanish army in Italy, where he took the city of
Naples and gained many other advantages. Afterwards
he was defeated by Turenne in the Netherlands, at the
battle of Dunes, and compelled to evacuate the country.
His brother, Charles II., subsequently made him prime
minister. Died in 1679.
See SISMONDI, " Histoire des Francais."
Juan de Santa Cruz. See JUAN DE YEPEZ.
Juan de Yepez, Hoo-an' da ya'pihh, or Juau de
Santa Cruz, a saint of the Roman calendar, was born
in Old Castile in 1542. He, with Saint Theresa, estab-
lished the order of Barefooted Carmelites. Died in 1591.
Juan y Sautacilia, Hoo-an'e san-ta-thee'le-i,( JORGE,)
DON, a celebrated Spanish mathematician and naval
officer, was born at Orihuela, in Valencia, in 1712. He
was sent about 1735, with several Spanish and French
servants, to measure the degree of the meridian at the
equator. He devoted much attention to naval archi-
tecture. He wrote "Observations on Astronomy and
Physics made in the Kingdom of Peru," (5 vols., 1748,)
and a treatise on the construction of vessels, (2 vols.,
1761.) Died in 1774.
See LA CONDAMINH, "Journal du Voyage fait a 1'^quateur," etc.
Juana OF SPAIN. See JOAN.
Juares, jO<- A'r£z, [Sp. pron. Hoo-i're'th,] (P.ENITO,)
A Mexican statesman, born in Oajaca in 1806, and saic
to be of pure aboriginal stock. He studied law, was
elected to Congress in 1846, and was Governor of Oa-
jaca from 1848 to 1852. In 1853 he was banished by
Santa Ana. He joined the party of Alvarez, who became
president in 1855, and served under him as minister of
justice. In 1857 he was appointed secretary of state by
Comonfort, who was driven from power in January, 1858.
Juarez was recognized as the successor of Comonfort by
the Liberals, but was opposed by the clerical party in a
long civil war. He was elected president about 1861,
soon after which Mexico was invaded by a French army.
Having gained several victories, the French took the
city of Mexico in June, 1863, and Maximilian of Austria
assumed the imperial power, under the patronage of
Napoleon III. Juarez was reduced to a critical position,
and his cause seemed desperate ; but at length the French
army was withdrawn in 1866, and the Liberals quickly
recovered the ascendency. He was elected presideni
again in October, 1867. Died July 18, 1872.
Ju'ba [Gr. 'loSaf] L succeeded his father, Hiempsal,
on the throne of Numidia about 50 B.C. In the war
between Caesar and Pompey he supported the cause of
the latter, and gained a decisive victory over Curio, a
lieutenant of Caesar. After Pompey's defeat at Phar-
salia, Juba continued to support his cause in Africa, and
for some time held even Caesar in check. He was, how-
ever, defeated by the dictator at the battle of Thapsus,
and soon after killed himself, 42 B.C., in preference to
gracing the triumph of the conqueror. His kingdom
was reduced to a Roman province, of which the historian
Sallust was appointed the first governor.
See CASAR, " Bellum Civile ;" DION CASSIUS, " History of
Rome;" APPIAN, " Bellnm Civile."
Juba II., son of the preceding, was carried to Rome
by Caesar, who gave him a liberal education. He served
in the army of Augustus, from whom he received the
kingdom of Mauritania about 30 B.C. He married Cle-
opatra Selena, the daughter of the celebrated Cleopatra,
Queen of Egypt, by Antony. Juba was distinguished
for his learning, ability, and justice. He was the author
of several works, written in Greek, upon various subjects.
Pliny, Plutarch, Tacitus, and other historians mention his
writings with just commendation. He died about 20 B.C.
See Vossltre, " De Historicis Gnecis :" ECKHSL, " Doctrina Nu-
morum ;" "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale."
Jub6, zhu'bi', (AUGUSTS,) a French historian and
genera], born in 1765. He wrote a "Military History
of the Wars of France from 1643 to 1815," (2 vols.,)
and other works. Died in 1824.
Jub6, (JACQUES,) a French Jansenist, born near Pari»
in 1674; died in 1745.
Jubinal, zhii'be'nSl', (MICHEL Louis ACHILLE,) a
French politician, born in Paris in 1810; died in 1875.
Juda, zhu'da", (LEON,) a French Protestant, born in
Alsace in 1482, was the natural son of Jean Juda, a
priest. In 1502, having formed a friendship with Zuin-
glius, he was led to embrace the principles of the Re-
formers, and became pastor of Saint Peter's Church in
Zurich. He was distinguished for his zeal in promoting
the Reformation, both from his pulpit and by his pen.
Died in 1542. He commenced a translation of the Old
Testament into Latin, which was finished after his death,
and was regarded by the Protestants, and even by many
Catholic divines, as the best version extant. He was
the author of several religious works.
See M. ADAM, " Vitoe Theologorum Germanorum ;" HAAG, " La
France protestante."
Ju'dah, [Heb. min',] fourth son of Jacob, and one
of the twelve Hebrew patriarchs, was born in Mesopo-
tamia, B.C. 1755. When Joseph was thrown into the
cave by his brethren, it was through Judah's influence
that they sold him to the Ishmaelites, instead of taking
his life as they had previously intended. (Genesis xxxvii.
26.) Jacob, on his death-bed, foretold that Judah's pos-
terity would become the principal tribe of Israel, and
also referred to the coming of the Messiah, who was t'
be his lineal descendant. (Genesis xlix. 8-12.)
Ju'dah, (HENRY M.,) an American general, born at
Snow Hill, Maryland, about 1821, graduated at West
Point ';"> 1843, and was a captain before the civil war
began. He became a brigadier-general of Union volun-
teers early in 1862, and commanded a division at Resaca,
Georgia, May 15, 1864. Died January 14, 1866.
Judah or Je-hu'dah Hak'ka-dosh', (or Hakka-
dosch,) a learned Jewish rabbi, born in Galilee about
123 A.D. He is believed to have compiled, at the re-
quest of the Roman emperor Marcus Antoninus, the
Mishna, (Mischna,) which contains the various Jewish
laws and institutions not found in the Old Testament
In a short time the Talmud was ranked among the
sacred books of the nation, -and it has since received ad-
ditions from several learned rabbis. Died in 190 A.D.
See WOLF, " Bibliotheca Hebraica."
Ju'dah Hioog, (or Hioug,) he-oog', a Jewish rabbi
and physician, who gained great distinction for his learn-
ing and skill, was born at Fez, in Africa, and lived about
1040. He wrote several works (in Arabic) on the Hebrew
language, and is now regarded by his nation as their first
and perhaps their greatest grammarian. His name is
sometimes written TUDAH CHIUG.
Judah Rav or Rab. See ASHE.
Ju'das Is-car'I-ot, one of the twelve apostles chosen
by Jesus. He betrayed his Master to the officers of the
chief priests for thirty pieces of silver. Afterwards, being
stung with remorse, he returned the money to the priests
and "went and hanged himself."
See Matthew x. 4, xxvi, 47-50, xxvii. 3-5; Mark xiv. 18-21, 43.
Ju'das Le-vi'ta or Hal'le-vi, a learned Spanish Jew
and poet, born in 1090 or 1080, wrote a work in Arabic
in defence of the Jewish religion, entitled " Sepher Hoc-
cori," which was translated into Hebrew, Latin, and
Spanish. Died in 1 140.
Ju'das MaccabEe'us, (mak-ka-bee'us,) I Gr. 'loidof 6
XaKKafiaiof; Fr. JUDAS MACHABEE, zhii'daV mt'kf 'ba',]
of the royal line of the Asmonaeans, became leader of the
lews upon the death of his father, Mattathias, B.C. 166.
He conquered and cut in pieces several Syrian armies
which had been sent against him by Antiochus, subdued
the Idumeans, Ammonites, and other neighbouring na-
c as i ; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K.,giMurai; N, nasal; R, trilled: s as 2; th as in this. ( J[^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
JUDD
1408
JUGURTHA
tions, and restored the worship of the true God in the
Temple of Jerusalem. He was afterwards besieged in
that city by Antiochus Eupator, who was, however, soon
obliged to return to Syria, on account of a civil war which
t i i i . •_ !_•_!• i T i :~i_: i t
goon, and learned the Burmese language. In 1823 he
printed a Burmese translation of the New Testament.
He was thrown into prison in 1824, and kept in close
confinement eighteen months or more, during which he
had broken out in his kingdom. Judas, wishing to form j and his companions suffered extremely. He completed
an independent government in Judea, and being unable a Burmese translation of the Bible in 1834. He married
to contend against the whole power of Syria, concluded successively Ann Hasseltine, Sarah Hall Boardman, and
a treaty of alliance with the Romans. But, before any Emily Chubbuck, each of whom is noticed below. Having
assistance could arrive, a large army of Syrians again visited the United States in 1845, he returned to Burmah
invaded Judea. Judas marched against them with a body in 1846, and resumed his labours at Maulmain. He died
of three thousand men, which was soon reduced by de- at sea in April, 1850.
tertion to eight hundred. He nevertheless attacked the Jua8on, (EMILY,) (originally Miss CHUBBUCK,) an
enemy, and, after a severe battle, was defeated and slain, American authoress, known by the turn de plume of
160 B.C. «> Fanny Forester," was born at Eaton, in New York.
Judd, (JOHN WESLEY,) F.R.S., an English geologist, in 1817. She wrote for the "New York Mirror," and
born at Portsmouth, February 18, 1840. He was edu- published two volumes of her essays, sketches, and
cated at Westminster Normal College and the Royal poems, under the title of " Alderbrook," (1846.) She
School of Mines. In 1867 he went upon the geological was married in 1846 to Dr. Judson, and immediately
survey, in 1876 he was appointed professor of geology sailed with him for India. While in Burmah, she com-
in the Royal School of Mines, and in 1881 he took the posed some of her best poems. After the death of her
geological professorship in the Normal School of Science, husband, in 1850, she returned to America, and died at
London. He became dean of the Royal College of
Science, London, in 1895. His works include " Vol-
canoes," (1878,) " The Student's Lyell," (1896,) etc.
Judd, (ORANGE,) an American author and pub-
lisher, born near Niagara Falls, New York, July 26,
1822. He graduated at Wesleyan University in 1847,
studied chemistry in Yale College 1850-53, and edited
the "American Agriculturist" 1853-81. He failed in
business in 1883, and afterwards established the
"Orange Judd Farmer" at Chicago, editing it till his
death, December 27, 1892.
Hamilton, New York, in 1854. (See JUDSON, ADO-
NIRAM.)
Judson, (HARRY PRATT,) an American author and
educator, born at Jamestown, New York, in 1849.
He became a teacher, was professor of history at the
University of Minnesota 1885-92, and of political
science, University of Chicago, after 1892. His
works include "Caesar's Army," "Europe in the
Nineteenth Century," " The Growth of the American
Nation," etc.
Judson, (SARAH,) (originally Miss HALL,) a missioi.-
Judd, (SYLVESTER,) a Unitarian minister and writer, ary to Indi' ' born in' Alstead, New Hampshire, in 1803.
born in Westhampton Massachusetts, in 1813. He r ' g,. she was married to the Rev. George I)ana
frrann a f*>H ^f Vala m txiK BfiiHtAH riimnifn nf I I -. t-.ri i-/H , . J ....... °. -~
in AO-I
raduated at \ ale in 1836, studied divinity at Harvard, Boardman, and the same year sailed
nd from 1840 until his death, in 1853, was pastor of the man Tn established the Baptist
nitarian church in Augusta, Maine. His principal mai and subsequently at Tavoy.
work, " "
with him for Hur-
Mission at Maul-
After the death of
is pronou
mos
k," Margaret, a Tale of the Real and Ideal," (1845.) her husband, in 1831, she continued her missionary
renounced by the "North American Review "the iabours with great success. In 1834 she was married to
it emphatically American book ever written." It has Rev A Judson, noticed above. Died at Saint Helena
since been beautifully illustrated by Darley. Among rus jn ,g.,
other works are " Philio," a didactic poem. Ju£ yoo'c\, (J.,) a Danish admiral, was a brother
Jude, [Gr. 'lowSor,] SAINT, one of the twelve apos- of Niels, noticed below, with whom he co-operated in
ties. He is supposed to be the author of the book several battles. He was one of the negotiators of the
bearing his name. He was surnamed LEBBEUS and treaty of Lund in 1679. Died about 1700.
THADDEUS. See N. JONGE, " Vice-Admiral J. Juels Liv og Lcvncttbeskri-
See Mauhcw x. 3 ; Mark iii. 18. ' velse," 1755.
Judlc, zhii'dtk', (Madame ANNA DAMIENS,) a French ' 3ue]? <NIELS or NICHOLAS,) a celebrated Danish ad-
actress, born at .Semur. lulv 17, 1*50. Bred a shop-girl, \ mlral' born ln l629- After serving in the Hutch navy
her strong passion for the stace procured her a place in und« Van Tromp and De Ruyter, he entered the Danish
the Conservatoire of Paris. She made her debut at the servlce- and greatly distinguished h.mself by several ,m-
Gymnase in 1867. Her best rf/fs are in light opera, portant victories which he gamed over the Swedes The
where her grace and piquant style are very effective. KlnS of Denmark created him an admiral knighted him,
Judicael, ju'de-kal, became ruler of Bretagne about and conferred uPon hlm other honours' Dled '" l697'
632, and assumed the title of royalty. After a reign of Juengling, ying'ling, (FREDERICK.) a gifted artist-
six years, he entered a monastery, and was succeeded by engraver, born in Leipsic in 1846, learned wood-engraving
his son Alain. in his native city, and in 1866 came to New York, where,
Ju'dith, |lleb. P'TIT ; It. GIUDITTA, joo-det'ti,] a asaccessory to his business of engraving, he studied draw-
Jewish heroine, of uncertain epoch. According to tradi- ing, painting, and etching. He was one of the founders
tion, she lived at Kethulia when that town was besieged of the American Society of Wood-Engravers. In 1883
by Holofernes, a general of the King of Assyria. Having one of his pictures was awarded a second-class meilal at
by insidious arts gained admission to his tent and per- Munich. After a visit to Europe in search of health, he
suaded him that she designed to betray the town to him, died in New York, December 31, 1889.
she cut off his head and carried it in a sack to Bethulia, Ju6nin, zhii-a'naN', (GASPARD,) a French
which was, consequently, saved from capture.
See the Apocryphal Hook of Judith; ALFONSO NICCOLAI,
Giuditta; Dissertazione," 1765.
Judith, zhu'det', MADEMOISELLE, the stage name
. . ..
writer, and professor of philosophy in Paris, born at
Varambon, in Bresse, in 1650; died in 1713.
Juglaris, yoo-gll'res, (ALOlsro,) an Italian Jesuit and
professor of rhetoric, born at Nice in 1607. He was also
of JULIE Bernat, afterwards Madame BERNARD-DE- j employed as preceptor to Prince Charles Emanuel of
ROSNE, a French actress, born at Paris, of a Hebrew' Savoy. He wrote numerous panegyrics on Louis XIII.
family, January 29, 1827. She was a relative of Made-
moiselle Rachel, the tragedienne, and went upon the
stage in 1842. Her beauty and native talents, however,
failed at tn>t tn win much success ; but in later years her
power and versatility were widely recognized.
Jud'son, (AnoNiRAM,) an eminent Baptist mission-
ary, born in Maiden, Massachusetts, in 1788, graduated
at Brown University in 1807. lie was sent as a mis-
sionary to Burmah in 1812, founded a mission at Ran-
a, e, 1, 5, u, y, long; a, t, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y, short; a, c, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; m6t; not; good; moon;
and other persons of distinction. Died in 1653.
Jugleb, yooc'lep, or Jugler, yooc'ler, (JoHANN
FRIEDRICH,) a German writer, born near Naumburg in
1718. He published " Biographical and Critical Notices
of Eminent Jurists and Statesmen of Europe," (6 vols.,
1773-80.) and other works. Died in 1791.
Ju-gur'tha, |Gr. 'ImrfoiipSnf or 'loyopOaf,] an African
prince, remarkable for his crimes and tragical death, was
a natural son of Manastabal. He was brought up at the
JUIGNE
1409
JULIAN
court of his uncle, Micipsa, King of Nuraidia, and at an
early age served under Scipio /Emilianus in the Roman
army. During the war with Numantia he gained great
distinction, and at its conclusion was highly commended
to his uncle by Scipio. Micipsa soon after created him
joint heir with his own sons Adherbal and Hiempsal.
Upon the death of that monarch, Jugurtha caused
Hiempsal to be murdered, and forced Adherbal to seek
protection at Rome. Commissioners were sent out by
the Roman senate to divide the kingdom between Ad-
herbal and Jugurtha ; but the latter, having bribed them,
received the largest portion of the territory, and was
declared to be innocent of the murder of Hiempsal.
Resolving, however, to obtain t-he entire kingdom, he
captured Adherbal in the city of Cirta, while he was yet
under the protection of the Roman senate, and put him
to death with the greatest cruelty. War was imme-
diately declared against him by the Romans ; but he
succeeded in forming an advantageous treaty with the
consul Calpurnius, who had been sent to reduce Hm to
subjection. The senate refused to ratify this treaty, and
summoned Jugurtha to Rome to answer the charges
brought against him. He obeyed the mandate ; but
wM'e in that city he procured the assassination of his
cousin Massiva, another claimant of the Numidian crown.
Upon the commission of this outrage he was commanded
to leave Rome. As he was taking his last view of the
capital, he is said to have exclaimed, " Mercenary city,
thou waitest only for a purchaser to sell thyself; and
thou wilt perish if one is found." After his return to
Numidia he defeated a Roman army under Aulus Post-
humius, compelling it to pass under the yoke and to
evacuate the country. The war was afterwards con-
tinued by Metellus ; and, though Jugurtha was one of
the ablest commanders of that age, he was unable to
resist the Roman general, whose skill and prudence made
him ever victorious on the field of battle, and whose
stern integrity rendered him invincible to the golden
offers of the Numidian usurper. Jugurtha, having been
twice defeated by Marius, the successor of Metellus, was
delivered to his enemies by the treachery of his ally,
Bocchus, King of Mauritania. He was carried in chains
to Rome, where he graced the triumph of Marius. He
was then thrown into the Mamertine prison. His death,
which occurred six days later, is generally supposed to
have been caused by starvation. The Jugurthine war,
which was terminated B.C. 106, is the subject of one of
the histories of Sallust.
See SALLUST, " Jugurtha ;" PLUTARCH, " Marius ;" LIVY, " Epi-
tome," books bdi., bdv., Ixvii. ; " Nouvelle Biographic G^ne'rale."
Juign6,de,dehzhu-en'ya',(ANToiNEEL6oNOREL£oN
LECLERC,) a French prelate, born in Paris in 1728, dis-
tinguished himself by his persecution of the Jansenists.
In 1781 he became Archbishop of Paris. Died in 1811.
See LAMBERT, "Vie de Messire A. fi. Leclerc de JuigneV' 1821.
Juigne-Broissiniere, de, deh zhii-en'ya' bRwa'se'-
ne-aiR', a French lawyer and compiler, was torn in
Anjou, and lived about 1650. His principal work is a
"Theological, Historical, Poetical, and Cosmographical
Dictionary," (1644.)
Juillard or Juilhard. See JARRY.
Jukes, juks, (JOSEPH BEETE,) F.R.S., an English
geologist, born near Birmingham about 1812. He pub-
lished, besides other works, " Popular Physical Geology,"
(1853.) Died July 29, 1869.
Jules, the French for JULIUS, which see.
Jttig, yiilo, (BERNHARD,) a German philologist, born
at Ringelbach, Baden, August 20, 1825. He studied at
Heidelberg and Berlin, and held professorships of clas-
sical philology in the Universities of Lemberg, Cracow,
and Innspruck. His principal original investigations
were in the Mongolian and other East-Asian languages.
He published several volumes of " Mongolian Legends"
with German translations. Died August 14. 1886.
JuTI-a, [Fr. JULIE, zhirte',] a Roman lady, remarka-
ble for her beauty and virtues, was the daughter of Julius
Csesar. She first married Cornelius Caepio, but, by her
father's command, procured a divorce and became the
wife of Pompey the Great. She died 53 B.C., before the
dissensions arose between her father and her husband.
Julia, only daughter of Augustus Caesar, born about
39 B.C., was distinguished for her beauty, accomplish-
ments, and disgraceful intrigues. She was married tc
Marcellus, upon whose death she became the wife of
Agrippa, by whom she was the mother of five children.
After the death of her second husband she was given in
marriage to Tiberius, who divorced her, and afterwards
caused her to be poisoned, 14 A.D.
Julia, a daughter of the preceding, born about 18 B.C.,
was married to L. jEmilius Paulus. Her character is
said to have resembled that of her mother. Some writers
identify her with the Corinna of Ovid. Died 28 A.D.
Julia, a daughter of Drusus and Livia, born about 5
A.D., was a niece of Germanicus. She was married to
Nero, who was her cousin-german.
Julia, daughter of Cassar Germanicus, was born 1 7 A.D.
At the age of sixteen she was married to a Roman sena-
tor named Vinucias. She was soon after suspected of
conspiracy and banished by her brother Caligula, but
was subsequently recalled by Claudius. She was put
to death in her twenty-fourth year, at the instigation
of Messalina.
Julia de FonteneUe, zhu'le-S' deh foN'teh-nel',
(JEAN SEBASTIEN EUGENE,) a French chemist, born at
Narbonne in 1790, published a "Manual for Glass-
makers," and other works. Died in 1842.
See HENRI JULIA DE FONTENELLE, " Notice sur M. Julia de Fon-
teneUe," 1843.
JuTI-a Dom'na, wife of the Roman emperor Septi-
mius Severus, and the mother of Caracalla and Geta, was
born in Syria about 170 A.D. She was the daughter of
Bassianus, a priest of the sun. After the death of Seve-
rus she endeavoured to heal the dissensions between her
sons, but in vain ; Geta was murdered in her presence
in 212, by his brother's orders. During the remainder of
Caracalla's reign she exerted great influence in the affairs
of government. Died in 217.
Julia Mammaea. See MAMM^A.
Jull-an, [Lat. JULIA'NUS; Fr. JULIEN, zhule^.N',]
or, more fully, Ju-H-a'nus Fla'vl-us Clau'dl-usTsur-
named THP APOSTATE, a Roman emperor, was born in
Constantinople in 331 A.D. He was the son of Julius
Constantius, and a nephew of Constantine the Great
On the death of the latter, the soldiers, in order to
secure the succession of his sons, massacred all the other
members of the Flavian family except Julian and his
elder brother Gallus. The jealousy of the emperor
Constantius afterwards banished the brothers to Cap-
padocia, where they were educated in the principles of
the Christian religion and officiated as lecturers in the
church of Nicomedia. In 351 Gallus was created Caesar
by the emperor, and Julian was permitted to return to
his native city, but in a short time was again exiled to
Nicomedia. He subsequently embraced the philosophy
of the Platonists, and, having obtained permission to
visit Athens, he pursued his studies in that city and was
privately initiated in the mysteries of the religion of
Greece. After the execution of his brother, in 355, he
was recalled to Constantinople through the influence of
the empress Eusebia. Constantius created him Caesar,
and gave him command of the armies in Gaul. Julian
also received in marriage Helena, sister of the emperor.
He made four successful campaigns against the Germans,
who had overrun Gaul, expelled them from that country,
took captive Chnodomarfus, their most powerful king,
invaded Germany, and gained a high distinction for
military skill and personal bravery. Constantius.
envious of the fame of Julian, and wishing to destroy his
power, commanded him to send his best troops to
the East, in order that they might assist in the Persian
war. The soldiers, who had become greatly attached to
Julian, refused to obey, and, notwithstanding his remon-
strances, proclaimed him Augustus. It is even stated
that they threatened him with death if he refused the
purple. He then sent an embassy to Constantius, re-
questing that he might be recognized as Augustus in
Gaul. This not having been granted, he marched
towards Constantinople ; but the sudden death of the
emperor, in 361, enabled Julian to ascend the imperial
throne unopposed. Immediately after his accession he
threw off the hypocrisy which had shielded him for
so long a time, and, renouncing Christianity, in which
€ as k; c as s; g hard; g as /'; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as «; th as in this.
89
(JE3f=See Explanations, p. 23.)
JULIAN
1410
JULLIAN
probably he was never a true believer, declared his faith
in the divinities of Greece and Rome. He proclaimed
liberty of conscience to all, commanded the pagan tem-
ples to be reopened, and even attempted to restore Ju-
daism by rebuilding the Temple at Jerusalem. He was
prevented from completing this project by remarkable
eruptions of fire, which rendered it impossible for the
workmen to continue their labours. In the spring of
363 he set out from Antioch, at the head of 65,000 well-
disciplined troops, on his contemplated invasion of Per-
sia. He crossed the Euphrates and Tigris, and gained
several important victories over the Persians ; but the
oppressive heat and the scarcity of provisions compelled
him to retreat, and in June of the same year, as he was
bravely repelling an attack of the enemy, a javelin
wounded him fatally in the side. He died the following
evening, while he was calmly conversing with his friends
on philosophy. Julian was the author of an account of
his Gallic and German wars, which has been lost, "The
Caesars," "Misopogon," a satire against the citizens
of Antioch, whom he had offended by his philosophical
austerity and his slovenly habits, and of about eighty
letters upon various subjects.
1735; Jo
1'Empereur Julien," 2 yols., 1817 ; WILLIAM WARBURTON, "Julian,
or a Discourse concerning the Earthquake and Fiery Eruption which
defeated that Emperor's Attempt to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem, "
ory 01 the Decline and r all ot the Roman t.mpi
1 Historia Ecclesiastical" MILMAN, " History of Christianity."
Julian. Hoo-le-an'( COUNT, Governor of Andalusia
under the Gothic kings of Spain. After King Roderick
had ravished the daughter of Julian, the latter formed a
treaty with the Moslems for the invasion of Spain, and
rendered them efficient service at the battle of Xeres,
where Roderick was defeated in 711 A.D.
See MURPHY, *' History of the Mahometan Empire in Spain;'1
SOUTHEY, "Roderick, the Last of the Goths."
Ju'li-an, [Lat JULIA'NUS; Fr. JULIEN, zhu'le-lN';
It GIULIANO, joo-le-i'no,] an Italian bishop, distin-
guished for his opposition to the doctrines of Saint Au-
«Tistine, was born about 380, and studied theology under
i>elagius. In 416 Innocent I. raised him to the see of
Eclanum ; but about 420 he was banished from Italy on
account of his Pelagian doctrines. Having been con-
demned by several councils, he settled in Sicily. Died
about 455.
Julian, Archbishop of Toledo, and a saint of the
Roman calendar, was born in Spain, of Jewish descent,
He was raised to the see of Toledo in 680, and presided
over four different councils held in that city. He was
the author of a work on death, the resurrection, and the
final judgment Died in 690.
Julian, (MARCUS AURELIUS,) a Roman Governor of
Venetia, who in 285, while aspiring to the imperial
purple, was defeated and slain near Verona by Carinus.
Julian Cesarini. See CESARINI, (GIULIANO.)
Ju-11-a'na, a woman of Portuguese descent, b^rn in
Bengal in 1658. Having gained the favour of Aurung-
Zeb, she was appointed governess to his son, Shah Alum,
who succeeded to the crown in 1707. In a battle between
that prince and his brothers, who disputed the succession,
she rode by his side on an elephant and greatly contrib-
uted to his success. Shah Alum raised her to the rank
of a princess, and conferred upon her many other honours.
See "Biographic Universelle."
Julianus. See JULIAN.
Ju-11-a'nus or Julian, (S ALVIUS,) a celebrated Roman
jurist, and great-grandfather to the emperor Didius, was
born about 100 A.D. He was twice chosen consul. His
principal work is entitled " Digesta," in ninety books,
and is often referred to by writers on Roman law.
See J. G. HHINECCIUS, " Prograrama de S. Juliano," 1733.
Julie. See JULIA.
Julien, the French for JULIAN, which see.
Julien, zhii'le-aN', (PIERRE,) a celebrated French
.sculptor, born at Saint-Paulien in 1731. He commenced
his studies at Lyons, under Perache, whom he left in
1765 to become the pupil of Coustou, the king's sculp-
tor, at Paris. In 1768 he went to Rome, where he re-
mained four years, to perfect himself in his art In 1779
his statue of " The Dying Warrior" gained his admission
to the Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris.
Died in 1804. Among his most admirable productions
are "La Baigneuse," the statues of La Fontaine and
Poussin, and copies of Apollo Belvedere and " The Dying
Gladiator," from the Italian.
See J. LEBRETON, " Notice historique sur la Vie et les Ouvrages
de P. Julien," 1805.
Julien, (SiMON,) or Julien of Parma, a French artist,
born at Toulon in 1736, studied in Paris under Vanloo,
resided ten years at Rome, and after his return was
elected a member of the Academy of Painting. He was
called JULIEN THE APOSTATE, because he abandoned
the French style. Died in 1800.
Julien, (STANISLAS,) an eminent French Orientalist,
born at Orleans in 1799. He studied under Abel Re"-
musat, and devoted himself particularly to the Chinese
language. He succeeded Abel Re'musat as professor of
Chinese in 1832, and afterwards became administrator, in
the College of France. He made translations from Meng-
tseu (Mencius) and other Chinese authors, and pub-
lished " Practical Exercises of Chinese Syntax and Lexi-
cography," (1842.) Julian's reputation is that of one of
the first Chinese scholars of his time. He was a mem-
ber of the Academy of Inscriptions, and of the principal
learned societies of Europe. Among his works is one of
great interest, " Voyages des Pelerins Bouddhistes," (3
vols., 1853-58,) translated from the Chinese. Died at
Paris, February 13, 1873.
Julio Romano. See GIULIO ROMANO.
Julius [Fr. JULES, zhu'l ; It GIULIO, joo'le-o] X, a
Roman by birth, succeeded Marcus in the papal see in
336. In 340 he convoked a council at Rome to settle
the dispute between Athanasius, the orthodox Bishop
of Alexandria, and the Arians, who had expelled him
from his office. Athanasius appeared ; but his enemies
called at Antioch a council which condemned him.
Julius, finding his interpositions to be in vain, sum-
moned the General Council of Sardica, which restored
the bishop to his see and introduced the custom of
appealing to the pope in all ecclesiastical disputes. Died
in 352 A.D.
Julius IL, (Cardinal GIULIANO della Rovere —
del'la ro-va'ra,) born in 1441, was elected to the see of
Rome upon the death of Pius III., in 1503. Haughty
and warlike in his disposition, he immedialely turned his
ambition to the aggrandizement of the papal authority.
He drove Caesar Borgia from the Romagna, and attempted
to expel the Venetians from Ravenna, Rimini, and other
parts of his dominions. Failing in this, he formed the
League of Cambrai with the King of France, the Emperor
of Germany, and the Duke of Ferrara, for the destruction
of the Venetian republic. Julius, soon discovering, how-
ever, that he had more to fear from the French than
from the Venetians, made a treaty with the latter in
1510, and took the field in person against the French,
over whom he gained some slight advantages. In 1513
he allied himself with the English, Spaniards, Swiss,
and Venetians, and finally succeeded in expelling the
French from Italy. But little was gained by this success ,
for the Swiss and Spaniards gave him as much trouble
as the French had previously done. He died before
these new difficulties were adjusted, in 1513. Julius
displayed a great taste for the fine arts. He was the
first to commence Saint Peter's Cathedral at Rome, and
was the patron of Michael Angelo, Raphael, and othei
men of distinction. Leo X. %vas his successor.
See RANKE, "History of the Popes;" BRUYS, "Histoire del
Papes," 1732 ; " La Viedu Pape Jules II," (anonymous.) Paris, 1515.
Julius HI., (Cardinal Giocci — jot'chee,) born in 1487
at Arezzo, succeeded Paul III. in February, 1550. His
pontificate was marked by quarrels with the King of
France, the Venetians, and other powers. Died in 1555.
See ARTAUD DE MONTOR, " Histoire des souverains Pontifes."
Jullian, zhii'le-&N', (PIERRE Louis PASCAL,) a French
historical writer and politician, born at Montpellier about
1769. He wrote "Fragments historiques," (1804,) and
" Souvenirs de ma Vie," (1808.) Died about 1836.
a, e, 1, 5, u, y long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, c, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, ctscu-t; fir, fill, fat; n»8t; not; good: moon.
JULLIEN
1411
JUNILIUS
Jullien, zhiiTe^N', ( ANDR£,) a writer upon the culture
of the vine, born at Chalons-sur-Saone, in France, in
1766 ; died in 1832.
Jullien, (Louis,) a popular French composer of music
and director of concerts, was born in 1812. He com-
posed music for balls, operas, etc., and performed in
Paris and London. Died in 1860.
Jullien, (MARCEL BERNARD,) a French grammarian
and writer, born in Paris in 1798; died in 1881.
Jullien de la Dr6me, zhii'le-aN' deh \t dRom, (MARC
ANTOINE,) a French Jacobin, distinguished for his vio-
lence, was born i.i Dauphine in 1744; died in 1821.
Jullien de Paris, zhii'le-aN' deh pi're', (MARC AN-
TOINE,) a politician and journalist, born in Paris in 1775,
was a son of the preceding. During the Revolution he
was a Jacob' i. He published several works on politics,
education, etc., and founded in 1818 th^ " Revue Ency-
clopedique." Died in 1848.
See QUERARD. " La France Litte'raire;" "Nouvelle Biographic
Ge'ne'rale :" BOILEAU o'Auxv, "Biographic de M. J. de Paris," 1842
Julus. See IULUS.
Jumel, zhii'meT, (JEAN CHARLES,) a French eccle-
siastic and writer, born in Paris ; died in 1824.
Jumelin, zhum'laN', (JEAN BAPTISTE, ) a French
savant, physician, and writer, born in 1745, visited Greece,
where he directed his attention to the botany as well as
to the antiquities of that country. Died in 1807.
Jumilhac, de, deh zhii'me lik', (ANTOINE PIERRE
JOSEPH CHAPELLE,) MARQUIS, a French royalist, dis-
tinguished as a cavalry officer, was born in 1764. In
1791 Louis XVI. appointed him lieutenant-colonel of
his guard. He served under Napoleon. Died in 1826.
Jumlah. See JEMLAH.
Jumonville, de, deh zhii'm6N'vel', (CouLON,) a
French officer, born about 1725, signalized his bravery
in the Canadian wars. He is said to have been treache-
rously killed in 1753 by the English, to whom he was
bearing a message.
Juucker, yoonk'ker, (CHRISTIAN,) a German phi-
lologist and historian, was born at Dresden in 1668. He
published several works on German history, and a "Life
of Luther," (l'io/>.) Died at Altenburg in 1714.
See SCHADEN, " Ehrengeda'chtniss Junckers," 1714; ERSCH und
GRUBBR. "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie ;" GELLIUS, " Epistola ad J.
A. Fabricium de C. Junckero," 1714.
Juncker or Junker, (GoTTLOii JOHANN,) a German
physician, born near Giessen in 1680. He became pro-
fessor of medicine at Halle in 1729, and maintained the
doctrines of StahL He wrote numerous medical works.
Died at Halle in 1759.
Juncker, yoong'ker, (HENRY DAMIAN,) a bishop,
born at Finstingen, Lorraine, in 1810, took priest's orders
in the Roman Catholic Church in 1834, and in 1857 was
consecrated Bishop of Alton, Illinois. Died at Alton,
October 2, iS68.
Juncosa, Hoon-ko'sJ, (^'ra JOAQUIN,) a skilful Span-
ish painter, born in the diocese of Tarragona in 1631 ;
died near Rome in 1708.
Junc-ti'nus, the Latin name of FRANCESCO GIUNTINI,
an Italian astrologer and monk, born at Florence in 1522.
He wrote several works on astrology, etc. Died in 1590.
Jung, yo"ong, or Junge, yd&ng'eh, [Lat. JUNG'IUS,]
(JOACHIM,) a German physician and botanist, born at
Lubeck in 1587, became successively professor of mathe-
matics at Giessen and Rostock. He was one of the most
able opponents of the scholastic philosophy, and for his
acuteness was compared by Leibnitz to Copernicus and
Galileo. He also, it is said, first suggested, in his "Isa-
goge Phytoscopica," (1678,) the classification of plants
afte-wards developed by Linnaeus. He was rector of a
school at Hamburg from 1629 until his death. Died at
Hamburg in 1657.
See MARTIN VOGEL, " Historia Vitz et Mortis J. Jungii," 1657;
GUHRAUBR, " J. Jungius und sein Zeitalter," 1850 ; " Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Ge'ne'rale."
Jung, (JOHANN HEINRICH,) commonly known by the
pseudonym of STILLING, an original German writer,
born at Im-Grund, in the duchy of Nassau, in 1740.
While studying medicine at Strasburg, he formed an
intimacy with Goethe, who has given an interesting ac-
count of him in his Autobiography. In 1804 he became
professor of political economy at Heidelberg. He pub-
lished in 1777 " Henry Selling's Youth, Early Years, and
Wanderings," which was followed soon after by " Henry
Stilling's Domestic Life." Among his fictitious writings
we may cite "Theobald, or the Enthusiast," "The Chris-
tian Philanthropist," and " Scenes from the Spirit-Land."
Stilling appears to have been a man of great earnestness
as well as simplicity of character, with a strong tendency
to religious enthusiasm and mysticism. Died in 1817.
See J. H. JUNG, " H. Stilling's Jueend, Jiinglingsjahre, Wan-
delschaft und hausliches Leben," 3 vols., 1777-79 : enlarged under
the title of " Lebensbeschreibung J. H. Jungs," 5 vols., 1806:
ScirwARZ, " Jung-Stillings Alter," 1817; JOHN WRIGHT, " Life of
H. Stilling," abridged by SAMUEL JACKSON, 1847 ; " Foreign Quar-
terly Review" for July, 1838.
Jung-Bahadoor, (or -Bahadur,) jung (or jung) ba-
ha'dfjor, (i.e. "brave in war,") [from the Hindostanee
Jung, " battle," " war," and bahadur or bahado&r, " brave,"]
the name, or rather surname, of several Indian princes,
among whom the recent minister of Nepaul and virtual
sovereign of that country deserves particular mention.
He was the son of a Nepaulese general, was born about
1815, and by his unscrupulous audacity, combined with
rare talents for intrigue, he soon raised himself to the
highest position in the state. About 1850 he visited"
England as ambassador, and while in that country was-
the object of much attention. In 1857 he offered the
English government his co-operation in suppressing the
mutiny of the Sepoys, and, with about 9000 Goorkhas,
(a race of probable Aryan origin,) took part in the capture
of Lucknow, for which, and other services, he received
the grand cross of the Bath. Died February 25, 1877.
Junger, yoong'er, (^EoiDlus,) D.D., a bishop, born
at Burtscheid, in Rhenish Prussia, April 6, 1833. He
was educated at Aix-la-Chapelle and at Louvain, and
was for many years a Roman Catholic priest in Wash-
ington Territory. In 1879 he was consecrated bishop
of Nesqually in that Territory.
Junger yoong'er, (JOHANN FRIEDRICH,) a German
littirateur, born at Leipsic in 1759. He was the authoi
of numerous popular romances and dramatic works.
Among his novels are " Vetter Jakobs Launen," (6 vols.,
1786-92,) and "Der Schein triigt," (1787.) Died in 1797.
, (1605,;
classical works. Died in 1610.
Jungermann, (LUDWIG,) a botanist, born at Leipsic
in 1572, was a brother of the preceding. He was pro-
fessor of botany at Altdorf. Died in 1653.
Junghans, yoong'hans, (SOPHIE,) a German novelist,
born at Cassel, December 3, 1845. Ir> 1877 she married
Professor Joseph Schumann, but retained her maiden
name for her literary work. Her writings include "Kathe,"
(1876,) " Haus Eckberg,"(i87S,) and other novels, marked
by masculine force in style and in characters.
Junghuhn, yoong'hoon, (FRANZ WILHELM,) a Prus-
sian naturalist, bom at Mansfelcl in 1812. He was em-
ployed as army physician or officer of health in India,
and explored the island of Java. He published, besides
other works, an account of the topography, botany, and
geology of Java, ("Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke
und innere Bauart," 3 vols., 1852,) which is esteemed
the best work on that subject Died April 24, 1864.
Jungius. See JUNG.
Jungmann, yoong'man, (JOSEPH JAKOB,) a learned
Slavonian philologist, born at Hudlitz, in Bohemia, in
1773. He was appointed in 1815 professor of languages
and rhetoric at the Gymnasium of Prague, where he was
afterwards prefect His greatest work is a " Bohemian-
German Dictionary," (5 vols., 1835,) which gives evi-
dence of immense learning and industry. He also wrote
a " History of the Bohemian Language and Literature,"
(1825,) and a " Bohemian Chrestomathy." He wrote
other works, in prose and verse, and made a number of
translations from eminent English and French writers.
Jungmann is regarded as one of the most zealous and
efficient promoters of Slavonian literature. Died in 1847.
See L. CKLAKOVSKV, "Dodavky ke Slovniku J. Jnngr^nna,"
1850; " Foreign Quarterly Review" for April, 1828.
Ju-nlll-ua, a bishop who flourished in Africa ibout
€ as k; 9 as j; g hard; g as/- G, H, K,guttura/; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (J^=See Explanations, p. 23. \
JUNIUS
1412
JUNON
550 A.D. He wrote a Latin work "On Parts of the
Divine Law," which was printed at Bale in 1545.
Ju'nl-us, the assumed name of a political writer who
in January, 1769, began to issue, in London, a series
of famous letters, which first appeared in Woodfall's
" Public Advertiser." Junius opposed the ministry then
in power, and denounced several eminent persons with
great severity of invective and pungency of sarcasm.
His style is eminently pure, terse, and vigorous. These
letters had a great popularity, and powerfully promoted
the cause of civil liberty. "The myrmidons of the court,"
said Burke, in the House of Commons, "have been long,
and are still, pursuing him in vain. They will not spend
their time upon me, or you, or you. No : they disdain
such vermin when the mighty boar of the forest, that
has broken through all their toils, is before them. . . .
Kings, Lords, and Commons are but the sport of his
fury. Were he a member of this House, what might
not be expected from his knowledge, his firmness and
integrity 1" Among the numerous persons to whom
these letters have been attributed were Sir Philip Fran-
cis, Lord Chatham, Edmund Burke, Henry Grattan,
Colonel Barre^ Gibbon the historian, John Home Tooke,
Horace Walpole, John Wilkes, and Wedderburn, (after-
wards Lord Loughborough.) The publication of the
Letters of Junius continued until January, 1772. In
his dedication to the people of England, he said, " I am
the sole depositary of my own secret, and it shall perish
with me."
A multitude r'!:ooks and essays have been written in
the attempt to solve this mystery. But all the efforts
in that direction seemed for a long time to be wholly
unsuccessful ; so much so that a very able lawyer and
antiquary, Sir N. H. Nicolas, writing in 1843, declared
his conviction that all the Junius-seekers had completely
failed in their undertaking. Macaulay, however, in his
essay on Warr;n Hastings, (1841,) says that "the evi-
dence [against Sir P. Francis] would support a verdict
in a civil — nay, in a criminal — proceeding." At the
present time (1885) the question is still doubtful. A
great number of circumstances seem to point to Sir
Philip Francis as the true Junius. Among the various
incidental proofs bearing on this question, one of the
most curious is given in "Lippincott's Magazine" for
January, 1870. But Abraham Hayward has since then
adduced strong reasons for rejecting the Francis theory.
See JOHN TAYLOR, "The Identity of Junius with a Distinguished
Living Character Established," 1816; JOHN MASON GOOD, "Essay
on Junius and his Writings ;" MACAULAY, review of Gleig's "Life
of Warren Hastings;" LORD BROUGHAM, article in the "Edinburgh
Review" for November, 1817, (vol. xxix ): "Quarterly Review" lor
December, 1851; ALLIBONE, " Dictionary of Authors;" HAYWARD,
" More about Junius." 1878.
Ju'nl-ua, (FRANCIS,) [Fr. FRANC.OIS DJ JON, frft.N'-
swa' dii zhiN, | a learned Protestant theologian, was born
at Bourges, in France, May I, 1545. He studied at Lyons
and Geneva, and was appointed pastor of a Walloon
church in Antwerp in 1565, but at length was com-
pelled to fly to Germany to escape the tortures of the
Inquisition. In 1568 he became chaplain to the army
of the Prince of Orange. Five years later, at the re-
quest of the Elector-Palatine, he went to Heidelberg,
where, with the assistance of Tremellius, he translated
the Old Testament into Latin, (1575-79.) This work,
which established his reputation, is known as the version
of Junius and Tremellius. He afterwards filled succes-
sively the chairs of theology at Neustadt, Heidelberg,
and Leyden. He wrote numerous works on divinity and
the classics. Died at Leyden in October, 1602.
See "Vita F. Junii Biturigensis ab ipsomet conscripta," 1595;
BAYLH, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" NICBRON, "M6-
moires ;" F. GOMAR, "Oratio funebris in Obitum F. Junii," 1602.
Juniua; (FRANCIS or FRANCISCUS,) an eminent phi-
lologist, son of the preceding, was born at Heidelberg
in 1589, and was educated at Leyden. He passed over
to England about 1620, and became librarian to Thomas
Howard, Earl of Arundel, with whom he remained thirty
years. He devoted his attention chiefly to the study of
the Teutonic languages. He published a rare and valu-
able work, — a translation of the Gospels into the ancient
Gothic, (made by Bishop Ulphilas about 360 A.D.,) with
a Commentary, (1665.) Junius was the author of a work
"On the Painting of the Ancients," ("De Pictura
Veterum," 1637,) and of an Etymological Dictionary,
(" Etymologicum Anglicanum," 1743,) in which he ex-
plains the derivation and origin of numerous English
words. He left his choice collection of manuscripts to
the University of Oxford. Died at Windsor in 1677.
See GR^vtus, " Life of Francis Junius," in the zA edition of hii
"De Pictura Veterum," 1694; BAYLE, "Historical and Critical Dic-
tionary;" NICBRON. " Me'moires ;" WOOD, "Athena Oionienses."
Junius, de, deh yoo'ne-us, or Jonghe, yong'eh,
(ADRIAAN,) a learned Dutch physician, was born at
Hoorn, in Friesland, in 1512. He went to England
near the close of the reign of Henry VIII., and became
physician to the Duke of Norfolk. After the accession
of Edward VI. he published a Greek-and-Latin Lexi-
con, which he dedicated to that sovereign. For this he
was severely censured by the Roman pontiff. He wrote
in honour of the marriage of Queen Mary with Philip
of Spain a Latin poem entitled "Philippeis." About
1564 he was appointed physician to the King of Den-
mark. Died at Middelburg in 1575. As a philologist
and linguist his contemporaries regarded him as second
only to Erasmus. In addition to the works previously
mentioned are his "Nomenclature of All Things," a
vocabulary in seven different languages, several Latin
poems and epistles, and various commentaries on the
writings of the ancient authors.
See P. SCHELTHMA, "Diatribe in H. Junii Vitamingeniumet Merita
Uteraria," 1836.
Junker, yoonk'er, or Juniker, yoo'ne-ker, (GEORG
ADAM,) a teacher and translator, born at Hanau a!>out
1720. He translated numerous German dramas, etc.
into French. Died in 1805.
Junker, (WILHELM JOIIANN,) a traveller, born at
Moscow, Russia, April 6, 1840. He studied medicine at
Gottingen, Berlin, and Prague. He travelled extensively
in Tunis, (1874 rf^y.,) Egypt, the Upper Nile Valley, and
Central Africa. Died February 13, 1892.
Junkermann, yoonk'er-mln', (AUGUST,) a very pop-
ular German comic actor, born at Bielefeld, December
15, 1832. He is best known for his renderings of various
characters in Fritz Reuter's works, which have been
dramatized for him, and, in part, by himself. He has
played chieflly in Treves and Stuttgart.
Junk'in, (GEORGE,) D.D., LL.D., an American Pres-
byterian divine, born at New Kingston, Pennsylvania,
November I, 1790. He graduated at Jefferson College
(in Western Pennsylvania) in 1813, and was ordained in
1819, was made president of Lafayette College in 1832,
was president of Miami University from 1841 to 1844,
and of Washington College, Lexington, Virginia, from
1848 to 1861. In his numerous published works he was
an active defender of the Old School theology. Died
in Philadelphia, May 20, 1868.
Ju'no, ll r. JUNON, zhii'niN' ; It. GIUNONE, joo-no'-
na,l a goddess of the Roman mythology, called the queen
of heaven and the wife of Jupiter, corresponding to the
Greek Hera, ("Hpa or "Hpi;.) She was regarded as the
protecting deity of the female sex, and as the patroness
of marriage and maternity. She was surnamed MATRON*
and REGINA, and was worshipped by the Roman women
at an annual festival called Matronalia. As the patroness
of marriage, she was called Pronuba, Gamelia, Jugalis or
Juga, and various other names. Her aid was implored
by women in childbirth under the name of LUCINA, (which
see.) She is usually represented as a majestic woman,
crowned, with her favourite bird, the peacock, near her.
The name Juno is in all probability related etymologically
to the Sanscrit word YonT* signifying "matrix," and
hence denoting maternity and femineity.
See SMITH, "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and
Mythology;" KEIGHTLEY, "Mythology," article "Hera;" GUI-
GNIAUT, " Religions de rAntiquite," vol. ii. chap. ii.
Junon. See JUNO.
• It is scarcely necessary to remind the etymologist how nearly u is
related to o: in Arabic and Persian they have but a single letter to
represent both ; in Norwegian and Swedish there is but little differ-
ence in the pronunciation of the two vowels, o being pronounced pre-
cisely like the Italian or German u. y (i.e., /consonant) in the Latin
(as it does in many of the modern languages) corresponded to our
f. The terminal o in Jvna is merely the feminine termination so
common in Greek an ' Latin proper names.
\. e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, ii, J, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; not; good; moon:
JUNOT
1413
JUSSIEU
Junot, zhii'no', (ANDOCHE,) Due d'Abrantis, a distin-
guished French general, was born near Semur in 1771.
At the age of twenty he enlisted as a common soldier,
but, on account of his uncommon bravery, was soon made
lieutenant. While serving at the siege of Toulon, he
gained the approbation of Bonaparte, who made him his
first aide-de-camp, with the rank of captain. He ac-
companied that general on his Italian campaigns, and
fought with his accustomed bravery at the battles of Lodi
Arcola, Castiglione, and Lonato. During the invasion of
Egypt and Syria he became the favourite of Bonaparte,
and gained great distinction at the battle of Nazareth,
where, with three hundred horsemen, he attacked and
held in check a body of three thousand Moslems. After
his return to France he rendered efficient service to
Bonaparte in the subversion of the Directory. In 1800
he was appointed commandant of Paris, and afterwards
governor of that city and colonel-general of hussars.
He also received the decoration of the grand eagle of
the legion of honour, and was sent as ambassador to
Portugal. He took part in the battle of Austerlitz, in
1805. In 1807 he commanded an army which invaded
Portugal and took Lisbon. He was soon afterwards
created Due d'Abrantes. In August, 1808, he was
defeated by Sir Arthur Wellesley at Vimiera, and com-
pelled to evacuate Portugal. The emperor then deprived
him of the governorship of Paris, but appointed him
Captain-General and Governor of the Illyrian provinces.
His misfortunes and disgrace shortly after affected his
mind so deeply that he was obliged to retire from public
life. He died at Montbard in July, 1813.
See MADAME D'AnsANTfts, "Me°moires;" THIERS, " Histoire du
Consulate! de 1' Empire ;" NAPOLEON, " Correspondance ;" ALISON,
' History of Europe;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Junot,(LAURE PERMON,)MADAME, Duchesse d'Abran-
tes, was born in Montpellier in 1784, and was married
to General Junot about 1800. Her family was related to
that of Bonaparte, to whom her mother had shown great
kindness before he became a general. At her marriage
Mademoiselle Permon received from the First Consul
one hundred thousand francs as a marriage-portion.
In 1806 she accompanied her husband to Lisbon, and
in 1807 became Duchesse d'Abrantes. On the restora-
tion of the Bourbons she was kindly received by Louis
XVIII. She wrote, besides other works, "Memoirs or
Historical Souvenirs of Napoleon, the Revolution, the
Directory, etc.," (18 vols., 1831-34.) Died in 1838.
See A. D. ROOSMALEN, " Les derniers Moments de la Duchesse
d'Abrantes," Paris, 1838; ICNAZIO CANT(J, "Relazione della Du-
chessa d'Abrantes," 1837; "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ntele."
Junquieres, de, deh zhuN'ke^aiR', (JEAN BAPTISTE,)
a French poet and officer, born 3.1 Paris in 1713 ; died
in 1786.
Junta or Junte, (FiLiPPO.) See GIUNTA.
Junta, (TOMMASO,) a Venetian physician, flourished
about 1550. He wrote a treatise "On the Battles of
the Ancients," which displays considerable erudition.
Junte. See GIUNTA.
Junterbuck, yoon'ter-bdok', (JAMES,) a Polish writer,
and professor of theology at Erfurt, was born about 1385 ;
died in 1465. He wrote various works, among which is
a "Tract on Mental Apparitions."
Ju'pl-ter or Jup'pl-ter, [Fr. pron. zhii'pe'taiR' ; It.
GIOVE, jo'vi, whence the English JOVE,*] the supreme
deity of the Roman mythology, corresponding to the
Greek ZEUS, and represented as the eldest son of Saturn
and Rhea. He was the greatest of all the gods of the
classic mythology, and was supposed to control all earthly
and human affairs and to foresee futurity. The Romans
ascribed to him power over all changes in the sky, and
.
etc. As presiding over marriage, he is sometimes called
Gamelius; and as the protector of the rights of hospi-
tality, he was invoked as Jupiter Hospitalis. He was
sometimes called Jupiter Capitolinus, because his tem-
* Or, to speak more accurately, both the Italian and English ari
derived from jfovu, the Latin genitive case of Jupiter. The German,
Spanish, and Portuguese names for Jupiter, in spelling and accen-
tuation, are the same as the Latin.
pie at Rome stood on the Capitol. He was the father
of Apollo, Mars, Mercury, Minerva, Venus, etc. Ac-
cording to the Greek mythology, he kept his court on
Olympus. His most famous Greek temple was at
Olympia, in Elis. He is usually represented as seated
on a throne, with a thunderbolt in his right hand, in his
left a sceptre, and near him his favourite bird the eagle.
The name Jupiter (who was also called Diespiter) is
probably Diu-pater, (or Diovis fater,) (" father of the
heavens," or "heavenly father.") Dium, Divum, and
Dies originally signified the same, — viz., the "sky" or
"heaven." The Vedic dyaus pitar, and the Greek Zeut
Pater or Zeu Pater, (i.e. " father Zeus,") are etymologically
(he same as Jupiter. Respecting the probable identity,
or close parallelism, between Jupiter (or Zeus) and the
Hindoo god Siva, see SIVA.
See SMITH, " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and
Mythology;" GUIGNIAUT, '' Religions de 1'Antiquite'," vol. ii. chap,
i. ; KEIGHTLHV, " Mythology."
Juppin, zhu'paN', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a Flemish land-
scape-painter, bora at Namur in 1678. He studied in
Brussels, and afterwards visited Italy. Among his works
is the "Crater of Vesuvius." Died in 1729.
Juret, zhii'ri', (FRANCOIS,) a French critic and poet,
born at Dijon in 1553, became canon of Langres. He
published " Senecas ad Lucilium Epistolarum Liber,"
(1602,) and " Panegyric! Veteres cum Notis," (2 vols.,
1652.) Died in 1626.
Jurieu, zhu're-tjh', (PIERRE,) a learned French theo-
logian and controversialist, was born at Mer, in Orl^anais,
in 1637. He became pastor of a Protestant congregation
in Mer after he had studied at Saumur and Sedan. He
was subsequently appointed professor of theology and
Hebrew at Sedan. On the revocation of the edict of
Nantes, in 1685, he retired to Rotterdam, where he was
appointed professor of theology. He wrote numerous
religious works, among which are a " History of Cal-
vinism and Popery compared," (1682,) and a "Critical
History of Doctrine and Worship, Good and Bad,"
(1704,) both in French. Died in 1713.
Ju'rin, (JAMES,) an English physician and philosopher,
was born in 1684, and was educated at Cambridge. He
was elected a member of the Royal Society, of which
he became secretary, and was chosen president of the
College of Physicians. He wrote several treatises on
philosophy and physiology. Died in 1750.
Jusserand, (JEAN AUDRIEN,) a French author,
born at Lyons in 1855. His principal works are
"The English in the Middle Ages," (1884,) "The
English Novel," ( 1 886,) and " The Novel at the Time
of Shakespeare," (1888.)
Jussieu, jus-su', de, [French pron. deh zhu'si-uh',]
(ADRIEN,) a celebrated French botanist, son of Antoine
Laurent, noticed below, was born in Paris, December 23,
1797. He gained the first prize at the competition of
1814, and applied himself to the study of natural history
and medicine. He succeeded his father as professor of
rural botany in the Museum of Natural History in 1826,
and was admitted to the Institute in 1831. He published
a series of memoirs and monographs which have placed
him in the first rank of botanists. Among his best works
are a "Monograph of the Malpighiaceae," (1843,) and
an " Elementary Course of Botany," which has been
translated into all the languages of Europe. In 1845
he became professor of vegetable organography to the
Faculte des Sciences. Died in June, 1853.
Jussieu, de, (ALEXIS,) a French journalist and ad-
ministrator, born in 1797, was a nephew of the great
botanist Antoine Laurent. He was prefect of Ain and
of Vienne in the reign of Louis Philippe. Died in 1865.
Jussieu, de, (ANTOINE,) professor of botany in the
Royal Garden of Paris, was born at Lyons in 1686. He
travelled in France, Spain, and Italy for the purpose
of making botanical explorations, succeeded Tournefort
as professor of botany in 1708, and was the author of
several treatises on that science. He published a new
edition of Tournefort's "Institutions." Died in 1758.
See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Jussieu, de,(ANTOiNE LAURENT,) a celebrated French
botanist, born at Lyons in April, 1748, was the most
«as/£; casjv ghard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasinM«. (JJ^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
JUSSIEU
1414
JUSTIN
eminent member of a family which has been called "the
Botanical Dynasty." In 1765 he went to Paris to study
medicine, and became the protege and pupil of his uncle,
Bernard de Jussieu, who lectured on botany in the Jar-
din du Roi, and was meditating a natural method of
classification, near the C'.DSC of a life memorable in the
records of botanical science. This uncle, whose advanced
age and dimness of sight indisposed him to the labours
of authorship, freely communicated his mature reflections
to young Jussieu, who zealously enlisted in the important
enterprise. In 1770, having just graduated ao M.D., he
was appointed demonstrator of botany in the Jardin du
Roi, as the substitute of Lemonnier, chief physician to
the king. His first production was an excellent mono-
graph on the " Ranunculaceae," (1774,) which opened to
him the Academy of Sciences and determined him to
apply himself almost exclusively to botany.
In 1774 the a.rangeruent of the plants in the Royal
Garden, which was conformed to the system of Tourne-
fort, was exchanged for one proposed by Jussieu, founded
on natural affinities. While performing his duties as
professor, he continued to digest and perfect his nsw
system, until 1788, when he developed the same in his
great Latin work, " Genera Plantarum secundum Ordines
naturales disposita," "which," says Cuvier, "forms in
the sciences of observation an epoch perhaps as im-
portant as the ' Chemistry' of Lavoisier in the sciences
of experiment." Although the success of his book was
retarded by the political convulsions of France, his philo-
sophical system has gradually prevailed and superseded
the artificial method of Linnasus. The idea of such a
system had occurred to other botanists ; but Jussieu is
entitled to the honour of laying its broad and impreg-
nable foundations.
In 1793 the school of the Royal Garden was reor-
ganized, under the title of "Museum of Natural His-
tory," and the chair of botany was given to Jussieu, who
was also chosen director of the institution. A few years
later he became a member of the Institute, and in 1808
was appointed a councillor of the Imperial University.
At the restoration of the Bourbons he lost the office last
named, but retained the professorship until 1826, when
he resigned it in favour of his son. Between 1800 and
1820 he wrote many botanical treatises on natural orders
and families, which were inserted in the records of the
Institute or the "Annales du Museum." These are
characterized by the same merits as his principal work,
—profound knowledge, patient observation, a correct
estimate of the value of characters, and an admirable
sagacity in perceiving affinities. Died in 1836.
See FLOURBNS, " E"loge de A. L. de Jussieu," 1838 ; A. T. BRONG-
NIART, " Notice hislorique sur A. L. de Jussieu," 1837 ; " Nouvelle
Biographic GeWrale."
Jussieu, de, (BERNARD,) a celebrated botanist,
brother of Antoine, noticed above, was born at Lyons in
1699. After studying in his native city, he accompanied
his brother on several scientific tours. On returning
to France he entered the medical course at Montpellier,
where he graduated in 1720. Six years later he was
chosen Doctor of the Faculty of Medicine at Paris. He
was the first to conceive the idea of the classification of
plants according to their affinities. This method was per-
fected by his nephew, the celebrated Antoine Laurent de
Jussieu. He was held in high esteem by Louis XV., to
whom he gave valuable advice upon the formation of the
garden at Trianon. Jussieu visited England, and was
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Died in 1777.
See CONDORCBT, "filoge de Jussieu;" "Nouvelle Biographic
Gfnfrale."
Jussieu, de, (JOSEPH,) brother of Antoine and Bernard
de Jussieu, was born in Lyons in 1704. In 1735 ne ac-
companied, as a botanist, trie French and Spanish savants
who had been sent by their respective governments to
Peru. He remained in that country and other parts of
South America until 1771, and collected valuable infor-
mation on natural history. Died at Paris in 1779.
Jussieu, de, (LAURENT PIERRE,) a French moralist
and writer, born at Lyons in 1792, was a brother of
Alexis, noticed above. He wrote a number of popular
educational works, among which are " Simon de Nantua,"
(1818,) and "Antoine et Maurice," (1821.) His "Post-
humous Works of Simon de Nantua" (1829) obtained
the Montyon prize. Died February 23, 1866.
See QUESARD, " La Francs Litte'raire."
Jussow, yoos'so, (HEINRICH CHRISTOPH,) a German
architect, born at Cassel in 1754. He designed a church
at Neustadt, a wing of the royal palace of Wilhelmshohe,
and the Chinese Gallery at Cassel. Died in 1825.
See ERSCH und GRUBEK, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."
Jussy, zhii'se', (JACQUES PHILIPPE,) a French phy-
sician, born at Besanjon about 1716. He introduced a
new and successful method of lithotomy. Died in 1798.
Just, Saint See SAINT-JUST.
Juste, zhiist, (THEODORE,) a Belgian historian, born
at Brussels in 1818. He published, besides other works
in French, a "Popular History of Belgium," (1838,) a
"History of the Belgian Revolution of 1790," (3 vols..
1846,) and a " History of the Middle Ages," (5 vols..
1848.) Died in 1888.
Justel, zhus'tel', (CHRISTOPHE,) a French Protestant
statesman, and secretary to Henry IV., was born in Paris
in 1580. He was distinguished for his knowledge of
ecclesiastical history and of canon law, upon which he
wrote several books. He also wrote some historical
works, among which is a " History of the Family of
Turenne," (1645.) Died in 1649.
See SAX, " Onomaslicon ;*' MOREKI, " Dictionnaire Historique ;"
HAAG, "La France protestante."
Justel, (HENRI,) a canonist, born in Paris in 1620,
was a son of the preceding, whom he succeeded as
secretary to the king. He collected an extensive library,
especially rich in manuscripts, and was a liberal patron
of literary men. For the sake of religious liberty he
emigrated to England in 1681, and became librarian to
Charles II. He published " Bibliotheca Juris Canonici
veteris," (2 vols., 1661.) Died in 1693.
See SAX, " Onomasticon :" HAAG, "La France protestante ;"
" Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Justen. See JUUSTEN.
Justi, ydos'tee, (JOHANN HEINRICH GOTTLIEB,) a
German writer on political economy and philosophy,
born in Thuringia about the beginning of the eighteenth
century. Among his numerous works are a " Treatise
on Manufactures and Fabrics," (3 vols., 1758-61,) and
"Moral and Philosophical Writings," (2 vols., 1760-61,)
both in German. Died at Kiistrin in 1771.
See ERSCH und CRUDER, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."
Jus'tin, [Lat. JUSTI'NUS, or JUSTI'NUS FRONTI'NUS.)
a Latin historian of uncertain period, and of whose life
nothing is known. He wrote a work entitled " Histo-
riarum Philippicarum Libri XLIV.," which, as he informs
the reader in his preface, is extracted or abridged from
the History of the World written by Trogus Pompeius.
As the original work is lost, Justin's history, although
it has no great intrinsic merit except an elegant style,
supplies much valuable information not found in other
histories. The most ancient writer that mentions Justin
is Saint Jerome ; and it is supposed that the former lived
between 150 and 350 A.D.
See D. W. MOLLHR, " Dispnt.-uio de Justino," 1684 ; ZKMBSCH,
' Justinus Trogi Pompeii Epitoroator," 1804.
Jus'tin or Justi'nus, surnamed THE MARTYR, one
of the earliest and most learned of the Christian fathers,
was born of Greek parentage at Neapolis, in Palestine,
about 103 A.D. He was educated in the pagan religion
and in the philosophy of Plato. About 132 he embraced
Christianity. He afterwards removed to Rome, where
he wrote, in Greek, his first apology for the Christian
religion. It was addressed to the emperor Antoninus,
from whom Justin procured some concessions for the
Christians. His other apology was addressed to Marcus
Aurelius. He also wrote an account of his discussions
with Trypho, a learned Jew, upon the Messiah. He
suffered martyrdom at Rome under Marcus Aurelius,
for refusing to sacrifice to the heathen gods, about 165
His writings are considered very valuable.
See JOHN KAVE, "Life of Justin Martyr," London, 1836; CARL
SHMISCH, "Justin der Ma'rtvrer." 2 vols., 1840-42: VOLKMAR,
' Ueber Justin den Ma'rtyrer," etc., 1853 ; JUNIUS, " Dissertatio de
Justino Martyre," 1836; RITTBR, "History of Christian Philoso-
ihy ;" EUSKBIUS, " Ecclesiastical History ;" NEANOER, " History af
tie Church ;" FLEURV, " Histoire eccle'siastique."
s, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, fi, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, lit; met; not; good; moon;
JUSTIN
1415
JUVENAL
Justin or Justinns I., Emperor of the East, wit
born a peasant in Dacia in 450 A.D. At an early age re-
went to Constantinople, where he enlisted in the im-
perial guards of Leo I. He distinguished himself by
his military abilities, and rose in rank until he was suc-
cessively appointed general and commander of the
guards. In 518, on the death of the emperor Anasta
sius, Justin was proclaimed his successor by the soldiers
and the people. Through his instrumentality the Greek
and Roman Churches were reconciled. He is generally
regarded as a just prince. Died in 527, soon after re-
signing the throne to his nephew Justinian.
See LE BEAU, "Histoiredu Bas-Empire ;" ZONARAS, "History."
Justin or Justinus II. was a nephew of Justinian I.,
whom he succeeded as Emperor of Constantinople in
565. During his reign the Longobards under Alboin
invaded Italy, the northern part of which they wrested
from the Eastern Empire, and the Persians made several
important conquests in the Asiatic provinces. In 574,
perceiving his inability to govern, he resigned in favour
of Tiberius, the captain of his guards. Died in 578.
See LE BEAU, " Histoire du Bas-Empire;" MENANDER, " His-
toriarumLibri VIII.," Paris, 1609; " Nouvelle Biographic Gene'rale."
Jus-ti'na, [Fr. JUSTINE, zhiis'ten',] SAINT, a Chris-
tian martyr, who is supposed to have suffered death
under Diocletian, (A.D. 304.) She was the patroness oi
Venice and of Padua. In the latter tov.n a church was
built in her honour in the fifth century.
See MRS. JAMESON, " History of Sacred and Legendary Art.1'
Jus-tinl-an or Jus-tin-i-a'nua [Fr. JUSTINIEN,
zhus'te'ne-aN'] I., one of the most celebrated of the Em-
perors of the East, and nephew of Justin I., was born in
Dardania, May n, 483 A.D. Justin at his coronation in
518 appointed Justinian his colleague, and in 527 invested
him with supreme authority. Soon after ascending
the throne, Justinian commenced an active persecution
against the Arians, Jews, and Pagans. About 532 se-
rious revolts occurred, in one of which the church of Saint
Sophia and other buildings were destroyed by fire. This
sedition, in which thirty thousand insurgents are said to
have fallen, was incited by the factions of the circus, and
was only quelled by the prompt resolution of Belisarius at
the head of the imperial guards. Justinian showed great
clemency to those of his rebellious subjects who were
made prisoners. He immediately began to repair the
damages of the conflagration. The magnificent church
of Saint Sophia, which is one of the most remarkable
edifices of any age or country, was rebuilt upon the plan
furnished by the architect Anthemius. Justinian also
exhibited his liberality and architectural skill in the con-
struction of temples, convents, roads, bridges, aqueducts,
and fortifications in many parts of his vast empire. But
by far the greatest work of his reign was the revision of
the Roman law and the publication of the Codes, Pan-
dects, and Institutions which bear his name, and which
were compiled under his supervision by the eminent
jurist Tribonian. The "Codes," consisting of twelve
books, were completed in 534. The " Digesta" or " Pan-
dectas," embracing all that was taken from the decisions,
arguments, and expositions of the civilians of Rome, were
subsequently issued in fifty books. The "Institutiones"
were an abridgment of the first principles of the law for
the use of students. Justinian also composed many new
laws, mostly in Greek, entitled " Constitutiones No-
vellas." While he was thus rendering such eminent
service to the world by the publication of his Codes and
Pandects, his celebrated generals Belisarius and Narses
carried the terror of his arms into Persia, Italy, and
Africa, and made their master the sovereign of nearly
all the territory over which the first Caesars had held
dominion. (See BELISARIUS, and NARSES.) Justinian
gave liberal encouragement to the industrial arts, and
was the first to introduce silk-worms and the manu-
facture ot silken goods into Europe. He died in 565,
after a re gn of more than thirty-eight years, and was
succeeded by his nephew, Justin II. Justinian, although
justly censurable for his occasional intolerance, was dis-
tinguished for his general justice and humanity, as well
:-s for his knowledge of theology, philosophy, law, poetry,
and architecture, for his administrative powers, and for
his exceedingly virtuous and temperate life, — qualities
which would have placed him in the highest rank as a
monarch, even if he had not produced those Codes which
have immortalized his name.
Justinian [I.at. JUSTINIA'NUS] IX, son of Constan-
tine III., ascended the throne of Constantinople in 685.
He gained important advantages over the Saracens, and
compelled them to relinquish some of their conquests.
Finally, his great cruelties to his subjects, and also, it is
said, his intention of burning Constantinople, caused his
general Leontius to depose him, to cut oft his nose, and
to banish him to the Crimea. He subsequently escaped
from the Crimea, and married the daughter of a Turkish
chief, with whose assistance, and that of the Bulgarians,
he regained his crown. He put Leontius, and many
others, to horrible deaths. He was preparing to execute
furtner cruelties, when he was killed in 711 by Philip-
pltus Bardanes, who succeeded him.
See GIBBON, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;" LE BEAU,
"Histoire du Bas-Empire;" ZONARAS, "Mistory;" "No'welle
Biographic Generale."
Justinian! See GIUSTINIANI.
Justinianus. See JUSTINIAN.
Justinien. See JUSTINIAN.
Justiuus. See JUSTIN.
Jus'tu-lua, (yoos'too-lus,) (PiETKO FRANCESCO,) t
Latin poet, and secretary to Caesar Borgia, a native of
Italy, lived about 1500. His poems are distinguished
for their purity and elegance.
Jusuf. See YOOSUF.
Ju-tur'na, [Fr. JUTURNE, zhu'tuRn',] a nymph or
goddess of the Roman mythology, was said to be beloved
by Jupiter. According to Virgil, she was a sister of
Turnus. The water which the Romans used in sacrifices
was mostly drawn from the fountain of Juturna.
Juturne. See JUTURNA.
Juusten or Justen, yoos'ten, (PAUL,) Bishop of Abo,
in Finland, was born at Viborg. He was sent in 1569 by
John III. of Sweden as an ambassador to Ivan, Czar of
Russia. That monarch, on some false pretence against
John, threw Juusten in prison, where he was confined for
three years. Died at Abo in 1575.
Juvara, yoo-va'ra, or Ivara, e-va'ri, (FlLlPPO,) first
architect to the Duke of Savoy, was born at Messina, in
Italy, in 1685, and educated at Rome under Fontana.
He constructed a palace at Messina, and several edifices
in Turin. In 1724 he went to Lisbon, where he super-
intended the building of the royal palace and other edi-
fices, for which he received the order of knighthood and
a pension of about three thousand dollars. He died in
1735, at Madrid. Among his best works are the hunting-
palace of Stupinigi, and the Birago di Borgaro palace,
both in Turin.
See MILIZIA, " Memorie degli Architetti ;" QUATREMBRH DK
QUINCY, "Vies des Architectes c<Slebres;" "Nouvelle Biographie
Generale."
Ju'vf-nal, [Lat. JUVENA'LIS ; Fr. JUVENAL, zhii'vi'-
nil',] or, more fully, De9l-mus Ju'ni-us Ju-ve-na'-
lis, one of the most celebrated of the Latin satirical poets,
is believed to have been born in Aquinum, a Volscian
town, about A.D. 40. But few authentic facts have been
preserved respecting his history : it is said, however, that
he was the son of a wealthy freedman, and that he
devoted the early part of his life to the study of rhetoric
and declamation. He afterwards became a pleader in
the courts of law, where he appears to have been suc-
cessful. He was an intimate friend of the poet Martial,
who mentions him in two of his epigrams. None of
the productions of Juvenal were given to the public
until he had passed the age of sixty years. His poems,
which he then recited, gained him universal admiration.
One of his earliest satires had been written against an
actor named Paris, who was a great favourite with tha
emperor Domitian. It was not published i itil the reign
of Hadrian, who, imagining that it reflected on one of
his own favourites, sent Juvenal into an honourable exile
f. as k; 9 as s: g hard; g as /; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; K, trilled; s as z; %h as in this. ( Jl3f=See Explanations, p. 23.)
JUVENAL
1416
KAIANIAN
ay making him the prefect of a legion in Egypt, where
ne Is said to have died about A.D. 125. Sixteen of his
satires have been preserved. Several translations of
them have been made Mto English, of which the most
prominent are those of Oryden and Gifford. In these
satires Juvenal severely ishes the prevailing vices cf
his time but it may well b,' doubted whether his vivid
pictures of the licentiousness of that age do not tend to
fan those very passions whici\ they seem intended to
restrain. He was distinguished for his force of intellect,
his flow of language, and his never-failing wit "Juvenal
gives me," says Dryden, " as much pleasure as I can
bear. He fully satisfies expectation ; he treats his sub-
ject home. . . . When he gives over, 'tis a sign that the
subject is exhausted, and that the wit of man can carry
it no further." His works, differing equally from the
austere moral dialogues of Persius and the genial raillery
of Horace, are rhetorical rather than poetical. They are
brilliant and sonorous declamations, and master-pieces
}f denunciation.
" Magnificent versification," says Macaulay, " and in-
genious combinations rarely harmonize with the expres-
sion of deep feeling. In Juvenal and Dryden alone we
have the sparkle and the heat together. Those great
satirists succeeded in communicating the fervour of their
feelings to materials the most incombustible, and kindled
the whole mass into a blaze at once dazzling and destruc-
tive." ("Essay on Dryden.") Among the best editions
of Juvenal is that of Ruperti, (Leipsic, 2 vols., 1801,) to
which are prefixed all the ancient documents for the
biography of the satirist.
See J. V. FRANCKE, "Examen critiuim D. J. Juvenalis Vitae,"
TuYenals." 18^; B.XHR. "Geschichte der Rdmischen Litteratur."
Juvenal, zhiiv'ntl', (Gui Jouvenneaux.zhoo'vJ'no',
or Jouennaux, zhoo'i'no',) a French philoiogist and
ecclesiastic, born about 1460, was educated at Paris.
Among his works are "Commentaries on the Comedies
of Terence," and " Monastic Reformations Vindicated."
Died in 1505.
Juvenal des TJrsins. See URSINS.
Ju-ven'cus, (CA'ius VEC'TIUS (v?k'she-us) AQUILI'-
NUS,) one of the earliest Christian poets, was born in
Spain about 330 A.D. His principal production is the
" Life of Christ," written in Latin poetry and taken lite-
rally from the four Evangelists.
See A. R. GEBSHR, "Dissertatio de C. V. A. Juventi Vita et
Scriptis," 1827 ; ERSCH und GRUBER, " Allgemeine Encyklopaedie. "
Juvenel, zhuv'nel', (FELIX,) a French historical writer,
born at Pezenas in 1669, published " Principles of His-
tory." Died in 1760.
Juvigny. See RIGOLEY DE JUVIGNY.
Jtix'on, (WILLIAM,) Archbishop of Canterbury, born
in Chichester in 1582, graduated at Oxford. In 1621 he
was appointed president of Saint John's College, and
afterwards received various offices in the Church through
the patronage of Archbishop Laud. In 1633 he was
successively raised to the sees of Hereford and London.
Two years later he was appointed by Charles I. lord
high treasurer of England. For about six years he ful-
filled the duties of this station with so much justice and
ability that, although great hostility was excited that an
ecclesiastic should be chosen to that office, no charges
were made against his administration. He remained
with Charles through his trial, and accompanied him to
the scaffold, where he received the dying injunctions of
that monarch. On the restoration he was raised to the
see of Canterbury. Died in 1663. (See "Memoirs of
Juxon and his Times," 1869.)
JLaab, ka'ab, a distinguished Arabian poet, who flour-
ished about 650 A.D. He was at first a bitter enemy of
Mohammed ; but afterwards, becoming reconciled to
him, he wrote a poem, which is regarded as the most
beautiful of the eulogiums addressed to the founder of
the Moslem faith. The prophet was so much pleased
that he gave Kaab his green mantle. The poem was
hung up in the Temple of Mecca. Kaab died in 662 A.D.
See D'HERBBLOT, " Bibliotheque Orientale."
Kaas, kls, |Lat KAA'SIUS,] (NlKOLAUS,) a Danish
statesman, born in 1535, and educated in Germany, where
he studied theology under Melanchthon. In 1573 he
was appointed chancellor of Denmark, and in 1588 be-
came first regent of the kingdom during the minority
of Christian I. He performed the duties of that office
with commendable ability and patriotism. Died in 1594.
Kaas actively promoted the cause of education.
See HOFMANN, " Portraits historiques des Hommes ce'lebres du
Danemarck ;" FOLDER, " Exegesis Virtutum et Rerun) gestarum N.
Kaasii," 1580: P. J. WINSTKUP, " Ligpraediken over N. Kaas,"
1594 : J- CALUNDANUS, " Descriptio Vila; N. Kaasii," 1637.
Kaasiua. See KAAS.
Kaau-Boerkaave, kow booR'hi'veh, (AnRAM,) a
Dutch physician, and nephew of Herman Boerhaave,
was burn at the Hague in 1713, and educated at Leyden.
In 1740 he was invited to Saint Petersburg, where he
became councillor of state, and in 1748 first physician to
the imperial court. Died at Moscow in 1753.
Kabbete, kab'beh-teh, (JAN,) a Dutch landscape-
painter. Some of his pictures were engraved by Perelle.
Died in 1660.
Kabel, van der, vin der ka'bel, (ADRIAAN,) a Dutch
landscape-painter and engraver, born at Riswyck in 1631.
His designs were natural and vigorous. Died in 1695.
See PILKINGTON, " Dictionary of Painters."
Kabir, ka-beeR', an East Indian (Hindee) writer, of
Benares, who probably lived in the fifteenth century of
our era. He was of the weaver caste, and of the Vaish-
nava sect, though bred a Mussulman. A very great
number of works are ascribed to him. His writings are
religious, and to some extent philosophical, teaching a
sort of pantheism.
Kabus ur Kabous. See CABOOS.
Kadlubek, kad-loo'bek, (VINCENT,) sometimes writ-
ten Kodlubko or Kalubko, a Polish historian and
prelate, was born in Galicia. In 1208 he was raised to
the see of Cracow. Died in 1223. He wrote a valuable
and accurate history of Poland to the year 1202.
See OSSOUNSKI, " V. Kadlubek, ein historisch-kntischer Beitrag,"
etc., 1822.
Kaempfer. See KAMPFER.
Kaestuer. See KASTNER.
Eager, ka'ger, (JOHANN MATTHIAS,) a German
painter of history, born at Munich in 1566; died at
Augsburg in 1634.
Kahle, ka'leh, (LuDWiG MARTIN,) a German philos-
opher and jurist, born at Magdeburg in 1712. Among
his works is "The Balance of Europe," (" De Trutina
Europae," 1744.) Died in 1775.
Kahler, kJ'ler, (JoHANN,) a German Lutheran divine,
born at Wolmar, Hesse-Cassel, in 1649, was a Cartesian
in philosophy, and wrote several works. Died in 1727.
Kahilis, ka'nis, (KARL FRIEDRICH AUGUST,) a Ger-
man theologian, born at Greitz in 1814. He studied
under Tholuck, and became professor of theology at
Leipsic in 1850. He published a valuable work, entitled
"Lutherische Dogmatik,"(2vols., i86i-68,)also, "Chris-
tenthum und Philosophic," (1884,) etc. Died in iSSS.
Kaianian orCaianian, ki-a'ne-an, the name of the
most celebrated of ill the ancient Persian dynasties, so
called from its founder, Ivai-KobSd, who, according to
the Persian legends, was placed on the throne by the
famous hero and conqueror Robstum, (or Rustem.) Of
this dynasty, Cyrus the Great (called by the Persians
Kai-Khosroo or Kai-Khosrau, Kos-row') was the chief
ornament and glory. (See CYRUS.) Darius the Younger,
conquered by Alexander the Great, was the last of the
Kaianian kings.
See ATKINSON, " Abridgment of the ShSh NSmeh of Fitdausi,
London, 1832; "A Short History of Persia," in vol. v. of SIR W.
JONES'S Works.
a. e, T, o, u, v, !<">g: 4, £, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y,sAort;3^e, i, Q, obscure; far, fAll, tat; m£t; n6t; good; moon;
KAI-KAOOS
1417
KALIDASA
Kai-Kaoos, (-Kafls or -Kaous,) ki ka'oos', an an-
cient king of Persia, (or Iran,) was the son of Kai-Kobad.
His general, the famous Roostum, carried on successful
wars against the Kings of TOrin. Sir William Jones
places the date of this prince's accession at B.C. 610.
Kai-Kaoos is said to have founded an observatory in
Babylon. He was succeeded by his grandson, Kai-Knos-
roo, (Cyrus the Great.)
See MIKKHOND, "Raouset;" ATKINSON, "Abridgment of the
ShSh Named."
Kai-Kaoos, (-Kaus or -Kaous,) ki ka'oos', 1,
seventh Sultan of the dynasty of the Seljookides of
Anatolia, succeeded his father, Kai-Khosroo, about A.D.
1210. He was engaged in wars with the Grecian em-
peror and several of the neighbouring princes. Died in
1219, and was succeeded by his brother, Kai-Kobad
Ala-ed-Deen, (Ala-eddin.)
See FERISHTA, " History."
Kai-Kaoos (or -Kaus) II., Azzed-ed-Deen, (Az-
Eed-Bddiii,) iz'zed ed-deen', succeeded his father,
Kai-Khosroo II., in the sovereignty of Anatolia, about
A.D. 1244- His reign was occupied by long wars with
his brother, Kilij-Arslan, and with the Grand Khan
ofTartary. Died in 1278.
Kai-Khosroo. See CYRUS.
Kai-Khosroo (-Khosrou) THE ELDER. See CYRUS.
Kai-Khos'roo' I., sixth Sultan of the dynasty of the
Seljookides, became sovereign of Anatolia A.D. 1192.
He was killed in battle in 1210 by Theodore Lascaris,
Emperor of Constantinople.
Kai-Khosroo XL succeeded his father, Kai-Kobad
Ala-ed-Deen, (Ala-eddin,) on the throne of Anatolia in
1237. In 1244 he was defeated by the Tartars, and was
compelled to become a tributary to their grand khan.
He died the same year.
Kai-Khosroo m., twelfth of the dynasty of the
Seljookides, became Sultan about 1266. Died in 1283.
Kailasa or Cailasa, kl-la'sa, called in the common
dialect Kailas, kl-lls', the name of a very high mountain-
peak near the northern extremity of India, supposed to
be the favourite abode of Siva and Parvati. (See SIVA.)
Kain. See LE KAIN.
Kain, (JOHN JOSEPH,) D.D., an American bishop,
born at Martinsburg, West Virginia, May 31, 1841. He
graduated at Saint Charles College, Maryland, in 1862,
studied at Saint Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, was or-
dained a Catholic priest in 1866, and in 1875 was conse-
crated Bishop of Wheeling.
Kaiook, Kaiuk, or Kaiouk, ki-ook', a grandson
of Jengis Khan, was proclaimed Grand Khan ofTartary
in 1246. This prince granted numerous privileges to
the Christians of his dominions. He died in 1248, as he
was raising an immense army for the invasion of Europe.
Kaifis, ka'ris, (THEOPHILOS,) a Greek ecclesiastic,
born in the island of Andros in 1780. In 1839 he was
banished by the Synod of Athens to a cloister for having
taught deism. He wrote a burlesque on the prayers of
the Christian Church. In 1852 he was sent to prison,
where he died in 1853.
Kaiser, (FREDERIK,) a Dutch astronomer, born at
Amsterdam, June 10, 1808. He published "The Starry
Heavens," (" De Sterrenhemel," 1843,) and other works,
and became a professor in Leyden. Died July 28, 1872.
Kaiser, ki'zer, (FRIEDRICH,) a German engraver,
born at Ulm in 1775, worked in Vienna. Died in 1819.
Kaiser, (FRIEDRICH,) an Austrian dramatist, born at
Bibrach, April 3, 1814; died November 7, 1874.
Ka'kig I., King of Armenia, of the dynasty of Pagrat-
ides, succeeded his brother, Sempad II., in 989. Kakig
assumed the surname SHAHAN-SHAH, (" King of kings.")
In 998 he assisted David, a Georgian prince, to defeat the
Mohammedans under Mamloon the Ameer. Died in 1020.
Kala, kl'la, or Kal, a Sanscrit word, signifying " time,"
[from kdl* to "count" or "reckon,"] and forming one of
the many names of the destroying god SIVA, (which see.)
Kalakaua, kal'a-kow'a, (DAVID,) King of the Ha-
waiian Islands, was born at Honolulu, November 16,
* This word is related etymologically to the middle syllable of the
Latin "interctz/aris," denoting the reckoning of a day or space 3f
time between other days. The word "kalends" is not improbably
from the same root.
1836. On the failure of heirs to the former royal house
at the death of King Lunalilo in 1874, he was elected
to the succession, his claim being based upon a remote
descent, through the female line, from one of the old
royal families of the kingdom. He visited the United
States and Europe in the year of his accession, and again
in later years. Died January 20, 1891.
Kalauaga. See KALIYA.
Kalaun or Kalaoun. See KELAOON.
Kalb, de. See DE KALB.
Kalbeck, kal'blk, (MAX,) a German poet, born at
Breslau, January 4, 1850. He became a journalist and
art-critic in Vienna. He has published several volumes
of lyric poems, remarkable for delicacy of finish and for
their richly musical quality.
Kalckreuth,von, fon kalk'roit', (FRIEDRICH ADOLF,)
COUNT, born at Sangerhausen, in Prussia, in 1737, served
in the war of the Bavarian succession, and afterwards
in the campaigns of Holland and France. For his gallant
defence of Dantzic against the French, in 1807, he was
made field-marshal. In July, 1807, he concluded with
Talleyrand a treaty of peace between Prussia and
France. Died in 1818.
See L. G. MICHAUD, "Notices historiques sur le Marshal Jour-
dan et les Ge'ne'raux Kalckreuth et Kilmaine."
Kaldi, kal'dee, (GEORGE,) a learned and eloquent
Hungarian Jesuit, born in Tirnau about 1572, was pro-
fessor of theology at Olmutz. Died at Presburg in 1634.
He translated the Bible into the Hungarian language.
Kale. See KALF.
Kalee. See KXtf.
Ka'ler, (JAMES OTIS,) an American author, born ai
Winterport. Maine, March 19, 1846, for some years was
engaged in journalism in Boston and New York. He is
author of several highly successful tales for the young,
including "Toby Tyler," "Mr. Stubbs's Brother," "Old
Ben," "Tim and Tip," "Raising the Pearl," etc., pub-
lished under the name of "James Otis."
Kalergis, ka-l£R'|is, (DEMETRIUS,) a Greek general
and politician, born in Taganrog about 1802. He fought
for independence against the Turks. About 1843 ne De"
came a general, and governor of Athens. He was min-
ister of war for about two years, (1854-56.) Died in 1867.
Kalf, kilf, written also Kale, (WiLHELM,) a distin-
guished Dutch painter of still life, born in Amsterdam
in 1630. He especially excelled in painting fruit, gold
and silver vessels, gems, crystals, etc. Died in 1693.
Kali or Kalee, ka'lee, the feminine of Kala, (a name
of Siva,) forming the common appellation of Siva's con-
sort in her destroying character. She is often called
Maha Kali, (ma-ha' ka'lee,) or the "Great Kali," and
Bhadra (b'hud'ra) Kali, (from Bhadra, one of the many
appellations of Siva,) and various other names. She is
represented sometimes with four and sometimes with
eight hands, and her person is decorated with a necklace
of human skulls. Her images are usually painted black
or of a dark colour. In her character of Maha Kali she
sometimes represents eternity. (See Coleman's "My-
thology of the Hindoos," p. 91.) As active or militant
virtue, she is called Durga ; in her ordinary and more
peaceful character she is known as Parvati, (i.e. the
"mountain goddess," in allusion to her dwelling on the
inaccessible heights of the Himalayas,) or as Devi, (da'-
vee,) which signifies the " goddess" par excellence. (See
DURGA, and PARVAT?.)
Kalldasa, Calldasa, ka'll-da'sa, or Kalidasas.
called " the Shakspeare of India," the most illustrious
of Hindoo poets, is supposed by some to have lived
about 50 B.C., by others about 250 A.D. or even later.
Tradition says that he lived under the magnificent reign
of Vikramaditya I. He was the author of several dramas,
of which the most celebrated, " Sakoontala," (or " Sakon-
tala,") was first made known to the nations of the West
through the prose translation of Sir William Jones. The
appearance of this remarkable production excited a deep
interest and general admiration among the critics of
Europe. Of its author, Alexander Humboldt observes,
"Tenderness in the expression of feeling, and richness
of creative fancy, have assigned to him his lofty place
among the poets of all nations." Goethe expresses tns
admiration in a still higher strain :
£; 9 as s; %hard; gas/,- G, H, n, guttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23.)
KALISCH
1418
KAMADEVA
"Wi'Ist du die Blijthe des frulien, die Friichte des spateren Jahres,
Willst du was reizt und entziickt, wills! du was sattigt und nllhrt,
Willst du den Himmel, die Erde, mil einem Namen begreifen?
Nenn' ich Sakontala dich, und so ist alles gesagt."*
A translation of the Sakoontala, by Monier Williams,
the Boden professor of Sanscrit at Oxford, was pub-
lished at Hertford in 1856. In this version the metrical
portions of the original play were for the first time
rendered into English verse. Besides the drama already
referred to, there have come down to us two others by
Kalidasa, viz., " Vikrama and Urvasi," which abounds in
lyrical beauties, and a comedy entitled "Agnimitra and
Malavika." His two epic poems, "Raghuvansa" and
" Kumara-Sambhava," possess, with many individual
beauties, comparatively little merit, taken as a whole.
Among his lyrical poems, " Megha-duta," or the " Cloud-
Messenger," is remarkable for its deep feeling and grace-
ful delineations of nature. The " Nalodaya," a sort of
poetical romance, which, in spite of much that would
strike a European reader as ridiculous or absurd, has
many charming passages, is also commonly ascribed to
Kalidasa.
See the notice of Kaliddsa prefixed to PROFESSOR WILLIAMS'S
translation of " Sakoontala," already referred to ; WILSON'S " Indian
Theatre," in which there are English translations of the " Megha-
duta" and an analysis of " Agnimitra and Malavika ;" also BROCK-
HAUS, " Conversations- Lexikon. " The " Nalfidaya" has been trans-
lated into English verse by the RBV. W. YATES, Calcutta, 1844.
Kalisch, ka'lish, (DAVID,) a German humorous poet,
of Jewish origin, born at Breslau, February 23, 1 820. His
verses, plays, and couplets are extremely popular in Ger-
many. He published " Berliner Leierkasten," (1857-60,)
and " Lustige Werke," (1870.) Died at Berlin, August
21, 1872.
Kalisch, (LUDWIG,) a German author, born at
Polnisch-Lissa, of Jewish parents, September 7, 1814.
He was educated at Heidelberg and Munich, and became
noted as a journalist and a writer of humorous ballads
and romances. Died in Paris, March 3, 1882.
Kalisch, (MARCUS M.,) a Jewish scholar, born at
Treptow, in Pomerania, May 16, 1828. He was educated
at Berlin 3H'\ Halle. He settled in England in 1849.
His writings include "A Critical Commentary" on the
Old Testament, with translation, (vol. i., 1855 ; vol. iv.,
1872,) a Hebrew Grammar, "Bible Studies," (1877,)
" Path and Goal," (1880,) etc. Died in ib'b'5.
Kallya, ka'li-ya, [from the Sanscrit k&lA, " black," and
hence "terrible" or "deadly,"] called also Kalanaga,
(ka'la-na'ga,) in the Hindoo mythology, the name of a
terrible serpent destroyed by Krishna. As the latter is
by some identified with the Apollo of the Greeks, so
Kaliya is supposed to be the Python of classic mythology.
See MOOR, " Hindu Pantheon."
Kalkar. See CALCAR.
Kalkar, kal'kar, (CHRISTIAN ANDREAS HERMAN,) a
Danish theologian, born at Stockholm in 1802. He be-
came first minister of the diocese of Seeland in 1843.
Among his works is a " Manual of Exegesis," (2 vols.,
1836-38.)
Kalkbrenner, kalk'bRen'ner, (CHRISTIAN,) a Ger-
man musician and composer, born at Minden in 1755.
He composed dramatic and instrumental music, and
became chapel-master to the queen at Berlin in 1788.
Died in Paris in 1806.
See Fins, "Biographic Universelle des Musiciens."
Kalkbrenner, (FRIEDRICH,) a German musical com-
poser and pianist, born in Berlin in 1788, was a son of
the preceding. He visited Vienna in 1803, where he
studied under Albrechtsberger. He settled in Paris in
1824, and, in conjunction with Pleyel, founded one of the
most celebrated piano-manufactories of that city. As a
musician he holds the first rank, and his numerous com-
positions for the piano are highly esteemed. Died in 1 849.
See L. BOIVIN, " Kalkbrenner," Paris, 1842 : F4T1S, " Biographic
Universelle des Musiciens ;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge"neVale."
Kal'kl, [modern Hindoo pron. kul'ki ; from the San-
* " Wouldst thou the blossoms of the early, the fruits of the later year,
Wouldst thou what charms and enraptures, what satisfies and nour-
ishes, [the soul,]
Wouldst thou comprehend heaven and earth [in short] under one
name?
When I name thee, O Sakoontala. then everything is said."
scrit tdl, to " count" or " reckon,"] the only one of the
avatars of Vishnu yet to come. Vishnu, mounted on a
white horse, with a flaming sword in his hand, will bring
the present (or Kali) age to an end, to be followed by an
era of purity.
See MOOR, M Hindu Pantheon."
Kail, kal, (ABRAHAM,) an eminent Danish scholar,
born in Jutland in 1743, graduated at the University of
Copenhagen, where in 1778 he became professor of the
history and mythology of the North. In 1785 he founded
a society for the promotion of the study of foreign lite-
rature, and in 1808 was appointed historiographer of the
kingdoms of Denmark and Norway. Died in 1821.
Sec ERSUEW, " Forfatter-Lexicon."
Kallay, von, fon kal'loi, (BENJAMIN,) a Hungarian
statesman, born December 22, 1839. He lived for some
time in Servia, and wrote a " History of the Serbs," (2
vols., 1877-78.) He was sent as an envoy to tne East
Roumelian commission in 1878, and took an active part
in reorganizing the affairs of the Balkan peninsula. In
1882 he was made finance-minister for Austria- Hungary
Kallgreen. See KELLCR^N.
Kallias. See CALLIAS.
Kallicrates. See CALLICRATES.
Kallicratidas. See CALLICRATIDAS.
Kallimachus. See CALLIMACHUS.
KallinicuB. See CALLINICUS.
Kallinus. See CALLINUS.
Kalliope. See CALLIOPE.
Kallippus. See CALLIPPUS.
Kalliatheues. See CALLISTHENES.
Kallistratus. See CALLISTRATUS.
Kalliwoda, kil'le-wo'da, UOHANN WENZEL,) a noted
violinist and composer, born at Prague in 1800 ; died 1866.
Kalm, kalm, (PEHR,) a Swedish naturalist, born in
1715. In 1748, under the direction of the Academy of
Sciences in Stockholm, he sailed for North America,
where he remained about three years, prosecuting the
study of natural history. On his return to Sweden he
published an account of his travels, under the title of
"A Voyage to North America," (1753.) The first part
of this valuable work relates to Sweden, Norway, and
England. He was afterwards elected a member of the
Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, and created knight
of the order of Vasa. He wrote several other scientific
works. Died in 1779. The genus Kalmia was named
in honour of him.
See J. L. ODHKLIUS, " Aminnelse-Tal bfver P. Kalm," 1780.
ADKLUNG, Supplement to JOCHER'S "Allgemeines Gelehrten- Lexi-
kon."
Kalnoky, or Kalnoky von Koros-Fatak, kll'-
no-ke fon kb'Rbs-pot'ok, (GUSTAV,) COUNT, an Austrian
statesman, born at Lettovitz, in Moravia, December 29,
1832. He early entered the diplomatic service, and
in 1881 was made prime minister of Austria-Hungary.
He resigned in 1895. Died December II, 1898.
Kalo-Joannes. See CALO- JOANNES.
Kalraat, van, vin kal'rlt', (ABRAM,) a Dutch painter
and sculptor, born at Dort in 1643. His paintings are
chiefly of flowers and fruits. Died in 1699.
Kalraat, van, (BERNARD or BARENT,) brother of the
preceding, born in 1650, studied under Albert Cuyp.
He was distinguished for the elegant finish which he
gave to his landscapes. He painted scenes on the Rhine.
Died in 1721.
Kaltenbach, kal'ten-baK', (GEORG GOTTFRIED,) a
German engraver and art-historian, born at Graudenz,
May 18, 1805 ; died at Bamberg, February I, 1865.
Kalubko. See KADLUBEK.
Kalypso. See CALYPSO.
Kamadfiva, ka'ma-da'va, or Kamaddo, ka'ma-da'o,
[from the Sanscrit kArna, "desire" or " love," and dPvi,
a "god,"] written also Camadeva, Camadeo, and
Camdeo, sometimes called simply Kama or Carna,
the god of love of the Hindoos, is said to be the son of
Maya, (" Illusion.) He is represented as a beautiful youth,
sometimes as riding on a parrot, and sometimes as con-
versing with his mother Maya, or his wife Reti, (or Rati,)
(i.e. " Affection.") He has a bow made of sugar-cane, (or,
according to some authorities, of flowers.) The points
i, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, t, o, u, J, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; ti6t; good; moon
KAMADHENU
1419
KANJATOO
of his arrows are tipped with flowers. Vasanta (the
" Spring") is said to be his most intimate friend. The
most remarkable event in Kamadeva's history is his
encounter with Siva. It is related that he once pre-
sumed to aim one of his arrows at the destroying deity,
who with one glance of his eye reduced the love-god to
ashes. Since that catastrophe Kamadeva has ceased to
possess any corporeal form ; but his actual power seems
thereby to have been increased rather than diminished,
as he can now more easily, and with less suspicion, exert
his sway over the minds of men.
See MOOR'S "Hindu Pantheon;" SIR WILLIAM JONES'S Works,
vol. vi., (or vol. xiii. of another edition.)
Kamadhenn, ka'ma-d'ha'ndo, [i.e. " wish-cow," from
the Sanscrit kdmd, "desire" or "wish," and dhlnu, a
"cow,"] in the Hindoo mythology, the name of a won-
derful cow, produced by the churning of the ocean, having
power to grant to those whom she favoured whatever
they might desire. She is also called Surabhi, (soo'-
ra-b'hi,) and is in fact a goddess of no mean pretensions,
and would appear to occupy nearly the same rank as
Vishnu's consort Lakshmi, who also was produced from
the churning of the ocean. It is not unusual for the
Hindoos, when praying for prosperity or happiness, to
say, " May Lakshmi, who resides among the gods, (or
"who reposes on the bosom of Vishnu,") become a boon-
granting cow to me." (See LAKSHM?, andKORMA.)
See MOOR, "Hindu Pantheon."
Kamala or Kemala, [modern Hindoo pron. kum'-
a-la'; from kamdld, the " lotus," which is in its turn
derived from kfimd, "beauty," "radiance,"] one of the
names of LAKSHMf, (which see.)
Kamban, kam'ban, a Tamil (South Indian) poet, of
a very uncertain date. He wrote a " Ramayana" in the
Tamil tongue, which is based upon, but is not a trans-
lation of. the " Ramayana" of Valmiki.
Kambyses. See CAMBYSES.
Kamehameha (ka-ma-ha'ma-ha') TTT, King of
Hawaii, or the Sandwich Islands, was born about 1817 ;
died in 1854.
Kamehameha IV., a son of the preceding, born in
1833, was educated by Protestant missionaries. He vis-
ited Europe in 1852, became king in 1854, and died 1863.
Kamel. See CAMELLI.
Kamenski, ki-men'skee, (Count MICHAEL FEDORO-
VITCH,) a Russian, born about 1735, was created field-
marshal by the emperor Alexander in 1802. Four years
later he was appointed commander-in-chief of the army
sent against the French, but was soon after succeeded
by Benningsen. He died, or was killed, in 1809.
Kames, LORD. See HOME, (HENRY.)
Kam-Hi. See KHANG-HEE.
Kampen, van, (JAKOB.) See CAMPEN.
Kampen, van, vin kam'pen, (NicoLAAS GODFRIED,)
a Dutch historian, born at Haarlem in 1776. In 1829
he was professor of Dutch history and literature in Am-
sterdam. Among his works may be mentioned " His-
tory of the French Ascendency in Europe," (8 vols., 1815
-23,) and " Geographical and Statistical Account of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands," (1827.) Died in 1839.
See MULLER, " Leven van N. Kampen," 1840 ; VAN DEN BRINK,
MN. G. van Kampen," etc., 1839.
Kampenhausen, kam'pen-how'zen, (BALTHASAR,)
BARON, born near Riga, in Russia, in 1772, wrote several
political and topographical works. Died in 1823.
Kampfer or Kaempfer, kSmp'fer, (ENGELBRECHT,)
an eminent German botanist and traveller, was born at
Lemgo in 1651. He studied medicine and the languages.
In 1683 he accompanied the Swedish ambassador to
Persia. Having passed into the service of the Dutch
East India Company as surgeon, he visited Bengal,
Java, Sumatra, and Japan. He retumed to Europe in
1693, and published an important work entitled "Amos-
nitates Exoticae," (1712,) which contains the results of
his researches in Persia, etc. He also wrote a valuable
"History of Japan and Siam," which was published by
Sir Hans Sloane in English, (1727.) It was also pub-
lished in German in 1777. Died at Lemgo in 1716.
See HIRSCHING, " Historisch-literarUches Handbuch ;" "Ntra-
Telle Biographic Gfae'rale."
Kamphuizen. See CAMPHUVSEN.
Kamptz, von, fon kampts, (KARL ALKRECHT CHRIS-
TOPH HEINRICH,) an able Prussian statesman, born at
Mecklenburg in 1769, was successively appointed min-
ister of the interior and of the police, and in 1830 min-
ister of justice. Died in 1849. He published "Civil
Law of the Duchy of Mecklenburg," and " Contributions
to Public and International Law."
Kanada, (the name of a sage.) See K^SYAPA.
Kauaris, ka'na-ris, (CONSTANTINE,) a famous naval
hero of modern Greece, born in the island of Ipsara
about 1790. In 1822 he blew up the Turkish admiral's
ship in the channel of Chios, and in 1824 saved the island
of Samos by burning a large Turkish frigate and several
transport-ships which were destined to attack it. In
1827 he represented Ipsara in the Greek National Con-
vention, and in 1848 was appointed minister of the marine
and president of the cabinet. He resigned in 1855.
Died September 14, 1877.
Kandace. See CANDACE.
Kaudaules. See CANDAULES.
Kandeh Rao, kan'deh ra'o, [perhaps from the San-
scrit kdndd, 3 "horse," and rdo, a modern Hindoo word,
signifying "prince,"] written also Kandarahu, the
name of an avatar of Siva, in which that god is always
represented on horseback. (See SIVA.) Kandeh Rao
is worshipped chiefly among the Mahrattas.
See MOOR, " Hindu Pantheon."
Kandjatou. See KANJATOO.
Kandler, kant'ler, (JOHANN JOACHIM,) a German
artist and modeller in porcelain, born in Saxony in 1706.
He worked at Meissen. Died in 1776.
Kane, (£LISHA KENT,) M.D., a distinguished Ameri-
can explorer, born in Philadelphia on the 2oth of Feb-
ruary, 1820. He was the son of Judge John K. Kane.
He studied medicine, and graduated in the University
of Pennsylvania in 1842, on which occasion he wrote an
inaugural thesis on "Kyestein." In 1843 he sailed to
China with Commodore Parker, as surgeon or physician
to the embassy. He visited India, Ceylon, and the Phil-
ippine Isles, and was impelled by his adventurous spirit
into several perilous enterprises. In 1845 he made an
excursion to the Himalaya Mountains, ascended the
Nile to Nubia, and traversed Greece on foot. He re-
turned home in 1846. He served in the Mexican war in
1847. In May, 1850, he sailed as surgeon to the expedi-
tion which Lieutenant De Haven conducted in search of
Sir John Franklin. He published, in 1854, " The United
States Grinnell Expedition in Search of Sir John Frank-
lin." He commanded a second expedition sent out for
the same purpose, and sailed from New York in the
Advance in May, 1853. He failed to find any traces of
Franklin, returned home in October, 1855, and related
the adventures and sufferings of his party in his "Arctic
Explorations," (2 vols., 1856.) In this voyage he had
discovered the existence of an open Polar sea. He re-
ceived a gold medal from the Royal Geographical Society
of London. To recruit his failing health, he made a voy-
age to England in October, 1856, and passed thence to the
West Indies. He died at Havana in February, 1857.
See WILLIAM ELDER, "Biography of Elisha Kent Kane," 1858;
SCHMUCKER, " Life of Elisha Kent Kane;" " North British Review"
for February, 1857.
Kane, (Sir ROBERT,) M.D., a distinguished chemist,
born in Dublin in 1810. After filling professorships in
several scientific societies, he was appointed in 1849
president of Queen's College, Cork. He had previously
been knighted by the lord lieutenant. He wrote various
works on chemistry, pharmacy, etc. Died Feb. 16, 1890.
Kane, (THOMAS L.,) a general, brother of Dr. E. K.
Kane, was born in Philadelphia about 1822. He was sent
on an important mission to the Mormon insurgents of
Utah in 1858. He was wounded in a battle near Har-
risonburg, Virginia, in June, 1862. Died Dec. 26, 1883.
Kanitz, ka'nitz, (AUGUST,) a Hungarian botanist,
born at Lugos, April 25, 1843. He was educated at
Vienna, and in 1872 became professor of botany in the
University of Clausenburg, where his activity as a scien-
tific writer has been very remarkable.
Kanjatoo, Kaudjatou, or Kanjatu, kan-ja-too',
fifth Mongol sovereign of the dynasty of Jengis Khan,
began to reign over Persia A.D. 1291. A conspiracy
€ as k: 5 as s; g hard; g as ;'; G, H, K.,guttural; N. nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this,
Explanations, p. 23.;
KANNE
1420
KAO-TSOO-OOTEE
having been formed against him by nis nobles, he was
killed in 1295.
Kanne, kan'neh, (JoHANN ARNOLD,) a learned and
eccentric German writer, born at Detmold in 1773,
studied philology and theology at Gb'ttingen. In 1818
he became professor of Oriental literature at Erlangen,
where he died in 1824. Among his various works we
may name "Anthology of Greek Epigrams," ("Florile-
gium Epigrammatum Graecorum,") "System of Indian
Myths," and " Biblical Researches."
Kaunegiesser, kan'neh-gees's?r, (GOTTLIEB HEIN-
RICH,) a German medical writer, born at Gotha iu 1712;
died at Kiel in 1792.
Kannegiesser, (KARL FRIEDRICH LUDWIG,) a Ger-
man scholar, born at Wendemark in 1781, is known for
his numerous and excellent translations into German.
Among these are the dramas of Beaumont and Fletcher,
Dante's " Divine Comedy," extracts from the writings
of Byron, Madame de Stael, Mickiewicz, and other cele-
brated authors. He also made translations from Horace,
Sappho, and Anacreon, and published poems and several
original dramas, among them two entitled "Mirza" and
"Dorothea." Died at Berlin, September 14, 1861.
Kansa. See KRISHNA.
Kant, (IMMANUEL,) one of the profoundest metaphy-
sicians that have ever lived, the founder of the Critical
(popularly called the Transcendental) school of philoso-
phy in Germany, was born at Konigsberg, April 26, 1724.
His father was a saddler, and is said to have been of
Scottish extraction. Both his parents are represented
as having been endued with a severe and inflexible vir-
tue ; and to the influence of their precept and example
must be ascribed, in no small measure, the pure moral
character and that profound respect for moral obliga-
tion which Kant exhibited through the whole of his
life. Having gone through a course at the gymnasium,
(the Collegium Fredericianum,) he entered in 1740 the
university of his native city. Here he commenced the
study of theology, but soon abandoned it for other pur-
suits, and devoted his attention to the natural sciences,
mathematics, and philosophy. On leaving the university
he maintained himself for several years as a private tutor.
During this period he published his first work," Thoughts
on the True Estimation of the Living Powers," (" Ge-
danken von der wahren Schatzung der lebendigen
Krafte.") About 1755 he began to give lectures on
logic, physics, metaphysics, and mathematics. In 1762
he was offered the professorship of poetry in the Uni-
versity of Konigsberg ; but he declined the position, on
the ground that he had not the proper qualifications.
He had already established his reputation as an original
and profound thinker, when at length, in 1770, he was
appointed to the chair of logic and metaphysics in the
University of Konigsberg. When he entered upon his
professorship, he delivered a discourse on the World of
the Senses and that of the Understanding, (" De Mundi
sensibilis et intelligibilis Forma et Principiis,") containing
the germs of the philosophical system which he after-
wards developed in his great work entitled " Critique
of Pure Reason," (" Kritik der reinen Vernunft,") first
published in 1781. He had previously, in his work on
"Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens,"
("Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Him-
mels," 1755,) in which he may be said to have anticipated
the discovery of the planet Uranus, given proof of his
sagacity in questions relating to physical science. Among
his various other works may be named " Observations
upon the Sentiment of the Beautiful and Sublime,"
(" Beobachtungen iiber das Gefuhl des Schb'nen und Er-
habenen," 1764,) "Critique of Practical Reason," ("Kritik
der praktischen Vernunft," 1790,) — that is, reason con-
sidered in its application to our moral conduct, — "Cri-
tique of the Faculty of Judging," ("Kritik der Urtheils-
kraft," 1793,) and his essay "On a Plan for an Everlasting
Peace," ("mm ewigen Frieden" ) (1795.) Kant died
February 12, 1804, having never, it is said, in the whole
course of his life travelled above seven miles from hia
native city. Although his writings embrace a great va-
riety of subjects, his fame rests chiefly upon his achieve-
ments as a metaphysician. As a deep and close thinker
he has perhaps never been equalleu.* Our limits will
not permit us to give even an outline of the Kantian
system of philosophy, which could only be rendered
intelligible in an extensive treatise. It will be sufficient
here to observe that Kant's great aim was to determine
the laws and limits of the intellect of man, and thus to
guard, on the one hand, against the arrogant dogmatism
»f those who overestimate, and, on the other, against
the absurd skepticism of those who underestimate, the
powers of the human mind. He does not pretend to
have made any important discoveries respecting ques-
tions which belong properly to religion, (such, for ex-
ample, as the immortality of the soul, the moral attributes
of the Deity, etc.,) but he claims that the great points
of faith are not only undisturbed by his system, but are
rendered more secure against the attacks of those who
use their reputation for philosophic insight to give weight
to arguments against religion, in questions where, from
the necessary laws of the human intellect, the profoundest
philosopher can know no more than the great mass of
mankind. " Only by this means," (i.e. by a critique
determining the laws and limits of the human reason,)
says he, " can the roots of materialism, fatalism, atheism,
. . . be cut off;" and he proposes in this manner "to
make an end for all future time of all objections against
morality and religion, by presenting the clearest proofs
of the ignorance of their assailants." It is claimed by
some of the admirers of Kant (indeed, he himself sug-
gested the parallel) that he performed for mental phi-
losophy a service similar to that which his countryman
Copernicus performed for astronomy. As the latter may
be said to have determined the relative importance as
well as the true position of the earth in the solar system,
so the former has determined the proper limits and true
position of the human intellect in relation to the objects
of knowledge ; and as Copernicus has demonstrated that
many of the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies
are not real, but caused by the motion of the earth, (the
standpoint of the observer,) so Kant has shown that
many mental phenomena are to be explained, not by
referring them, as most philosophers have done, to in-
dependent external causes, but to those essential laws
which regulate the movements of the mind itself.
For an excellent popular notice of the influence exerted
by Kant's philosophy, the reader is referred to De Quin-
cey's chapter on German Literature in the volume of his
works entitled "Life and Manners." He will also find
many interesting observations on Kant and his writings
in Madame de Stael's "Germany," Part III. chap. vi.
See, also, F. BOUTHRWEK, "I. Kant, ein Denkmal," 1804: F.
W. SCHUBERT, "I. Kant's Biographie," etc., 1842; JACHMANN, "I.
Kant, geschildert in Briefen," etc., 1804; BOROWSKI, " Darsteilung
des Lebens und Characters I. Kant's," 1804; F. T. RINCK, "An-
sichien aus 1. Kant's Leben," 1805 : AMAND SAINTES, " Histoire
de la Vie et de la Philosophic de Kant," 1844 ; J. WII.LM, " Histoire
de la Philosophic Allemande depuis Kant jusqu'a Hegel," Paris,
4 yols., 1846 ; M. V. COUSIN, " Kant dans les deniieres Annees de sa
Vie," 1857: HASSE, "Letzte Aeusserungen Kant's," 1804; WASI-
ANSKI, " Immanuel Kant," etc., 1804; F. HORFER, article in th
" Nouvelle Biographic Ge"ne>ale :" HEDGE, " Prose Writers of Ger
many;" " Blackwood's Magazine" for February, 1827, (by DsQuiH
CEV,) and August, 1830; " Edinburgh Review" for January, 1803.
Kantacuzenus. See CANTACUZENUS.
Kantemii. See CANTEMIR.
Kao-Tsoo or Kao-Tsou, ki'o tsoo, the name of
several emperors of China, of whom one reigned in the
seventh and two others in the tenth century.
Kao-Tsoong or Kao-Tsoung (ka'o tsoong) I, of
the dynasty of Tang, succeeded his father, Thai-Tsoung,
on the imperial throne of China about 648 A.D. He was
a wise and just ruler, and enacted many good laws.
He reduced the Khan of the Turks to complete subjf.c-
tion. Died in 684.
See MAILLA, " Histoire gene'rale de la Chine ;" PAUTHIBR,
"Chine ancienne."
Kao-Tsoo-Ootee or Kao-Tsou-Outi, ka'o-tsoo'oo'-
tee, called also Soong-Ootee or Soung-Outi, soong-
oo'te, Emperor of China, and founder of the dynasty of
Soong, was born about A.D. 355. By his intrigues anH
* M. Stapfer, author of the article on Kant in the " Biographii
Universelle," calls him "the most profound thinker with whom the
history of the human mind has made us acquainted," ("le penseul
le plus profond que nous fosse connaitre 1 histoire de Pesprit hu-
main.")
a, e, T, 6, \\, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon;
KAPILA
1421
KARR
military skill he reduced many of the rival chiefs to
subjection, and, after putting the emperor and his son
to dea'h, ascended the imperial throne. Died in 422.
Kap'I-la or Capila, (Hindoo pron. kupl-la,] an In-
dian philosopher, regarded as an avatar of Siva, was
th« founder of a celebrated sect named Sankhya, and of
a philosophic system called the Sankhya philosophy,
supposed to have been the germ or commencement of
Booddhism. The Sankhya philosophy was a system of
rationalism pushed to the borders of atheism. (See
VASUDEVA.)
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale," under " Capila."
Kapnist, klp'nist, (VASILI VASILIEVITCH,) a cele-
brated lyric poet and dramatist, born in Russia in 1756.
His translation of the Odes of Horace first fixed his
reputation as a man of letters. He was an intimate
friend of the poet Derzhavin, and a member of the Im-
perial Academy of Saint Petersburg. Among his works
are the comedy of " labeda," and an " Essay upon the
Odyssey." Died in 1813.
Kapodistria. See CAPO D'ISTRIAT,
Kapp, kap, (FRIEDRICH,) a German author, born at
Ilamm, in Westphalia, April 13, 1824. He became a
lawyer, lived in New York, 1850-70, and in 1872 was
chosen a member of the German Diet. He published,
partly in German, "The Slave Question in the United
States," (1857,) " Life of Steuben,"( 1859,) "A History of
Slavery in the United States," (1860,) "A History of
German Migration into America," (1868,) a "Life of John
Kalb-," (1870,) and other works. Died in 1884.
Kara-George. See CZERNI-GEORGE.
Kara-Moustapha. See CARA-MUSTAFA.
Kara-Yusuf See CARA-YOOSEF.
Karajitch, Karadjitch, or Karadachitsch, ka-ra'-
jitsh, (VuK,) a learned Servian, born near Lasnitza in
1787. Having fled to Vienna in 1813 to escape the cruel-
ties of the Turks, his attention was turned to the national
ballad-poetry of his country, said to exceed in richness
and extent that of almost every other nation. His
collection was issued in Vienna in 1814, under the title
of "Servian National Songs." He published a Servian
Grammar, a Servian-and-German Dictionary, and various
other works. Died February 7, 1864.
See BOWRING, " Servian Poetry ;" JUNGMANN, " History of Bo-
hemian Literature."
Karamzin or Karamsin, ka-ram-zeen' or ka-ram-
zin', (NIKOLAI MIKHAELOVITCH,) one of the most emi-
nent of Russian historians, was born in the province of
Orenburg in December, 1765, and was educated in Mos-
cow. In 1789 he commenced a tour through England,
France, Switzerland, and other countries of Europe. On
his return he published " Letters of a Travelling Rus-
sian." He afterwards issued various literary productions,
which were written in a finished and elegant style. He
was one of the editors of the "European Messenger," a
literary journal. In 1803 he was appointed historiogra-
pher of Russia, and the same year commenced his great
work, the " History of the Russian Empire," (u vols.,
1815-24.) He did not live to finish the work, which ends
about the year 1610. No work in the Russian language
has obtained greater popularity. The first edition, of
eight volumes, brought the author 100,000 rubles. The
emperor Alexander created him councillor of state and
knight of the order of Saint Anne ; and after the death of
the historian his widow received from the same monarch
an annual pension of 50,000 rubles. " The History of
the Russian Empire" has been translated into French,
German, and Polish. Died in May, 1826.
See DHPPING, notice of Karamzin in the *' Re"vue Encyclope'dique ;"
PRINCE A. GALITZIN, article in the " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'-
rale ;" " British and Foreign Review" for September. 1828 :" Monthly
Review," vol. xci., 1820, (Appendix ;) " Foreign Quarterly Review"
for September, 1828.
Karasin, ka-ra'sin, (NicoLAi NIKOLAYEVITCH,) a
Russian soldier, artist, and author, born in 1842. His
writings include various novels and stories, as well as
some ethnological papers.
Karburis. See CARBURIS.
Karim or Kareem. See KEREEM.
Karl, (FRIEDRICH ALEXANDER,) Prince of Prussia,
» German field-marshal, a brother of the Emperor Wil-
liam I., was born at Charlottenburg, June 29, 1801. He
held prominent commands in the Austrian war of 1866
and in the French war of 1870-71. Died at Berlin,
January 21, 1883.
Karl, (FRIEDRICH AUGUST,) Duke of Mecklenburg-
Strelitz, born at Hanover in 1785. Having distinguished
himself in several actions against the French, he was ap-
pointed lieutenant-general by the King of Prussia in 1813.
He entered Paris at the head of the royal guard in 1815.
In 1825 he became a general of infantry and president
of the council of state. Died in 1837.
Karl Albrecht, Elector of Bavaria. See CHARLES
VII., EMPEROR.
Karl Alexander, Duke of WUrtemberg, born in 1684,
was the successor of Ludwig Eberhard. He was an
ally of the emperor Leopold in the war of the Spanish
succession. He distinguished himself at the battle of
Turin in 1706, defended Landau against Marshal Villars
in 1713, and obtained the rank of field-marshal. Died
in 1737.
Karl der Funfte. See CHARLES V.
Karl der Grosse. See CHARLEMAGNE.
Karl Eugen, (oi-gan',) or Charles Eugene, a son
of Karl Alexander, noticed above, was born in 1728,
and became Duke of Wiirtemberg in 1737. He pro-
moted commerce, arts, and agriculture, and founded the
university called Carolina, at Stuttgart. Died in 1793.
Karloman. See CARLOMAN.
Karlstadt. See CARLSTADT.
Karmarsch, kaR'maRsh, (KARL,) a German savant,
and director of the Polytechnic School at Hanover, born
at Vienna in 1803. He wrote " First Sketches of Me-
chanical Technology," and other scientific works. Died
March 24, 1879.
Karmat, Karmath, Carmath, kaR'mat, or Kar-
mathi, kaR'ma-tee, called also Hamdan, ham-din', the
founder of a fanatical and numerous sect which made
great ravages in the Arabian empire in the ninth cen-
tury. He attempted to establish a community of property,
and taught a contempt for religion and morality. His
followers were called Karmatians (Carmatians) or Kar-
mattians. Died about 900 A. D.
Karneades. See CARNEADES.
Karnkowski, kaRn-kov'skee, written also Karn-
cov, kaRn'kov, or Karnowski, (STANISLAS,) a distin-
guished prelate, born in Poland about 1525. In 1581
he was created Archbishop of Gnesen and Primate of
Poland. He was a liberal patron of learning, and a
successful promoter of reforms among the priests. He
wrote a " History of the Interregnum in Poland," and
several other works. Died in 1603.
See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Karoly, kl'rol, written also Karoli, (JASPER,) a
Protestant minister, who lived in Hungary about 1580.
He was distinguished for his knowledge of philosophy,
theology, and philology. He produced a valuable trans-
lation of the Bible from the original Hebrew into the
Hungarian, (1589.)
Karpinski, kaR-pen'skee or kaR-pin'skee, (FRANCIS,)
a Polish poet, born in Galicia about 1760. He wrote a
tragedy entitled "Judyta," and a number of popular
songs and idyls. Died in 1823.
Karpinski, kar-pen'skee, (HYACINTH,) a Russian
theological writer, born in Ukraine in 1721; died in
Moscow in 1798.
Karpocrates. See CARPOCRATES.
Karr, kSR, (JEAN BAPTISTE ALPHONSE,) a popular
French novelist, born at Munich in 1808, was a son of
Henri Karr, a pianist. He produced in 1832 a novel
entitled " Sous les Tilleuls," in which the public admired
the mixture of irony and sentiment, of fancy and good
sense. About 1837 he became editor of the "Figaro,"
and of a satirical monthly periodical called "The Wasps,"
(" Les Guepes.") Among his numerous novels are " Fa
diese," (1834,) " Vendredi Soir," (1835,) and "La Famille
Alain," (1848.) He also wrote an ingenious work on
flowers and gardens, " Voyage autour de mon Jardin,"
(2 vols., 1845.) D>e(i September 30, 1890.
See "Revue des Deux Mondes," February, 1842; CLEMENT DI
Ris, " Portraits a la Plume," 1853 : " Fraser's Magazine" for May,
1851, and February, 1854; " Blackwood's Magazine" for July, 185*',
"Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
tas£.- casj,- ghard; gas/; C,K,K., guttural; N, nasal; ^trilled; sass; thasinMw. (J^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
KARSCH
1422
KAUFMANN
Karsch, kaRsh, or Karschin, kaRshln, (ANNA
LUISE,) a German poetess, whose original name was
DURBACH, was born near Schwiebus in 1722. After
living a long time in poverty and obscurity, she visited
Berlin, where she was patronized by Gleim and Men-
delssohn. Her "Select Poems," published in 1764, were
very favourably received, and procured for her the title
of "the German Sappho." Died in 1791.
See L. VON KLEUKE, " Lebenslauf der Karschin," 1792; HIR-
SCHING, " Historisch-literarisches Handbuch."
Kars'lake, (Sir JOHN BURGESS,) Q.C., an English
lawyer and statesman, born at Bencham, nea-r Croydon,
in 1821. In 1867 he became a member of the House of
Commons, and in the same year was appointed solicitor-
general, in which capacity he also acted for a time under
Disraeli in 1874, but was compelled to resign on account
of failing sight. Died in London, October 4, 1881.
Karsten, kaR'sten, (DIETRICH LUDWIG GUSTAV,) a
German mineralogist, born at Biitzow in 1768. He wrote
many able treatises on mineralogy. Died in 1810.
See LEOPOLD VON BOCH, "Lobrede auf Karsten." in the "Ab-
handlungen der Berliner Akademie," 1814; "Nouvelle Biographic
Gc'ne'rale."
Karsteu, (FRANZ CHRISTIAN LORENZ,) a German
agriculturist and writer, an uncle of the preceding, was
born at Biitzow in 1751 ; died in 1829.
Karsten, (KARL JOHANN BERNHARD,) an eminent
Prussian mineralogist, son of the preceding, was born at
Biitzow in 1782. He was appointed privy councillor of
mines in the ministry of the interior in 1819. He pub-
lished a treatise " On the Carbonaceous Substances of
the Mineral Kingdom," (1826,) a " System of Metallurgy,"
(5 vols., 1832,) a" Philosophy of Chemistry," (1843,) and
other important works. In his peculiar department of
science Karsten occupied the highest rank. Died in 1853.
See BROCKHAUS, " Conversations- Lexikon."
KartlkSya, kSR-tl-ka'ya, written less correctly Car-
ticeya or Cartikiya, otherwise named Skan'da, a
son of Siva and Parvati, and brother of Ganesa, is the
Hindoo god of war and commander of the celestial armies.
He is sometimes called AGNiBHOs or AGNIBHU'VA,
("born of Agni" or Fire,) SRIMANA, and many other
names. One of his greatest exploits was the destruction
of the mighty giant Tripurasura, who had acquired such
power that Indra and the other gods trembled for their
dominion.
See MOOR'S " Hindu Pantheon."
Kartikiya. See KARTIKEYA.
Kasuyapa. See KASVAPA.
Kassiopeia, See CASSIOPEIA.
Kas'spn, (JoHN ADAMS,) an American statesman,
born near Burlington, Vermont, January n, 1822. He
graduated at the University of Vermont in 1842, and
became a lawyer. Having removed to Iowa, he was
made first assistant postmaster-general under President
Lincoln in 1861, was United States postal commissioner
to Europe, and signed postal conventions with nearly
every important nation in Europe, was a Republican
member of the Thirty-Eighth, Thirty-Ninth, Forty-Third,
Forty-Fourth, Forty-Seventh, and Forty-Eighth Con-
gresses, and served as United States envoy and minister
to Austria-Hungary, 1877-81. He went to Germany as
United States minister in 1884.
Kastner or Kaestner, kfct'ner, (ABRAHAM GOTT-
HELP,) an eminent German mathematician, astronomer,
and poet, born at Leipsic in September, 1719. He be-
came assistant professor of mathematics at Leipsic in
1746, and obtained the chair of mathematics and physics
at Gottingen in 1756. In 1762 he succeeded Tobias
Mayer as director of the Observatory at Gottingen. He
wrote, besides numerous works on mathematics and
astronomy, and witty epigrams, a " History of Mathe-
matics from the Revival of Science to the End of the
Eighteenth Century," (in German, 4 vols., 1796-1800.)
Died in June, 1800.
See "Vita Kaesmeri," by himself, Leipsic, 1787: KIRSTKN, "De
A. G. Kzstnero," 1787 ; C. 'G. HEYNE, " Elogium Kzstncri," 1801;
"Nouvelle Biographic Gc'ne'rale."
Kastner, kast'ner, (KARL WILHELM GOTTLOB,) a
German physician and naturalist, born at Greifenberg,
in Pomerania, in 1783. In 1821 he was professor of
chemistry and medicine at Erlangen. He wrote, among
other treatises, "Outlines of Physics and Chemistry,"
(1821,) and a "Manual of Meteorology," (3 vols., 1823-
30.) Died in 1857.
Kas'ya-pa or Casyapa, (modern Hindoo pron.
kus'ya-pa,) (etymology obscure ; perhaps from the San-
scrit kas or kaf, to "shine,"] written also Kashyapa
and Ka$yapa, in the Hindoo mythology, the name of
a celebrated sage (Rishi) or demi-god, the father (by
Aditi) of the Suras, including Indra, and (by Dili) of
the Asuras, or giants.
See MOOR, "Hindu Pantheon;" MOMER WILLIAMS, "Transla-
tion of Sakoontala," (by KALIDASA.)
Kasyapa, kis'ya-pa, called also Kan'a-da, a cele-
brated Hindoo sage or philosopher, was a son of the
preceding, and was one of the greatest of Hindoo
Ijgicians. He founded the atomistic philosophy called
" vaiseshika."
Kate, Ten, tjn ka'teh, (JAN JAKOB LODEWYK,) a
Dutch clergyman, born at the Hague, December 23,
1819. He was enucated at Utrecht, and became a pastor
at Amsterdam. Besides eight volumes of poems, largely
religious, he published many translations from foreign
languages, and a number of scientific works having a
religious tone.
Kate, Ten, t8n ka'teh, (LAMBERT,) a Dutch clergyman,
who lived about 1720. He is known for his valuable
grammar of the Dutch language, (Amsterdam, 1723.) He
also wrote "On the Connection between the Gothic and
Dutch Languages," and a "Life of Jesus Christ." -
See SAX. "Onomasticon."
Ka'ter, (HENRY,) F.R.S., a skilful mathematician,
born in Bristol, England, in 1777, was educated in the
Royal Military College in Sandhurst. He was distin-
guished for his investigations of the principles of reflect-
ing telescopes ; for his experiments to determine the
exact length of the seconds-pendulum ; for his important
advice and improvements on measures and weights ; and
especially for his invention of the floating collimator, an
instrument for adjusting the telescope. In 1814, when
the emperor Alexander of Russia visited England, Kater
was decorated by him with the order of Saint Anne.
He wrote several mathematical treatises. Died in 1835.
Katona, kot'o-noh, (STEPHEN,) an eminent H ungarian
scholar and historian, was born at Papa in 1732, and
became a Jesuit at the age of eighteen. He afterward*
filled the chairs of poetry, rhetoric, and history in thr
University of Buda. Died in 1811. His chief produc-
tion is a History of Hungary, written in Latin, (" I listorii
critica Regum Stirpis Austriacae," 41 vols., 1795 ct seq.)
This is regarded as the most valuable and accurate
work upon the subject It closes with the year 1801.
Katona was also the author of several other historical
works, in the Latin and Hungarian languages.
See G. FElrfR, " Memoria S. Katonz," 1812.
Katt, von, fon kit, a Prussian officer, born in 1681,
was an intimate friend of Prince Frederick, afterwards
Frederick the Great For having aided him in his
attempt to escape to England, Katt was executed before
the prison-windows of the prince, in 1730.
Kauer, kow'er, (FERDINAND,) a German musical com-
poser, born in Moravia in 1751. His works, amounting
in all to nearly two hundred, consist of church music,
operas, symphonies, concertos, etc. Died in 1831.
Kauflmann, kowfman. ( MARIA ANGELICA, ) the
daughter of a portrait-painter, was born at Coire, in
Switzerland, about 1741. After studying painting in
Italy, she went under the patronage of Lady Wentworth
to England, where in a short time she gained consider-
able celebrity in her art Her popularity was probably
as much due to her accomplished manners and her supe-
rior education as to any excellence which she possessed
as an artist In 1781 she was married to Antonio Zucchi,
a Venetian painter, whom she accompanied to Italy in
the following year. She still retained her maiden name
of Kauffmann. Died at Rome in 1807.
See G- DH Rossi, "Vita di Angelica Kauffmann," 1810; A. FM.
LioN DR WAILLV, "Angelica Kauffmann," Paris, 2 vols., 1838^;
KONIJNBNRURG, " Kunslverdienslen van A. Kauffmann en Raphael,"
1810; " Nouvdle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Kaufmann, kowf'mln, JOHANN GOTTFRIED,) a Ger-
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, lit; mSt; not; good; moon;
KAUFMANN
KA YSER
man mechanician, born at Chemnitz, in Saxony, in 1751,
was the inventor of several very ingenious instruments,
among which was a flute- and harp-clock, (Floten- ttnd
Harfenuhr,) which was purchased by the Elector Fred-
erick Augustus. Died in 1818. His son FREDERICK,
born in 1785, invented the automaton trumpeter and
other similar works. Died in 1866.
Kaufmann, von, fon kowfrnSn, (KONSTANTIN PE-
TROVITCH,) a Russian general, born at Maidani, February
19, (O.S.,) 1818. He entered the army as an officer of
engineers in 1839, and obtained promotion slowly, though
distinguished for valour. In 1867 he was a'ppointed
Governor-General of Turkestan, where he made impor-
tant conquests and in other ways extended the Russian
influence. In 1874 he was made engineer-general of
the army. He is charged with having acted with extreme
cruelty towards the conquered people of Turkestan.
Died at Tashkent, May 15, 1882.
Kaulbach, kowl'baK, (WiLHELM,) one of the most
eminent painters of recent times, was born in the princi-
pality of Waldeck, Germany, in 1805. Though destined
by his father to be an artist, he showed little inclination
for painting, until a collection of engravings illustrating
Schiller's tragedies fell into his hands and gave the fir.-,:
impulse to hi.- genius. He began his studies under
Cornelius at the Academy of Dusseldorf about 1822, and
in 1829 finished his picture of the" Mad-House," ("Irren-
haus,") a work displaying such originality and power as
entitled him at once to a place among great painters.
About this time he executed the frescos of "Apollo and
the Muses," in the Odeon, and " Cupid and Psyche," in
the palace of Duke Max, at Munich. In 1837 he com
pleted his " Battle of the Huns," founded on the tradition
of the combat before the gates of Rome, between the
Romans and the spirits of the Huns who were slain,
which, rising in the air, continued the fight. This won-
derful production, so strange and unique in its character,
was received with general applause, and is justly re-
garded as a miracle of art. His second great historical
piece, " The Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus," was
finished in 1838; and a copy of it, executed in oil at the
request of King Louis of Bavaria, occupies a conspicuous
place in the Pinakothek. Kaulbach also illustrated,
somewhat in the style of Hogarth, bchiller's "Criminal
from Lost Honour," Goethe's " Faust," and " Renard the
Fox," (" Reineke Fuchs :") the last displays exquisite
humour. Besides the above-mentioned works, he painted
a number of portraits, and furnished illustrations for
Shakespeare and other poets. Kaulbach excelled in the
highest qualities of his art, and was eminently successful
in blending in his style the ideal and symbolic with the
real. He was director of the Academy of Arts at Munich,
and a member of nearly all the similar institutions of
Europe. Died April 7, 1874.
See A. RACZINSKI, " Histoire de 1'Art modeme en AUemagne ;"
H. FORTOUL, "De 1'Art en AUemagne ;" " Nouvelle Biographic
GincYale."
Kauuitz, von, fon kow'nits, (WENZEL ANTON,)
PKINCE, a celebrated Austrian statesman and diploma-
tist, born at Vienna in February, 1711. After travelling
in England, France, and Italy, he was appointed by the
emperor Charles VI. aulic councillor, (1735.) On the
accession of Maria Theresa he was made in 1745 minis-
ter-plenipotentiary to Charles of Lorraine, Governor of
the Netherlands. In 1 748 he was a member of the Peace
Congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, and was soon after created
minister of state and knight of the Golden Fleece.
Having been sent as ambassador to France in 1750, he
negotiated the secret alliance between that country and
Austria. He was soon after appointed chancellor of
state and chancellor of Italy and the Netherlands. He
enjoyed the unbounded confidence of the empress, to
whose service he was devoted, and the principal measures
of her government are to be ascribed to his influence.
He acted a prominent part in the ecclesiastical reforms
ered as the oracle of diplomacy, and exercised such an
influence over the direction of affairs that he was jest-
ingly called "The Coachman of Europe." Kaunitz was
a generous patron of learning and the arts, and was
himself an accomplished scholar. Died in 1794.
Kausler, von, fon k5ws'ler, (FRANZ,) a German
officer and military writer, born at Stuttgart in 1794,
served in the campaigns against the French from 1812
to 1815. He published a " History of the Wars of all
Nations and Times," (5 vols., 1826-32,) and a " Life of
Prince Eugene of Savov," (2 vols., 1839.) Died in 1848.
Kautz, kawts, (ALBERT,) an American admiral,
born at Georgetown, Ohio, in 1839. He entered the
navy in 1854, served through the civil war, was pro-
moted commodore in 1897, and rear-admiral in 1898,
being placed in charge of the Pacific station.
Kautz, kawts, (AUGUST VALENTIN,) an American
soldier, was born at Ispringen, Baden, January 5, 1828, and
in that year was taken by his parents to Ohio. He grad-
uated at West Point in 1852. During the war of 1861-65
he attained the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers,
and for a time commanded the cavalry-division of the
Army of the James. He published "The Company
Clerk," (1863,) "Customs of Service for Non-Commis-
sioned Officers and Soldiers," (1864,) and "Customs of
Service for Army Officers," (1866.) Died Sept. 4, 1895.
Kav'a-naugh, (HUBBARD HINDE,) D.D., a Methodist
bishop, born in Clark county, Kentucky, January 14,
1802, became a preacher in 1823, and in 1854 a bishop,
being connected with the Southern branch of the Metho-
dist Episcopal Church. Died at Columbus, Mississippi,
March 19, 18^4.
Kavaiiagh, ktv'a-niH, (JULIA,) a distinguished writer
of tales and romances, born in the county of Tippe-
rary, Ireland, in 1824. In 1848 she published " Made-
leine," a tale from real life, which was very successful,
and her romance of "Nathalie" (1851) was still more
admired. She also wrote a biographical work entitled
" Woman in France during the Eighteenth Century,"
(2 vols., 1850.) Her writings are remarkable for theii
beautiful delineation of character and graceful simplicity
of style. She died October 28, 1877.
Kawase', (MASATAKA,) VISCOUNT, a Japanese
statesman, born in 1839. During the revolution in
Japan he defended the province of Chosiu agains tthe
Shogun, completely defeating his army. He was one
of the first to study Western institutions with the pur-
pose of introducing them into Japan. In 1874 he
represented Japan in Italy, and was ambassador to
Great Britain 1884—94. He was created a viscount in
1887.
Kay, (JOHN,) an English poet, was the first that re-
ceived in England the title of poet-laureate. He flourished
about 1480.
Kay, (JOHN,) a miniature-painter and engraver, born
near Dalkeith, in Scotland, in 1742. For several years
he gained a livelihood as a barber in Edinburgh ; but,
having exhibited a talent for sketching, he was assisted
by a wealthy gentleman, that he might devote himself
entirely to art. His paintings were distinguished for
their correct and exact likeness to the original. He
etched about nine hundred plates, which contained por-
:raits of the distinguished or eccentric personages of
Edinburgh at that date. These were published, under
the title of "Kay's Edinburgh Portraits." Died in 1826.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
K:iy or Key, ki, (WiLLEM,) a Flemish historical
Dainter, born in Breda in 1520. Of his most admired
Droductions we may mention a portrait of Cardinal
ranvelle, and a large painting in which the chief magis-
trates of Antwerp were introduced of the size of life.
Died in 1568.
Kaye. See CAIUS.
Kaye, (JOHN WILLIAM,) an English historical writer,
born in London about 1814. He published, besides other
works, a " History of the War in Affghanistan," (1851,)
a " Life of Sir John Malcolm," (1856,) and a " History
of the Sepoy War," (1866.) Died July 24, 1876.
Kayser, (KARL LUDWIG,) a German scholar, son
of Karl Philipp, was born at Heidelberg, February 3,
1808. He was distinguished alike as a Homeric scholar
t>'j *-<»<ii->j i nc *_u«tuiui«in ui iLuiupe. ivauniiz was jouo. ne witb uibuuguisucu UIIKC <ts <i ii<
« as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as^'; G, H. K. guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as z; th as in this. ( Jl^'See Explanations, p. 23.
KAYSERLING
1424
KEATS
and philologist and as a musical genius. Died May I.
1872.
Kayserling, ki'zer-llng, (MOSES,) a Hebrew preacher
and author, was born at Hanover, Germany, June 17,
1829. He was educated at Berlin, and was (1861-70)
chief rabbi of the Swiss Jews, removing in 1870 to Pesth.
His works include " Romantic Poetry of the Jews of
Spain," (1859,) " History of the Jews of Spain and Por-
tugal," (1860,) "History of the Jews of England,"
(1861,) " The First Jew in America," (1892,) etc.
Kazinczy, koz'int-se, (FRANCIS,) a Hungarian noble-
man, distinguished for his contributions to the litera-
ture of his country, was born at Er-Semljoi in 1759,
He devoted his attention to the restoration of the
Hungarian language, which the emperor Joseph II. was
attempting to extirpate. This dialect had then partially
fallen into disuse, and many terms to express modern
significations were required to be added in order to give
it a reasonable degree of completeness. To effect this,
Kazinczy translated numerous works from the French,
German, and English, adding words where the original
Hungarian was deficient In this undertaking he appears
to have been eminently successful. In 1788 he established
the first Hungarian magazine, entitled " Magyar Mu-
zeum," and two years later commenced the "Orpheus."
In 1794 he was arrested on a charge of conspiracy and
condemned to death. This sentence, however, was com-
muted to imprisonment, and after the expiration of about
six years he regained his liberty. He wrote various
poems, and several works in prose. Died of cholera
in 1831.
Kazwyny, (ZACHARIA BEN MOHAMMED.) See CAZ-
WEENEE.
Keach, keech, (BENJAMIN,) an English Baptist min-
ister, born in Buckinghamshire in 1640. After the resto-
ration he was bitterly persecuted on account of the
principles which he had advanced in his writings. He
preached some years in London after 1668. He wrote
several theological works. Died in 1704.
Kean, (CHARLES J.,) a distinguished actor, the son
of Edmund Kean, was born in Waterford, Ireland, in
1811, and studied at Eton. He made several visits to
America, the last of which was in 1866. About 1846 he
became the manager of the Princess's Theatre, London,
to the popularity of which he contributed greatly by the
introduction of the most admirable machinery, such as
had never before !wen exhibited to the British public.
He was also employed to superintend the ro^yai theatri-
cals at Windsor Castle. Died in London, .incary 22,
1868. (See his " Life," by I. W. COLE.)
Kean, (EDMUND,) a celebrated tragedian, born in
London about 1787. He was the son of an actress
named Ann Carey, and, while very young, was brought
upon the stage to p!ay those parts in which children
were represented. In this capacity he performed before
George III. at Windsor Castle, greatly to the satisfaction
of that monarch. In 1814 he first appeared at Drury
Lane Theatre, in the character of "Shylock," with such
distinguished success that he not only fully established
his own fame, but also retrieved the declining popularity
of the theatre. He afterwards visited America, where
he remained two years. Died in 1833. As a tragedian
Kean is considered not inferior to any one that has ap-
peared on the English stage. His remarkable success
was owing to his great application in the study of his
characters and the intensity of passion which he threw
into them. He especially excelled in his representations
of "Shylock," ''Othello," and "Richard III."
See PROCTER, " Life of E. Kean." 1835 : F. W. HAWKINS, " Life
of Edmund Kean ." OXBERRV, " Dramatic Biography.
Kean, (£LLEN.) known also by her maiden and pro-
fessional name of ELLEN TREE, an excellent actress,
both in tragedy and comedy, the wife of Charles J. Kean.
She was born' in London in 1805, first appeared upon
the stage in 1823, was married in 1842, retired from the
stage in 1868, and died August 20. 1880.
Keane, (AUGUSTUS HENRY,) an English anthro-
pologist, born at Cork, Ireland, in 1833. He became
professor of Hindustani, University College, London,
and published "Man, Past and Present," "Ethnol-
ogy," and other works.
Keane, keen, (JOHN,) LORD, a celebrated British
general, was born at Belmont, in the county of Water-
ford in 178:. He served in 1812 as colonel in
Spain under Sir Arthur Wellesley, and in 1815 as
major-general at the battle of New Orleans. He was
made commander-in-chief in Bombay in 1833, and led
the army against the Afghans in 1838. In 1839 he
besieged the fortress of Ghuznee, which had been re-
garded as impregnable, and which was garrisoned
with 3500 men, well supplied with all the munitions of
war. The place was, however, taken by assault in
forty-eight hours, with a loss of only two hundred on
the side of the British. For this victory General
Keane was raised to the peerage, with the title of
Baron Keane of Ghuznee. Died in 1844.
Keane, (JOHN JOSEPH,) born at Ballyshannon,
Ireland, September 12, 1839, was educated in the
Roman Catholic institutions of Maryland, was or-
dained a priest in 1866, and in 1878 was consecrated
Bishop of Richmond, Virginia. After 1889 he was for
1 a time rector of the Catholic University at Washington.
Kearney or Kearny, kar'ne, (PHILIP,) an able
American general, l».rn in the city of New York m June,
1815. He was sent to Europe by the government to
«tudy the French cavalry tactics about 1838. He ob-
tained the rank of captain in 1846, served in the Mexican
war and lost his left arm near Mexico in 184?- Having
resigned his commission in 1851, he passed several years
in Europe, and served in the French army at Solfermo,
(1859.) He became a brigadier-general of the Union
army in 1861 He commanded a division at the battles
of Williamsburg, May 5, Fair Oaks, May 31, White Oak
Swamp, June 30, and Malvern Hill, July I, 1862 In
the month last named he was raised to the rank of
major-general. He was killed at the battle of Chantilly,
September I, 1862.
Kearny, (STEPHEN WATTS,) a major-general in tt
United States army, an uncle of the preceding, was born
in Newark, New Jersey, in 1794- He entered the army
as lieutenant in 1812, and distinguished himselt at the
battle of Queenstown. Promoted to the rank of briga-
dier-general on the breaking out of the Mexican war in
1 846; he marched westward from the Arkansas, con-
quered New Mexico, and established a provisional gov-
ernment at Santa Fe. He was brevetted major-general
for his gallantry at the battle of San Pasqual, December
3, 1846. In the following spring he was for some time
Governor of California. Died in 1848.
Kear'y, (ANNIE,) an English author, born at Bilton,
in Yorkshire, March 3, 1825, the daughter of a clergy-
man of Irish birth. She published "Castle Daly," "A
Doubting Heart," "Clemency Franklyn," and other
novels, besides tales and verse for children, and " Heroes
of Asgard, a work on Norse mythology. She was of
a deeply religious nature. Died at Eastbourne, March
; 3, 1879.
Keary, (CHARLES F.,) an English novelist, and
historical writer, author of " Outlines of Primitive
Belief," (1882,) "The Vikings in Western Christen-
dom," (1890,) etc., and of a number of novels.
Keate, keet, (GEORGE,) F.R.S., an English author,
born in Wiltshire in 1729. During his travels on the
continent he made the acquaintance of Voltaire, with
whom he was a correspondent for a long time. Of his
works we may mention the poems of "Ancient and Modern
Rome," (1 760.) and "The Alps," (1763.) He compiled an
account of the " Pelew Islands" (1788) from manuscripts
placed in his hands by Captain Wilson. Died in 1797.
Keat'ing, (GEOFFREY,) D.D., a Catholic priest and
historical writer, was born in Tipperary, Ireland, about
1600. His chief production is a " History of Ireland
from the Time that it was Planted after the Flood until
the Seventeenth Year of the Reign of Henry II." This
work, which is replete with fables and traditions, was
translated from the Irish by Dermot O'Connor, and
published in London, in 1738^
Keats, (JOHN,) a celebrated English poet, born it
London in 1795 or 1796, and educated in the classics at
Enfield. He published his first poems in 1817, at the
a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, «*•««; fir, fill, fat; met; n6t; good; moon;
KEATS
1425
KEIL
recommendation of Leigh Hunt. Mis " Endymion,"
which appeared soon after, was severely criticised by
Gifford in the "Quarterly Review." As Keats was of a
very sensitive disposition, it is supposed that this criti-
cism aggravated the disease under which he was suffer-
ing. He died in 1821 at Rome, whither he had gone to
reside on account of his health. The poetry of Keats,
though exhibiting a vivid perception of the beautiful, and
great powers of fancy, is deficient in intensity and force
and his celebrity is perhaps to be attributed as much to
the circumstances attending his early death as to his
poetical abilities. Besides the "Endymion," we may
mention, as among the most important of his works,
"Hyperion," "Lamia," and "Isabella."
See RICHARD MONCKTON MILNBS, "Life, Letters, and Literal?
Remains of John Keats," 2 vols., 1848; "Quarterly Review" fol
April, 1818; "Westminster Review" for January, 1849; "Atlintic
Monthly" for January, 1861 : " Monthly Review" for July, 1820.
Keats, (Sir RICHARD GOODWIN,) an English admiral,
born in Hampshire in 1757. In 1778 he was promoted to
a lieutenancy in the ninety-eight-gun ship Prince George,
where the Duke of Clarence (Sfterwards William IV.)
was placed under his command. He served with dis-
tinction against the Americans and the French. In 1782
he received a commander's commission, and in 1807
became rear-admiral. Died in 1834.
Keble, kee'bel or kee'b'l, (JOHN,) an English divine
and poet of high reputation, was born at Fairford, in Glou-
cestershire, on the 25th of April, 1792. He was educated
at Oxford, elected a Fellow of Oriel College about 1810,
and ordained a priest in 1816, soon after which date he
left the university. For twenty ensuing years he was
employed as his father's curate at Fairford. He was an
intimate friend of John Henry Newman, and one of the
leaders of the Tractarian movement in favour of High-
Church doctrines, or Puseyism. According to Dr. New-
man, Keble was the primary author of this movement.
In 1827 he published "The Christian Year: Thoughts
in Verse for the Sundays and Holidays throughout the
Year," which obtained almos1 unbounded popularity,
and passed through fifty editions or more. He was
appointed professor of poetry at Oxford in 1833, and
became vicar of Hursley in 1835. About this time he
married Charlotte Clarke. He contributed to the " Tracts
for the Times," (1834-36,) and published a number of
sermons. Among his popular works is " Lyra Innocen-
tium : Thoughts in Verse on Christian Children, theii
Ways and Privileges," (1846.) "To English church
people without number," says the "North British Re-
view," "'The Christian Year' has long been not only a
cherished classic, but a sacred book, which they plact
beside their Bible and their Prayer-Book. . . . Popularity
is no word to express the fact that this book has been
for years the cherished companion, in their best moods,
of numbers of the best men, of the most diverse charac-
ters and schools, who have lived in our time." Died in
March, 1866.
1841, and took priest's orders in the Episcopal Church
in 1^43. In 1871 he became professor of divinity in
the Seabury Divinity School at Faribault, Minnesota.
He published poems and other works.
Kee'ler, (JAMES EDWARD,) an American astron-
omer, born at La Salle, Illinois, in 1857, graduated at
Johns Hopkins University in 1881. He was director
of the Alleghany Observatory 1889-98, of the Lick
Observatory after 1898, and was elected to the Na-
tional Academy of Science in 1900. Died in 1900.
Kee'ly, (JOHN ERNEST WORRELL,) an American
pseudo-inventor, born at Philadelphia in 1837. After
many experiments with sound-vibrations he made a
machine which appeared to develop enormous power,
acting under the influence of musical notes. This
machine, known as the " Keely Motor," first ex-
hibited in 1874, was varied and modified for many
| years, large sums being advanced him for experiments.
He died in 1898, and after his death there were dis-
covered evidences of fraud which had been deftly
concealed during his life.
Keen, (WILLIAM WILLIAMS,) M.D., an American
physician, born in Philadelphia, January 19, 1837. He
graduated at the Philadelphia High School in 1853, at
Brown University in 1859, and at Jefferson Medical Col-
lege in 1862. He served with distinction as an army-
surgeon, and then studied his profession in Europe for
two years. He afterwards conducted a school of anat-
1 omy in Philadelphia, and was professor of surgery at
! the Woman's Medical College 1884-89, and later at
the Jefferson Medical College. He published several
works on anatomy and surgery.
Keene, keen, (EDMUND,) an English prelate,
born at Lynn in 1713. In 1752 he was raised to the
see of Chester, and in 1770 to that of Ely. He was
a man of learning and benevolence. Died in 1781.
Keene, ( THOMAS WALLACE,) an American actor,
j born on Staten Island, New York, in 1840. He be-
. came a prominent and favourite actor, his best parts
[being Richard III., Cassius, lago, Othello, Richelieu,
and the like. Died May 30, 1898.
Keen'er, (JOHN CHRISTIAN,) D.D., a Methodist
divine, born in Baltimore in 1819, graduated at Wes-
hyan University in 1834. lie wrote a work entitled
" The Post-Oak Circuit." He became a bishop in 1870.
Kee-Tse or Kl-Tse, kee-tsuh, [written in French,
Kl-TsEU,] a Chinese philosopher, who lived in the twelfth
century B.C. He became the adviser of the emperor
Woo- Wang, the founder of the third Chinese dynasty.
See PAUTHIHR, "Chine ancienne;" "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'-
Review" for April and July, 1869 ; " British Qua]
July, 1867; " Hlackwood's Magazine" for April, 1869.
Keble, (JOSEPH,) an English writer upon law, born
at London about 1632; died in 1710. Of his numerous
works we may cite "An Explanation of the Laws against
Recusants," (1681.)
Keckermann, keVker-man', (BARTHOLOMAUS,) a
learned German writer on science, born at Dantzic in
1571. He wrote, besides other works, "Systema Ethi-
cum," (1610,) and "Systema Mathematices," (1617.)
Died in 1609.
Ked'die, (HENRIETTA,) a British author, known by
the pseudonym of SARAH TYTLER. She was born in
1827. She published the novels " Days of Yore," (1864.1
"Citoyenne Jacqueline," (1865,) "Noblesse Oblige,"
(1869,) "French Janet," (1889,) "The Macdonald
Lass," (1895,) " Mrs. Carmichael's Goddesses,"
(1898,) etc., with other works.
Ked'ney, (JOHN STEINFORT,) D.D., an American
clergyman, born in Bloomfield, New Jersey, February
12, 1819. He graduated at Union College in 1838, and
at the General Theological Seminary of New York in
rale
Keferstein, ka'fer-stin', (CHRISTIAN,) a German
geologist, born at Halle in 1784. He published, besides
other works, " Geognostic Observations on the Basaltic
Structure of Western Germany," (1820,) in which he
successfully maintains the volcanic nature of basalt, and
"The Natural History of the Earth," Died in 1866.
Kehrein, ka'rin, (JOSEPH,) a German scholar, born at
Heidesheim, October 20, 1808. He was a distinguished
teacher, and a man of kindly and genial nature. He
wrote "Love and Psyche," (1834, in verse, from Apu
leius,) "Lives of the Saints," (1842,) and many other
works, chiefly educational. Died March 25, 1876.
Kehren, ka'ren, (JOSEPH,) a German historical painter,
born at Hiilchrath, near Dusseldorf, May 30, 1817.
Many of his works are of a religious and ecclesiastical
character. Died May 12, 1880.
Keightley, klt'le, (THOMAS,) a historical and bio-
graphical writer, born in Dublin about 1790. He pub-
lished, besides other works, "Mythology of Ancient
Greece and Rome," (3d edition, 1854 ;) a " History of
England," (1837;) a "Life of John Milton," (1855 ;) and
a " History of Rome." Died November 4, 1872.
Keil, kil, (CHRISTIAN AUGUST KARL,) a German
scholar, born at Weissenfels, May 17, 1812. He studied
at Berlin and Leipsic, and held professorships of philology
in Berlin. He published works on Greek onomatology,
" Analecta Epigraphica," " Sylloge Inscnptionum Boeoti-
carum," etc. Died December 15, 1865.
«asA; {as*; gharJ; gas/;c, H,K, guttural; N, nasal; Y.,trilled; sasz; th as in/to. (J^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
KEIL
1426
KELAOON
Keil, (FRANZ,) an Austrian geographer, born at Gras-
litz, in Bohemia, June 22, 1822. He became an apothe-
cary, but studied geology, and especially the structure
of the Eastern Alps. Died at Marburg, March 10, 1876.
His reports, charts, etc., are of very high value.
Keil, kil, (JOHANN GEORG,) a German scholar and
litttratfur, born at Gotha in 1781. He published in 1814
in " Elementary Book uf the Spanish Language." In
1813 he was chosen a member of the Royal Spanish
Academy. He also wrote a number of lyrical poems.
Died in 1857.
Keil, (KARL AUGUST GOTTLIEB,) a German theolo-
gian, born at Grossenhain in 1754. H'e published, be-
sides other works, a " Manual of Hermeneutics of the
New Testament," in German, (1810.) Died in 1818.
Keilhau, kil'how, (BALTHASAR MATTHIAS,) a Nor-
wegian geologist, born at Birid, November 2, 1797, of a
family originally German. He became professor of min-
eralogy in Christiania, where he died, January I, 1858.
His labours in the study of the geology of Norway were
of much importance.
Keill, keel, (JAMES,) a physician, brother of John,
noticed below, was born at Edinburgh in 1673. He
studied medicine in his native city and at Leyden, and
lectured on anatomy in the Universities of Oxford and
Cambridge. He wrote a work entitled " Anatomy of
the Human Body," and several physiological treatises.
Died in 1719.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Keill, (JoHN,) a distinguished mathematician, born
at Edinburgh in 1671, and educated at Oxford. In 1700
he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. He wrote
several works in defence of the theories of Newton against
Leibnitz. In 1711 he was chosen to decipher papers for
the queen, for which position he was well qualified. He
became professor of astronomy at Oxford, where he had
received the degree of doctor of physic. Among his
works are " An Introduction to Natural Philosophy,"
and "An Introduction to the True Astronomy," both
of which were published in Latin and English. Died
in 1721.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Keini, kirn, (FRANZ XAVER,) a German architect,
born in 1769 ; died in 1864.
Keim, kirn, (THEODOK,) a German Protestant theo-
logian, born at Stuttgart, December 17, 1825. He was
educated at Tubingen, and in 1860 became professor
of theology at Zurich. Among his writings are a "Life
of Ambrosius Blarer," (1860,) "The Historical Christ,"
(1865,) " History of Jesus of Nazareth," (3 vols., 1867-72,)
a briefer " History of Jesus," (1873,) etc. Died Novem-
ber 17, 1878.
Keim, klm, (WILLIAM H.,) an American general, born
it Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1813. He was elected a
member of Congress by the voters of Berks county
in 1858, and was appointed a brigadier-general in the
autumn of 1861. Died at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania,
in May, 1862.
Keisar, kl'sar or ki'zar, (WiLLEM,) a Flemish painter,
born at Antwerp about 1647; died about 1693.
Keiser. See KIESER, (DIETRICH GEORG.)
Keiser, ki'zer, (REINHARD,) one of the earliest opera
composers in Germany, born in Leipsic in 1673, was the
author of more than a hundred operas, besides several
concertos and pieces of church music. His productions
were highly esteemed by Handel. Died in 1739.
See "Ncuvelle Biographic Gene>ale ;" BURNEY, "History of
Music,"
Keith, keeth, (GEORGE,) fifth Earl Marischal of
Scotland, distinguished as a munificent patron of learn-
ing, and as the founder of Marischal (mar'shal) College,
Aberdeen. He studied in Paris, and afterwards at
Geneva, where he had the celebrated Theodore Beza for
a preceptor. He succeeded his grandfather as earl
marischal in 1581. During the reign of James VI. he was
appointed to several high offices of state. Died in 1622.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Keith, (GEORGE,) hereditary Earl Marischal of Scot-
land, was born in that country about 1693. He entered
the army, and was appointed by Queen Anne the captain
of her guards. At the death of that sovereign he made
strenuous but unsuccessful efforts to have the Pretendei
proclaimed in London. After the accession of George
I., in 1714, his property was confiscated, and sentence
of death passed against him by the British Parliament.
Keith escaped to the continent, and served for some
time in the Spanish army. He subsequently removed
to Berlin, where he spent the remainder of his days in
high favour with Frederick the Great. Died in 1778.
See D'ALEMBEKT, " filoge de Milord Mare"chal," 1779.
Keith, (GEORGE,) a Scottish religionist, who at an
early age embraced the principles of George Fox, in
the defence of which he displayed much zeal and elo-
quence. He subsequently advocated many views at va-
riance with those held by the Quakers, for which he was
" disowned" or excommunicated by the Society. Before
his death his views again changed, and he died in the
communion of the Church of England. He wrote " The
Standard of the Quakers Examined," (1702,) intended as
a refutation of Barclay's " Apology."
See JANNEY, "History of Friends," vol. iii. chap. iii. ; GOUGH,
" History of the Quakers;" SMITH, " History of Pennsylvania."
Keith, (JAMES,) field-marshal of Prussia, and brother
of George Keith, (1693-1778,) was born in Scotland in
1696. Having entered the army of the Pretender, he
took part in the disastrous battle of Sheriffmuir, where
he was wounded. He afterwards served in Spain and
in Russia, where he obtained distinction as a warrior and
statesman and was raised to the rank of lieutenant-gen-
eral. Soon after the accession of the empress Elizabeth
he removed to the court of Frederick the Great, by whom
he was created field-marshal of Prussia, and in 1749
governor of Berlin. He fell at the battle of Hochkirchen,
in October, 1758.
See A, HENDERSON, "Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keith," 1759;
VARNHAGBN VON ENSE, " Leben des Feld-Marschalls J. Keith,"
Berlin, 1844: CHAMBERS, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminenl
Scotsmen."
Keith, (ROBERT,) a Scottish Episcopal clergyman and
antiquary, born in Kincardineshire in 1681, was conse-
crated a bishop in 1727. He was the author of a " His-
tory of the Affairs of Church and State in Scotland from
the Beginning of the Reformation in the Reign of James
V. to the Retreat of Queen Mary into England," (1734.)
Died in 1757.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen.
Keith, (Sir ROBERT MURRAY,) a British diplomatist,
born about 1730. He was for many years ambassador
at the court of Vienna. Died in 1795.
See his " Memoirs and Correspondence, Official and Familiar,"
etc., published by MRS. GlLLEsriE SMVTH, 2 vols., 1849.
Keith. (THOMAS,) an English mathematician, bom in
Yorkshire in 1759. He wrote the "Complete Practical
Arithmetician," a work on Trigonometry, and other
works. Died in 1824.
Keith, VISCOUNT. See EI.PHINSTONE, (G. KEITH.)
Keitt, commonly pronounced kit, (LAWRENCE M.,) a
politician, born in South Carolina in 1824. In 1853 he
was elected a representative to Congress, and re-elected
in 1855, 1857, and 1859. In 1856 he was associated with
Preston S. Brooks in his assault upon Charles Sumner
on the floor of the United States Senate. He took an
active part in the Southern disunion movement of 1860.
He was killed in battle near Richmond in June, 1864.
Kekule, keh-koo-la', (FRIEIJRICH AUGUST,) an emi-
nent German chemist, born at Darmstadt, September 7,
1829. He held successively professorships at Ghent and
Bonn. His principal works are the excellent " Hand-
Book of Organic Chemistry." (1861, 1867,) and "Chem-
istry of Benzol Derivatives," (1867.) Died in 1896.
Kekule, (REINHARD,) a German archaeologist, born
at Darmstadt, March 6, 1839. He was educated at El
langen, Gbttingen, and Berlin, and in 1870 became pro-
lessor of archaeology at Bonn. He published "Greek
Terra Cottas from Tanagra," (1878,) a "Life of F. C..
Wclcker," and many other works.
Keiaoon, Kelaoun, or Kelaun, kel'a-oon', (Alma-
lek- Almansoor-Seif-ed-Deeu, (or -Almansour-
Saiffeddyn,) al-mSl'ek al-min-soou' slf-ed-dcen',) Sul-
tan of Egypt, was brought to that country as a slave in
I24Q A. IX He ra:' ik, and in 1279, having
i, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, J, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; mJt; not; good; moors
KELIJ-ARSLAN
1427
KELLY
revolted against Almalek-al-Saeed, he was proclaimed
Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He subsequently conquered
Tripoli, and other places of importance in Northern
Africa. Died in 1290.
Kelij-Arsian. See KILIJ-ARSLAN.
Keller. See CELLARIUS.
Keller, kel'ler, (GEORG,) a German Catholic theolo-
gian, born near Bomdorf, in the Black Forest, in 1760.
He became in 1806 pastor at Aarau, where his opinions,
which leaned towards Protestantism, gave great offence
to the Catholic clergy. He published, among other
works, "The Catholicon." Died in 1827.
Keller, (GERARD,) a Dutch author, born at Gouda,
February 13, 1829. He became well known as an editor,
and as author of a large number of novels, books of
travel, dramatic poems, art-criticisms, etc. His books
for the young are highly popular.
Keller, kel'ler, (GODFKKY,) a Swiss poet, born at Zu-
rich in 1819. He published in 1846 a volume of poems,
which were received with such favour that the Senate of
Zurich voted him a pension to enable him to prosecute
his literary studies. His " New Poems" appeared in 1851,
"Green Henry," a historical romance, in 1854, and in
1856 his best-known work, "The People of Seldwyla,"
a collection of short stories illustrating Swiss manners.
His later books include "Zurich Novels" and "Seven
Legends," (1872.) Died July 15, 1890.
Keller, (JEAN BALTHASAR,) a brass-founder, born in
Zurich, Switzerland, in 1638 ; died in 1702.
Keller, (JOSEPH,) an able German engraver, born at
I.inz, on the Rhine, in 1815, became professor of en-
graving at Dusseldorf. Among his works are a large
engraving of Raphael's "Dispute of the Sacrament,"
and several prints after Overbeck. Died May 31, 1873.
Keller, von, fon kel'ler, (HEINRICH ADELBERT,) a
German philologist, born at Pleidelsheim, Wiirtemberg,
July 15, 1812. He studied at Tubingen, and became a
clergyman, and librarian of that university. He was
very laborious as an editor of old texts, French and
especially German. Died March 7, 1883.
Keller von Steinbok, kel'ler fon stln'bok, (FRIED-
RICH LUDWIG,) a Swiss jurist and legal writer, born at
Zurich in 1799, became professor of law at Halle in 1843.
Died at Berlin, September 12, 1860.
Kellerhoven, kel'Ier-ho'ven, (MoRiTZ,) a German
painter and engraver, born at Altenrath, duchy of Berg,
in 1758, became court painter at Munich about 1806.
He excelled in portraits, and engraved many of his own
works. Died in 1830.
Kellermann.de, deh kl'leR'mSx', (FRANCOIS CHRIS-
TOPHE,) Duke of Valmy, a distinguished French mar-
shal, of German extraction, born at Strasburg in 1735.
After serving in the Seven Years' war, he was made a
lieutenant-general in 1792, and was soon after appointed
to command the central army on the Moselle. He gained
a decisive victory over the Duke of Brunswick at Valmy
in September, 1792. Having been accused of treachery
by Custine and others, he was imprisoned for ten months,
and only released after the fall of Robespierre. In 1795
he became commander of the army of the Alps, and
»fter his return to Paris was appointed inspector -general
of cavalry, in 1798. He was created in 1804 senator and
marshal of France, and in 1806 he obtained from Napo-
leon the command of the reserve army on the Rhine, and
other distinctions. On the accession of Louis XVIII.
he was made a peer, and received the grand cross of the
order of Saint Louis. Died in 1820.
See DH SALVE, " Fragments historiques sur le Mare'chal de Kel-
Jermann," 1807; THIERS, " Histoire du Consulat et de 1'Empire:"
BOTIDOUX, " Esquisse de la Carriere militaire de F. C. de Keller-
mann," 1817: "Nouvelle Biographic Generate. "
Kellermann, de, (FRANCOIS CHRISTOPHE EDMOND,)
Duke of Valmy, a son of Franjois Etienne, was born in
Paris in 1802. He was elected to the Chamber of Depu-
ties in 1839, 1842, and 1844. Died in 1868.
^ Kellermann, de, (FRANCOIS ETIENNE,) Duke of
Valmy, born at Metz in 1770, was a son of General Kel-
lermann, noticed above. He served as adjutant-general
under Bonaparte in Italy in 1796, became a general
of brigade in 1797, and contributed greatly to the victory
at Marengo in 1800. About 1802 he obtained the rank
of general of division. He was wounded at Austerlitz,
where he directed several charges of cavalry. In 1815
he fought for Napoleon at Waterloo. Died in 1835.
Kel'ley, (BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,) an American gen-
eral in the Union army, born in New Hampshire about
1807. He gained a victory at Philippi, Virginia, in June,
1 86 1. In March, 1862, he was appointed commander of
the " railroad district" in Northwestern Virginia.
Kel'ley, (EDWARD,) a noted astrologer, born at Wor-
cester, England, in 1555. He was an accomplice of the
notorious Dr. Dee, whom he accompanied to Germany.
While there, he was imprisoned as an impostor by the
emperor Rudolph ; but, having afterwards obtained his
release, he won the favour of the emperor, by whom he
was knighted. He, however, resumed his old practices,
and was again imprisoned. In an attempt to regain
his liberty, he fell from his window, and was mortally
wounded, in 1595. He wrote various works upon al-
chemy and astrology.
Kelley, (WILLIAM D.,) born in Philadelphia about
1814, studied law, and was elected as a Democrat a judge
of the court of common pleas. About 1856 he became
an active Republican, and was in 1860 an ardent sup-
porter of Lincoln for the Presidency. He was elected
a member ot Congress from Philadelphia in 1860, and
was re-elected each successive term until his death. In
Congress he uniformly acted with the radical Repub-
licans. Died January 9, 1890.
Kellgren, chel'gRen, (JOHAN HENRIK,) an eminent
Swedish poet, born in West Gothland in 1751, was edu-
cated at the University of Abo, in Finland. In 1786
Gustavus III. appointed him a member of the Swedish
Academy, and likewise chose him for his private secre-
tary and librarian. His works, consisting of lyric poetry
and four operas, were published in 1796, in 3 vols., under
the title of "Samlade Skriftes." Died in 1795.
See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe :" N. VON Ro-
SKNSTEIN, "J. H. KellgreVis Lefnad," 1796.
Kellie, EARL OF. See ERSKINE, (T. ALEXANDER.;
Kel'H-son, (MATTHEW,) an English Roman Catholic
priest, born in Northamptonshire about 1560. He filled
the offices of chancellor of the University of Rheims and
president of the College of Douay. He wrote numerous
religious and controversial works. Died in 1641.
Kel'logg, (CLARA LOUISE,) an American singer, born
at Sumterville, South Carolina, in July, 1842, of New
England parentage. Her father was a prominent inventor.
She made her oMbnt in 1861, and has since sung with
rreat applause in all the principal cities of Europe and
America. She was married in 1887 to Carl Strakosch.
Kellogg, (MARTIN,) an American educator, born
at Vernon, Connecticut, in 1828. He was educated
at Yale, and afterwards studied theology. He went
to California as a home missionary in 1855, became a
professor in the College of California in 1859 and
in the University of California in 1869, and president
of the latter in 1893.
Kel'ljf, (Sir FITZROV,) a British lawyer, born in Lon-
don in 1796. He was for many years a Conservative
member of Parliament, and was attorney-general !••
1858-59. Died September 17, 1880.
Kelly, (FRANCES MARIA,) a British actress, a niece
of Michael Kelly, born December 15, 1790. She first
appeared on the stage at the Drury Lane Theatre in
1799. She attained great eminence in her profession,
and was an intimate friend of Charles and Mary Lamb.
Died November 9, 1882.
Kelly, (HUGH,) a dramatic and political wrker, born
at Killarney, in Ireland, in 1739. He removed to Lon-
don, where he became the editor of several periodicals.
He published a pamphlet entitled a "Vindication of the
Administration of Mr. Pitt," and the plays of " False
Delicacy," (1768,) "A Word to the Wise," (1770,) and
the " School for Wives," (1774.) Died in 1777.
Kelly, (JOHN,) a clergyman ol the Church of Eng-
land, born at Douglas, in the Isle of Man, in 1750. He
translated the Bible into the Manks language, a dialect
of the ancient Celtic, in which he was exceedingly well
versed, and wrote " A Practical Grammar of the Ancient
Gallic, or Language of the Isle of Man." Died in 1809.
€ as ^,- 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, 'nasal; R, trilltd; s as t; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23. x
KELL Y
1428
KEMPENFELT
Kelly, (MICHAEL,) a celebrated singer and musical
composer, born at Dublin in 1762. At the age of sixteen
he went to Naples, and received lessons there from
Fineroh and Aprili. He performed with eminent success
in Italy, and also in Germany, where he was a favourite
with the emperor Joseph and an intimate friend of the
great Mozart He afterwards became first singer at
Drury Lane Theatre, London. He wrote an interesting
work entitled " Reminiscences" of his contemporaries
and friends. Died in 1826.
Kel'tie, (JOHN SCOTT,) a British author, born at
Dundee in 1840. He became an editor and geog-
rapher, in 1885 librarian and in 1892 secretary of the
Royal Geographical Society. He published " Applied
Geography," (1890,) "The Partition of Africa,"
(1894,) and other works. Edited "Statesman's
Year-Book."
Kel'vin, (WILLIAM THOMSON,) LORD, an emi-
nent British physicist, was born at Belfast, June 26,
1824. He was educated at Glasgow and Cambridge,
and in 1846 became professor of natural philosophy
in the University of Glasgow. He was knighted in
1866 in reward for his discoveries in the transmission
of electrical currents, which rendered the Atlantic
cable successful, and served as electrical engineer for
this and several other ocean telegraphs, ending with
the Mackay-Bennett cable of 1879. He enjoyed the
highest distinction in science for his numerous and
valuable researches in physical phenomena, his atten- '
tion being directed both to pure and to applied
science. His vortex theory of atoms (subsequently
abandoned by him) attracted world-wide attention.
No physical scientist, in brief, has made a greater
mark upon his age than Lord Kelvin, which title was
given him in 1892. He was president of the British
Association in 1871, of the Royal Society 1890-95,
and published several collections of his numerous
scientific papers and lectures.
Kemble, (ADELAIDE.) See SARTORIS.
Kem'ble, (CHARLES,) a brother of Mrs. Siddons and
J. P. Kemble, was born in South Wales in 1775. He
was educated at Douay, in France, and became an actoi
at the age of eighteen. In 1792 he performed at Drury j
Lane as "Malcolm" in "Macbeth," and continued upon ,
the stage as a successful actor until 1840. Died in 1854.
Kemble, (ELIZABETH,) a daughter of Roger Kemble, [
was born in Lancashire, England, in 1761. She made
her first appearance in London in 1783. In form and
expression, as well as in the applause which she re-
ceived, she has been compared to her sister, Mrs. Sid-
dons. In 1785 she married an actor named WhitJock,
whom she accompanied to America in 1792. In this
country she became a great favourite, and performed
several times before General Washington. Died in 1836.
Kemble, (FRANCES ANNE,) often called FANNY
KEMBLE, a popular English actress and writer, born in
London in 181 1, was a daughter of Charles Kemble. She
performed both tragedy and comedy With eminent suc-
cess. About 1832 she accompanied her father to the
United States, where she married Pierce Butler, from
whom she was divorced in 1849, and afterwards, for nearly
twenty years, resided in Lenox, Massachusetts. She pub-
lished a "Journal of a Residence in America," (1835,)
"The Star of Seville," a drama, (1837,) "Journal of a
Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838-39," (1863,)
" Records of a Girlhood," (1878,) and " Records of Later
Life," (1882.) Died January 16, 1893.
Kemble, (GEORGE STEPHEN,) another brother of the
Kemble family, and a distinguished actor, was born in
Herefordshire in 1758. He first appeared at Covent
Garden in 1783, and afterwards was successively the
manager of the theatres of Glasgow, Edinburgh, and
Drury Lane. Died in 1822.
Kemble, (JOHN MITCHELL,) an Anglo-Saxon scholar
and historian, son of Charles Kemble the actor, was
born in 1807, and was educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge. For several years he was the editor of the
"British and Foreign Quarterly Review." He became
a member of various foreign scientific and historical
societies. His chief work is entitled "The Saxons in
England ; a History of the English Commonwealth till
the Period of the Norman Conquest," (2 vols., 1849.)
Died in 1857.
See " Fraser's Magazine" for March and May, 1857.
Kemble, (JOHN PHILIP,) an eminent English trage-
dian, brother of the celebrated Mrs. Siddons, and son
of Roger Kemble, was born at Prescot, in Lancashire,
in 1757. He first appeared on the stage at the age of
ten years. He was afterwards educated at the Roman
Catholic seminary at Douay, France. In 1776 he again
went on the stage, and rose rapidly to the first rank in
his profession. In 1783 he first performed as " Hamlet"
in London at the Drury Lane Theatre. He subsequently
became a shareholder and manager in the Covent Garden
Theatre. He retired from his profession in 1817. On
this occasion a public dinner was given him, at which
Lord Holland presided. On account of ill health, he
then went to reside in the south of France, and after-
wards at Lausanne, in Switzerland, where he died in 1823.
As an actor, Kemble excelled in the highest order of
tragedy. He possessed an elegant and discriminating
taste, and was learned and refined. His manners were
uncommonly attractive. He enjoyed a high character aa
a gentleman and a man of honour.
Kemble, (RoeER,) a distinguished actor, born in Here-
ford, England, in 1721. In 1753 he married Sarah Ward,
an actress, by whom he had twelve children. Amonf?
these were Mrs. Siddons, John Philip Kemble, Eliza-
beth Kemble, and Charles Kemble, all of whom are
mentioned in this work. Died in 1802.
Kemeny, kem'an, (SiGMUND,) BARON OF, a Hunga-
rian writer and journalist, born in 1816. In 1849 he was
elected to the National Assembly at Pesth, where he
advocated the revolutionary cause. The next year he
became one of the editors of the " Respublica." He
wrote several popular romances. Died Sept. 22, 1875.
Kemp, (GEORGE MICKLE,) the designer of the Scott
monument at Edinburgh, was born at New Hall, in
Scotland, about 1794. He was employed for a time as a
draughtsman, and, when plans were requested for the
Scott monument, he furnished one which was preferred,
though he did not live to see the execution of it. Died
in 1844.
Kemp, (JOHN,) an English prelate, born in Kent about
1400, was elected Archbishop of Canterbury in 1452, and
subsequently became lord chancellor. He had distin-
guished abilities both as a primate and statesman. Died
in 1454.
Kemp, (JOSEPH,) a distinguished musical composer,
and organist of the cathedral of Bristol, was born at
Exeter in 1778; died in 1824. Among his productions
are the anthems " I am Alpha and Omega," "A Sound
of Battle is in the Land," and "The Siege of Ischia,"
an opera.
Kempelen, von, fon klm'peh-len, (WOLFGANG,) a
famous mechanical genius, and the inventor of the chess
machine, was born at Presburg in 1734. His remarkable
talent for chess-playing made him a favourite at the
court of Maria Theresa, who created him an imperi.il
councillor. In 1769 he exhibited to the empress hia
so-called automaton chess-player, a figure in size and
appearance like a Turk, which, though opposed by the
best players, was nearly always victorious ; but, after
astonishing and puzzling all Europe, it was discovered
that the figure concealed within it a Russian dwarf, a
famous chess-player, who directed its motions. He also
invented the speaking-machine, having the form of a
wooden box provided with a bellows. This was made to
speak words distinctly in a voice like that of a child.
Kempelen wrote a treatise " On the Mechanism of Human
Speech." Died in 1804.
Kem'pen-fSlt, (RICHARD,) an English admiral, the
son of a Swede in the English service, was born at West-
minster in 1720. He was distinguished for hi.i gallantry
and activity, and in 1779 was made a rear-admiral. He
went down with the " Royal George," at Spithead, Au-
gust 29, 1782, a calamity touchingly commemorated by
Cowper in a poem "On the Loss of the Royal George."
Kempenfelt wrote some good religious poetry, of which
the lyric " Burst, ye emerald gates" is the best-known.
a, c, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; m£t; n6t; good; moon;
KEMPER
1429
KENNEDY
Kem'per, (JACKSON,) D.D., LL.D., an American
bishop, born in Pleasant Valley, New York, December
24, 1789. He graduated at Columbia College in 1809,
took orders in the Episcopal Church in 1814, and was
for twenty years a clergyman of Philadelphia. In 1835
he was consecrated a missionary bishop for the Western
States. In 1859, after long and severe labours through-
out a wide field, he was made Bishop of Wisconsin.
Died at Delafield, Wisconsin, May 24, 1870.
Kamper, kfm'per, (JAN MELCHIOR,) an able Dutch
jurist, born at Amsterdam in 1776. He became pro-
fessor of law at Leyden in 1809, and published a numbei
of works on law. Died in 1824.
See M. SIEGENBEEK, "Memoria J. M. Kemperi," 1824.
Kem'per, (REUBEN,) an American officer, born in
Fauquier county, Virginia. He distinguished himself in
various engagements against the Spaniards in Florida
and Mexico, and took part in the defence of New Orleans
under General Jackson. Died in 1826.
Kemph, k?mf, (NiKOLAUS,) a German theologian
and writer, born at Strasburg in 1397 ; died in 1497.
Kempis, A, a kdm'pis, (THOMAS,) or THOMAS Ham'-
er-ken, a celebrated German ascetic writer, born al
Kempen, in the diocese of Cologne, about 1380. He
became an inmate of the monastery of Mount Saint
Agnes, and spent much time in copying religious books.
He is said to have employed fifteen years in writing a
copy of the Bible. He also wrote several original treat-
ises. His reputation is founded on the well-known work
entitled "De Imitatione Christi ;" but it remains ar.
unsettled question whether he composed or only tran-
scribed it. Many volumes have been written on each
side of this question. Died in 1471.
See BREWER, " Thomas a Kempis Biographia," 1676; BAEHRING,
"Thomas von Kempen," etc., 1854; MOOREN, " Nachrichten iiber
Thomas a Kempis," Crefeld, 1855, (said to be the best of atl the
biographies of T. a Kempis ;) MALOU, " Recherches sur le veritable
Auteur de 1'Imitation," 1858; HODGSON, "Reformers and Mar-
tyrs;" Philadelphia, 1867 ; CHARLES HOFFMANN, " T. a Kempis et ses
Ecnts," 1848: J. P. SILBERT, "Gersen, Gerson und Kempis, oder
ist Einer von diesen Dreien der Verfasser," etc., 1828; "Nouvelle
Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
K6n, (THOMAS,) a celebrated English prelate, born at
Berkhamstead in 1637, and educated at Oxford. About
1679 he went to Holland as chaplain to the Princess
of Orange. He was afterwards appointed chaplain to
Charles II., who raised him to the see of Bath and Wells
in 1684. "He was," says Macaulay, "a man of parts
and learning, of quick sensibility and stainless virtue. . . .
Before he became a bishop, he had maintained the
honour of his gown by refusing, when the court was at
Winchester, to let Eleanor Gwinn [a mistress of Charles]
lodge in the house which he occupied there as a preben-
dary. The king had sense enough to respect so manly
a spirit. Of all the prelates he liked Ken the best."
Deprived of his bishopric as a nonjuror upon the coro-
nation of William III., he was regarded with the highest
esteem even by his opponents. Queen Anne, upon her
accession, granted him a pension. He was the author
of several volumes of elaborate sermons, and of many
poetical productions of a religious character. " Ilia
Morning and Evening Hymns," says the writer above
quoted, " are still repeated daily in thousands of dwell-
ings." He died in 1711.
SeeW. HAWKINS, "Life of Bishop Ken," 17:3; W. L. BOWLES,
' Life of Thomas Ken," 1830 ; MACAULAY, " History of England,"
vol. i. chap, v,; "Quarterly Review" for September, 1851; Miss
STRICKLAND, ''Lives of the Seven Bishops," etc., London, 1866;
" Edinburgh Review" for April, 1832.
Kfiu'dal, (GEORGE,) an English nonconformist minis-
ter, born in Devonshire, was a Calvinist. He became
rector of Blissland, in Cornwall, from which he was
ejected about 1662. Died in 1663.
Kendal, (MARGARET BRUNTON,) an English actress,
better known by her stage and maiden name of MADGE
ROBERTSON. She was born at Great Grimsby, March
15, 1849, went upon the stage in 1865, and in 1869 mar-
ried Mr. Kendal, an actor, whose name was originally
Grimston. Mrs. Kendal is one of the leading actresses
in comedy of the recent British stage.
Ken'dall, (AMOS,) an able American statesman, born
at Dunstable, Massachusetts, in 1789. He graduated at
Dartmouth College in 1811, and subsequently, removing
to Kentucky, became a tutor in the family of Henry
Clay. He supported General Jackson in the Presiden-
tial campaign of 1829, and was afterwards appointed by
him an auditor of the treasury department He was
made postmaster-general in 1835, and continued to fill
that post till 1840. He began about 1844 a Life of
General Jackson, of which the first volume was pub-
lished several years ago. Died in 1869.
Kendall, (GEORGE WILKINS,) an American writer
and journalist, born at Amherst, New Hampshire, in
1810. He removed in 1835 to New Orleans, where he
became associated with Mr. Lumsden as editor of the
"Picayune." In 1841 he accompanied the Santa F^ ex-
pedition from Texas, of which he published an account
after his return. He brought out in 1851 a work entitled
"The War between the United States and Mexico," with
coloured plates of the principal conflicts. Died in 1867.
Kendall, (JOHN,) an English writer, and member of
the Society of Friends, born about 1725; died in 1814.
Among his works are a " Life of Thomas Story," and
"Precepts of the Christian Religion."
Kgn'drick, (AsAHEL C.,) D.D., an American scholu
and Baptist clergyman, born at Poultney, Vermont, in
1809. He graduated at Hamilton College in 1831. He
was professor of Latin and Greek at Madison University,
and from 1850 to 1888 was active Greek professor in the
University of Rochester, with position of professor
emeritus until his death. He published a number of
religious and miscellaneous works. Died Oct. 21, 1895.
Kendrick, (NATHANIEL,) D.D., a Baptist divine, born
in Hanover, New Hampshire, in 1777, was appointed
professor of theology and moral philosophy in Hamilton
College (now Madison University) in 1822. His labours
contributed greatly to the prosperity of the institution.
Died in 1848.
Ken-eal'y, (Dr. EDWARD VAUGHAN HYDE,) a British
lawyer and author, born at Cork in 1819. He was edu-
cated at Trinity College, Dublin, and became noted as a
translator of songs from foreign languages, of which he
had a wonderful knowledge. His ardent zeal on behalf
of "the Tichborne claimant" in 1873 gave him even
greater fame. His paper "The Englishman," founded in
1874, had a very great popularity, and in 1875 ne was
sent to Parliament. His principal works are " Bralla-
ghan," (1845,) and "Goethe, a New Pantomime," (1850.)
Died in London, April 16, 1880.
Kenicius, ka-nee'shg-us, (PETER,) Archbishop of
Upsal, Sweden, during the reign of Gustavus Adolphus,
was born in 1555. He rendered important service to
the cause of education, and owing to his efforts parish
hospitals were established throughout Sweden. Hf
wrote several theological works. Died in 1636.
Ken'ly, (JOHN R.,) an American lawyer and general,
born in Baltimore about 1820. He commanded a small
force which was attacked at Front Royal by the army
of Stonewall Jackson, May 25, 1862. Died in 1891.
Ken'nan, (GEORGE,) an American author, born
at Norwalk, Ohio, in 1845. He became a telegraph
operator, and explored Eastern Siberia in the interest
of the Western Union Telegraph Company, writing
his experience in "Tent Life in Siberia," (1870.)
He investigated the Russian exile system in Siberia
1885-86, and published " Siberia and the Exile
System," (1890.) He delivered lectures 1889-98,
and was a war correspondent in Cuba in 1898.
Ken'na-way, (Sir JOHN,) a British diplomatist, born
at Exeter in 1758. He became a captain of the army in
India in 1780, and negotiated an important treaty with
Tippoo Saib in 1792. Died in 1836.
Ken'ne-djf, (BENJAMIN HALL,) D.D., an English
scholar, a brother of the following, was born near Bir-
mingham, November 6, 1804. He graduated at Saint
John's College, Cambridge, in 1827, and in 1867 was ap-
pointed regius professor of Greek at Cambridge. Be-
sides volumes of sermons, poems, lectures, etc., he pub-
lished translations from the Greek classics, and various
Greek text-books. He was noted for his extensive and
thorough scholarship. Died April 6, 1889.
Kennedy, (CHARLES RANN,) a brother of the pre-
ceding, and a son of Rann Kennedy, a poet and divine,
€ as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as /'; G, H, Y., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
xplanations, p. 23. >
KENNEDY
1430
KENRICK
was born near Birmingham, March I, 1808, graduated
it Trinity College, Cambridge, and published poems,
translations, law-books, etc. He is best known as the
translator (with his father) of Virgil into English blank
verse. Died in 1867.
Ken'ne-dy, (GRACE,) a popular Scottish authoress,
born in Ayrshire in 1782. She published several moral
and religious tales of great merit. Among these we
may name "Anna Ross," "The Decision," and "Jessy
Allan," which have been translated into German ; also
"Father Clement," (1825.) Died in 1825.
Kennedy, (!I.DEFONSO,) a Scottish Benedictine and
scientific writer, born at Muthel in 1721, was secretary
to the Academy of Sciences at Munich. Died in 1804.
Kennedy, (/AMES,) a Scottish prelate, and grandson
of Robert III., was born about 1405. He was raised in
1440 to the see of Saint Andrew's, and was subsequently
chosen a lord of the regency until James III. obtained
his majority. He was distinguished for the salutary re-
forms which he effected among the Scottish clergy. He
was the founder of the University of Saint Salvator, at
Saint Andrew's. Died in 1466.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Kennedy, (JOHN,) a physician and antiquary, born
in Scotland. He wrote a treatise on the coins of the
emperor Carausius. Died in 1760.
Ken'ne-dy, (JOHN,) an English author, and rector of
Bradley, in Derbyshire. Among his works is "A Scrip-
ture Chronology," (1752.) Died about 1770.
Kennedy, (JOHN,) D.D., a Scottish preacher, born
at Killearnan, Ross-shire, August n, 1819. He received
a university education, and in 1844 was ordained min-
ister of Dingwall, afterwards joining the Free Church.
Among his works are " Man's Relation to God," " Days
of the Fathers in Ross-shire," and " The Apostles of
the North." He is one of the most eloquent of Scot-
tish pulpit orators, and in 1881 was prominent as an
antagonist of the opinions of Prof. W. R. Smith.
Ken'ue-dy, (JOHN PENDLETON,) an American states-
man and popular writer, born at Baltimore, Maryland, in
1795. He served in the war of 1812, and was elected in
1820 to the Maryland House of Delegates. He was sub-
sequently three times elected to the United States House
of Representatives, where he actively supported the lead-
ing measures of the Whig party. He was appointed
secretary of the navy in 1852. He published several
popular works of fiction, among which we may name
" Swallow Barn, or a Sojourn in the Old Dominion,"
(1832,) and " Horse-Shoe Robinson, a Tale of the Tory
Ascendency," (1835;) also a "Life of William Wirt,"
besides other works. Died in August, 1870.
See GUISWOLD. "Prose Writers of America."
Kennedy, (THOMAS FRANCIS,) a Scottish reform
politician, born near Ayr in 1788. He entered Parlia-
ment in 1818 as a Whig. His public life was devoted
successfully to the reform of the Scottish administration
of government. Died in 1879.
Kennedy, (WALTER,) a Scottish poet, born in Ayr-
shire about 1450. He is chiefly known by his " Flyting,"
or rhymed controversy with the poet Dunbar ; but his
best extant work is " The Praise of Age." Died in
1508.
Kennedy, (WILLIAM,) a Scottish poet and litterateur,
born at Paisley in 1799. He published in 1827 "Fitful
p'ancies," and in 1830 "The Arrow and the Rose, and
other Poems." He resided for some years at Galveston,
Texas, as British consul, and wrote a work entitled
" The Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of
Texas," (1841.) He returned to Great Britain in 1847,
and died in 1849.
Ken'net, (BASIL,) a clergyman of the Church of
England, and brother of Bishop Kennet, born in Kent
in 1674, was educated at Oxford. He became chaplain
to the English factory at Leghorn. He returned to
England on account of ill health. He wrote various
antiquarian and historical works, among which are " The
Antiquities of Rome," (1696,) relating to the history of
the republic, and " Lives and Characters of Ancient
Greek Poets," (1697.) Died in 1715.
See " Biographia Britannica."
Kennet, (WHITE,) an English prelate and author,
born at Dover in 1660, was educated at Westminster
School and at Oxford. In 1699 he received the degree
of D.D., and in 1718 was ordained Bishop of Peterbo-
rough. He was distinguished as a preacher of great
eloquence and as a scholar of inf.efatigable industry and
perseverance, as well as for his opposition to the High-
Church party. Died in 1728. Of his numerous works
we may mention " Parochial Antiquities attempted in
the History of Ambrosden, Burcester, and other Ad-
jacent Places in the Counties of Oxford and Bucks,"
(1695,) and "A Register and Chronicle, Ecclesiastical
and Civil," (1728,) relating to the reign of Charles II.
See W. NEWTON, "Life of White Kennet," 1730; "Biographia
Britannica."
Ken'neth I., King of Scotland, died, after a short
reign, in 606, and was succeeded by Eugene III.
Kenneth H. succeeded his father, Alpin, as King of
the Scots, in 834. He carried on a successful war against
the Britons, and reduced the Picts to subjection. He is
said to have been the first sovereign who swayed a
sceptre over all Scotland. Died about 858 A.D.
Kenneth III. ascended the throne of Scotland in 970.
He repelled the invasions of the Danes, established a
just and efficient government in his dominions, and is
said to have been the first monarch who gave Scotland
a written code of laws. He was assassinated in 994.
See BUCHANAN, " History of Scotland."
Ken'ney, (CHARLES LAMB,) an English dramatist,
critic, and journalist, son of James Kenney, and godson
Charles Lamb, was born in 1823. His principal works
were "The Gates of the East,'' and "Life and Letters
of Balzac." Died August 25, 1881.
Kenney, (JAMES,) an Irish poet, born in 1780. He
published "Society, with other Poems," (1803,) and
wrote several successful farces and plays, among them
" Raising the Wind" and " Sweethearts and Wives."
Died in 1849.
Ken'nI-cott, (BENJAMIN,) a learned divine and He-
brew scholar, born at Totness, in Devonshire, England,
in 1718. While a student at Oxford, he wrote two dis-
sertations, one "On the Tree of Life in Paradise," and
the other "On the Oblations of Cain and Abel," Tvhich
procured for him, free of expense and before the usual
period, the degree of B.A. He was soon after elected
a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, became canon of
Christ Church, and obtained the degree of M.A. in 1750.
In 1753 he published a treatise on "The State of the
Printed Hebrew Text of the Old Testament," in which
he unfolded his plan of collating the Hebrew manuscripts
of the Old Testament. Although his efforts met with
opposition from some of the clergy, a large sum was
raised to aid him in his enterprise, and several men
of learning were employed to assist him in his labours.
His " Hebrew Bible," the result of these labours, was
issued in 1776, with the various readings attached. Dr.
Kennicott and his assistants in this valuable work con-
sulted sixteen Samaritan and over six hundred Hebrew
manuscripts. Died at Oxford in 1783.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Gine'rale."
Ken'npn, (ROBERT LEWIS,) a Methodist divine and
physician, bom in North Carolina in 1789. He excelled
in various branches of science, particularly geology, and
is said to have been the first to call attention to the coal-
fields of Alabama. Died in 1838.
KSn'rick, (FRANCIS PATRICK,) D.D., a Catholic
prelate, born at Dublin in 1797, emigrated in 1821
to America. In 1842 he succeeded Dr. Conwell as
Bishop of Philadelphia. He was created Archbishop of
Baltimore in 1851, and was afterwards appointed by
the pope " primate of honour," having precedency over
all other Catholic prelates of the country. He enjoyed
a high reputation for learning, and published, among
other works, " Dogmatic Theology,1' and " Moral The-
ology," (both in Latin.) Died in 1863.
Kenrick, (PETER RICHARD,) D.D., brother of the
preceding, was born at Dublin in 1806. Having re-
moved to Philadelphia, he became editor of the "Cath-
olic Herald." On the death of Dr. Rosati, in 1843, he
succeeded him as Bishop of Saint Louis, and in 1847
, e, i, 5, u, y, long; i, e, o, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, j?, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; n6t; good; moon;
KENRICK
KEOGH
was made first archbishop of that city. He founded sev-
eral charitable institutions, and was active in promoting
the cause of education. Died March 4, 1896.
K6u'rick, (WILLIAM,) an English writer, noted for
his quarrelsome disposition, born in Hertfordshire about
1720, published "Epistles, Philosophical and Moral,"
in poetry, (1759,) " A Review of Dr. Johnson's New Edi-
tion of Shakspeare," (1765,) which caused a controversy
with [ohnson's friends, a " Dictionary of the Enc,.ish
Language," and a poem called " Love in the Suds," for j
which he was sued for damages by Garrick, whom he
had libeliecl in it. Died in 1779.
Ken'sett, (JoHN FREDERICK,) an American land-
scape-painter, born in Cheshire, Connecticut, in 1818.
He studied in London, and in 184^ exhibited at the
Royal Academy his "View of Windsor Castle." He
afterwards visited Rorlffe, where he executed several
excellent pictures of Italian scenery. Among his best
American landscapes may be named " Sunset in the
Adirondacks," " Franconia Mountains," and " Hudson
River from Fort Putnam." He became a member of
the National Academy of Design in 1849. Died in 1872.
See TUCKERMAN, " Book of the Artists."
Kent, (CHARLES ; in full, WILLIAM CHARLES MARK,) I
an English journalist and Roman Catholic author, born
in London, November 3, 1823. He was educated in the
colleges at Prior Park and Oscott. In 1859 he was
called to the bar at the Middle Temple. Among his
publications are "The Vision of Cagliostro,"( 1 847,) "Ale-
theia," (1850,) "Dreamland," (1862,) "Poems,"
(1870,) " Corona Catholica," (in fifty languages, 1880,)
"Humour and Pathos of Charles Dickens," (1884,)
"The Modern Seven Wonders of the World," ( 1890,)
etc. His wife (»& ANN YOUNG) is a successful novelist.
Kent, (EDWARD,) DUKE OF, father of Victoria, Queen
of Great Britain, and the fourth son of George III., was
born in 1767. He studied at Gottingen and Geneva. In
1790 he entered the army, and three years later assisted
in the capture of Saint Lucia. In 1796 he was appointed
lieutenant-general, and in 1799 was created Duke of Kent
and Strathern and Earl of Dublin. In 1802 he became
Governor of Gibraltar ; but, his rigid discipline producing
a mutiny, he was soon after recalled. In 1818 he married
a daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg. The Duke of
Kent was a liberal patron of benevolent enterprises.
Died in 1820.
See "Life of Edward, Duke of Kent," by ERSKINE NKALE, 1850.
Kent, (EDWARD,) LL.D., an American judge, born in
Concord, New Hampshire, in 1802. He graduated at
Harvard, and in 1825 settled as a lawyer in Bangor,
Maine, lie was afterwards twice Governor of the State,
and became an associate justice of the supreme court of
Maine in 1859. Died at Bangor, May 19, 1877.
Kent, (JAMES,) a distinguished organist and musical
composer, burn at Winchester in 1700. He became one
of the children of the Chapel Royal in London. Upon
finishing his education, he was successively chosen or-
ganist of Trinity College, Cambridge, and of Winchester
Cathedral. He published a popular work containing
"Twelve Anthems" of his composition. Died in 1776.
See BURNKY, "History of Music."
Kent, (JAMES,) an eminent American jurist, born in
Putnam county, New York, in July, 1763. He graduated
at Yale College in 1781, studied law, and commenced the i
practice of his profession at Poughkeepsie. In politics
he was a Federalist. He was profoundly versed in legal
knowledge. He became a resident of the city of New
York about 1793, and a friend of Alexander Hamilton.
In 1798 lie was appointed a judge of the supreme court
of New York, and in 1804 became chief justice. He i
lectured on law at Columbia College. His important
decisions in law and equity have been preserved in the
Reports of Johnson and Caines. He became chancellor :
in 1814, and retired from that office in 1823, after which
he was again professor of law in Columbia College. He
published "Commentaries on American Law," (4 vols.,
1826-30,) which is a standard work of high authority
and a production of great literary merit. Referring to
this work, Judge Story remarks, "These Commentaries
have already acquired the reputation of a juridical clas^i.:
and have placed their author in the first rank in the
benefactors of the profession. They embody the prin-
ciples of law in pages as attractive by the persuasive
eloquence of their style as they are instructive by the
fulness and accuracy of their learning." ("On the Con-
flict of Laws.") " It will be a proud distinction to Kent
and Story," says the " Edinburgh Review" for October,
1852, (p. 340,) "that they have done more than any other
men to put an end to the indifference of English lawyers
to the learning of their American brethren." Judge
Kent had a high reputation for virtue. He died iti New
York in December, 1847, leaving one son, William.
See JOHN DUER, " Discourse on the Lite of James Kent ;" " Na-
tional Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. it
Kent, (MARIA LOUISA VICTORIA,) DUCHESS OF, born
in 1786, was a daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Cobnrg.
She was married about 1803 to Prince Emich Karl of
Leiningen, and again to the Duke of Kent in :8i8. Vic.
toria, Queen of England, was the issue of her second
marriage. Died in 1861.
Kent, (WILLIAM,) the founder of the English style
of landscape-gardening, was born in Yorkshire about
1685. He studied painting, which he soon abandoned
for ornamental architecture. Among his best designs is
that of the temple of Venns at Stowe. His fame, how-
ever, rests chiefly on the great improvement he effected
in landscape-gardening, by substituting the close imita-
tion of nature for the stiff and formal style of the French
and Dutch. Walpole has styled him "the creator of
modern gardening." Died in 1748.
See WALPOLE, "Anecdotes of Painting."
Kent, (WILLIAM,) an American lawyer, son of James
Kent, the eminent jurist, noticed above, was born in
1802. He was appointed by Governor Seward a judge
of the circuit court of New York. Having resigned
that office, he practised law in New York City. Died in
January, 1861.
Kent'I-gern, SAINT, a Scottish ecclesiastic, became
Bishop of Glasgow. He is said to have converted many
of the natives to Christianity. Died about 600.
Keu'tpn,(SlMON,) an American soldier, born in Fau-
quier county, Virginia, was one of the associates of
Daniel Boone, the Kentucky pioneer. He fought against
the Indians on the Western frontier, and subsequently
in the war of 1812. Died in 1836.
Ken'yon, (JAMES BENJAMIN,) a clergyman-poet,
born at Frankfort, New York, in 1858. He studied
theology and entered the Methodist ministry. He
published " In Realms of Gold," "An Oaten Pipe,"
and other volumes of poetry.
Kenyon, (JOHN,) an English poet, born in Jamaica
about 1783, inherited an ample fortune. He published
" A Day at Tivoli, with other Poems." Died in 1856.
Kenyon, (LLOYD,) LORD, an eminent English law-
yer, and chief justice of the king's bench, was born at
Greddington, in Flintshire, October 5, 1732. He be-
came in 1754 a member of Lincoln's Inn, and was
admitted to the bar in 1761. With too high a sense
of honour to employ artifice, and having no influential
friends to assist him, several years elapsed before he
obtained practice. In 1779 he distinguished himself by
his able defence of Lord George Gordon, on trial for
treason. Three years later he was made attorney-general.
In 1 788 he was appointed chief justice of the king's bench
and was raised to the peerage, with the title of Lord Ken-
yon, Baron Greddington. He died in 1802, after having
amassed a large fortune. Lord Kenyon was generally
popular, though his extremely parsimonious habits, added
to his overbearing and haughty manner towards the bar-
risters as well as towards his associate judges, made him
no favourite with the members of his profession. As a
justice, he was distinguished for his strict adherence to
the letter of the law, and for his impartial severity upon
offenders of every rank.
See LORD CAMPBELL, " Lives of the Chief Justices ;" " Sketch
of the Life, etc. of Lord Kenyon," London, 1802 ; Foss, " The Judge*
of England."
Gal'
Keogh, ke'o, (WILLIAM,) an Irish lawyer, born at
alway in 1817. He published "The Practice of the
task; ifaas; gAard; gas/;G, H,K,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in MM. (ft^'See Explanations, p. 23.)
KEPLER
KER CKHERDERE
Court of Chancery in Ireland." In 1856 he became a
judge of the common pleas. Died September 30, 1878.
Kepler, kep'ler, or Keppler, [Lat. KEPLE'RUS,]
(JoHANN,) a celebrated German astronomer, born at or
near Weil, in Wurtemberg, on the 2;th of December,
1571. His father, Henry Kepler, lost nearly all his prop-
erty by becoming surety for a friend, and was reduced
to the position of tavern-keeper at Elmendingen. About
1586 he entered the monastic school of Maulbronn,
where he was educated at the expense of the Duke of
Wurtemberg. He continued his studies at Tubingen,
which he quitted in 1591 with the degree of master.
In 1594 he was appointed professor of mathematics at
Gratz, in Styria. He published, under the title of
"Mysterium Cosmographicum," (1596,) an account of
his inquiries and speculations in relation to the number,
distances, and periodic times of the planets. In 1597 he
married a widow named Barbara von Muller. Kepler
and the other Protestant professors were driven from
Gratz by persecution about 1600. He visited Tycho
Brahe, who then resided near Prague, and who intro-
duced him to the emperor Rudolph. At the request of
Rudolph, he began to assist Tycho in the formation of
astronomical tables ; but his relations with that astrono-
mer were not very agreeable to either.
On the death of Tycho, in October, 1601, Kepler suc-
ceeded him as principal mathematician to the emperor,
with a salary of 1500 florins, and inherited his unpub-
lished observations. He published in 1604 an important
contribution to the science of optics, entitled a " Supple-
ment to Vitellio." After he obtained the patronage of
the emperor he resided for some years at Linz. In 1609
he produced his greatest work, "Astronomia nova, sea
Physica celestis tradita Commentariis de Motibus Stellse
Martis," in which he announced two of the laws which
regulate the periods and motions of the planets, and
which are known as Kepler's Laws. These are : I, that
the orbits of the planets are elliptical ; 2, the radius-
vector, or line extending from a planet to the sun, de-
scribes or passes over equal areas in equal times ; 3, the
squares of the periodic times of planets are proportional
to the cubes of their mean distances from the sun.
"These laws constitute undoubtedly," says Sir John
Herschel, "the most important and beautiful system of
geometrical relations which have ever been discovered
bv a mere inductive process, independent of any con-
sfderation of a theoretical kind. They comprise within
them a compendium of the motions of all the planets,
and enable us to assign their places in their orbits at any
instant of time, past or to come." "This beautiful and
simple law," says Professor Playfair, in reference to the
third law, "had a value beyond what Kepler could pos-
sibly conceive ; yet a sort of scientific instinct instructed
him in its great importance. He has marked the year
and the day when it became known to him : it was on
the 8th of May, 1618." His third law was discovered
with infinite satisfaction in 1618, and announced in his
"Harmonice Muncli," (1619,) the title and contents of
which recall the ideas of Pythagoras on celestial har-
mony. Kepler imagines that in this music of the spheres
Saturn and Jupiter perform the bass, Mars the tenor,
and the Earth and Venus the hautc-contrt. He con-
sidered the sun to be the source of motion as well as of
light and heat. The treasury of the emperor was so
exhausted by war that Kepler could not obtain the pay-
ment of his salary, and often felt the pressure of poverty.
After the death of Rudolph, (1612,) he was appointed
professor of mathematics at Linz. His first wife having
died, he married Susanna Rettinger, about 1614. In
1620 he was visited by Sir Henry Wotton, an English
ambassador, who invited him to remove to England ;
but he declined. He expended the labour of several
years on his " Rudolphine Tables," which were published
in 1627 and were highly prized. Among his important
works is his "Dioptrica," (1611,) in which he describes
the astronomical telescope with two convex lenses. The
invention of this form of telescope is ascribed to him.
Kepler was so devoted to science, and had so little re-
gard for riches, except those of the mind, that he used
to say he would rather be the author of the works he
had written than possess the duchy of Saxony. He died
at Ratisbon in November, 1630, leaving four sons and
three daughters.
See DRINKWATER BKTHUNE, "Life of Kepler," in the "Library
of Useful Knowledge;" BREITSCHWERD. " Keplers Leben und Wir-
view" for June. 1835; "Atlantic Monthly" for April, 1860.
Kepler, (LUDWIG,) a German physician, son of the
preceding, was born at Prague in 1607. He practised
at Bale, Strasburg, and Konigsberg, and wrote several
works. Died in 1663.
Keplerus. See KEPLER, (JOHANN.)
Kep'pel, (AUGUSTUS,) an English admiral, son of
William, Earl of Albemarle, was born in 1725. In 1761,
as commander of a small squadron, he captured Belle-
Isle, and the following year was created rear-admiral of
the blue. In 1778 he became almiral. He was subse-
quently raised to the peerage, as Viscount Keppel, Baron
Elden, and was twice appointed first lord of the admi-
ralty. He was accused by Sir Hugh Palliser of neglect
of duty in an action against the French in July, 1778, and
was tried by a court-martial, by which he was honourably
acquitted. Died in 1786.
Keppel, (Lady CAROLINE,) the reputed author of the
popular song " Robin Adair," was born in Scotland about
1735. She was the daughter of the second Earl of Al-
bemarle, and married Robert Adair, an Irish surgeon,
in opposition to the wishes of her family.
Keppel, EARL OF ALBEMARLE. See ALBEMARLE.
Keppel, (GEORGE THOMAS,) an English officer, born
in 1799, was a son of the Earl of Albemarle. He was
elected to Parliament in 1832 and in 1847, and in 1851
succeeded to the earldom. He published a "Journey
across the Balkan." Died January 31, 1891.
Keppler. See KEPLER.
Kepp'ler, (JOSEPH FERDINAND,) a distinguished cari-
caturist, born in Vienna, (Austria,) February 2, 1838.
After working as a photographer, caricaturist, and suc-
cessful comedian, he came to the United States about
1869, and was a theatrical manager at Saint Louis. In
1873 he became connected with a weekly periodical in
New York, and in 1876 founded " Puck," a well-known
and successful comic paper. Died February 19, 1894.
Ker, ker or kar, (JOHN,) of Kersland, a Scottish
philologist, was professor of Hebrew at Edinburgh. He
was employed as a political agent by William III., and
published "Memoirs and Secret Negotiations," (3 vols.,
1726.) He was born in 1673, and died in 1726.
Ker, (JOHN,) an eminent bibliographer, born in London
in 1740, was the son of Robert, Duke of Roxburgh, whom
he succeeded in 1755 in the Scottish dukedom, and also in
the British peerage as Earl and Baron Ker of Wakefield.
He died in 1804. In the accumulation of his library,
which is said to have been the most valuable private
collection in Great Britain, he exhibited remarkable
industry and rare judgment The sale of these books
after his death produced \ great sensation in the lite-
rary world. One — " II Decamerone di Boccaccio" — wa»
sold for .£2250.
Ker, (ROBERT.) See CARR.
Ker Porter. See PORTER, (ROBERT KER.)
Keralio, de, d?h keh-rfle'o', (Louis FBLIX Guine
ment — gen'moN',) a French officer and litterateur, born
in Brittany in 1731. He wrote, besides other works,
one upon the " General Principles of Tactics." Died in
1793.
Keratry, de, deh ka'rrtRe', (AUGUSTE HILARION,)
a French litterateur and statesman, born at Rennes in
1769. He was twice chosen a member of the Chamber
of Deputies, in 1818 and in 1827, and was made a peer in
1837. Among his principal works are " Moral and Physi-
ological Inductions," (1817,) and several romances and
poems. Died in 1859.
Keratry. de, (EMILE,) COUNT, a French author,
born at Paris in 1832. He served in the army 1854-
65, and subsequently was in public life for a few years.
He wrote " A bon Chat bon Rat," (1856,) " La Vie
de Club," (1862,) " ATravers le passe," (1887,) etc.
Kerckherdere, k^Rk'neVdeh-reh, (JAN GERAART.)
a Dutch philologist and theologian, bom near Maesrricht
i. e, i, o, u, y, long; A, e, o, same, less prolonged; a, e, t, o, u, y, short; a. e. j, o. obscure; far, fall, fat; met; not; good; moon:
KERCKHOVE
1433
KESSEL
about 1678. He was professor at Louvain, and wrote
several works. Died in 1738.
Kerckhove, van den, vSn den keRk'ho'veh, JAN
POLYANUER,) a Protestant theologian, of Dutch extrac-
tion, born at Metz in 1568. In 1609 he was appointed
to the chair of theology in the University of Leyden, of
which he was subsequently chosen rector eight times.
Died in 1646.
Kerckhove, van den, written also Kerckchove,
(JOSEPH,) an able Flemish painter, born at Bruges in
1669. He painted sacred history. Died in 1724.
Kereem- (Kerim- or Kerym-) Khan, ker-eem' Kan,
became sovereign of Persia in 1750. He was an able
warrior, lawgiver, and statesman. Died about 1780.
Ker'foot, (JOHN BARRETT,) D.D., LL.D., a bishop,
born in Dublin, Ireland, March i, 1816. He came in
1819 to the United States, took orders in the Episcopal
Church, was assistant professor of Latin and Greek in
Saint Paul's College, on Long Island, from 1837 to 1842,
was rector of the College of Saint James, in Maryland,
from 1842 to 1864, and president of Trinity College, Hart-
ford, from 1864 to 1866. In 1866 he was consecrated
Bishop of Pittsburg. Died July 10, 1881.
Kergnelen-Tremarec, de, deh keVgi'16N' tRa'mi'-
r£k', (IvES JOSEPH,) a celebrated French navigator, born
at Quimper, in Brittany, in 1745. Having previously
visited the North Sea, he set out in 1771 on a voyage to
the South Sea, and the following year discovered, in 49
south latitude, the island to which Captain Cook gave,
in 1776, the name of Kerguelen's Land. He published
a " Narrative of a Voyage to the North Sea and the
Shores of Iceland, Greenland," etc., (1771,) and "An
Account of Two Voyages in the South Sea and the
Indies," (1782.) Died in 1797.
Kerhallet, de, deh k& ri'li', (CHARLES PHILIPPE,)
a French hydrographer, born in Brittany in 1809. He
became a captain in the navy, and was employed many
years in surveying the coast of Africa. He published a
" Manual for the Navigation of the West Coast of Africa,"
(3 vols., 1853.) Died in Paris in 1863.
Keri, ka'ree, (FRANCIS BORGIA,) a historian and Jesuit,
born at Zemplin, in Hungary, wrote a " History of the
Empire of the East." Died in 1769.
Keri, (JOHN or JANOS,) a learned Hungarian bishop,
who wrote " Ferocia Martis Turcici," a history of the
different Turkish invasions of Hungary. Died in 1685.
Kerim-Khan. See KEREEM-KHAN.
Kern, keRn, (J. CONRAD,) a Swiss statesman ol the
Liberal party, was born at Berlingen in 1808. He be-
came president of the Federal Tribunal in 1850, and
President of the republic in 1875. Died in 1888.
Kern, k^Rn, (VINCENZ,) a skilful German surgeon,
born at Grat? in 1760. He became professor of surgery
in the University of Vienna, and is said to have intro-
duced important reforms in the practice of surgery. He
published several professional works. Died in 1829.
Ker'nahan, (CouLSON,) an English author, was
born at Ilfracombe in 1858, and educated at St. Al-
bans. Among his works are " A Dead Man's Diary,"
(1890,) "Book of Strange Sins," (1893,) "God and
the Ant," (1895,) " Captain Shannon," (1897,) etc.
Keruer, keR'ner, (ANDREAS JUSTINUS,) a German
lyric poet, born at Ludwigsburg in 1786. He published
in 1811 "Travelling Shadows, by the Magic-Lantern
Player," a work of great humour and originality, in 1817
"Romantic Poems," and in 1853 "The Last Bunch of
Blossoms." But his most famous work was " The Seeress
of Prevorst," (1829,) a biographical sketch of Frederike
Hauffe, who claimed to have communications with the
spirit-world. He died February 21, 1862.
Keroual, ker'roo-il', or Querouaille, ki'roo'SI' or
ka'roo'a"ye, (LouiSE PENHOET,) Duchess of Portsmouth,
a mistress of Charles II. of England, was born in France
about 1652. She went to England as maid of honour to
Henriette, the queen of Charles I., and received the title
of Duchess or Portsmouth in 1673. She is said to have
used her influence to promote the designs of Louis XIV.
Died in 1734.
Kerr, ker or kar, (ROBERT,) a Scottish surgeon and
•cientific writer, born about 1755, was a n. ember of the
Royal and Antiquarian Societies of Edinburgh. Among
his works are "The Animal Kingdom or Zoological
System of Linnafus," "The Natural History of Quad-
rupeds and Serpents," and a " History of Scotland during
the Reign of Robert Bruce." The first and second are
translations. Died in 1813.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen "
Kersalnt. See DURAS, DE, (CLAIRE LECHAT.)
Kersaint, de, deh keVsaN', (ARMAND GUI SIMON,)
COUNT, a French naval commander, born in Paris about
1741. After the commencement of the Revolution he
made his residence in Paris, where he became a member
of the Jacobin Club. He afterwards joined the Girondists,
and, as a member of the Convention, boldly opposed the
execution of the king and the extreme measures of the
Jacobins. He was proscribed and executed in Decem-
ber, 1793.
Kersenbrock, kf r'sen-bRok', (HERMANN,) a German
historian, born in the county of Lippe in 1526. His chief
work is a " History of the Anabaptists of Miinster," (in
Latin.) Died in 1585.
Ker'iey, (JoHN,) an English mathematician, lived in
the reign of Charles II., and wrote a work on Algebra,
(I673-)
Kersseboom, keRs'seh-bom', (WILLEM,) a Dutch
statistician, born in 1691, wrote a number of valuable
works on population, mortality, etc. Died in 1771.
See HEUSCHLING, "Notice sur la Vie de Kersseboora," 1857 •
" Nouvelle Biographic Generate. "
KervUIars, de, deh keR've'ytR', (JEAN MARIE,) a
French Jesuit, born at Vannes in 1668. He produced a
version of Ovid's Elegies, (1724.) Died in 1745.
Kervyn de Lettenhove, ker-vin' (or keVvaN') deh
let'ten-ho'veh, (JOSEPH MARIE BRUNO CONSTANTIN,) a
Belgian historian, born near Bruges in 1817. As a
legislator, he was long a distinguished supporter of the
Catholic party, and he was minister of the interior in
1870 and 1871. Among his numerous works are a
" History of Flanders," and a translation of Milton's
works. His writings are in French. Died in 1891.
Kesav Das, kes'av das, a Brahman author, who wrote
in Hindee. His writings include the " Rasikvriya," a
treatise on rhetoric, (written in 1592 A.D.,) the " Rama-
chandrika," (a religious poem, 1602,) the " Bhakta lilam-
rita," an exposition of Vaishnava doctrine, etc. His
works are much read in India.
Kesava, ka'sa-va, written also Cesava and Kesava,
[from the Sanscrit word kts&t "hair," probably cognate
with the Latin casaries, having the same signification,]
(i.e. "having beautiful hair,") an epithet of KRISHNA.
(which see ;) also, a surname of Booddha.
Kesh'ub Chun'der Sen, (BABOO,) written also
Babu Kesab Chandra Sen, an East Indian religious
leader, born in Bengal, December 19, 1838. He was
educated at Calcutta, partly under English influences.
Having rejected caste and idolatry, he joined the Brahma
Samaj founded by Rajah Rammohun Roy, of which he
became one of the leaders. In 1866, he, with the more
progressive members of the society, broke away from the
old Brahma Samaj, and formed "the Brahma Samaj of
India." Died at Calcutta, January 7, 1884.
Kessel, van, vjn keVsel, (FERDINAND,) a distin-
guished painter, born at Antwerp in 1660, was patronized
by John Sobieski, King of Poland, and William III. of
England. His death is variously dated in 1696 and about
1710.
See PILKINGTON, " Dictionary of Painters."
Kessel, kes'sel, or Kessels, van, vin kes'sels, (JAN,)
THE ELDER, a Dutch artist, born at Antwerp in 1626,
excelled in painting animals, fruits, and flowers. His
portraits and landscapes were also of superior merit.
He was the father of the preceding. Died about 1692.
Kessel, van, (JAN,) THE YOUNGER, the son, or, ac-
cording to some writers, the nephew, of the preceding,
was born at Antwerp about 1648. He was one of the
best portrait-painters of his time ; and some of his works
have been mistaken for those of Van Dyck. Having
visited Spain, he was appointed in 1686 court painter to
Charles II. His portraits of the two queens of Charles
and that of Philip V. of Spain are ranked among his
master-pieces. Died in 1708.
«as k; 9 as s; g ha> d; g asy; c, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (JSP'See Explanations, p. 23.)
KESSEL
1434
KHADIJAH
Kessel, van, (NICOLAAS,) a painter, born at Antwerp
in 1684, was a nephew of Ferdinand, noticed above. He
adopted the style of David Teniers. Died in 1741.
Kessel, van, (THEODORUS,) a Flemish engraver, born
at Antwerp about 1620, engraved some works of Rubens,
and historical subjects after several Italian masters.
Kessels, kes'sels, (MATTHIAS,) one of the most dis-
tinguished Dutch sculptors of recent times, was born at
Maestricht in 1784. Among his best works are a colossal
scene from the Deluge, a " Madonna," a "Cupid sharp-
ening his Arrow," and a "Discobolus." Died at Rome
in 1836.
See FILIPPO GERARDI, " Vita di M. Kessell," 1837 ; NAGLER,
" Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon."
Kestner, kest'ner, (CHRISTIAN WILHELM,) a German
physician, born in Thuringia in 1694, published " Biblio-
theca Medica," (1746.) Died in 1747.
KSt nr Kett, (ROBERT,) a tanner, of Norfolk county,
England, was the chief leader in a rebellion which
occurred in 1549, during the protectorate of Somerset.
After several considerable successes, he was at length
defeated by Dudley, Earl of Warwick. Soon after he
was taken prisoner and hung at Norwich Castle. Ket's
rebellion — or, as it is commonly called, the Norfolk re-
bellion— was " remarkable," says Froude, " among other
things, for the order which was observed among the
people during seven weeks of lawlessness." (" History
of England," vol. v. chap, xxvi.)
Ket, (WILLIAM,) of Norfolk, an English rebel, brother
of the preceding, was one of the leaders of the insurgents
who took Norwich. He was hanged in 1549.
Ketboga or Ketbogha, kSt-bo'ga, a Mongolian by
birth, and Sultan of Egypt, was brought to that country
as a slave in A.D. 1288. He rapidly rose in rank, and
finally made himself the sovereign of Egypt in 1294. In
1296 he was driven from the country by his favourite
Lajeen, (Lajin or Ladjyn,) who succeeded him.
Ketch'um, (WILLIAM SCOTT,) an American officer
in the Union army, born at Norwalk, Connecticut, in
1813. He served in the Mexican war, and in 1862 was
made brigadier-general of volunteers. Died in 1871.
Ketel, ka'tel, (CORNELIS,) a Dutch painter, born at
Gouda in 1548. He commenced his studies in Paris ;
but, being a Protestant, he was soon driven from France
by Charles IX. About 1574 he went to England, where
he painted the portraits of Queen Elizabeth and of
several English noblemen. Died after 1602. Among
his pictures is " Force Conquered by Wisdom," which
he painted in England.
See PILKINGTON, " Dictionary of Painters. "
Ketelaer, ka'teh-lSR', (NICOLAAS,) one of the earliest
of Dutch printers, flourished at Utrecht about 1480.
K6tt, (HENRY,) a learned English divine and author,
born at Norwich in 1761, graduated at Oxford in '783.
He was drowned, while bathing, in 1825. Among his
works are " History the Interpreter of Prophecy," (3
vols., 1798-99,) "Elements of General Knowledge," (3
vols., 1802,) and " Flowers of Wit," (1814.)
Kett, (Roi:i-.KT.) S-r Ki r.
Ketteler, von, fon keYteh-ler, (\VII.HELM EMANUEL,)
a German bishop and baron, born'at Minister, December
25, iSn. He was made a Catholic priest in 1844, and
Bishop of Mentz in 1850. He became the leading ultra-
montane statesman of the German Reichstag, and pub-
lished many works bearing on the relationship of church
and state in Germany, and on kindred subjects. Died
July 13, 1877.
Kettlewell, ket'tel-wel, (JOHN,) an English nonjuring
divine, born in Yorkshire in 1653. He published in
1678 " Measures of Christian Obedience," which was
highly esteemed. He became rector of Coleshill about
1682, refused to take the oath of allegiance to William
III. in 1689, and was ejected. His "rare integrity" is
commended by Macaulay. Died in 1695.
See NELSON, " Life of Kettlewell," 1718.
Kettner, ket'ner, (FRIEDRICH ERNST,) a German
writer on history and theology, born at Stollberg in
1671 ; died in 1722.
Ketu, ka'too, or KStus, ka'toos, [perhaps etymologi-
cally related to the Greek K'/rof, a "sea-monster,"] a
monster of the Hindoo mythology; in astronomy, the
dragon's tail, or descending node. (See RAHU.)
Keuchen, kb'Ken, (ROBERT,) a poet and historical
writer, born at Geldeni, flourished about 1660.
Keulen, van, vfn ko'Ien or kuh'len, UANSZONS,) a
Dutch painter, born in 1580. He was employed in Eng-
land by Charles I., and afterwards fixed his residence at
the Hague. Died in 1665.
Keulen, van, (LunoLPH,) a Dutch mathematician,
born at Hildesheim. He wrote a treatise on the circle,
(" Van den Cirkel," 1596,) and "Geometrical Problems."
Died at Leyden in 1610.
Kelts, Le. See LE KEUX.
Kew, written also K'ew and Kieou, one of the names
given to Confucius.
See LECCE'S " Life and Teachings of Confucius," ch. v. p. 58.
Kexler, kjks'ler, (SiMON,) a Swedish scholar, born in
1602, wrote various mathematical works. Died in 1669.
Key. See CAIUS.
Key, (FRANCIS SCOTT,) an American jurist and poet,
born in Frederick county, Maryland, in 1779. Having
removed to Washington, he became district-attorney of
the District of Columbia. He was the author of the
popular national song of "The Star-Spangled Banner,"
and a number of other poems. Died in 1843.
Key, (THOMAS HEWITT,) an English philologist, born
near London in 1799. Having graduated at Cambridge,
he was invited in 1824 to fill the chair of mathematics in
the University of Virginia, then recently founded. After
his return he became, in 1828, professor of Latin in the
University of London. Among his principal works are
a "Latin Grammar," (1846,) and numerous valuable con-
tributions to the " Penny Cyclopaedia" and the "Journal
of Education." In 1874 he published "Language, iu
Origin and Development." Died November 29, 1875.
Key, ki, (WiLLEM,) a portrait-painter, born at Breda,
in the Netherlands, in 1520 ; died in 1568.
Keyes, keez, (ERASMUS D.,) an American general
born in Massachusetts about 1811, graduated at West
Point in 1832. He became a colonel in the regular army
in 1861, and commanded a brigade at Bull Run, July 21.
He commanded a corps at the battle of Fair Oaks, May
31, 1862, and at other battles in June of that year. He
published " Fifty Years' Observations of Men and
Events," (1884,) etc. Died in 1895.
Keying, ki'ing', or Ky-In, kl'in', a Chinese diplo-
matist, negotiated with the English the treaty of Nankin
in 1842, after which he was governor of Canton. He
favoured a friendly policy towards Europeans, and was
disgraced by Hien-Fung in 1850, but restored in 1852.
Keylhau, kil'how, (EBERHART,) a painter, known in
Italy under the name of MONSU BERNARDO, was born
at Helsingor, in Denmark, in 1624. After studying under
Rembrandt, he went to Rome, where he died in 1687.
Keyser, de, deh kl'zer, (NiCAiSE,) an eminent Belgian
painter, was born near Antwerp in 1813. In 1836 he
exhibited at Brussels his picture of "The Battle of the
Golden Spurs." Among his other most admired works
are "The Battle of Woeringen," "The Antiquary," and
a "Crucifixion." Died July 17, 1887.
Keyser, van, vin ki'zer, sometimes written De
Keyser, (HENDRIK,) a Dutch architect and sculptor,
born at Utrecht in 1565. In 1619 he completed the
monument of William I., Prince of Orange. Died in
1621.
Keyser, van, (THOMAS,) a skilful Dutch portrait-
painter, born about 1595 ; died in 1679.
Keyser ling, von, fon kl'zer-ling', (THIERRY,) a Prus-
sian general and littlratrur, born in Courland in 1698,
was a friend of Frederick the Great. Died in 1745.
See MAUPHRTUIS, "filoge de Keyserling.*'
Keysler, kis'ler, (JOHANN GEORG,) a German anti-
quary, born at Thurnau in 1683. He published "Travels
in Germany, Italy," etc., (2 vols., 1741,) and other works.
Died in 1743.
See HABERLIN, "Keysler's Leben," 1743.
Khadljah, Khadeejah, or Khadidja, Kl-dee'ji, Jin
German, CHADIDSCHA,] written also Chadijah, a rich
widow of Mecca, who married Mohammed the prophet.
At the time of their marriage she was about forty years
». e, I, o, u, y. Ions;; a. e. 6. same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, ]?, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; n6t; good; moon
KHADYJAH
1435
KHOSROO
ot age, while he was only twenty-five. She bore him eight K'natchig (Kl'chig) L was elected Patriarch of Ar-
children, all of whom died young except Fatimah, who meuia in 972. He founded numerous monasteries, and
became the wife of his cousin and favourite, Alee, (AH,
the son of Aboo-Talib. (See MOHAMMED.)
Khadyjah. See KHADIJAH.
encouraged literature and the fine arts. Died in 992.
Khatchig U., sometimes written Khatchadoor, be-
came Patriarch of Armenia in 1058. He was imprisoned
Khaisaiig, k'hi'sang', surnamcd Woo-TSOONG, (the , at Constantinople by Constantine Ducas, who afterwards
" Honourable Warrior,") called by the Tartars Kaishan- banished him to Cappadocia. Died in 1064.
Kulluk-Khdii, ki'shan' kool'look Kin, a sovereign of Khell, Kdl, (JOSEPH VON KHELLBURG,) a German
the Mongolian dynasty, succeeded to the imperial throne numismatist, born at Linz in 1714, published several
of China A.D. 1308, at the age of twenty-nine. He was
distinguished for his abilities as a commander, and for
his patronage of men of letters. Died A.D. 1311.
Khalaf, Ka-l5f, ascended the throne of Seistan, in
Eastern Persia, about A.D. 963. He was a bold and skil-
Died in 1772.
(IVAN IVANOVITCH.)
See CIIEM-
works in Vienna.
Khemnitzer,
NITZER.
Kheraskof or Kheraskov, KeVis-koP, [written, in
German, CHERASKOW,] (MiCHAKL MATVIEVITCH,) a
ful warrior and an able diplomatist, but was treacherous, distinguished Russian poet, born in 1733. Among his
cruel, and tyrannical. After a reign of forty years, he i principal works may be mentioned " Rossiada," (1785,)
was conquered by the emperor Mahmood of Ghazna, i an epic on the event of the Russians liberating them-
who imprisoned him till his death, A.D. 1008. (selves from their Tartar oppressors. Died in 1807.
Khaled or Chaled, Ka'led, written also Caled, a Khevenhiiller, Ka'ven-hfil'ler, (FRANZ CHRISTOPH,
celebrated Arabian general, born in 582 A.D. In the
third year of the Hejrah he completely routed the army
a German historian, born in 1589, rose to be imperial
minister of state. lie wrote "Annales Ferdinandei," a
of Mohammed at the battle of Ohod. He subsequently history of the reign of Ferdinand II. Died in 1650.
embraced the Moslem faith, gained numerous important • Khilkof or Khilkov, Kil'kof, (ANDREI YAKOF LE-
victories over its enemies, and received from the prophet , VITCH,) a Russian prince, sent as ambassador to Sweden
the title of "The Sword of God." Eastern writers ascribe by Peter the Great in 1700. War having been soon
to this warrior almost superhuman valour, which, how- ; after declared between the two countries, Charles XII.
ever, was often stained with cruelty. Died about 642 A.D. ' ordered Khilkof to be thrown into prison. During his
)te his celebrated
isle of Aland, on
Khaled-Ben(or-Ibn) -Barmek. See BARMECIDES, confinement of eighteen years he wrote his celebrated
Khaleel (Khalil) or Chalil, Ka-leel', (Aboo-Abd- " History of Russia." He died at the i
er-Rahrnau, a'boo abd-er-ran'man,) a celebrated Arabic His return to Russia, in 1718.
grammarian of Bassora, born about 719 A.D. ; died in 786.
Khaleel, (Khalil,) surnamed MELIK-AL-ASHRAF,
mil'ik al-ash'raf, (i.e. the "Illustrious King,") eighth
Khnopff, (FERNAND,) a Belgian painter, born in
1858. He received the Order of Leopold in recogni-
tion of his great merit as a painter, and became a
Sultan of Egypt and Syria, succeeded his father Kelaoon ! leading spirit in the Societe de Beaux Arts at Brussels.
(Kelafln) A.D. 1290. He took Acre from the European Khbda-Bendeh, Ko'dah beVdeh, ( MOHAMMED, )
Christians, whom he finally drove from Syria. He was sovereign of Persia, of the dynasty of the Sofees, (or
assassinated by his ameers, A.D. 1293. I Sofys,) began to reign in 1578. He was a weak and
Khaleel- (Khalil- or Chalil-) Beg, Ka-leel' beg, of i effeminate prince. During his reign the Turks and Tar
the Turkoman dynasty, succeeded his father, Oozoon j tars ravaged his dominions. Died about 1587.
(Uzun) Hassan, on the throne of Persia, A.D. 1478. His Khomarooyah or Khomarouyah, Ko-ma-roo'yah,
excessive cruelty and oppression caused several revolts . succeeded his father, Ahmed, as Sultan of Egypt and
among his subjects, during one of which he was slain Syria, 884 A.D., at the age of fifteen. He carried on a
on the field of battle. ( war with the caliph Mootamed, whom he obliged to sue
Khaleel ( Khalil or Chalil) Pasha, grand vizier to ! for peace, and invaded the Greek empire, from which
the Ottoman Sultan Amurath II. In 1444 he gained | he carried a rich booty. He was assassinated in 896.
at Varna a decisive victory over the Christian allies.1 Khomiakof, Ko-me-a'kof, Khomiakov, or Khomi-
In this battle Ladislaus, King of Hungary, fell. Upon akow, Ko-me-a'kov,(Al,EXis STEFANOVITCH,) a popular
the accession of Mahomet II. Khaleel still retained his ! Russian poet, born about 1802. He published historical
power, and commanded the Turkish army at the capture dramas, called " V'ermak" (or " lermak") and " The False
of Constantinople, in 1453. He was a few days after Demetrius," also iyrical poems, and some able prose
condemned on a charge of bribery, and executed. I works.
Khalifa Abdullah!, the chief general of the Mahdi, j Khondemeer, Khoudemir, or Khondemyr, Ron-
was born in Darfur about 1840. The massacre at j dS-meeR', a surname of Giyas-ed-Deen* (Giyas-
Khartoum is attributed to him. He continued in arms eddm) Mohammed, ge-iss' ed-deen' mo-hSm'med, a
after the death of the Mahdi, resisted for two years Persian historian, and a son of the eminent historian
the advance of Lord Kitchener, but was finally over-
thrown at the battle of Omderman, in 1898. At a sub-
sequent engagement on November 25, 1899, he was
defeated and killed, with his principal emirs and thou-
Mirkhond, was born at Herat in the second half of the
fifteenth century. He wrote a valuable universal his-
tory, extending from the creation to 1471, also a work
called "The Friend of Biographies and Eminent Men,"
sands of his troops. which is highly commended. Died after 1522.
Khallikan. See IFN-KHAI.LIKAN. Khoong-Foo-tse. See CONFUCIUS.
Khan Arzu, kin aR-zoo', (or simply Arzu,) an Urdu Kh°sr°° or Khosru, Kos'roo', written also Khos-
(Oordoo), or Hindustanee, poet, born in 1689. He lived ^ou, Khosrau, Kos'row, and Khosrew, Gr. Xoopow,
at Delhi, and at Lucknow, where he died in 1716 He L,at. CMOS 'ROES,] surnamed m Persian NOUSHIRVAN,
wrote good poems both in Urdu and in Persian, and lefl : w^riflMfa'. or NOOSHIRVAN, (NuscniRWAN,) said to
an excellent Persian dictionary. signify " Generous Soul," the greatest of the Sassamde
„. . , sovereigns, was the son of Kobad, (Cabades,) whom
e, (or -Hi,) k hlnghee, Emperor r' ^v: — •
Khatchadoor, Khatchadour,
or Khatchadui
,
Ka-chi-dooR', an Armenian poet and bishop, born at
Csesarea, in Cappadocia, about 1600. His poems are
chiefly of a religious and moral character.
were promulgating doctrines immoral and dangerous to
the state. He also concluded a peace with the emperor
1 Written also Gaiatheddin. See Introduction, p.
fast; jasj; %hard; gas/;G, H,n,guttural; x,nasa!; R, trilled; sasz; thasinMu.
e Explanations, p. 23.)
KHOSROO
M36
KIELHORN
Justinian, who paid the Persian monarch ten thousand
pounds of gold. He afterwards carried on wars with
various Asiatic nations, extending his empire as far as
the Indus. Alarmed at the successes of Belisarius in
Italy and Africa, he resolved to strike a sudden blow.
In 540 he invaded Syria, pillaged and burned several
cities, including Antioch, and took a multitude of pris-
oners and an immense amount of booty. The next yeai
he was opposed by Belisarius, one of the greatest gene-
rals of that or of any age. The Roman commander, with
a small number of ill-disciplined soldiers, succeeded in
holding in check the innumerable hosts of Persia. But
in 542 this great general was recalled, and Khosroo,
having now nothing to fear, went from victory to victory.
The war continued until 562, when Justinian purchased
a treaty for thirty thousand pieces of gold. Hostilities
were again renewed under the emperor Justin, and the
King of Persia met at length with a total defeat, in 578,
from Justinian, the general of the emperor Tiberius.
Khosroo died in 579. The long and beneficent reign of
this prince is mentioned by Oriental poets as the golden
age of Persia. His virtues, his wise and efficient meas-
ures for the welfare of his subjects, his conquests, his
liberal encouragement of literature and science, attested
by the numerous colleges and libraries which he founded,
all rendered it worthy of this eminent distinction. A
Pehlvi translation of the celebrated Bidpay or Pilpay
Fables of India was made under the auspices of this
prince. He was succeeded by Hormisdas IV.
See GIBBON, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;" MIRK-
HOND, "Histoire des Sassanides," translated by DE SACT: D HER-
BBLOT, " Bibliotheque Orientals," article " Nouschirvan.
Khosroo, Khosru, or Khosrau (or Chosroes) U,
surnamed PARVEEZ or PARW!Z, par'veez', i.e. the " Gene-
rous," son of Hormisdas IV., and grandson of Khosroo
I , was raised to the throne of Persia upon the deposition
of his father, A.D. 590. He was soon after driven from
his capital by the rebel Bahrain, and obliged to seek the
protection of Maurice, the Emperor of the East. This
sovereign, with a powerful army, overthrew the rebels
and reinstated Khosroo. In 602 Maurice was assassin-
ated by the usurper Phocas. Khosroo immediately took
up arms to avenge his death, and by a series of victories
in a few years subjugated the greater part of the Greek
empire, and at length appeared before the gates of Con
stantinople. Heraclius, the successor of Phocas, having
vainly attempted to obtain a favourable peace, resolvec
nravely to meet his foe in the field. He gained repeater,
victories, and in five years drove the Persians out of
every province which they had wrested from the empire
Khosroo was assassinated in 628. He had married a
Christian lady named Shereen, (Shirin,) distinguished fo
her exquisite beauty. She poisoned herself at his grave
The romantic and unchanging affection of these roya
lovers, together with their tragic end, has furnished tht
subject of many an Oriental poem.
See MALCOLM, "History of Persia;" LB BEAU, "Histoire d
Bas- Empire."
Khosroo, Khosrou, or Khosru I., King of Armenia
gurnamed THE GREAT, a brave prince and able genera
ascended the throne 198 A.D. He conquered the nation
of the Khazars and Basiliens, and overran the greater par
of the Persian dominions. He was assassinated in 232
Kliosroo, Khosrou, or Khosru H-, the secoiv
Christian King of Armenia, and a contemporary an
ally of Constantine the Great, ascended the throne i
314. Died in 325.
Khosroo, Khosrou, or Khosru HL was place
upon the throne of Persian Armenia by the King o
Persia in 387, whilst the legitimate king Arsaces rule
that part of Armenia which belonged to the Romans
Khosroo gained several important victories over th
neighbouring nations, and upon the death of Arsaces
annexed Roman Armenia to his own dominions. In 392
the King of Persia, suspecting Khosroo of the design
to render himself independent, took him prisoner, and
placed another prince on his throne. After remaining
in captivity twenty-one years, he was restored to his
kingdom. His death occurred soon after.
See LE BBAU, " Histoire du Bas-Empire."
Khoung-Fou-Tseu or Khoung-Tseu. See CON-
Khowarezmi See AL-KHOWAREZMI.
Khulleel. See KHALEEL,
Khuns, khoons, a god of the ancient Egyptians, was
e son of Amen (Ammon) and Mut. He was the moon-
od.
Kick, kik, (CORNELIS,) an artist, celebrated as a
ainter of flowers and portraits, was born in Amsterdam
n 1635 ; died in 1675.
Kidd. (BENJAMIN,) an English author, born in
858. He entered the Inland Revenue department in
877 and resigned in 1897. His "Social Evolution,"
1894,) attracted wide attention, and has been fre-
uently reprinted and translated. It was followed by
'The Control of the Tropics," (1898.)
Kidd, (JOHN,) an English chemist, born in 1775, was
rofessor of chemistry, or medicine, at Oxford. He
•rote, besides other works, the Bridgewater Treatise
On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical
londition of Man." Died in 1851.
Kidd, (SAMUEL,) an English Orientalist, born at Hull
n iSoi. He went as missionary to Malacca, and after
is return was professor of Chinese in the University of
Condon. He published " Illustrations of the Symbols
f China," (1841.) Died in 1843.
Kidd, (WILLIAM,) a pirate, born in Scotland about
650. He is known to local tradition as ROBERT KIDD.
n 1696 he was intrusted by the British government with
he command of a privateer, and sailed from New York
or the purpose of suppressing the numerous pirates
hen infesting the seas. He went to the East Indies,
where it was believed that he began a career of piracy,
le was arrested at Boston in 1699, and a large amount
of his plunder was afterwards recovered. He was soon
sent to England for trial, and was executed in 1701.
Kid'der, ( DANIEL PARISH, ) D.D., an American
Methodist clergyman, born in Genesee county, New
York, in 1815. He graduated at the Wesleyan Uni-
versity, Connecticut, and in 1836 settled as a pastor at
Rochester, New York. In 1837 he went as a missionary
to Brazil, where he introduced the Scriptures in the
Portuguese language. He published, besides other
works, " Sketches of a Residence and Travels in Bra-
zil," (1845.) Died in 1891.
Kid'der, (RICHARD,) a learned English theologian,
entered Cambridge University in 1649, and, after various
preferments, was appointed Dean of Peterborough in 1689.
He was raised by William III. to the see of Bath and
Wells in 1691, as successor to Bishop Ken. He wrote
"A Commentary' on the Pentateuch," a "Demonstrauon
of the Messias," and several other works. Died in 1703.
Sec MACACLAY, " History of England." vol. v.
Kid'der-min'ster or Kyd'er-myn'ster, (RICH-
ARD,) an English monk, distinguished as a preacher
and scholar, was born in Worcestershire. He published
a Latin treatise against the doctrines of Luther. Died
in 1531.
Kief'fer, (MoSES,) D.D., an American divine, was
born near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, May 5, 1814.
lit graduated at Marshall College in 1838, was ordained
to the ministry of the German Reformed Church in
1839 and held various successful pastorates. He was
president of Heidelberg College, and professor in the
theological school at Tiffin, Ohio, 1855-64, and retained
the professorship until 1867. He afterwards held an
honorary professorship at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
Kiel, (CORNELIS VAN.) See KILIAN.
Kiel, keel, (FRIEDRICH,) a Prussian musician and
composer, born at Puderbach, on the Lahn, October 7,
1821 He is a professor of music at Berlin. Kiel ranks
as one of the ablest contrapuntists of the present century.
His " Canons and Fugues," his " Missa Solemnis," (1866,)
and his " Requiem," (1862,) are excellent, |D. in 1885.)
Kielhorn, keel'hoRn, (FRANZ LORENZ,) a German
Sanscrit scholar, born at Osnaburg, May 31, 1840. He
studied at Gbttingen, Breslau, London, Berlin, and Ox-
ford. In 1866 he was appointed professor of Sanscrit in
the Deccan College at Poonah, and in 1882 he became
nmlessor at Gotlingen. Besides editions and translations
,<l various texts, he published a "Sanscrit Grammar,
(1870; 2d edition, 1880.)
I, 5, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e. i, 9, •**»«/ «r, «", «*; met; n8t; gc
KIELLAND
1437
KILIJ-ARSLAN
Kieilaud, kyeVland, (ALEXANDER L.,) a Norwegian
author, born at Stavanger, February 18, 1849. He was
educated at the University Christiania, and became a
manufacturer. He published "Garman og Worse," a
romance, " Arbeidsfolk," (a novel, 1881,) many short
tales, several bright and lively pieces for the stage, and a
" Life of Kristian Elster," (1882.) His earlier works are
in the manner of Zola; his later ones are better and
more original.
Kielmeyer, von, fon keel'mi'er, (KARL FRIEDRICH,)
a German naturalist and professor, born near Tubingen
in 1765. He published a "Treatise on the Relations of
Organic Forces," (1793.) Cuvier, who was his pupil,
speaks of him as the founder of the modern philosophical
school. Died in 1844.
See VON MARTIUS, " Denkrede aufC. F. von Kielmeyer," 1845.
Kielsen, keel'sen or ke-Sl'sen, (FREDERIC CHRIS-
TIAN,) a Danish naturalist, born at Copenhagen in
1774, wrote on zoology and botany, a "Natural History
of Birds," (1810,) and other works.
Kien-Loong, (or -Lung,) ke-en'loong, written also
Kien-Loug, born in 1710, succeeded his father, Yung-
Tching, on the imperial throne of China in 1735. He
reduced Calmuck Tartary and Thibet to subjection, and
established numerous fortresses throughout his vast em-
pire. It was in 1770, during the reign of this emperor,
that the Torgoots, a Mongolian tribe numbering about
300,000 and inhabiting the country near the Volga, left
their homes, and, travelling eastward, after incredible
sufferings, finally reached the confines of China. Kien-
Loong welcomed them warmly, and allotted them ample
territory for their future home. As a prince, he was wise,
just, and beneficent. He was noted for his love of lite-
rature, and for the liberal encouragement which he gave
to learned men of every nation. Died in 1799.
See FORTIA D'URBAN, "Discours sur 1'Empereur Kien-Long,"
1841; ABEL RKMUSAT, " Nouveaux Melanges Asiatiques," tome
ii. ; " Nouvelle Biographic G^n^rale." For an interesting account
of the migration of the Torgoots, see DH QUINCBY, " Narrative and
Miscellaneous Papers," etc., vol. L
Kien-Lung. See KIEN-LOONG.
Kieou, (pronounced almost kew,) a name given to
Confucius in his childhood. (See CONFUCIUS.)
Kiepert, kee'peRt, (HEINRICH,) a German geogra-
pher, born in Berlin in 1818, published a number of
excellent maps, among which are the "Atlas of Hellas
[Greece] and the Hellenic Colonies," " Maps of Asia
Minor," and an "Historical-Geographical Atlas of the
Ancient World." Died April 21, 1899.
Kierings, kee'rings, (ALEXANDER,) a skilful land
scape-painter, born in Holland in 1590; died in 1646.
Kierkegaard, kyeVke-goRd', (SOREN AABYE,) an
eminent Danish philosopher, born at Copenhagen, May
5, 1813. He studied at the university of that town, and
became a theologian, but was never ordained. He left
some thirty books, and many manuscript writings ; but
his most noteworthy book is " En ten — Ellor," (" Either —
Or,") a philosophical defence of Christianity. Died at
Copenhagen, November n, 1855. His "Life," by G.
Brandes, (1877,) is a very brilliant and able work.
Kierman, keeR'mln, (GusTAF,) a Swedish patriot,
born in 1702. He was elected seven times a member of
the Diet. Died in 1766.
Kiernander or Kjernander, kyeR'nan'der, (JoHAN
ZECHARTAS,) a missionary, born in Sweden in 1711,
was sent to India by the English Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge. Died at Calcutta in 1799.
Kieser, kee'zer, (DIETRICH GEORG,) a German naiu
ralist and medical writer, born at Harburg, in Hanover,
in 1779 ; died in 1862.
Kiesewetter, kee'zeh-wet'ter, (JOHANN CHRISTOPH,)
a learned German writer, born at Oberweissbach in 1666.
He wrote, in Latin, many works. Died in 1744
Kiesewetter, (RAFAEL GEORG,) a German writer on
music, born in Moravia in 1773. Among his productions
are treatises "On the Music of the Modern Greeks" and
" On the Music of the Arabians." He was an uncle of
Ambros, the historian of music. His musical composi-
tions are very numerous. Died in 1850.
Kiesling, kees'ling, (JoHANN RUDOLPH,) a German
Protestant theologian, born at Erfurt in 1706; died in
1778.
Kaesliug, (LEOPOLD,) an eminent German sculptor,
born at Schoneben, in Austria, in 1770. He worked in
Vienna, and became sculptor to the court Among his
works are a bust of the Archduke Charles, and the
monument of Von Hammer-Purgstall. Died in 1827.
See NAGLER, "Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon."
Kif'fin or Kif'fen, (WILLIAM,) an English merchant
and preacher, born in 1616. He amassed a large fortune
by trade, and afterwards became a dissenting minister.
Died in 1701.
See MACAULAY, "History of England," vol. ii. chap, vii
Kik'kert, (ANTOON,) a Dutch admiral, born at Vlie-
land in 1762 j died about 1835.
Kilbourne, kil'burn, (JAMES,) an American pioneer,
born in New Britain, Connecticut, in 1770. He organized
about 1802 the Scioto Company which settled in Ohio,
and was a member of Congress from 1813 to 1817. He
was a clergyman of the Episcopal Church. Died at
Worthington, Ohio, April 9, 1850.
Kilbye, kil'be, ? (RICHARD,) an English divine, born
at Ratcliffe, in Leicestershire, about 1550. He was pro-
fessor of Hebrew at Oxford, and one of the translator!
of the Bible. Died in 1620.
KUbye, (RICHARD,) an English minister, author of
"The Burden of a Loaded Conscience." Died in 1617.
Kil-dare', (THOMAS FITZGERALD,) EARL OF, an Irish
nobleman, born about 1514, was a son of Gerald, Earl
of Kildare. He rebelled against the King of England
in 1534, and was taken prisoner, sent to England, and
executed at Tyburn in 1537.
Kilian, kee'le-an' or kil'e-an, (BARTOLOMAUS,) a skil-
ful engraver, born in Augsburg in 1630, was the son and
pupil of Wolfgang, noticed below. Died in 1696.
Kilian, kee'le-an, or van Kiel, (vSn keel,) (CoRNE-
LIS,) a learned author, born in Brabant Among his
works are an " Etymology of the Teutonic Languages,
or a Teutonic-and-Latin Dictionary," and several pieces
of Latin poetry. Died in 1607.
Kilian, (GEORG CHRISTOPH,) an engraver, bom ax
Augsburg in 1709, was a brother of Philipp Andreas,
noticed below. Died in 1781.
Kilian, (LUCAS,) one of the most distinguished of
German engravers, born at Augsburg in 1579. He en-
graved with uncommon ease and rapidity. Among his
best works are "The Resurrection," by Paul Veronese,
and "Christ after Death," by Michael Angelo. Died
in 1637.
TTilian, (PHILIPP ANDREAS,) an eminent engraver,
was born in Augsburg in 1714. Augustus III., King of
Poland and Elector of Saxony, appointed him his court
engraver, and Kilian executed several designs at Dres-
den, though he continued to spend most of his time at
Augsburg. Among his works are the " Adoration of
the Kings," by Paul Veronese, and portraits of Francis
t. and Maria Theresa. Died in 1759.
See NAGLER, "Allgemeines Kunstler-Lexikon."
TCilian, (WOLFGANG,) brother of Lucas, noticed above,
was born in 1581. He studied engraving at Augsburg
and Venice. The most important of his numerous works
is the "Celebration of the Westphalian Peace in Augs-
burg in 1649," which contains about fifty portraits. Died
in 1662.
See NAGLER, " Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikoo."
Kilij- (or Kilidj-) Arslan, kil'lij aR'slln', written
also Kelij-Arslan, L, Sultan of Iconium, began to reign
in 1092. He was defeated by the crusaders under God-
frey of Bouillon at Nicsea in 1097. In 1101 he gained a
complete victory over a large army of crusaders. Having
revolted against the Sultan of Persia, he was killed in
battle in 1107.
See ABOOLFEDA, "Annales."
Kilij- (or Kilidj-) Arslan IX, surnamed AZZ-ED
DEEN or AZZEDDYN, az'ed-deen', (" Splendour of the
Faith,") Sultan of Anatolia,commenced his reign at Ico-
nium in 1155 A.D. He carried on long and doubtful
wars against the Greek empire, but finally succeeded in
annexing several provinces to his dominions. He was
distinguished for his skill, energy, and generosity. 1~>;/"?
in 1192.
See MICHAUD, " Histoire des Croisades."
Dierf
€ as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/'; G, H, K.,gvttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as *; th as in this. (jJJjp'See Explanations, p. 23.
KILLIGREW
A'AYG
KilTI-grew, (ANNE,) an English lady, to whom Dry-
den has addressed his most beautiful elegy, was cele-
brated for her virtues and accomplishments. She was
the daughter of Dr. Henry Killigrew, and was born in
1660. She excelled both as a poetess and as an artist.
A volume of her poems was published shortly after
her death, which occurred in 1685. She executed por-
traits of James II. and his queen, and several historical
paintings.
Killigrew, (CATHERINE,) the wife of Sir Henry Kil-
ligrew, was born about 1530. She was distinguished for
her poetical effusions and for her knowledge of the
classical and Oriental languages. She was a daughter
of Sir Anthony Cooke, and a sister of Lord Bacon's
mother. Died in 1600.
Killigrew, (THOMAS,) an English dramatist, born in
Middlesex in 1611, was a page to Charles I. After the
commencement of the rebellion he accompanied Charles
II. on the continent, and married one of the queen's
m^ids of honour. Upon the restoration he was made
groom of the bed-chamber, and, on account of his wit
and oddities, became a highly-privileged person at court
lie wrote several plays. Died in 1682.
See BAKKR, " Biographia Dramatica."
Killigrew, (Sir WILLIAM,) a brother of the preceding,
was born in 1605. For his faithful adherence to Charles
I. he was knighted at the restoration, and was soon after
appointed vice-chamberlain. He wrote several plays,
and two works entitled "Midnight and Daily Thoughts"
and " Artless Midnight Thoughts of a Gentleman at
Court." Died in 1693.
See BAKER, " Biographia Dramatica."
Kilmaine. kit-man', (CHARLES JOSEPH,) a general,
born in Dublin in 1754, entered the French army, and
served with distinction under Bonaparte in Italy. Died
in 1799.
Kilmarnock, EARL OF. See BOYD, (WILLIAM.)
Kil-pat'rick, (JunsoN,) an American general, born
in New Jersey in 1836, graduated at West Point in April,
1861. He served as captain at the battle of Big Bethel,
and in the autumn of 1861 became a lieutenant-colonel
of cavalry. In 1862 he took part in various operations of
the army of the Potomac. He was appointed a brigadier-
general of volunteers in May, 1863, after which he was
employed in a raid to Richmond for the release of Federal
prisoners. He commanded the cavalry of Sherman's
army in its march from Atlanta to Savannah, November-
December, 1X64. He was minister to Chili from 1865 to
1870, was reappoimed in 1881, and clied there December
4 of the same year.
KUwardeby, kil-w5rd'be, (ROBERT,) an English
prelate, became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1272, and
cardinal in 1277. Died in 1279.
Kim'ball, (HARRIET McEwEN,) an American poetess,
born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. She has pub-
lished "Hymns," (1867,) "Swallow Flights of Song,"
(1874,) and "The Blessed Company of all Faithful
People," (1879.)
Kimball, (RICHARD BURLEIGH,) an American writei
and lawyer, born at New Lebanon, New Hampshire, i.i
1818. He graduated at Dartmouth College, and sub-
sequently travelled in Europe. Among his principal
works are " Reminiscences of an Old Man," " Cuba and
the Cubans," (1850,) and "Romance of Student-Life
Abroad," (1853.) Died December 28. 1892.
Kim'ber-ley, (JOHN WODEHOUSE,) EARL OF, an
English statesman, born in 1826. graduated at Oxford in
1847. He was under-secretary of state for foreign affairs
from 1852 to 1856, was sent as ambassador to Saint Pe-
tersburg in the latter year, and returned in 1858. He
was again appointed under-secretary for foreign affairs
in June, 1859, resigned in August, 1861, and was lord
lieutenant of Ireland from October, 1864, to July, 1866.
In 1866 he was raised to the peerage, and in 1868 he
was appointed lord privy seal. He was colonial secre-
tary in 1870-74 and 1880-82, secretary for India 1882-
86 and 1892-94, lord president of the council 1892-94,
and foreign secretary till 1895. He was the lender of
thr Liberal party in the House of Commons i
Kimchi, kim'kee, or Itimhi, kim'Hee, (DAVID,) an
eminent Jewish rabbi, sometimes called Redak, born
at Narbonne, France, about 1158. His Gentile family
name was PETIT. He is regarded by his nation as the
greatest Hebrew grammarian. In 1232, on account of
his influence and vast erudition, he was appointed by
the French and Spanish Jews to decide in a controversy
which then existed between them in regard to the doc-
trines of Maimonides. His principal works are a Hebrew
Grammar, a " Dictionary of Hebrew Roots," and com-
mentaries on nearly all the books of the Old Testament.
Died about 1235.
KinastorL See KYNASTON.
Kind, kint, (Jon ANN FRIEDRICH,) a German litterateur
and poet, born at Leipsic in 1768. He wrote novels,
dramas, and poems. His most famous production is the
opera " Der Freischiitz," set to music by Weber. Died
at Dresden in 1843.
Kind, (KARL THEODOR,) a German writer, distin-
guished for his knowledge of the modern Greek language
and literature, was born at Leipsic in 1 799. He published
" Modern Greek Popular Songs in the Original and with
a German Translation," etc. Died December 7, 1868.
King, (CHARLES,) an American journalist, son of
Rufus King, noticed below, was born in New York
in 1789. He became in 1823 associate editor of the
"New York American," a literary and political journal
of a conservative character. He was subsequently one
of the editors of the "Courier and Enquirer," in New
York, and in 1849 was chosen president of Columbia
College. Died near Rome in 1867.
King. (CHARLES,) an American soldier and author,
born at Albany, New York, in 1844. He graduated
at West Point in 1866, was promoted captain in 1879,
colonel in 1890, adjutant-general in 1895, and briga-
dier-general in 1898, serving in the Philippines under
General Merritt. He published numerous military
novels and other works.
King, (CLARENCE,) an American geologist, born
at Newport, Rhode Island, in 1842. He was on the
California geological survey 1863-66, and determined
i the age of the gold-bearing strata, commanded the
j geological survey of the 4Oth parallel 1867-72, was
I director of the United States geological survey 1878-
| 81, and was afterwards engaged in special investiga-
tions. He published " Systematic Geology," " Moun-
taineering in Sierra Nevada," etc.
King, (EDWARD,) a learned English antiquary and
lawyer, born in Norfolk in 1735. In 1767 he was elected
a Fellow of the Royal Society. He wrote, besides other
works, " Observations on Ancient Castles," and a treatise
on English architecture previous to the Norman con-
quest. Died in 1807.
King, (EDWARD,) an American author, born at
Middlefield, Massachusetts, in 1848. He became a
juurnalist, and in 1875 published "The Great South,"
the result of a long journey in the Southern States.
From 1875 till iSSS he lived in Europe as a corre-
spondent. He published "The Gentle Savage,"
(1883,) "Europe in Storm and Calm," (1885,) "A
Venetian Lover," (1887,) "Joseph Zalmonah,"
(1893,) etc. Died March 28, 1896.
King, (GRACE ELIZABETH,) an American author,
born in Louisiana in 1859. She published several
volumes of fiction, " De Soto and his Men in the Land
of Florida," etc.
King, (GREGORY,) an English engraver and writer on
heraldry, born at Lichfield about 1648; died in 1712.
King. (HARRIET E. HAMILTON,) an English poetess,
born in 1840, daughter of Admiral Hamilton, and niece
of the Duke of Abercorn. In 1863 she married Henry
S. King, a publisher. Among her books of poetry are
" Aspromonte," (1869,) "The Disciples," (1873,) and "A
l;,,,,k o! Dreams," (!bS;.(
King, (Dr. HENRY,) an English divine and poet, born
in 1591, became Bishop of Chichester. He wrote "A
Poetical Version of the Psalms," " Poems, Elegies, Para-
a, e, i, 6, U, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, ii, y, skort; a, e, j, o, obscure ; fir, fill, fit ; met; n6t; good; moon;
KING
M39
KING
coxes, and Sonnets," (1659,) and various sermons and
religious treatises. Died in 1669.
King, (HORATIO,) an American post-office official,
was born at Paris, Maine, in iSn. He became a
newspaper editor, and in 1839 entered the post-office
department as a clerk. He was made first assistant
postmaster-general in 1854, and in 1861 was post-
master-general for a short period. He afterwards en-
gaged in legal practice. He published " Sketches of
Travel," (1878,) etc. Died May 20, 1897.
King, (JOHN,) a clergyman and writer, brother of
Bishop Henry King, was born about 1596 ; died in 1639.
King, (JOHN,) an English theologian, born in the
county of Bucks about 1559, was the father of Henry,
noticed above. He became chaplain to Queen Elizabeth,
and was an eloquent preacher. In 161 1 he was appointed
Bishop of London. Died in 1621.
King, (JoHN,) an English divine, born in Cornwall in
1652. He preached for some time at Chelsea, and be-
came prebendary of York in 1731. Died in 1732.
His son JOHN, born in 1696, was a physician, and
published an edition of the "Orestes," "Hecuba," and
" Phoenissae" of Euripides, (1726.) Died in 1728.
King, (JOHN CROOKSHANKS,) born in Ayrshire, Scot-
land, in 1806, emigrated in 1829 to America, where he
soon became distinguished as a sculptor. Among his
principal works are busts of John Q. Adams, Daniel
Webster, and other eminent Americans. Died in 1882.
King, (JOHN P.,) an American lawyer, born in Glas-
gow, Kentucky, April 3, 1799, was elected by the Demo-
cratic party to the United States Senate in 1833 ; was
again elected, but resigned, and became president (1841-
78) of the Georgia Railroad. Died March 19, 1888.
King, (MATTHEW PETEK,) an English musician and
composer, born in 1773. He composed the music for
various dramatic pieces, and also produced songs, glees,
etc. Died in 1823.
King, (MITCHELL,) LL.D., a distinguished jurist and
scholar, born in Scotland in 1783. He removed to
Charleston, South Carolina, where he devoted himself
to the study of law. He was one of the founders of the
Philosophical Society at Charleston, and was appointed
in 1819 judge of the city court.
King, (PETER,) LORD, an eminent lawyer and high
chancellor of England, born at Exeter in 1669, was the
son of a grocer. His talents and application attracted
the attention of his maternal uncle, the celebrated John
Locke, through whose influence he was sent to the
University of Leyden. After his return to England he
studied law, gained admission to the bar, and rapidly
rose in his profession. He was elected about 1700 a
tained the repeal of one hundred and twenty sleeping
statutes in 1856. Died November 12, 1885.
King, (PHILIP PARKER,) an English navigator, born
in the island of Norfolk in 1793. He commanded an
expedition sent in 1826 to explore and survey the coasts
of South America. The results were published in a
"Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of H.M.S. Ad-
venture and Beagle, between the Years 1826 and 1816 "
(1839.) Died in 1855.
King, (PRESTON,) an American statesman, born in
Ogdensburg, New York, in 1806. He embraced the
profession of law, and was a representative in Congress
from 1843 to 1847, and again from 1849 to 1853. "
transferred to the United States Senate in i
;53.
He was
took an
active part in the senatorial debates, and, during the dis-
union movement of 1860-61, advocated a firm adherence
to the principles of the Republican party. He was ap-
pointed collector of the port of New York about 1864.
Died at New York in November, 1865.
King, (RICHARD,) an English divine and polemical
writer, born in Bristol about 1750. Among his princi-
pal works are " Letters from Abraham Plymley to his
Brother Peter on the Catholic Question," and a "Treat-
ise on the Inspiration of the Scriptures." Died in 1810
King, (Sir RICHARD,) an English admiral, born is
Dorsetshire in 1771. He rendered important services
at the battle of Trafalgar, where he fought as captain.
(1805.) He became a vice-admiral in 1821. Died in 1834.
King, (RuFUS,) an American statesman, born in Scar-
borough, Maine, in 1755, graduated at Harvard in 1777.
He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1780, and
became an eloquent pleader. In 1784 he was elected
a delegate to the Continental Congress, in which he
offered in 1785 a resolution "That there be neither
slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of the States
described in the resolution of Congress of April, 1784,"
i.e. the Northwest Territory. He married Mary Alsop,
of New York City, in 1786. He took a prominent part
in the Convention which in 1787 formed the Constitu-
tion of the United States, and became a leader of the
Federal party. Having fixed his residence in the city
of New York in 1788, he was elected a Senator of the
United States in 1789. He advocated Jay's treaty in
several eloquent speeches, was re-elected to the national
Senate in 1795, and was appointed minister-plenipoten-
tiary to Great Britain in 1796. He performed the duties
of this position with much ability for eight years, and
retired to private life in 1804. In 1813 he was elected
a United States Senator by a legislature of adverse poli-
tics. Having been again elected in 1819 or 1820, he
continued in that body until 1825, and made an able
speech against the extension of slavery on the occasion
member of Parliament for Beer-Alston, which seat he! of the admission of Missouri. He was appointed min-
retained for several years. In 1708 he was appointed I 'ster to England in 1825, returned about a year later, and
recorder of London, and was knighted. Notwithstand- died in April, 1827.
ing the arduous duties of his profession, King found time
to write two able theological works, which aloi.e would
have made him celebrated. They are an "Inquiry into
the Constitution, Discipline, Unity, and Worship of the
Primitive Church," (1691,) (in which he favoured the
rights of the Protestant dissenters,) and the " History
of the Apostles' Creed, with Critical Observations on its
Several Articles," (1702.) In 1714 Sir Peter King was
created chief justice of the common pleas, and in 1725
was made lord chancellor, and raised to the peerage, as
Baron King of Ockham. He was attached to the Whig
party. He resigned the seals in 1733, on account of ill
health. Died in 1734.
See LORD CAMPBELL, "Lives of the Lord Chancellors;" "Selec-
tion from the Speeches and Writings of Lord King;" Foss, "The
Judges of England."
King, (PETER,) LORD, an English statesman, born
in 1775, was a great-grandson of the preceding. He
entered the House of Lords about 1796, and became a
political and personal friend of Charles James Fox. He
published a " Life of John Locke," (1829.) He died in
1833, leaving a son WILLIAM, Earl of Lovelace, who
married Lord Byron's daughter Ada.
King, (PETER JOHN LOCKE,) an English legislator, a
son of the preceding, was born at Ockham, Surrey, in
1811. He was elected to Parliament in 1847, and ob
See " National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans,"
vol. iii.
King, (Rupus,) an American general, a son of Charles
King, noticed above, was born in the city of New York
in 1814. He graduated at West Point in 1833, and was
employed as an engineer for several years. About 1838
he became adjutant-general of New York. He after-
wards edited a paper at Milwaukee. He was appointed
a brigadier-general of volunteers in 1861, and commanded
a division under Generals McDowell and Pope in the
summer of 1862. He was minister at Rome from Oc-
tober, 1863, to July, 1867. Died October 13, 1876.
King, (SUSAN PETIGRU,) an American writer, daugh-
ter of James L. Petigru, was born at Charleston, South
Carolina, in 1824. She published " Busy Moments of an
Idle Woman," " Sylvia's World," and other tales. Her
second husband was a Mr. Bowen. She died in 1875.
King, (THOMAS,) an actor and dramatist, born in
London in 1730. Among his productions are " Love at
First Sight," " A Peep behind the Curtain, or the New
Rehearsal," and "Wit's Last Stake." Died in 1805.
King, (T. BUTLER,) an American politician, born in
Hampshire county, Massachusetts, in 1804. He studied
law, and removed to Georgia about 1824. He was elected
a member of Congress in 1839, 1841, and 1845, and be-
came a secessionist in 1861. Died in 1864.
e as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( J^=See Explanations, p.
KING
1440
KINGSTON
King, (THOMAS STARR,) an American Unitarian di-
vine, born in New York in 1824. He became in 1848
pastor of the church in Hollis Street, Boston, and in
1860 sailed for San Francisco, where he assumed charge
of the Unitarian church in that city. He had a high
reputation as a lecturer, and published, among other
works, "The White Hills: theif Legends, Landscapes,
and Poetry," (1859.) Died in 1864.
See "A Tribute to Thomas Starr King," by R. FROTHINGHAM.
King, (WILLIAM,) a Protestant prelate, was horn in
Antrim, Ireland, in 1650. He opposed the Catholics
under James II., and favoured the Revolution. In 1703
he was created Archbishop of Dublin. He wrote " The
Inventions of Men in the Worship of God," (1694,)
intended to reconcile the Irish Presbyterians to the
Episcopal ceremonies, and a treatise, in Latin, on " The
Origin of Evil," ("De Origine Mali," 1702,) which was
attacked by Bayle and Leibnitz. Died in 1729.
King, (WILLIAM,) a learned and satirical writer, born
•n London in 1663. About 1702 he was appointed in Ire-
land to the offices of judge of the admiralty, keeper of the
records, and commissioner of prizes. Among his works
are " Animadversions upon the Pretended Account of
Denmark," (1694,) in answer to a work by Lord Moles-
worth, " The Transactioneer," a satire on the Royal So-
ciety, (1700,) and "Original Works in Prose and Verse,"
(3 vols., 1776.) A Memoir of his life is prefixed to the?
last. Died in 1712.
King, (WILLIAM,) an English writer, born near Lon-
don in 1685. Among his works are several Latin tract!
on various subjects, and his autobiography, entitled | Tailor and Poet," (1850,) which attracted much attention,
"Political and Literary Anecdotes," (1819,) containing I and in "Yeast, a Problem," (1851,) he showed a similar
Kingo, king'o, (THOMAS,) a Danish poet ana prelate,
born at Slangerup in 1634, became Bishop of Kunen.
His sacred poems were highly esteemed by his contem-
poraries, and he has been compared by English readers
to Dr. Watts. Died in 1723.
See LONGFELLOW, "Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Kingsborough, kingz'bur'eh, (EDWARD KING,) Via*
COUNT, an English antiquary, born in 1795, was a son
of the Earl of Kingston. He published "Antiquities of
Mexico, comprising Fac-Similes of Ancient Mexican
Paintings," etc., (9 vols., 1830 et sej.) Died in 1837.
Kings'ley, (CALVIN,) D.D., an American Methodist
clergyman, born in Oneida county, New York, in 1812,
became editor of the "Western Christian Advocate" in
1856. He was elected a bishop in 1864. Having made
a tour round the world, he died on his return, at Jem
talem, in 1870.
Kings'ley, (Rev. CHARLES,) a popular English writer,
born at Holne Vicarage, in Devonshire, in June, 1819
He was educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge, waj
ordained a priest of the Anglican Church in 1843, and
became rector of Eversley, Hampshire, in 1844. About
this date he married Miss Grenfell, whose sister is the
wife of Froude the historian. He published in 1848 a
dramatic poem called "The Saint's Tragedy." He
united with his friend the Rev. J. F. D. Maurice in efforts
to improve the condition of the working-men by the
formation of co-operative associations. His interest in
the sufferings and trials of the working-classes in large
towns was manifested in his novel of " Alton Locke,
'Monthly Review"
ing account of a number of his contemporaries. I interest in the labor question. His romance of " Hy-
rincipal of Saint Mary's Hall, Oxford. Died patia" (1853) is regarded as one of his most powerful
works, and among his others the best-known are " Alex-
andria and her Schools," "Sermons for the Times,"
(1854,) " Westward Ho I" a novel, (1855,) "Glaucus ; or,
The Wonders of the Shore," " The Heroes, or Greek
Fairy Tales," "Two Years Ago," a novel, (1856,) "The
Water-Babies, a Fairy Tale for a Land-Baby," (1863,)
and " Plays and Puritans," (1873.) Died Jan. 23, 1875.
Kingsley, (HENRY,) an English author, brother of
an interest
He was principal
in 1763.
See "Edinburgh Review" for July, 1819;
for February, 1819.
King, (WILLIAM,) born at Scarborough, Maine, in
1768, was president of the convention which framed the
Constitution of his native State. He was afterwards
elected first Governor of Maine. Died in 1852.
King, (WILLIAM FLETCHER,) D.D., an American
educator, born near Zanesville, Ohio, December 20, 1830.
He graduated at Ohio Wesleyan University in 1857, and
for rive years was tutor there. In 1863 he became pres-
ident of Cornell College, in Iowa.
King, (WILLIAM RUFUS,) an American statesman of
the Democratic party, born in Sampson county, North
Carolina, in 1786. In 1810 he was elected to Congress.
He was United States Senator from Alabama from 1819
to 1840, being re-elected four times. He supported
General Jackson in the Presidential campaigns of 1824,
1828, and 1832, and was appointed minister to France by
President Tyler in 1844. He was elected president of
the Senate in 1850, and in 1852 Vice-President of the
United States. Died in 1853.
King'lake, (ALEXANDER WILLIAM,) an English au-
thor and barrister, born at Taunton in 1809, was edu-
cated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He
was called to the bar in 1837, after which he made a
tour in the Levant, and published a book of travel
called "Eothen," (1844,) which was highly successful.
He accompanied the British army to the Crimea in 1854,
and wrote a "History of the Crimean War." In 1857
he was elected tn Parliament. Died January 2, 1891.
1863;
" bdinburi-li Review" lor April, 1863 ; " Norih British Review" for
May, 1863.
Kinglake, (JOHN ALEXANDER,) an English Liberal,
born in Taunton in 1805, a cousin of A. \V. Kinglake.
In his times he was considered an extreme Radical.
Died in London, July II, 1870.
Kinglake, (ROBERT ARTHUR,) an English reformer
and philanthropist, a brother of the historian A. \V.
Kinglake. He was born at Taunton in 1813. His atten-
tion has mainly been given to the improvement of the
condition of labouring people. He established a " Court
of Reconciliation," by which suits at law are avoided
and difficulties settled without cost. Mr. Kinglake is
also the author of several works of merit.
See " Quarterly Review" for December, 1844, and April,
'•' ••" for March, 1863, and January,
Charles Kingsley, was born at Holne, in Devon, in 1830,
and was educated in Oriel College, Oxford, living, for
several years after, in Australia. He published " Recol-
lections of Geoffrey Hamlyn," (1858,) " Ravenshoe,"
(1861,) "Austin Elliott," (1863,) '"The Hillyars and the
Burtons," (1865,) " Leighton Court," (1866,) "Mademoi-
selle Mathilde," (1868,) " Stretton, Hetty, and other
Stories," (1869,) "Old Margaret," (1871,) "Reginald
Hetheridge," (1874,) "The Grange Garden," (1876,) and
many other stories. Died May 24, 1876.
Kingsley, (JAMES LUCE,) LL.D., born in Windham,
Connecticut, in 1778, graduated at Yale College in 1700.
and in 1805 became professor of Hebrew, Latin, and
Greek in that institution. He wrote the " Life of Ezra
Stiles" in Sparks's " American Biography," and pub-
lished several educational works. Died in 1852.
Kings'mill, (ANDREW,) an English Puritan minister,
born at Sidmonton in 1538. He preached at Oxford and
at Geneva, and published several religious works. Died
at Lausanne in 1569.
Kings'ton, (ELIZABETH CHUDLEIGH,) DUCHESS OF,
an English beauty, born in 1720. She was privately
married to Harvey, who became Earl of Bristol, and
from whom she was soon separated. In 1769 she was
again married to the Duke of Kingston. She was tried
on a charge of bigamy, and convicted. Died in 1788.
See "An Authentic Detail of Particulars relative to the Duchess
of Kingston," London, 1788.
Kingston, (WILLIAM HENRY GILES,) an English
writer of fiction, chiefly for juvenile readers, was born in
London, February 28, 1814, and spent most of his youth
in Portugal. Among his numerous works are "The
Circassian Chief," (1844,) "The Prime Minister," (1845,)
" Lusitanian Sketches," "Peter the Whaler," (1851,)
"Western Wanderings," (1856.) "The Three Midship-
men," "The Three Lieutenants," "The Three Com-
manders," "The Three Admirals," etc., his boys' books
alone numbering over one hundred and thirty. Died at
Willesclen, August 5, 1880.
4, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; i, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, 9, j, 9, okscurc; far, fill, fit; mgt; not; good; moon;
RUDYARD KII'UNG.
KINK EL 1441 KIRCHHOFF
Kiiikel, kink'el, (JoHANN GOTTFRIED,) a German ' removed in 1753, and was appointed teacher in Coward's
patriot, poet, and writer upon art, born at Oberkassel in Academy for the education of dissenting ministers, in
1815. He published in 1846 a ^ History of the Plastic 1763. About 1780 he was chosen a Fellow of the Royal
"Otto the Archer.'
called " Spart;
of democratic principles. Having taken part in the but was left unfinished', 'terminating at the" letter F? ~He
storming of the arsenal at Siegburg, and the insurrec- wrote a "Life of Captain Cook," (1788.) Died in 1795.
tion of the Palatinate, he was in June, 1849, taken by the Kiralfy, (IMRB,) an Hungarian composer, born at
Prussians and imprisoned at Spandau. In November, ; Budapest in 1845. He began the composition of
1850, assisted by hi» friend Carl Schurz, he made his music at the age of twelve, and was a manager of
escape to England. Died November 13, 1882. spectacular exhibitions in the United States 1869-74;
Kiiiloch, kin'loK, (WILLIAM Penney,) LORD, a afterwards in Europe. He produced " Our Naval Vic-
Scottish judge, born at Glasgow, August 8, 1801, grad- lories" in New York in 1898. He published " Nero,"
uated at the University of Glasgow, and in 1858 was "Venice, the Bride of the Sea," "Columbus," etc.'
made a judge. Died October 30, 1872. He published Kjr'b^, (JOHN JOSHUA.) F.R.S., an English artist
several volumes of verse, mostly of a devotional char and antiquary, born in Suffolk in 1716. He published
acter. , " The Perspective of Architecture," ( 1 761,) and " A Map
Kin'ney, (CoATES,) an American poet, born at i of Suffolk." Died in 1774.
Crooked Lane, near Penn Yan, New York, in 1826. Kirby, (Rev. WILLIAM,) an eminent English ento-
He went West when a boy, and has been successively mologist, born in Suffolk in 1759, was a nephew of the
school-teacher, journalist, and lawyer. He published preceding. He was educated at Caius College, Cara-
" Keeuka, and other Poems," in 1854. His short lyric bridge, and became curate of Barham. He studied
called " Rain on the Roof" has attained wide popularity, various branches of natural history, and was one of the
Kinsbergen, van, vSn kins'beVHen, (JAN HEN- first members of the Linnasan Society, to which he
. . . , In conjunction with Mr.
In 1781 he assisted in the famous battle of Doggersbank, Spence, he published an excellent " Introduction to En-
fonght between the Dutch and English. He was created tomology," (4 vols., 1815-26.) He also wrote the Bridge-
Count of Doggersbank by Louis, King of Holland. Died water Treatise entitled " The Habits and Instincts of
in 1820. Animals." Died in 1850.
Kinsky, kin'skee, (FERDINAND JOHANN NEPOMU Kirch, kSgRK, (CHRISTFRIED,) a distinguished as-
JOSEPH,) PRINCE, an Austrian musician, known as a friend tronomer and writer, born at Guben in 1694. He was a
and patron of Beethoven. Died November 2, 1812. member of the Academies of Science at Paris and Saint
Kinaky, kin'skee, (FRANZ JOSEPH,) COUNT, an Aus- Petersburg, and director of the Observatory in Berlin,
trian general, born at Prague in 1739, served with dis- Died in 174°'
tinction against the French in 1793-96. Died in 1805. Kirch, (GOTTFRIED,) father of the preceding, was
Kinson, kin'son, or Kinsoen, kin'soon, (FRANS,) a born in Lower Lusatia in 1639. He was appointed di-
skilful Flemish portrait-painter, born at Bruges in 1774 rector of the Observatory and royal astronomer at Berlin,
or 1770, worked in Paris and Brussels. Died in 1839. He wrote " Observations upon the Comet that appeared
Kip, (WILLIAM INGRAHAM,)D.D., an American prel-i in Italy in 1676," (1677,) "Astronomical Tables," and
ate, born in New York in iSll. He graduated in 1831! "Christian, Jewish, and Turkish Calendar to the Year
at Yale College, and was consecrated in 185^ missionary
bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in California,
He published "Early Conflicts of Christianity," "The
Double Witness," "The Catacombs of Rome," "Domes-
tic and Religious Life in Italy," etc. Died April 7, 1893.
Kip'ling, (RUDYARD,) an English author, born at
Bombay, India, in 1865. He was educated in Eng-
land, but returned to India in 1880, where he became
engaged as an editor on the "Civil and Military Ga-
zette" 1882-89. His journalistic contributions in verse
1685." Died in 1710.
Kirch, (MARIE MARGARETHE WINCKELMANN,) an
astronomer, wife of the preceding, was born in Upper
Lusatia in 1670. She assisted her husband in his astro-
nomical labours, and published almanacs. Died in 1730.
Kirchbach, von, fon keSRK'baK, (Huco EWALD,) a
German general, born May 23, 1809. He entered the
Prussian army in 1826, was a lieutenant-general in the
Austrian war of 1866, and a corps-commander and full
general in the French war of 1870-71.
Ktr'€her, [Ger. pron. kggR'Ker ; Lat. KIRCHE'RUS,]
and prose were published as "Departmental Ditties,"
graphic style the pope to fill the chair of mathematics in the Roman
war. Kipling attained a rapid and extreme popularity, Ancient and Modern Aspect," ("Latium, id est nova et
too much so to promise long continuance. parallela Latii, turn veteris, turn novi, Descriptio," 1669.)
Kipling, (THOMAS,) D.D., professor of theology at : He also published several valuable scientific treatises;
Cambridge, and Dean of Peterborough, born in England and .to, him ls S?1""11* ascnbed the invention of the
about 1 755. He wrote " The Article's of the Church of "'"' Dled '" l™°-
England proved not to be Calvinistic," and various other
works. Died in 1821
Kipping, kip'ping, [Lat. KIPPIN'GIUS,! (HEINRICH,)
, ' (CONRAD,) a German philologist and writer,
born In Augsburg. His chief work is a Greek and He-
(™COrdance of the Oid Testament, (1607.) Died
, , . , , ,6
was^heTuthor of rfumerous work's onphnolo^'his'tory' KuchhoS, kggRK'hof, (GusTAV ROBERT,) a German
and antiquities. Died in 1678
astronomer, born at Komgsberg, M,arch 12, 1824. He
, , , .
vt , • , . . r ,. , .. neld professorships of physics at Breslau, Heidelberg,
Kip pis, (ANDREW ) an English dissenting minister and Berlin, and became distinguished for his observations
and eminent biographer, born at Nottingham in 1725. and discoveries with the sptctroscope. He published
Me preached for some years in London, whither he , '•• Researches on the Solar Spectrum." Died in 1887.
€ as */ 9 as s; g hard; g as/'; o, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( J[^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
9'
KIRCHMAIER
KIRKWOOD
Klrchmaier or Kirchmayer, ke^RK'mT'er, (GEORG ' court and army of Henry II. After his return to Scot-
KASPAR,) a German chemist and scholar, born in Fran- land, he became a leader of the Protestants. He fought
conia in 1635. He wrote commentaries on several classic bravely against the French, who had been sent over to
authors. The discovery of the art of etching on glass assist the Catholics, and made Queen Mary prisoner. He
with fluoric acid is attributed to him. Died in 1700. vainly attempted to capture Bothwell, whom he pursued
See J8CHER, "Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexikon ;" " Nouvelle as far as the coast of Norway. About 1570 Kirkaldy
Biographic Generale." espoused the cause of the queen, of whose party he
Kirchmaier, (THOMAS,) a Lutheran minister, born in became the leader. He refused to obey the mandates
Havana about 1511. He toolc the Greek name of Nao of the regentj and after several months of fighting, in
Georgos. He is the author of numerous Latin poems ^j^ g,.eat (eroc\ty was djsp]ayed on both sides, sus-
and theological and polemical works, mostly written in tained a siege in Edinburgh Castle. He was, however,
the Latin language. He preached at Stuttgart, Esslmgen, final]y obljged by his soldiers to make an unconditional
and Wisloch. Died m 1563. surrender. He, with several of his friends, was hung
See BAYLE, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" SAX, " Ono- m August, 1573. John Knox. who had formerly been
his intimate friend and fellow-sufferer in the Protestant
Kirchman, ke^RK'man, a Russian electrician, of Ger- causej deeply deplored his change of principles and his
man extraction, was professor of philosophy at Saint untimely end.
Petersburg. He was killed by the electric fluid, in the. See..Memoirs and Adventures of Sir Wm. Kirkaldy." Edmburgh,
1849 ; ROBERTSON, " History of Scotland ;" CHAMBERS, " Biographi-
lilstory
ninent S
icotsmen :" FROUDE, " History of Eng-
He was killed by the electric fluid, in the.
act of attracting it from the clouds, in 1753.
Kirchmann, kSERK'man, (JoHANN,) a German au- cal Dictionary of Emir
thor and scholar, born at Lubeck in 1575, became in land;' 'Blackwood's Magazine" for January, i
1603 professor of poetry at Rostock. He wrote a"Dis- Kirktride, (THOMAS S.,) M.D., an American phy-
sertation on the Funeral Ceremonies used among the sician, born m Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in 1809.
Romans," (1605,) and " De Annulis," a treatise on an- Having graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, he
cient rings Died in 1643 Decame resident physician of the Pennsylvania Hospital,
" See BAVLE, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" N.ciRON, at Philadelphia, and in 1840 superintendent of the Hos-
"Memoires " pital for the Insane. He published " Rules i.nd Regula-
Kirchmann, von, fonkeeRK'man, (JULIUS,) a German, tions for the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane,"
philosopher and jurist, born at Schafstedt, near Merse- (185°.) " Th(= Construction, Organization, and General
burg, in 1802. He was educated at Leipsic and Halle, Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane," (1854,) etc.
and became prominent as a Liberal Prussian legislator, but He died December 17, 1883.
in 1866 was deprived of his right to act as a legal coun- Kirke, kerk, (PERCY,) COLONEL, a British officer,
sellor. Besides important legal works, (" Prussian Code notorious for cruelty, lived in the reigns of James II. and
of Civil Procedure," " Penal Code for North Germany," William III. His men were called " Kirke's Lambs."
" Penal Code for the Empire," etc.,) he published " Phi- See PEPVS, " Diary ;" MACAULAY, " History of England."
losophy of Science," " On Immortality," " Esthetics Kirke White. See WHITE.
based on Realism," "Catechism of Philosophy," etc, Kirk'land. (Mrs. CAROLINE MATILDA STANSBURY,)
Though opposed to idealism, his system is considered in- an American writer, born in the city of New York, was
compatible with absolute materialism. Died in 1884. ' married about 1830 to Professor William Kirkland, of
Kirchner, k<5SRK'ner, (THEODOR,) a German musical Hamilton College. After a residence of nearly three
composer, born at Neukirchen, in Saxony, in 1824. His years in Michigan, she published, under the assumed
" genre pieces" for the piano-forte, in which the influence name of " Mary Clavers," " A New Home — Who'll Fol-
of Schumann is manifest, are his best performances. low?" (1839,) "Forest Life," (1842,) and "Western Clear-
Kirgener, keRzh'naiR', (JOSEPH,) a French general,
born in Paris in 1766, was killed at Markersdorf in 1813.
K|rk, (EDWARD N.,) an American general, born in
Ohio. He was a citizen of Illinois when the civil war
began. He commanded a brigade of the Union army at
the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, 1862, and was wounded
at the battle of Stone River. Died July 29, 1863.
Kirk, (EDWARD NORRIS,) D.D., an American Con-
gregationalist divine, was born in New York in 1802.
He graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey, and
became in 1828 pastor of a church at Albany. He was
afterwards appointed secretary of the Foreign Evangelical
Society, and in 1842 settled as pastor of the Mount Ver-
non Church, Boston. Died March 27, 1874.
Kirk, (ELLEN W.,) an American novelist, second wife
of J. F. Kirk, was born in 1842. She was a daughter
of Jesse Olney. Among her writings are " Love in Idle-
(1846,) which soon obtained a wide popularity.
Mr». Kirkland's delineations of Western pioneer-life
ings,
are among the most admirable of their kind, abound-
ing in humourous incidents, shrewd sense, and pic-
turesque descriptions. Died in 1864.
Kirkland,(JoHN THORNTON,) D.D., LL.D., an Amer-
ican scholar and divine, born at Little Falls, New York,
in 1770. Having graduated at Harvard in 1789, he
became pastor of the Congregational church in Summer
Street, Boston. He was elected, in 1810, president of
Harvard College. He wrote a " Life of Fisher Ames,"
and several other works. Died in 1840.
Kirkland, (JOSEPH,) an American author, born at
Geneva, New York, in 1830, son of Caroline, above
noticed. He took part in the war, engaged in legal
practice in Chicago, and wrote a number of novels, of
ness," " A Lesson in Love," " Through Winding Ways," which the best known is " Zury : The Meanest Man in
"A Midsummer Madness," etc. j Spring County," (1887,) a striking study of pioneer-
Kirk, (JoHN FOSTER,) an American historian, born at | life in Illinois. Died April 29, 1894.
Fredericton, New Brunswick, in 1824. His education Kirk'man, (MARSHALL MONROE), an American rail-
was obtained in Nova Scotia. He was secretary and wav expert, born in Illinois, July 10, 1842. He in early
assistant to the historian Prescott from 1847 to 1859. ! |jfe became connected with the Chicago and Northwest-
His principal work is the "History of Charles the Bold," |ern Railroad of which road and certain of its subsidiary
(3 vols., 1863-68.) He also edited a new edition of Pres-
cott's works, with notes, and later a " Supplement to
Allibone's Dictionary of Authors," (2 vols., 1891,) for
the period 1850 to 1890. He edited " Lippincott's
Magazine" 1871-86, was lecturer on history at the
University of Pennsylvania 1885-88, and subse-
quently engaged in literary work. technical works.
Kirkaldy, ker-kau'de, (Sir WILLIAM,) of Grange, Kirk-pat'rick, ( WILLIAM JAMES, ) an Oriental
one of the earliest Protestants of Scotland, was the son scholar, born about 1760, was a member of the Asiatic
lines he has long been an officer. Among his works are
" Railway Revenue," " The Officer's Hand-Book," " Bag-
gage, Parcel, and Mail Traffic of Railroads," " Railway
Expenditures," (2 vols.,) "Hand-Book of Railway Ex
penditures," " Railway Train and Station Service, '
"Track Accounts of Railroads," and various other
He finally escaped to France, where he was distinguished and several other works. Died in 1812.
as one of the most valiant and chivalrous knights in the Kirk'wood, (DANIEL,) LL.D.. an American astrono-
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; A, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; met; not; good; moon;
KIRK1VOOD
'4-43
KITTO
mer, born in Harford county, Maryland, September z/, the beautiful Rosalia Szegedy, who rejected him. He
1814, was principal of the high school of Lancaster, subsequently served against Napoleon in Italy, and was
Pennsylvania, 1843-48, professor of mathematics in Dela- taken prisoner by the French. While a captive in the
ware College, 1851-56, in Indiana University, 1856-66, place where Petrarch had poured forth his immortal
and again was called to that position in 1867. His prin- strains to Laura, the young Hungarian resolved to ad-
cipal works are "Meteoric Astronomy," (1867,) and dress the object of his love in a similar poem. In 1800
"Comets and Meteors," (1873.) He made important dis- he regained the affections of the lady Rosalia, to whom
coveries in astronomical science. Died June 11,1895. h^ was married. He left the army and retired to his
Kirkwood, (SAMUEL J.,) an American Governor, p.iternal estate. The same year the anonymous publica-
born in Harford county, Maryland, December 20, 1813. ti in of his poem, under the title of " Himfy," produced
In 1843 he was admitted to the bar in Ohio, and in 1856 a sensation among men of letters never equalled in
he was elected a State Senator of Iowa. He was Gov- Hungary. In 1807 he made himself known in publish-
ernor 01 .Iowa, 1860-63, and again in 1875, United States lnS a P°em entitled "Happy Love." He afterwards
Senator, 1860-67, and 1876-81. He was Secretary of wrote several other poems and dramas, of which "John
he Interior (1881) under Garfield. Died Srpt. i, 1894. lluniades" and "Ladislaus the Rumanian" were greatly
Kirnberger, kde'Rn'be'RG'er, (JoHANN PHII.TPP,) a admired. Died in 1844. Three years later his complete
German musician and writer on art, born in Thuringia works were published at Pesth, in 6 vols. Several
in 1721 ; died in 1783. extracts from " Himfy" have been translated into English.
Kirsten, keT>R'sten, or Kirchstein, keSRK'stin, See T. MUNDT, "Geschichte der Literatur der Gegenwart,"
(GEORG,) a physician and writer on surgery and anatomy, L,.eiPsic.', l8S3 : $?° *he. a""0'? onr,the "Language and Literature
, j- j • c.c. of the Magyars" in the Foreign Quarterly Review" for September,
born at Stettin, in Pomerama, in 1613 ; died in 1660. l82g
Klrsten, (MICHAEL,) a learned physician and scientific Kiss.kis, (AUGUSTUS,) a distinguished Prussian sculp-
wnter, bom in Moravia in 1620 ; died in 1678. t born at p,esSj in ,j Silesia, in 1802. He studied
Kiraten,[Lat. KIRSTE'NIUS,] (PETER,) a distinguished under the celebrated Rauch. He was professor in the
physician and Oriental scholar, born at Breslau in 1577. Academy of Fine Arts of Berlin. Among his most
He studied at the most celebrated universities of Ger admirab]e works are an equestrian statue of Freda
many, and travelled extensively in Europe. He was sub- rick the Great> and two colossal ^^s, in bronze,— an
sequently invited to Sweden by Chancellor Oxenstiern, , ..Amazon attacked by a Tiger," and "Saint George
where he was appointed physician to Queen Christina and the tjragun." Died in 1865.
and medical professor in the University of Upsal. He Kitch'§n-§r, (HORATIO HERBERT,) BARON, an
is said to have been master of twemy^six languages. English soldier) born in lSso. He entered the army
He wrote, among other works,_an " Arabic Grammar,
(1608-10,) and
from the Colla
and Latin Text
Kirstenius. See KIRSTEN, (PETER.)
Kiit 'land. (WILLIAM A.,) an American
in 1871, was in civil life 1874-82, took part in the
*j_ , f^ . f r. • jif ti, ' ill JLU/II vv aa til i~ivii me 10/4 — u^, luutv unit 111 LUC
Notes on the Gospel of Saint Matthew, XT-, , , r , •
ation of Arabic, SyrL, Egyptian, Greek^ Nl e, expedition 1884-85, and commanded a brigade
ts,"(i6u.) Died at Upsal in 1640. '" l£e ^uakl™ ca^Pal|nfof l88
of Suakim 1886-88, adjutant-general of the Egyptian
navaj army 1888-92, and sirdar of the Egyptian army
officer, born in North Carolina in 1836. He entered
90. He commanded the Khartum expe-
dition of 1898, his brilliant success therein winning
the navy in 1850, served through the civil war, and ?
was made captain in 1880, commodore in 1893, and h'm,the tltle of Baron Kitchener of Khartum After
rear-admiral in 1895. He retired July 3, 1898, and 'he disasters ,n Natal ,n the British- Boer war of 1899-
died August 12, 1898.
1900, he went with Lord Roberts to South Africa, and
Kirw^n,ker"'wan, (RICHARD,) a distinguished chemist aided efficiently in the subsequent successful opera-
and geologist, born at Galway, in Ireland, about 1733, u°Ji!' ,
or, as othere say, in 1750. He was elected president of Kitch'en-?r, (WILLIAM,) an English physician and
the Royal Irish Academy, Fellow of the Royal Society writer on gastronomyj)orn in London abputj 775. He
by Lavoisier and refuted by him, "EtememsfMne" works on various sheets Died in 1827.
.."Essay, on the Analysis ^Mineral "'' '"**'
Waters," " An Estimate of the Temperature of Different
Latitudes," and other scientific works. Died in 1812.
Kis, k!sh, (STEPHEN, ) a Hungarian theologian, born at
Szegedin in 1505, was a disciple of Luther. He preached
Kit/chin, (GEORGE WILLIAM,) D.D., an English
author, born at Naughton, in Suffolk, December 7, 1827.
He graduated at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1850, and
remained connected with the university until 1883, when
he became Dean of Winchester, and Dean of Dur-
ham in 1894. He issued editions of Bacon's works,
and of the "Faerie Queene," and wrote a " History
of France," (1873,) " Life of Pius II.," (iSSi,) etc.
Kite, (CHARLES,) an English physician and writer
at Temesvar, and published several works. Died in 1572.
Kischtasp. See GusHTisp.
Kisfaludy, klsh'foh-loody, almost kish'foh-looj,
(KXROLY,) a celebrated dramatist, the founder of Hun-
garian comedy was born at Tete in March, 1790. On ^ ^^^^,, ... ^..s..-.. r.v -
account of his fiery and turbulent disposition, he was born at Gravesend about 1 768 ; diediniSn.
placed in the Austrian army at an early age. He served Ka-Tseu or Ki-Tse. See KEE-TsE.
as an officer in Italy in 1805 against Napoleon, and was Klt'to, (JOHN,) an English writer, distinguished as a
afterwards taken prisoner by the French. Having been bjblical scholar, born at Plymouth in 1804. He suffered
exchanged, he fought in Germany in 1809. He left the much privation and neglect in his childhood in conse-
army in 1810, and fixed his residence at Vienna, where quence of the intemperance of his father. About the
he gained a In ing as an artist. In 1819 he acquired a age of t^]^ he was rendered incurably deaf by a fall
sudden celebrity by his play "The Tartar in Hungary." from the roof of a house. He became an inmate of the
Soon after he produced " Ilka," a tragedy, " Stiber the poor-house, where he manifested such an earnest desire
Chieftain," and several other plays, all of which were to improve his mind that some persons procured for
improve his mind tat some persons procured
Among the most him admission to a college in Islington. As tutor to the
children of Mr. Grove, he travelled in Russia, Arme-
n'la^ an(j Persia in 1829-32. About 1833 he was engaged
by Charles Knight to write for the " Penny Magazine."
He edited " The Pictorial Bible" published by Charles
Knight, (1838,) and produced numerous valuable and
Kiafaludy, (SANDOR,) an elder brother ot Ihc pre- successful works, among which are "The Cyclopedia
ceding, and one of the most eminent of the poet; cf of Biblical Literature," (4 vols., 1845-50,) "The Lost
Hungary, was born in the county of Szalad in 1772. He Senses — Deafness and Blindness," which contains an
entered the army in 1793, and formed an attachment for autobiography, and " Daily Bible Illustrations," (7 vols.,
received with the greatest applause.
popular of his comedies are the "Student Matthias,"
of which the emperor Matthias Corvinus is the hero,
"The Suitors," and "The Insurgents." Kisfaludy es-
tablished an able and successful literary annual, entitled
the "Aurora." Died in November, 1830.
c as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, ^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this,
Explanations, p. 23.)
KIUPERLI
1444
KLEBER
1849-53.) He was married about 1833. He died at
Cannstadt, \Viirtemberg, in 1854.
See I. E. RYLAND, "Memoirs of John Kittp," 1856; "Brief
Biographies," by SAMUEL SMILES; "North British Review" fo'
February, 1847.
Kiuperli. See K6PRILL
Kjoping or Kjoeping, cho'ping, (NIKOLAUS MAT-
SON,) a Swed'sh traveller, born in 1630. In 1648 he
sailed to the East Indies, and afterwards visited Persia,
Farther India, Arabia, and Egypt An account of his
travels was published after his death. Died in 1667.
Klaczko, klitch'ko, (JULIAN,) a distinguished publi-
cist, born at Wilna, in Russian Lithuania, November 6,
1828. He graduated in 1846 at Konigsberg, after which
time he lived in Germany, Italy, and Austria, but chiefly
at Paris. Among his principal books are " Etudes de
Diplomatic," (1866,) and " Les deux Chanceliers," which
was translated into various languages. He also wrote
"La Poesie polonaise," (1862.)
Klapka, klop'koh, (General GEORGE,) born at Te-
mesvar, in Hungary, in 1820. He became a cadet in
an artillery regiment about 1838, and lieutenant-colonel
in 1847. 1° 1848 he joined the Hungarian revolutionists,
and greatly distinguished himself by his daring courage
and his ability as a commander. He soon after received
a general's commission and was appointed secretary of
war. In 1849, while defending the fortress of Comorn,
he made a sally at midnight, totally routed the Austrian
army, and took several pieces of artillery. He forced
his enemies to evacuate Raab, and cut off their commu-
nication with Austria. A few days after he received the
information that the Hungarian army in the South had
surrendered to the Austrians, and also a command from
Gorgey to yield up the fortress of Comorn. This man-
date General Klapka refused to obey ; but two months
later, having obtained honourable terms from Haynau,
he capitulated and went into exile. He strove unsuccess-
fully to bring about a revolution in Hungary in 1866. He
wrote "Memoirs of the War of Independence in Hun-
gary," (1850,) and a work upon the war in the East and
the siege of Sebastopol, (1855.) Died May 17, 1892.
Klaproth, kllp'rot, sometimes Anglicised in pronun-
ciation as klap'roth, (HEINRICH JULIUS,) an eminent
German Orientalist and traveller, born at Berlin, October
1 1, 1 783, was a son of Martin H. Klaproth, noticed below.
At an early age he acquired, without a teacher, consid-
erable knowledge of the Chinese language, and in 1802
founded the " Asiatisches Magazin" at Weimar. On the
recommendation of Count Potocki, he was invited in 1805
to Saint Petersburg, where he was made adjunct for the
Oriental languages and literature at the Academy ot
Sciences. In the capacity of interpreter to the Russian
embassy to China, he travelled through Siberia as far as
Iikootsk in 1805, and collected valuable books and docu
ments, which he used in the composition of his " Asia
Polyglotta." In 1807 he was sent by the Russian govern-
ment on a scientific expedition to the Caucasus, and on
his return, in 1809, was appointed aulic councillor, and
received a title of nobility and other distinctions. He
resigned his offices in Russia in 181-2. In 1816, through
the influence of William von Humboldt, Klaproth re-
ceived from the King of Prussia the honorary title of
professor of Oriental languages and literature at Berlin,
together with a large pension, and permission to reside
in Paris. Among his numerous works we may mention
"Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia," (2 vols., 1812-
14,) "Geographical and Historical Description of the
Eastern Caucasus," (1814,) " Historical Pictures of Asia
from the Monarchy of Cyrus to the Present Time,"
(1824,) "Asia Polyglotta," or a classification of Orien-
tal nations according to their languages, (1829,) and
" On the Origin of Paper Money in China." Besides
these productions, which enjoy the highest reputation
throughout Europe, he published a number of excellent
maps and geographical treatises, and wrote valuable
articles for the " Biographic Universelle." Died in
Paris in 1835. Klaproth was one of the greatest linguists
of his time. His sagacity, judgment, and memory were
extraordinary. " Since Klaproth's death," says the " En-
cyclopaedia Britannica," " his fame has continued to rise.
Ilia merits as a philologer are very great ; but his merits
as a linguist are greater still. . . . His memory, both for
comprehensiveness and accuracy, was unrivalled."
See LANDRESSE, " Notice historique et litteraire sur Klaproth •"
FISCHER, "Denkschrift auf Klaproth," Berlin: "Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Ge'ne'rale;" "Monthly Review" for October, 1814.
Klaproth, (MARTIN HEINRICH,) an eminent German
analytical chemist and mineralogist, born at Wernigerode,
in Prussian Saxony, in December, 1743. He served an
apprenticeship as an apothecary, and about 1768 went to
Berlin, where he studied chemistry. Having gained dis-
tinction by the analysis of mineral substances and by
discoveries in chemistry, he was elected a member of the
Academy of Berlin in 1788, and a foreign associate of the
French Institute. He discovered the metals Uranium
and Titanium, and the earth Zirconia, He published the
results of his researches and experiments in his " Con-
tributions to the Chemical Knowledge of Mineral Bodies,"
(5 vols., 1796-1810.) About 1809 he became professor
of chemistry in Berlin. Died in Berlin in 1817.
See " Biographic MWicale ;" KOPP. "Geschichte der Chemie."
Klass, klis, (FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN,) a German land-
scape-painter, born at Dresden in 1752 ; died in 1827.
Klass, (KARL CHRISTIAN,) a historical painter, a
brother of the preceding, was born at Dresden in 1747.
Died in 1793.
Klauber, klow'ber, (!GNAZ SEBASTIAN,) a German
engraver, was born in Augsburg in 1754. He was
invited to Saint Petersburg by the empress Catherine,
who appointed him professor in the Imperial Academy
of Fine Arts. Died about 1820. Among his engravings
is a portrait of the empress Catherine.
Klauber, (JOSEPH,) an engraver, born at Augsburg
in 1710, was an uncle of the preceding. Died in 1768.
Klaus, a surname of NICOLAS VON DER FLUE. See
FLUE, DE.
Kleander or Kleandros. See CLEANDER.
Kleantb.es. See CLEANTHES.
Klearchus. See CLEARCHUS.
Kleter, [Fr. KLI*BER, kllTjaiR',] (JEAN BAPTISTE,)
a celebrated French general, born at Strasburg in 1754.
Having studied at the military school of Munich, he
returned to France in 1788, and soon attained the rank
of adjutant-major. For his gallant conduct at the siege
of Mayence, in 1793, he was made general of brigade.
He subsequently gained several advantages over the
Vendeans ; but his generous treatment of the prisoners
called down upon him the censures of the committee of
safety. He was removed to the army of the North, in
which, as general of division, he served under Jourdan.
He gained distinguished laurels in 1794 at the battle
of Fleurus, where he commanded the left wing of the
French army. He soon after captured Mons and the
fortress of Maestricht, In 1797, displeased with the
Directory, he retired to a country-seat near Paris ; but
he left this retreat at the request of Bonaparte, whom he
accompanied in 1798 to Egypt. He was severely wounded
at the siege of Alexandria, of which city he was appointed
governor. The following winter he marched into Syria
at the head of the French vanguard, reduced El Arish,
Gaza, and Jaffa, and gained in April, 1799, the decisive
victory of Mount Tabor. On his return to Egypt he
added to his already brilliant reputation at the battle of
Aboukir. In August, 1799, he was made commander-
in-chief by Bonaparte, who returned to France. Though
Kleber was very popular, this event caused general dis-
satisfaction in the army. The soldiers were greatly re-
duced in numbers, and provisions were scarce. The grand
vizier, with over 40,000 men and several English officers,
having captured the important fortress of El Arish, was
marching against the French. For these reasons Kleber
formed a treaty with the Turks and the English admiral
Sir Sidney Smith, by which, upon the surrender of all
the fortresses in his possession except three, he was to
receive from the Turks a large amount of gold and per-
mission to return peaceably to France. He accordingly
delivered up several strongholds, and was preparing to
lail from Egypt, when he was informed by Admiral Keith
that the English government, on the ground that Smith
was not vested with full authority, would not consent
that the French should leave the country except as pris-
oners of war. This infraction of the treat*/ thoroughly
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, J, 6, u, J, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m4t; not; good; moon;
KLEBS
1445
KLENZE
n
aroused the French general. He attacked the Turks,
gained over them the brilliant and decisive victory of
Heliopolis, drove their army from Cairo, and within a
month regained every position which he had previously
abandoned. He then turned his attention to the im-
provement of his conquests. He distributed land among
his troops, formed several companies of native soldiers,
and was using practicable and efficient means to render
Egypt a valuable colony of France, when he was assassin-
ated in June, 1800, by a Mohammedan fanatic. Kleber
stands as one of the very first of the many distinguished
generals of that period. To his great intellectual powers
were joined the generosity of a lofty mind and the hatred
of avarice and cruelty. "Kleber," said Napoleon at
Saint Helena, "was an irreparable loss to France and to
me. He was a man of the brightest talents and of the
greatest bravery. Of all the generals I have had under
me, Desaix and Kleber possessed the greatest talents."
See COUSIN D'AVALLON, " Histoire des Ge'ne'raux Desaix el
KlAer." 1802; LUBERT DE HE>ICOURT, "Vie du Ge'ne'ra] KMber,"
1800; THIEKS, "History of the French Revolution;" E. BARKOIS,
"Notice sur le Ge'ne'ral Kle'ber," 1839; "Nouvelle Biographic
Ge'ne'rale."
Klebs, klSbs, (ERWIN,) an eminent German patholo-
gist, born at Kbnigsberg, February 6, 1834. He held
professorships of pathological anatomy at Bern, Wurz-
burg, and Zurich. He has published important works
on pathology, etc.
Kleeberg, kla'bSRG, (MINNA,) a German poetess,
born of Jewish parents, named COHEN, at Elmshorn,
Holstein, July 21, 1841. She married a rabbi named
Kleeberg in 1862. She afterwards removed to the United
States. She died at New Haven, Connecticut, December
31, 1878. A volume of her lyric poems (all in German)
has been published. They are full of fire and patriot-
ism, and gained for their author a wide reputation.
Kleemau, kla'man, (CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH KARL,)
a German naturalist and painter of insects, etc., was
born near Nuremberg in 1735. He wrote several works
on entomology. Died in 1789.
Klefeker, kla'feh-ker, (JOHANN,) a German writer,
born in Hamburg in 1698 ; died in 1775.
Klein, kiln, (BERNHARD,) a German composer, born
at Cologne in 1794. Among his principal works are the
oratorios of " Job" and " David," and an opera entitled
" Dido." He was an able composer of vocal music.
Died September 9, 1832.
See FETIS, " Biographic Universelle des Musiciens."
Klein, klaN, (DOMINIQUE Louis ANTOINE,) a French
general, born at Blamont in 1761 ; died in 1845.
Klein, (ERNST FERDINAND,) a learned jurist, born
at Breslau in 1743, became privy councillor at Berlin.
He wrote " Principles of German and Prussian Penal
Law," (1795,) "System of Prussian Civil Law," (1830,)
and other legal works. Died in 1810.
See his Autobiography, " E. F. Klein's Selbstbiographie," 1810.
Klein, (JAKOB THEODOR,) a celebrated writer on
natural history, born at Konigsberg in 1685. He was
a member of the Academy of Sciences of Saint Peters-
burg and of the Royal Society of London. Linnaeus
gave the name of Kleinia to a new plant in honour of
this naturalist. The works of Klein are regarded as
valuable contributions to science. Died in 1759.
See CHRISTIAN SRNDEL, " Lobrede auf Herrn J. T. Klein," 1759;
HIRSCHING, " Historisch-literarischea Handbuch;" "Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Ge'ne'rale."
Klein, (JoHANN ADAM,) a distinguished German
painter of landscapes and animals, and a skilful engraver,
was born at Nuremberg in 1792. He visited Rome
about 1820. Died at Munich, May 21, 1875.
See NAGLHR, "Allgemeines KUnstler-Letilcon."
Klein, kiln, (JULIUS LEOPOLD,) a Jewish dramatist,
born at Miscolcz, Hungary, in 1804. He studied medi-
cine, but finally settled at Berlin as a literary man. He
produced many tragedies and comedies, but is chiefly
memorable for his "History of the Drama," (12 vols.,
1865-76,) which was never finished. Died in 1876.
Kleinarts. See CL£NARD.
Kleinau, kll'now, (JoHANN,) Baron von Janowltz,
an Austrian general, born in Bohemia about 1760. He
commanded a corps at Wagram, and rendered important
•ervices at Leipsic, 1813. Died in 1819.
Kleinert, klin'SM, (Huoo WILHELM PAUL,) a Ger-
man theologian, born at Bielguth, in Silesia, Septembei
25, 1837. In 1868 he was called to a professorship in
the University of Berlin. His commentaries (chiefly
in Lange's " Bibelwerk") and critical studies are well
known.
Kleist, von, fon kllst, (EwALD CHRISTIAN,) a popu-
lar German poet, was born near Koslin, in Pomerania,
in 1715. He studied at Konigsberg, and afterward*
entered the Danish army. In 1740 he left Copenhagen,
and received a commission in the service of Frederick
the Great. He greatly distinguished himself at the battle
of Kunnersdorf in 1759, where he was mortally wounded.
His most celebrated work is a poem entitled " Spring,"
("Der Friihling," 1749.) Besides this, he wrote several
hymns and idyls, a series of essays, and a treatise on
military tactics.
See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe :" F. NICOLAI,
" Ehrengedachtniss E. C. von Kleist's," 1759; GERVINUS, "Ge-
schichte der Deutschen Dichtung," 1853.
Kleist, von, (HEINRICH,) a German poet and novel-
ist, born at Frankfort-on-the-Oder in 1776. He fought
in the Prussian army against France. In 1808 he was
associated with Adam Muller in the publication of the
"Phoebus." A victim of hypochondria, he committed
suicide in 1811. Gervinus places him above all the dra-
matic poets of his time. His works include dramas, lyric
poems, novels, and tales, among which are the tragedies
entitled "The Prince of Homburg" and "The Battle of
Hermann," (1809,) and "Michael Kohlhaas," a tale.
See BiiLow, " Heinrich von Kleist's Leben und Briefe," 1848;
GERVINUS, " Geschichte der Deutschen Dichtung," 4th edition, 1853 ;
" Foreign Quarterly Review" for June, i3z8 ; " British Quarterly
Reviewy' for October. 1860.
Kleist von Nollendorf, klist fon nol'Ien-doRf
(EMIL FRIEDRICH,) COUNT, a Prussian commander,
born at Berlin in 1762. He served with distinction in
the Russian campaign of 1812, and at the battle of Baut-
zen, after which, as Prussian plenipotentiary, he concluded
the truce. After the battle of Dresden and the retreat
of the allies, he gained a signal victory over Vandamme
at Nollendorf, (August, 1813.) He was created a field-
marshal in 1821, having previously received the order of
the Black Eagle and been made commander-general of
Saxony. Died in 1823.
Kleisthenes. See CLISTHENES.
Kleitarchos. See CLITARCHUS.
Kleitomachos. See CLITOMACHUS.
Kleitos. See CLITUS.
Klemm, klSm, (FRIEDRICH GUSTAV,) a German la-
tfrateur, born at Chemnitz in 1802. He published a
"History of Bavaria," (3 vols., 1828,) a "Manual of
German Archaeology," (1835,) a "General History of
Human Civilization," (10 vols., 1843-50,) and other
works. Died at Dresden, August 26, 1867.
Klengel, klSng'el, JOHANN CHRISTIAN,) a German
painter and engraver, born near Dresden in 1751.
Among his best pictures are an "Italian Landscape at
Twilight," and "The Wheat Harvest." Died in 1824.
Klenze, klSnt'seh, (CLEMENS AUGUST KARL,) a Ger-
nan jurist, a brother of the following, was born near
Hildesheim in 1795. He wrote a "Manual of Common
Penal Law," (1833,) and other works. Died in 1838.
Klenze, von, fon klSnt'seh, (LEO,) an eminent Ger-
man architect, born at Hildesheim in 1784. He studied
at Brunswick and at Berlin, and afterwards in France,
England, and Italy. In 1813 he went to Munich, where
he was patronized by the crown-prince Ludwig, and two
years later was appointed court architect to the King of
Bavaria. In 1833 he was ennobled. Among the most
Important of his designs are the Glyptothek, a building
to receive statuary and gems, completed in 1830 ; the
Odeon and the Pinakothek (picture-gallery) at Munich,
completed in 1837 ; and the Walhalla, or hall of heroes,
a magnificent marble edifice near Ratisbon, finished in
1839. This building, the exterior of which resembles the
Parthenon, is one of the most remarkable monuments
erected in modern times. Klenze, in his designs for
buildings, displays an uncommon knowledge of the
various styles of architecture; though he regards the
Grecian models as superior to all others. He alsc
erected at Saint Petersburg, under the auspices of the
eas*; <;zss: ghard; gas/; G, H, V., guttural; ^,nasal;f.,tri!led; sasz; thasinMw. (Ji^=See Explanations, p. 23.1
KLEOBULOS
1446
KLOPSTOCK
emperor Nicholas, the Imperial Palace (completed in
1851) and the Imperial Museum. Klenze published,
among other works, an " Essay on the Restoration of
the Tuscan Temples," " The Walhalla in its Artistic and
Technical Relations," and several collections of Grecian
designs. He was likewise skilled in painting, and pro-
duced several landscapes and architectural pieces. Died
m 1864.
See R. WIBGMANN, "Ritter L. von Klenze und unsere Kunst,"
1839: NAGLER, " Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon ;" " Nouvelle Bio-
graphie Ge'ne'rale;" FORTOUL, "De 1'Art en Allemagne," tome L
Kleobulos. See CLEOBULUS.
Kleombrotoa. See CLEOMBROTUS.
Kleomedes. See CLEOMEDES.
Kleomenes. See CLEOMENES.
Kleon. See CLEON.
Kleopatra. See CLEOPATRA.
Kleophon. See CLEOPHON.
Kleostratus. See CLEOSTRATUS.
Klerck, kleRk, (HENDRIK,) an artist and poet, born
in Brussels about 1570. Among his paintings are "The
Resurrection of Jesus Christ," and "The Martyrdom of
Saint Andrew."
Kletten, klet'ten, (GEORG ERNST,) a German medical
writer, born near Wiirzburg in 1759; died in 1827.
Klettenberg, klet'ten-blRc', (SUSANNE CATHERINE,)
born at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1723, was an intimate
friend of Goethe's mother, and has been celebrated by
the poet in his " Wilhelm Meister," under the name of
"the Beautiful Soul." She wrote a number of religious
essays and hymns. Died in 1774.
Kleuker, kloi'ker, (JOHANN FRIEDRICH,) a German
scholar, born at Osterode in 1749. He became in 1798
professor of theology at Kiel, where he died in 1827.
He translated the " Zend Avesta" of Zoroaster from the
Persian, (1776,) and wrote a treatise "On the Religious
System of the Brahmins," (1797.)
See RATJBN, " J. F. Kleuker und Briefe seiner Freunde," etc.,
1841.
Klicpera, klits'peh-ra, (VACLAW KLIMENT,) a Bohe-
mian dramatist, born at Chlumec in 1792; died in 1859.
Kliiigemann, kling'e-man, (CARL,) a German littl-
rattu*-, born at Limmer, Hanover, in 1798. He wrote the
words for many of Mendelssohn's songs and other com-
positions. Died September 25, 1862.
Klimrath, klaN'rit', (HENRI,) a French jurist, born
at Strasbourg in 1807 ; died in 1837.
Klingemann, kling'eh-man', (£KNST AUGUST FRIED-
RICH,) a German dramatic poet, and director of the court
theatre at Brunswick, where he was born in 1 777. Among
his best works are "Luther," "Henry the Lion," and
"German Fidelity," ("Deutsche Treue.") Died in 1831.
See "Foreign Quarterly Review*' for November, 1827.
Klingenstierna, kling'en-sheR'na, (SAMUEL,) an
eminent Swedish philosopher and mathematician, born
near Linkoping about 1690, was educated at Upsal.
Having visited Germany, he became the friend and dis-
ciple of the celebrated Wolf. Upon his return to Swe-
den, in 1730, he was appointed professor of mathematics,
and was subsequently chosen tutor to the crown-prince,
(Gustavus III.) He performed the duties of this office
with great ability, receiving as a reward the order of the
Polar Star and the title of councillor of state. He was
a Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and of Upsal.
Klingenstierna wrote a work on refracting telescopes,
which obtained the prize offered by the Academy of
Sciences of Saint Petersburg, a treatise on the height of
the atmosphere, (1732,) and various other productions.
Died at Stockholm in 1785.
See MARTIN STROEMER, " Aminnelse-Tal ofver S. Klingen-
•tierna," 1785; ADELUNG and JOCHHR, "Allgemeines Gelehrten-
Lexikon. "
Klinger, kling'er, (FRIEDRICH MAXIMILIAN,) a Ger-
man litterateur, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main in Febru-
ary, 1753. Having visited Russia in 1780, he became
reader to the grand duke Paul, whom he accompanied
on his travels. In 1811 he was created lieutenant-general.
He published poems, dramas, and romances. Died at
Saint Petersburg in 1831. His drama entitled "Storm and
Stress, or Impulse," ("Sturm und Drang," 1775,) had a
great success, and gave a name to a period of German
literature, (" Die Sturm-und-Drang Periode,") which,
says Gervinus, "was an epoch of the revolt of nature
against civilization, of simplicity against conventionality,
of youth against age, of the heart against reason," etc.
See GERVINUS, "Geschichte der Deutschcn Dichtung;" "Nou-
velle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Klingsor von TJngerland, kling'soR fon oong'er-
llnt', a German minnesinger and astrologer of the thir-
teenth century, supposed by some writers to have been
the author of the famous "Nibelui'gen-Lied," while
others regard him as a fabulous personage.
Klingstadt, Klingstaedt, or KUngstet, kling'stet,
(CLAUDIUS GUSTAV,) a miniature-painter in the suite
of the regent Duke of Orleans, born at Riga in 1657 ;
died at Paris in 1734.
Klio. See CLIO.
Klocker, klok'ker, or Kloker. klo'ker, (DAVID,) a
portrait and historical painter, born at Hamburg in 1629.
In early life he went as secretary of legation to Sweden,
where he was appointed to give lessons in drawing to
Queen Christina. He was afterwards liberally patron-
ized by Charles X. Died at Stockholm in 1698.
See ERSCH und GRUBER, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedte."
Kloosterman. See CLOSTERMAN, QOHANN.)
Klopp, (ONNO,) a German historian, born at Leer
October 9, 1822. He studied at Bonn, Berlin, and Got
tingen, and became an archivist attached to the court
of the King of Hanover. He afterwards went to Austria.
He wrote a "History of East Friesland," (1854-81,)
"Frederick II. of Prussia," (1860,) "The Fall of the
House of Stuart," (1875-76, in 4 vols.,) etc.
Klopatock, klop'stok, (FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB,) i
celebrated German poet, born at Quedlinburg, July 2,
1724. He early cherished the ambition of writing an epic
poem. About 1746 he went to Jena to study theology,
ind in 1747 removed to Leipsic. He produced in
1748 the first three cantos of his "Messiah," which
had immense success and opened a new era in German
poetry. In 1749 he was employed as tutor in a family
at Langensalza. He removed in 1751 to Copenhagen,
at the invitation of the king, Frederick V., whc j;ave
him a pension of four hundred thalers that he might
have leisure to complete his great poem. In 1754 he
married Margaret (Meta) Moller, an accomplished and
literary woman, whom he has commemorated in odes
and elegies under the name of "Cidli." He remained
twenty years at Copenhagen, where he was patronized
by Count Bernstorff and Count Moltke. In 1755 he pub-
lished five more cantos of the "Messiah." He cherished
the idea that he had a great poetical mission. " This
idea of an epic priesthood," says Taillandier, " gradually
became a reality. He transferred to his poem the events
of his life ; he regulated his life by the inspirations of
his poem." " By his character and conduct," says Goethe
in his Autobiography, "Klopstock had succeeded in
creating attention and respect for himself and other men
of talent. ... At this time Klopstock came forward
and offered his 'Learned Republic' for subscriptions.
Although the later cantos of the ' Messiah' could not
have the effect of the earlier, partly on account of their
contents, partly on account of their mode of treating the
subject, which came pure and innocent into a pure and
innocent time, the esteem for the poet remained un-
changed." The same writer remarks, " On the whole,
one might have taken him for a diplomatist. He carried
himself with the self-conscious dignity of a person who
has a great moral mission to fulfil."
In 1758 he was greatly afflicted by the death of his
wife. He settled at Hamburg in 1771, and published
in 1773 the last cantos of his "Messiah." The general
sentiment of his contemporaries in relation to this poem
is thus expressed by Madame de Stael, in her " Tableau
de 1'Allemagne :" " When the reader commences this
poem, he receives an impression like that of a person
entering a grand cathedral filled with the music of an
Drgan. " His admirers compared him to Homer and
Milton; but more sober critics censure his sentimen-
:ality, monotony, and lack of action. Although his
"Messiah" is seldom read at the present time, all the
German schools unite in the expression of honour and
rratitude to the author for the impulse which he gave
to the national literature. The finest qualities of his
a. e, I, o, u, y, long; i. e. 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short: a, e, i, Q, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; nit; g,obd; moon.
KLOSE
1447
KNEELAND
genius are displayed in his odes, some of which are con-
sidered as classic models of the noble and the graceful.
He also wrote a number of sacred dramas, among which
is "The Death of Adam." About 1792 he married a
widow named Von Winthem. He died at Hamburg in
March, 1803.
See HEINRICH DURING, " F. G. Klopstock's Biographic," 1853;
CRAMER, " Klopstock er und iiber ihn," 5 vots., 1780-93; Miss
BKNGBR, "Klopstock and his Friends," 1814; H. DORING, "Klop-
stock's Leben," 1825 ; JOHANN G. GRUBER, " Klopstocks Leben,"
1832; BON JOSEPH DACIER, " E"loge de Klopstock," Paris, 1805;
F. L. MOLTKB, " Ara D. M. F. G Klopstock," Altona, 1818: LONG-
FELLOW, "Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" "Foreign Quarterly Re-
view" for January, 1843 ; GEKVINUS, " Geschichte der Deutschen
Dichtung ;" ALEXANDER TOLHAUSBN, "Klopstock, Lessing, and
Wieland: Treatise on German Literature," London, 1848; " Nou-
velle Biographic Gene'rale."
Kloae, klos, (F. J.,) an English musical composer and
•kilfal pianist, was born in London ; died in 1830.
Klotz, klots, [Lat. KLOT'ZIUS,] (CHRISTIAN ADOL-
PHUS,) a learned German critic and poet, born at Bischofs-
werda, near Dresden, in 1738. He studied at Leipsic
and Jena, and in 1762 became professor of philosophy
at Gbttingen. He was appointed by the King of Prussia
professor of rhetoric at Halle in 1765, with the title of
aulic councillor. He wrote numerous commentaries and
short treatises, among which are " Ridicula Literaria,"
(1762,) "Acta Literaria," (7 vols., 1764-73,) and "Lec-
tiones Venusinae," (1771.) Died in 1771.
See C. HAUSEN, " Leben und Charakter C. A. Klotzens," 1772 ;
C. G. VON MURR, "Denkmal zur Ehre des Herrn Klotz," 1772;
MANGELSDORF, "Vila et Memoria Klotzii," 1772.
Klotz, (MATTHIAS,) a German painter of portraits
and landscapes, born at Strasburg in 1748 ; died in 1821.
His three sons, CASPAR, SIMON, and JOSEPH, acquired
distinction in the same departments of painting.
Klotz, (REINHOLD,) a German critic and scholar, born
at Stollberg in 1807, succeeded Hermann as professor of
philology at Leipsic in 1849. He published editions of
Terence, of the " Phoenissas" and " Medea" of Euripides,
and other works. Died August 10, 1870.
Klotz, (SiMON,) a German painter of history and
landscapes, born at Mannheim in 1777, was a son of
Matthias, noticed above. Died in 1825.
Klotzius. See KLOTZ, (CHRISTIAN ADOLPHUS.)
Klotziua, klot'se-us, (STEPHEN,) a German theolo-
gian, born at Lippstadt in 1606 ; died in 1668.
Kliiber or Klueber, klii'ber, (JOHANN LuDWio,) a
German jurist and writer of high reputation, was born
near Fulda in 1762. He became professor of law at
Heidelberg in 1807, soon after which date he was coun-
cillor of state at Carlsruhe. In 1817 his friend Prince
Hardenberg procured for him a high office in the min-
istry of foreign affairs at Berlin. He acquired distinc-
tion by a history of the Congress of Vienna, " Acten des
Wiener Congresses in den Jahren 1814 und 1815," (9
vols., 1815-35,) a"d other works. Died in 1837.
See MORSTADT, " Kliibers Leben," prefixed to Ki. USER'S " Of-
fentliches Recht des Deutschen Bundes," 1840; " Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Ge'nerale. "
Klueber. See KLUBER.
KluegeL See KLUGEL.
Klugel, klu'gel, (GEORG SIMON,) a German mathema-
tician, born at Hamburg in 1739. He became in 1766
professor of mathematics at Helmstedt. Among his
principal works is "Elements of Astronomy," (1819.)
Died in 1812.
Kluit, kloit, ( ADRIAAN,) a Dutch historical writer, born
at Dort in 1735. In 1779 he was appointed professor
of the archaeology of Holland and of diplomatic history
»t Leyden. Among his works are a " History of the
Political Administration of Holland" until 1795, (5 vols.,
1802-05,) ar>d the " Political Economy of Holland." Died
in 1807.
Kluk, kldok, (CHRISTOPHER,) a Polish naturalist,
born in Podlachia in 1739, published a "Dictionary of
Plants," (3 vols. 1786-88.) Died in 1796.
Klupfel, kloop'fel, (EMMANUEL CHRISTOPH,) a Ger-
man, born in Saxe-Gotha, became, in 1764, editor of the
well-known "Almanach de Gotha." Died in 1776.
Klyn or Klijn, kiln, (HENDRIK HERMAN,) a Dutch
poet, born at Amsterdam in 1773, wrote a poem on
Astronomy, (1809,) and other works.
Klytemnestra. See CLYTEMNESTRA.
Kmety, kma'tee, (GEORGE,) GENERAL, the son of a
Protestant minister, was born in the county of Gomor,
in Hungary, in 1810. He entered the Austrian army,
in which he obtained a commission. In 1848 he joined
the Hungarian army which fought against the Austrians,
and signalized his bravery on several occasions. After
the surrender of Gorgey, he embraced the Moslem faith,
and enlisted in the Turkish service, with the title of
Ismael Pasha. He distinguished himself as a general in
the Crimean war, particularly in a battle with the Rus-
sians before Kars. Died in 1865.
Knapp, knap or k'nap, (ALBRECHT,) a German divine,
born in the duchy of Wurtemberg in 1798, published
several collections of hymns and sacred poems, which
are highly esteemed. Died June 18, 1864.
Knapp, (GEORG CHRISTIAN,) a German theologian,
born at Halle in 1753. He was professor of theology at
Halle about fifty years, and was distinguished in sacred
criticism. He was moderately orthodox, endeavouring
to reconcile revelation with the demands of reason. He
published " Lectures on Christian Theology," (2 vols.
1827,) and other works. Died at Halle in 1825.
See A. H. NIEMEYBX, " Epicedien dem Andenken G. C. Knapp' »,
etc., 1825.
Knapp, nap, (JACOB,) an American Baptist revival
preacher, born in Otsego county, New York, December
7, 1799. He was ordained in 1825, and for many years
was known as a marvellously successful evangelist
Died in Rockford, Illinois, March 2, 1874.
Knapp, (JoHANN,) a German painter of flowers and
animals, was born in Vienna in 1778 ; died in 1833.
Knapp, nap, (SAMUEL LORENZO,) a miscellaneous
writer, born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1784.
Among his principal works are " Biographical Sketches
of Eminent Lawyers, Statesmen, and Men of Letters,"
"Travels in North America, by Ali Bey," "Lectures
on American Literature," and "American Biography"
Died in 1838.
Knapton, nap'ton, (GEORGE,) an English portrait-
painter, born in London in 1698, painted in crayons.
Died in 1788.
Knatchbull-Hugessen. See BRABOURNE.
Knaus, knowss, (LUDWIG,) a German painter, was
born at Wiesbaden, October 10, 1829. His specialty is
the painting of scenes in peasant-life. His pictures are
extremely popular in Germany.
Knaust, knowst or k'nowst, (HEINRICH,) a German
poet, born in 1541 ; died in 1577.
See LONGFELLOW, *' Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Knaut, knowt or k'nowt, (CHRISTIAN,) a German
botanist, born at Halle in 1654; died in 1716.
Knaut, (CHRISTOPH,) a botanical writer, father of the
preceding, was born at Halle in 1638; died in 1694.
Knauth, knowt, (CHRISTIAN,) a German historian,
born at Gorlitz in 1706; died in 1784.
Knebel, kna'b?!, (EMMANUEL THEOPHILUS,) a Ger-
man medical writer, born at Gorlitz in 1772 ; died in 1809.
Knebel, von, fon kna'bel, (KARL LUDWIG,) a Ger-
man littfrattur, born at Wallerstein, in Franconia, in
1744. He published an excellent translation of the
Elegies of Propertius (1798) and the "De Rerum
Natura" of Lucretius, (1821 and 1831.) His interesting
" Correspondence with Goethe" came out after Knebel's
death, which took place in 1834. He was intimate with
Mendelssohn, Gleim, Jacobi, and other eminent writers.
See T. MUNDT, "Knebels Leben," prefixed to his " Literarischer
Nachlass," 1835-40: SCHWARZ, "Zur Erinnening an K. L. yon
Knebel: Rede an seinem Grabe gesprochen," 1834; LONGFELLOW,
"Poets and Poetry of Europe;" "Foreign Quarterly Review" for
January, 1838.
Kneeland, ne'land, (SAMUEL,) M.D., an American
naturalist, born in Boston, August i, 1821. He gradu-
ated at Harvard College in 1840, studied medicine in
Boston and Paris, was a surgeon in the army, 1862-66,
and in 1866 became professor of zoology and physiology
in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Among
his works are " Wonders of the Yosemite Valley," "An
American in Iceland," " The Land of Hemp and Sugar,"
etc. He travelled extensively for the study of earth-
quakes and volcanic phenomena. Died Sept. 27, 1888.
; 933*; %hard; gas//G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; ^.trilled; sass; thasin/-4<J. (JgT^See Explanations, p. 23.)
KNELLER
1448
KNIGHTON
Kneller, nel'ler, [Ger. pron. knel'ler,] (GODFREY,)
a celebrated portrait-painter, was born at Lubeck in
1648. He commenced his studies under Rembrandt,
and pursued them in Italy. He afterwards went to Eng-
land, where he was successively court painter to Charles
II., James II., William III., Queen Anne, and George I.
The last-named created him a baronet Kneller was also
made a knight of the Roman empire by the emperor
Leopold. In addition to the distinguished personages
of the English court, he painted portraits of Louis XIV.
•nd Peter the Great. Died about 1723.
See W. A. ACKBRMANN, " Der Portraitmaler Sir Godefrey Kneller
an VerhSltniss zur Kunstbildung seiner Zeit dargeslellt," Lubeck,
1845.
Kniazhnin, kne-izh'nin, written also Kniaachnin
and Kniajnin, (YAKOF BORISSOVITCH,) a Russian poet
and dramatist, was born at Pskov in 1742. Among his
principal works are the tragedies of " Dido" and " Sopho-
nisba," and a number of odes, songs, and fables. At the
request of the empress Catherine, he translated from
the Italian " La Clemenza di Tito" of Metastasio. Died
in 1791.
See " Memoirs of the Princess Daschlcoff," 1840.
Kniaziewicz, kne-izh'ya-vitch, ? (KARL,) a Polish
general, born in 1762. He fought bravely, though un-
successfully, in the defence of his country in 1794, and
afterwards entered the French army and distinguished
himself in the Italian campaign of 1798. He was made
a commander of the legion of honour in 1804. Died in
1842.
See L. CHODZKO, " La Pologne illustre'e," 1840.
Tfniaznin, kne-izh'nin, ? (FRANCIS DIONYSIUS,) a
Polish poet, born in the government of Vitepsk in 1750,
became teacher in the Jesuits' College at Warsaw, and
was afterwards secretary to Prince Adam Czartoryski.
He was the author of lyric poems, and published various
translations of ancient poets into Polish. Died in 1807.
Knibb, nib, (Rev. WILLIAM,) an English Baptist mis-
sionary, noted for his courageous opposition to slavery
in Jamaica, was born at Kettering, in Northamptonshire,
about 1800. He laboured zealously to ameliorate the
condition of the slaves ; and by his representations to
the people of England he aided not a little in the negro
emancipation of Jamaica, as well as in the subsequent
abolition of the apprentice system. He made a powerfu
anti-slavery speech at Exeter Hall in 1840. Died m 1845
See JAS. HOBV, " Memoir of Wro. Knibb." 1839; J. H. HINTON
"Memoirs of Win. Knibb," 1847.
Knicanin, kne-chi-neen', (STEPHAN PETROVITCH,) a
Servian general, born in 1808, distinguished himself in
the revolution of 1848, and in 1852 was made a genera
and senator. Died in 1855.
Knickerbacker, mk'er-bak'er. (DAVID BUEL,) D.D.
an American bishop, born at Schaghticoke, New York
February 24, 1833, graduated at Trinity College, Hart
ford, in 1853, and at the General Episcopal Theologica
Seminary in 1856, took orders in the Episcopal Church
(1856, 1857,) was rector of a church in Minneapolis, Mm
nesota, (1857-73.) and in 1883 was consecrated Bisho"
of Indiana.
Knickerbocker, (DIEDRICH.) See IRVING.
Kniep, kneep, (CHRISTOPH HEINRICH,) a German
painter, born at Hildesheim in 1748. He travelled i
Italy with Goethe, and worked in Naples. His drawing
in sepia and crayons, of Italian landscapes and antiqui
ties, are much admired. Died in Naples in 1825.
Knigge, von, fon knik'keh, (ADOLF FRANZ FRIED
KICK,) BARON, a German philosopher and writer, born
near Hanover in 1752. He wrote, besides other works
"The Romance of my Life," ("Roman meines Lebens,
4 vols., 1781,) and "On the Art of Living with Men,
("Ueber den Umgang mil Menschen," 1788.) Died in
1796.
See GODEKK, " Adolf von Knigge, sein Leben und Blicke in seme
Zeit," 1844 : " Kuree Biographic des A. von Kmgge, 1825.
Knight, nit, (CHARLES,) an eminent English editor
and author, born at Windsor in 1791. He settled i
,
London about 1823, and commenced business as a pub-
lisher. He was one of the first members of the Society
for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, under whose
auspices he published " The Fenny Magazine" (1832-45)
at his own risk, and "The Library of Entertaining
knowledge." Among the works which he published or
dited are "The Penny Cyclopaedia," (30 vols., 1833-46,)
'The Pictorial History of England," (about 1844,) and
valuable "English Cyclopaedia," (24 vols., 1854-61,)
ithich is in fact a recast of the " Penny Cyclopaedia," with
mportant changes and additions. This is separated into
li visions for biography, geography, etc. He also published
a number of popular works, among which are a " Life of
"hakspere," prefixed to his " Pictorial Shakspere," (1839,)
'Knowledge is Power," (1855,) and his " Popular His-
ory of England," (1856-62.) Died March 9, 1873.
Knight, (EDWARD FREDERICK,) an English
ournalist and author, born in 1852. He was a war
correspondent of the "Times" in various campaigns
rom 1891 onwards. He travelled widely, and wrote
numerous works, among which are " The Cruise of
he Falcon," " Where Three Empires Meet," " Mada-
jascar in War Time," and " Rhodesia of To-Day."
Knight, (FRANCIS ARNOLD,) an English nat-
uralist, born at Gloucester in 1852. He published
' Idylls of the Field," " Rambles of a Dominie,"
' By Moorland and Sea," (1893,) etc.
Knight, (GODWIN,) F.R.S., an English philosopher
rjaduated at Oxford in 1742. He published an " Attempt
o demonstrate that all the Phenomena of Nature may
5e explained by Attraction and Repulsion," (1748.) Died
'.n 1772.
Knight, (JAMES,) an English navigator, who in 1719
was sent by a mercantile company with two vessels to
search for a northwest passage and for mines of copper
None of this party ever returned.
Knight, (JOHN PRESCOTT,) an English painter, born
at Stafford in 1803, was the son of a noted comedian. He
painted portraits with success. Died March 26, 1881.
Knight, (JOSEPH PHILIP,) an English musician and
composer, born at Bradford-on-Avon, July 26, 1812. He
composed the music for many popular songs, the words
of which were furnished by Thomas Haynes Bayly,
Moore, and others. Of these, " Rocked in the cradle of
the deep" is perhaps best known ; but many others were
popular in their day. Died in 1887.
Knight, (RICHARD PAYNE,) an English antiquary and
Greek scholar, born in Herefordshire in 1750. He was
several times elected to Parliament for the boroughs of
Leominster and Ludlow. He made a large collection
of Greek coins, bronzes, and various works of art, valued
at fifty thousand pounds, which he bequeathed to the
British Museum. Among other works, he wrote "An
Analytical Enquiry into the Principles of Taste," (1805.)
He contributed to the " Edinburgh Review," and wrote
a mediocre poem on "The Progress of Civil Society,"
(1796,) which furnished Canning and others a subject for
a parody in "The Anti-Jacobin." Died in 1824.
Knight, (SAMUEL,) an English clergyman and biogra-
pher, born in London in 1674. He wrote the Lives of
Erasmus (1724) and of Dr. John Colet, (1726.) He
became chaplain to George II. in 1730, and Archdeacon
of Berks in 1735. Died in 1746.
Knight, (THOMAS ANDREW,) a distinguished vege-
table physiologist and horticulturist, born in 1758, was a
brother of R. P. Knight, noticed above. He succeeded
Sir Joseph Banks as president of the British Horticul-
tural Society. He wrote " A Treatise on the Culture
of the Apple and Pear, and on the Manufacture of Cider
and Perry," (1797,) and other works. He produced new
and valuable varieties of fruits from seeds, and made
experiments in vegetable fecundation, in the germination
of seeds, and in other processes of vegetable physiology.
Died in 1838.
Knight, (WILLIAM ANGUS,) an author and editor,
born in Scotland in 1836. He became professor of
moral philosophy in the University of St. Andrews in
1876, and published and edited a large number of
works, some of the later of which are " The Philoso-
phy of the Beautiful," (1891-93,) "Aspects of
Theism," (1894,) " Nugae Viatoris," (1897,) etc
Knighton or Knyghton, nl'tgn, (HENRY,) a his-
torical writer and ecclesiastic, flourished in England
',€, 1, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 6, s,me, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 5, u, <j,short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; met; n6t; gcxxl; mnon:
KNIGHTON
1449
KNOX
about 1380-1400. His principal works are a chronicle
of events from the invasion of William the Conqueror,
and a history of Richard II.
Knighton, (WILLIAM,) a British author, born al
Dublin in 1834. He became a teacher in Ceylon and
subsequently in Calcutta, and wrote several works on
Ceylon, on royal life in the East, etc. A later work
of much popularity was " Struggles for Life." He
contributed valuable historical papers to the "Trans-
actions" of the Royal Society of Literature, of which
he became vice-president in 1887.
TTnill, nil, (Rev. RICHARD,) an English Methodist mis-
sionary, born in Devonshire in 1787. He was sent in
1816 by the London Missionary Society to India, where
he spent three years, and subsequently resided sixteen
years in Russia, where he laboured with great zeal and
success. Died in 1857.
Knipperdolling, knip'per-dol'ling, (BERNHARD,) a
German fanatic, born in Munster, was associated with
the principal leaders of the Anabaptist insurrection of
1533. He was executed in 1536, with his accomplice,
John of Leyden.
Kiiipstrbvius. See KNIPSTROW.
Knipstrow, knip'stRo, or Kniepstrow, kneep'stRo,
[Lat. KNIPSTRO'VIUS,] (JOHANN,) a German reformer,
born at Sandow, in Silesia, in 1497. He distinguished
himself in a public dispute against Tetzel in 1518. In
1539 he became professor of theology at Greifswalde,
and in 1547 rector of the university at that place. Died
in 1556.
Knjaschnin or Knjaznin. See KNIAZHNIN.
Knobelsdorf, kno'bels-doRf, (HANS GEORG WEN-
CESLAUS,) a distinguished Prussian architect, born in
1697, was appointed by Frederick the Great superin-
tendent of the royal buildings. Among his best works
are the castle of Sans-Souci and the Opera-House at
Berlin. Died in 1753.
Knoblecher, knop'leK-er, (N.,) a German mission
ary and traveller, born about 1800. In company with a
trading-party, he ascended the White Nile in 1849-50
to about 4° north latitude, but was unable to reach the
source of the river.
Knoller, von, fon knoller, (MARTIN,) an eminent
historical painter, born at Steinach, in the Tyrol, in 1725,
studied several years in Rome. Among his best works
are the frescos painted from incidents in the life of
Cardinal Borromeo, and a large fresco at Munich of the
"Ascension of the Virgin." Knoller received a patent
of nobility from the empress Maria Theresa. He worked
many years in Milan. Died in 1804.
Knolles, nolz, (RICHARD,) an English writer, born
in Northamptonshire about 1545. Among his works
are " General History of the Turks from the Origin of
this Nation until the Elevation of the Ottoman Family,"
(1610,) and a " Compendium of the Latin, Greek, and
Hebrew Grammar." His " History of the Turks" was
praised by Dr. Johnson. Died in 1610.
Knolles or Knowles, n51z, (ROBERT,) a celebrated
English general under the reign of Edward III., was
born about 1317 ; died about 1406.
See FROISSART, "Chronicles."
Knollis or Knowles, nolz, (Sir FRANCIS,) an English
statesman, born in Oxfordshire about 1530. He pro-
moted the Reformation in the reign of Edward VI. On
the accession of Elizabeth, (1558,) he was appointed
chamberlain of the household and privy councillor. Died
in 1596.
See TURNER, " History of the Reign of Edward VI.," etc.
Knorr, knoR, (GEORG WOLFGANG,) a German en-
graver, born at Nuremberg in 1705 ; died in 1761.
Knorr von Rosenroth, knoR fon ro'zen-rot', (CHRIS-
TIAN,) BARON, a German scholar and statesman, born
near Liegnitz in 1636. He wrote an "Evangelical His-
tory," and "Kabbala Denudata," an exposition of the
transcendental, metaphysical, and theological doctrines
of the Hebrews. Died in 1689.
Knortz, knoRts, (KARL,) a German-American scholar,
born at Garbenheim, Rhenish Prussia, August 28, 1841.
He was educated in Wetzlar, London, and Heidelberg.
In 1864 he came to America, where he became a preacher.
His numerous books are mostly published in German.
Among them are "Tales and Legends of the North
American Indians," (1871,) German translations of Long-
fellow's poems, with notes, "American Sketches," (1876,)
"Little Snow- White and the Dwarfs," (1873,) "Long-
fellow: Studies in Literary History," (1879,) " An Ameri-
can Shakspeare Bibliography," (1877,) etc.
Knott, not, (EDWARD,) an English Jesuit and con-
troversial writer, whose proper name was MATTHKW
WILSON, was born in Northumberland in 1580. Among
his principal works is " Infidelity Unmasked," (1652,) in
answer to Chillingworth's " Religion of Protestants."
Died in 1656.
Knowler, no'ler, ? (WILLIAM,) an English clergyman,
born about 1700, translated part of Saint Chrysostom's
works. Died in 1767.
Knowles, nolz, (JAMES,) an English editor and archi-
tect, born in 1831. He was educated at University
College, London, as an architect. He executed many
fine buildings in and about London. He founded the
Metaphysical Society in 1869, edited the " Contemporary
Review," 1870-77, and in 1877 founded " The Nineteenth
Century," a review, of which he was editor and owner.
He published "The Story of King Arthur," (1860.)
Knowles, nolz, (JAMES DAVIS,) an American writer
and Baptist clergyman, born at Providence, Rhode Island,
in 1798. He graduated at Columbian College, Wash-
ington, D.C., and in 1825 became pastor of a church
in Boston. He wrote Memoirs of Roger Williams and
of Mrs. Ann H. Judson, and was the founder of the
"Christian Review." Died in 1838.
Knowles, nolz, (JAMES SHERIDAN,) a popular drama-
tist and actor, born at Cork, in Ireland, in 1784. At
twelve years of age he wrote his first play, and at four-
teen produced an opera, "The Chevalier de Grillon."
He visited America in 1835, where he performed on the
stage and met with a flattering reception. Four years
later, an annual pension of two hundred pounds was con-
ferred upon him by the British government. Among the
most celebrated of his numerous plays maybe mentioned
"Leo the Gipsey," "Caius Gracchus," (1815,) "Vir-
ginius," (1820,) and "The Hunchback," (1832.) Several
years before his death he left the stage and became a
Baptist preacher. Died in 1862.
See R. H. HORNH, " New Spirit of the Age," 1844 ; " Edinburgh
Review" for July, 1833: " Eraser's Magazine" for April, 1836;
" Blackwood's Magazine" for October, 1863; ALLIBONB, "Diction-
ary of Authors."
Knowles, (RICHARD BRINSLEY,) a son of J. Sheridan
Knowles, was born in Glasgow in 1820. He wrote "The
Maiden Aunt," (1845,) a successful play, and in 1843 was
called to the bar at the Middle Temple. He contributed
much to current literature, and for many years was an
editor in London. He also edited and published many
old manuscripts. Died January 18, 1882.
Knowles, (THOMAS,) an English clergyman and
writer, born at Ely in 1723. He wrote "Advice to
Young Clergymen," "Primitive Christianity, in Defenca
of the Trinity," and "Lectures for Passion Week."
Died in 1802.
Knowlton, nSl'tpn, (THOMAS,) an English botanist,
born in 1692; died in 1782.
KHOX, noks, (HENRY,) an able American general and
statesman, born at Boston, July 25, 1750, was a book-
seller in his youth. He married an accomplished lady
named Lucy Fluker. He took part in the battle of
Bunker Hill, and in the beginning of the Revolution
distinguished himself by his skill as an engineer and
artillerist In 1775 he was appointed commander of
the artillery. He was raised to the rank of brigadier-
general in 1776, and served under Washington in the
battles of Trenton and Princeton, January, 1777. He
directed the artillery at the battle of Brandywine, Sep-
tember, 1777, and at Monmouth, June, 1778. He also
contributed to the defeat and capture of the British army
at Yorktown, in October, 1781, soon after which he was
promoted to be a major-general. He enjoyed in a high
degree the esteem and confidence of General Wash-
ington. He succeeded General Lincoln as secretary of
war in March, 1785, before the adoption of the Consti-
€ as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as // G, H, K,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( J^="See Explanations, p. 23. )
KNOX
1450
KNOX
tution, and was appointed to the same office by President
Washington in 1789. In politics he was a Federalist
lie resigned his office in December, 1794, after which he
lived in Maine. He had seven or more children. He
died at Thomaston, Maine, in October, 1806.
See BANCROFT, " History of the United States :" " National
Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. ii.
Knox, (ISA CRAIG,) a Scottish poetess, born in Edin-
burgh, October 17, 1831. Her maiden name was CRAIG.
She published several successful volumes of poetry and
prose, among them a " Little Folk's History of Eng-
land," " Songs of Consolation," " Duchess Agnes," a
dramatic poem, etc.
Kuos, noks, (JOHN,) the greatest of the Scottish Re-
formers, was born at Gifford, in East Lothian, in 1505.
He was educated at the University of Saint Andrew's,
and in theology was a pupil of John Major or Mair. He
was ordained a priest about 1 530, soon after which a great
change took place in his religious opinions. In 1542
he openly renounced the Roman Catholic religion, and
became a zealous preacher of the Protestant doctrines,
which at that time had few adherents in Scotland. The
§torm of persecution soon began to beat against him,
and it is stated that Cardinal Beaton employed assassins
to take his life. In 1547 he retired for safety to the castle
of Saint Andrew's, which was occupied by a party of
Protestants who had conspired against and killed Cardi-
nal Beaton. During the siege of this place he preached
with great power and converted many of its inhabitants.
The castle at length was captured by Regent Arran and
his French allies, who carried Knox as a prisoner to
Rouen. He was confined nineteen months in the French
galleys, and released in 1549, after which he preached
at Berwick and Newcastle for several years. He was
appointed chaplain to Edward VI. about 1551, and was
intimate with Cranmer. In 1553 he married Marjory
Bowes. On the accession of Queen Mary, (1553,) he
was induced by the urgent entreaties of his friends to
retire to the continent. He visited Scotland in 1555,
after which he passed about three years at Geneva, where
he formed a friendship with Calvin, studied Hebrew, and
was employed as pastor of a church. In 1558 he pub-
lished "The First Blast of the Trumpet against the
Monstrous Regiment of Women." The Scotch Prot-
estants in the mean time had increased in number, and
the conflict between the opposing ideas had reached a
crisis which required the inflexible resolution and un-
flinching courage of Knox. He returned to Scotland in
May, 1559, and became the master-spirit of the Refor-
mation in that country, which was then ruled by Marie,
the queen-regent, a French princess of the family of
Guise. The Protestants raised and maintained an army
for self-defence, and were animated by the vehement
harangues of Knox, who thundered continually against
the idolatry of the Romish Church. The Parliament in
1560 renounced the authority of the pope, and adopted
a confession of faith proposed by Knox. In 1561 the
young queen Mary arrived in Scotland, and had with
Knox several interviews, with no satisfactory results.
"At my interview with the queen," he wrote to Cecil,
"she showed more artifice than I ever found in a person
so young." At her instigation, Knox was accused of
treason, and tried, but was acquitted, (1563.) His first
wife having died, he married in 1564 Margaret Stewart,
a daughter of Lord Ochiltree. The projects and influ-
ence of Knox were promoted by the abdication of the
queen and the appointment of Murray as regent. But
in his latter years he was greatly afflicted by the assas-
sination of Murray (1 570) and the confusion and disorders
which followed that event. He died in November, 1572.
Among the Reformers of that age, Knox was distin-
guished for his courage and sagacity, as well as for his
earnestness and the inflexible austerity of his principles.
The regent Morton, in a short funeral oration, said of
him, " Here lies he who never feared the face of man."
Of Knox, Froude remarks that he was "perhaps in
that extraordinary age its most extraordinary man, and
whose character became the mould in which the later
fortunes of his country were cast." (" History of Eng-
land," vol. iv. chap, xviii.) In another place he says,
" No grander figure can be found in the entire history of
the Reformation in this island than that of Knox. . . .
The one man without whom Scotland, as the modern
world has known it, would have had no existence. . . .
His was the voice which taught the peasant of the
Lothians that he was a free man, the equal in the sight of
God with the proudest peer or prelate that had trampled
on his forefathers. He was the one antagonist whom
Mary Stuart could not soften nor Maitland deceive ; he
it was that raised the poor commons of his country into
a stern and rugged people, who might be hard, narrow,
superstitious, and fanatical, but who nevertheless were
men whom neither king, noble, nor priest could force
again to submit to tyranny." (See " History of England,"
vol. x. chap, xxiii. pp. 452-456 ft iff.)
See McCfiia, "Life of John Knox," 2 vols., 1812; BURTON,
" History of Scotland," more particularly chap, xxxviii. ; ROBERT-
SON, " History of Scotland :" FROUDB, " History of England." vols.
v., vii., ix., x. ; NIHMHYKR, " Leben des J. Knox und der beiden
Marien," 1824; " Encyclopaedia Britannica;" "Westminster Re-
view" for July, 1853; CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Emi-
nen Scotsmen ;" " Edinburgh Review" for fnly, 1812, April, 1852,
«nd July, 1853.
Knox, noks, (JOHN,) an English benefactor, born
about 1720. was a bookseller of London. He acquired a
fortune by business, and spent much time and money in
plans to improve the condition of the poor in the High-
lands of Scotland, which he visited sixteen times. He
wrote a " Systematic View of Scotland." Died in 1790.
Knox, (JOHN,) a native of Edinburgh, and captain
in the English navy, wrote a historical account of the
campaigns, naval battles, etc. in America during the
years 1757, 1759, and 1760. Died in 1790.
Knox, (LoREN LAERTES,) D.D., an American clergy-
man, born at Nelson, New York, January 8, 1811. He
graduated at Wesleyan University in 1838, entered the
Methodist ministry in 1840, and held various college
professorships, chiefly in the Western States. He pub-
lished "Money Matters Explained to the Young," (1852,)
"Evangelical Rationalism," (1879,) etc.
Knox, (ROBERT,) of the British East India naval
service, was born about 1640. In 1660 he was wrecked
on the island of Ceylon, where he remained a captive
twenty years. After his escape he published a " His-
torical Relation of the Island of Ceylon," (1681.) Died
about 1700.
Knox, (THOMAS FRANCIS,) D.D., a British divine,
born in December, 1822. He was educated at Cam-
bridge. In 1845 he went over to the Catholic Church,
and in 1849 accompanied F. W. Faber to London to
found the London Oratory, where he remained until his
death. One of his works, " When does the Church speak
infallibly ?" attracted much notice, and was translated
into German and Italian. Died March 20, 1882.
Knox, (THOMAS WALLACE,) an American author,
born at Pembroke, New Hampshire, June 26, 1835. He
became a teacher, and was afterwards a journalist of
Denver, Colorado ; served in the war of 1861-65, attain-
ing the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and acting also as
correspondent of the New York " Herald ;" travelled
across Asia and Europe, :•/,; Alaska and Siberia, in 1866,
in the interest of a telegraph enterprise, and again trav-
ersed the tropical regions of the Old World in 1877.
His principal books are " Camp-Fire and Cotton-Field,"
(1865,) "Overland through Asia," (1870,) " Back-
sheesh," (1875,) "The Boy Travellers," ($ vols.,
1880-84,) "Darkness and Daylight," (1892,) "In
Wild Africa," (1895,) etc. Died January 6, 1896.
Knox, (ViCESiMUS,) D.D., a celebrated English cler-
gyman and author, born .it Newington Green, in the
county of Middlesex, in 1752. The title of D.D. was
conferred upon him by the University of Pennsylvania.
Of his numerous works may be mentioned " Essays,
Moral and Literary," (1777,) "Personal Nobility, or
Letters to a Young Nobleman," "Christian Philoso-
phy," (1795,) "On the National Importance of Classical
Education," and "Considerations on the Nature and
Efficacy of the Lord's Supper." As a preacher he was
very popular. He obtained the united rectories of Rum-
well and Ramsden Crays in Essex, and was master of
Tunbridge School, which he conducted for many years.
Died in 1821.
Knox, (WILLIAM,) a Scottish poet, born about 1788.
a, e, i, 6, u, y, long: a. e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, j?, short: a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fit; ni8t; n&t; good; moon;
KNOX-LITTLE
1451
KOEBERGEK.
Among his poems are " The Lonely Hearth," and " Ma-
riamne." Died in 1825.
Kuox-Little, (WILLIAM JoHN,)«a British preacher,
born in the North of Ireland about 1830. He graduated
at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1862. In 1881 he was
made a canon of Worcester. He is a popular pulpit
orator and a High Churchman, and has published "Ser-
mons" and several devotional and religious books.
Knud. See CANUTE.
Knupfer, knoop'fer, (NlKOLAUS,) a German paintei
of battles and mythological subjects, born at Leipsic in
1603 ; died in 1660.
Kmit See CANUTE.
Kuutzen, Knuzen, or Cniitzeu, knSot'sen, (MAT-
THIAS,) an atheist or skeptic, was born in Holstein, and
educated at Konigsberg. He made numerous proselytes,
who, from his doctrine that reason and conscience were
sufficient to guide all men, have been called Conscien-
tiarians. Died after 1674.
Knuzen. See KNUTZEN.
Knyphausen, knip'how'zen, (BARON,) a German
general, born in Alsace about 1730. He obtained in 1776
command of an army of Hessians who were hired by
the British ministry to fight against the Americans. He
took part in the battle of Brandy wine, September, 1777,
and in other actions of the Revolutionary war. Died in
Berlin in 1789.
Kobad. See CABADES.
Kobell, ko'bJl, (FERDINAND,) an able German land-
scape-painter and engraver, born at Mannheim in 1740.
He worked for some years at Munich, where he died in
1799. His etchings are highly prized.
Kobell, (FRANZ,) a German landscape-painter, brother
of the preceding, was born at Mannheim in 1749. He also
executed with his pen a large number of pictures, which
have been greatly admired. Died in 1822.
Kobell, (FRANZ,) a German poet and mineralogist,
a grandson of Ferdinand, noticed above, was born at
Munich in 1803. He published several good works on
mineralogy, and popular poems. Died November n,
1882.
Kobell, ko'bSl, (HENDRIK,) a Dutch painter, born at
Rotterdam in 1751. He painted landscapes, marine
pieces, and naval battles with success. Died in 1782.
Kobell, (JAN,) a skilful painter of landscapes and
animals, born at Utrecht in 1782, was a son of the pre-
ceding. Died in 1814.
Kobell, (WILHELM,) an eminent German painter
of landscapes and battles, born at Mannheim in 1766,
was a son of Ferdinand, noticed above. He worked at
Munich. Died in 1853.
Kobenzl. See COBENZL.
Koch, koK, (CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH,) an eminent
Prussian jurist, born at Mohrin, February 9, 1798. He
was bred a shoemaker, but studied law in Berlin. He
wrote numerous and valuable legal works, and is justly
regarded as one of the reformers of German legal
administration, and one of the founders of the new
Prussian legal system. Died January 21, 1872.
Koch, (ROBERT,) a celebrated German physician, was
born at Clausthal, December, n, 1843, and educated at
Gbttingen. He discovered in 1882 the bacillus of
tuberculosis, and in 1883 led the cholera-expedition
to Egypt and India, and discovered the cholera
bacillus. In 1890 he discovered the phthisis bacillus
and developed a system of lymph inoculation. He
was professor at Berlin in 1885, director of the insti-
tute for infectious diseases in 1891, and in 1896 went
to South Africa to study the cattle-plague raging there.
Koch, von, fon koK, (CHRISTOPH WILHELM,) a
French Protestant and historical writer, of German
parentage, was born at Bouxviller, in Alsace, in 1737.
He studied at Strasburg under Schbpflin, and gained dis-
tinction as a lecturer on history, public law, etc, in that
city. In 1791 he represented Bas-Rhin in the Legisla-
tive Assembly. He was imprisoned during the reign of
terror, and became a member of the Tribunate in 1802.
Among his important works are "Tableau des Revolu-
tions de 1'Europe depuis le Bouleversement de 1'Empire
Romain," (1771,) and an "Abridged History of the
Treaties between the European Powers since the Peace
of Westphalia," (4 vols., 1796.) Died in 1813.
See SCHWEIGHAUSER, " Notice biographique de Koch."
Koch, (JEAN BAPTISTE FREDERIC,) a general, nephew
of the preceding, was born at Nancy in 1782. He wrote
" Memoirs towards the History of the Campaign of 1814,"
(3 vols., 1819,) and aided Jomini in his " History of the
Wars of the Revolution," (5 vols., 1819-24.) Died in 1861.
Koch, (JOSEPH ANTON,) an eminent landscape and
historical painter, born in the valley of Lech, near Augs-
burg, in 1768. He studied in Rome, where he fixed his
residence. Among his best pieces are the " Sacrifice of
Noah," " Francesca da Rimini," and the frescos from
I Dante in the villa Massimi. He also etched twenty
plates of Italian landscapes, which are esteemed master-
pieces. Died at Rome in 1839.
See NAGLER, " Allgemeines Kunstler-Lexikon."
Koch, (KARL HEINRICH EMANUEL,) a German natu-
ralist, born at Weimar in 1809. He travelled in Southern
Russia, Turkey, and the Caucasus, and published, after
his return, his " Journey through Russia to the Caucasian
Isthmus," (2 vols., 1842,) "Wanderings in the East," (3
vols., 1846,) and a "Flora oi the Levant," (" Beitrage zu
einer Flora des Orientes," 1848-54.) Died May 25, 1879.
Koch, (WILHELM DANIEL JOSEPH,) a German phy-
sician and botanist, born near Deux-Ponts in 1771, be-
came, in 1 824, professor of botany and medicine at Erlan-
gen. He published a treatise "On European Willows,"
(" De Salicibus Europjeis," 1818,) " Synopsis of the Flora
of Germany and Switzerland," (1835-37,) and other works
on botany. Died in 1849.
Koch-Sternfeld, koK stSRn'fSlt, (JOSEPH ERNST,)
on Civilization in the Alps," (1852.) Died in 1866.
Kochanowski, ko'Ka-nov'skee, (JOHN,) a Polish
nobleman and celebrated poet, born in 1532. For his
translations of the Psalms into Polish verse he received
the title of "the Pindar of Poland." His other poems
were published at Warsaw, (1803-05.) Died in 1584.
See BBNTKOWSKI, "History of Polish Literature."
Kochly or Koechly, koK'lee, (HERMANN AUGUST
THEODOR,) a German philologist, born at Leipsic in
1815. He wrote, among other works, a valuable "History
of the Art of War among the Greeks." Died in 1876.
Kock, (MATTHEW.) See COCK.
Kock, de, d?h kok, (CHARLES PAUL,) a French ro-
mance-writer and dramatist, of Dutch extraction, born
at Passy, near Paris, in 1794. His works, though pos
sessing little merit as literary productions, and ranking
among the most immoral of French novels, enjoy great
popularity both in France and other countries of Europe.
Some French critics consider him an excellent painter
of French manners, of Parisian roguery, rustic bonhomie,
and the absurdity of the bourgeois. Died in 1871.
See QuiRARD, "La France Litte"raire:" " Nouvelle Biographic
Ge"ne"rale :" " Edinburgh Review" for January. 1837 ; " Foreign
Quarterly Review" for February, 1830, and October, 1839 ; " North
American Review" for April, 1843.
Kock, de, deh kok, (PAUL HENRI,) a French author,
a son of Charles Paul de Kock. He was born in Paris
in 1819. He wrote a vast number of novels and romances,
and a number of plays. His style and his subjects much
resemble those of his father. Died in 1892.
Kodde, van der, vSn der kod'deh, (JAN, ADRIAAN,
and GYSBERT,) three brothers, who lived at Warmond,
near Leyden, and founded a religious society, called Col-
legiants, about 1620.
Kodhaee or Kodhai, Al, al ko-dha'ee, (Abdallah
Ibn-Abi-Bekr-Ibnul-Abbar, ab-dil'lah ib'n J'bee
bek'r ib-nool' ab-biR',) often called simply Ibnul- (or
Ibnool-) Abbar, a celebrated Spanish Arabian author
born at Valencia, in Spain, in the thirteenth century.
His style is elegant, pure, and terse. Among his writings
are two biographical works on the Arabian poets and
authors.
Kodros or Kodrus. See CODRUS.
Koeberger, koo'bSRG-er, (VENCESLAUS,) a Flemish
painter and architect, born in Antwerp about 1550. He
£; cas s; ghard; gas ;"; G, H. ^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th asm this.
lanations, p. 23.)
KOECHLIN
KOLETTIS
studied in his native city, and afterwards at Rome, where
he greatly distinguished himself. Among his paintings
are the "Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian," and "Christ
taken from the Cross and supported by Angels." Died
in 1634, or, according to some authorities, in 1610.
See DESCAMPS, " Vies des Peiotres Flamands," etc,
Koechlin, k?MaN', (DANIEL,) a French chemist and
manufacturer of cotton, born at Mulhouse about 1785.
was one of the firm of Nicolas Koechlin freres. He
greatly promoted the prosperity of Mulhouse by the
invention of a process of adorning printed muslins with
rich designs and brilliant colours. Died April 18, 1871.
Koeclilin, (NICOLAS,) a brother of the preceding, was
born at Mulhouse in 1781. He was a manufacturer of
fine muslins (indiennes) at Mulhouse, and a liberal mem-
ber of the Chamber of Deputies. Died in 1852.
Koechly. See KOCHLY.
Koeck, kook, (PlETER,) a Flemish painter, engravei,
and architect, was born at Alost about 1500. He studied
in Italy, and afterwards visited Turkey. Among his
works are seven large and well-executed paintings to
illustrate the manners of the Turks. He also made
engravings of these pictures. Koeck was first painter
to Charles V. Died in 1553.
See PILKINGTON, " Dictionary of Painters."
Koegler. See KOGLER.
Koehler. See KOHLER.
Koekkoek, kook'kook, (BERNARD CORNELIS, ) a
Dutch landscape-painter, born at Middelburg in 1803,
published in 1841 "Recollections and Communications
of a Landscape-Painter." His works are commended
for fidelity to nature and other merits. Died in 1862.
See NAGLKR, "Allgemeines KUnstler-Lexikon."
Koelcsey, (FRANCIS.) See KOLCSEY.
Koeler. See KOHLER.
Koelliker. See KOLLIKER.
Koelreuter. See KOLREUTER.
Koenig. See KONIG.
Koenigshoven. See KONIGSHOVRN.
Koenigsmarck. See KONIGSMARCK.
Koeppen. See KOPPEN.
Koepstein. See CAPITO, (WOLFGANG.)
Koerner. See KORNER.
Koerte. See KORTE.
Koerten-Block. See BLOCK.
Koes, (F.) See Kos.
Koestliu. See KOSTLIN.
Koeta, koots, (ROELOF,) a Dutch portrait-painter,
born at Zwolle in 1655. Among his works are the por-
traits of William III. of England, and of several distin-
guished Flemings, Germans, and Englishmen. Died in
1725.
See DBSCAMPS, "Vies des Peinrres Flamands," etc.
Kofod, ko'fod, (JOHAN ANCHER,) a Danish writei,
born near Bornholm in 1777, published several histories
and a "Conversations- Lexicon," (28 vols., 1816-28.)
Died in 1829.
See ERSLEW, " Forfatter- Lexicon."
Kpgler or Koegler, koc'ler, (!GNAZ,) a learnea
Jesuit, born in Bavaria in 1680. In 1715 he was sent as
a missionary to China, where he received many marks
of distinction from the emperor Kang-Hee, (Kang-Hi.)
He died in Pekin in 1746.
Kohen Attar, ko'hen at-t$R', written also Cohen
Atthar and Kuban Atthar, a learned Egyptian phy
sician, lived about 1150, and wrote on matena medica.
Kohl, kol, (JoHANN GEORG,) a German traveller and
popular writer, was born at Bremen in 1808. Among his
principal works are "Travels in the Interior of Russia
and Poland," (1841.) "Travels in Styriaand the Bavarian
Highlands," (1842,) "Travels in England, Scotland, and
Ireland," (1844,) and "Travels in the Netherlands,"
(1850.) He also wrote "Sketches from Nature and
Common Life," (2 vols., 1851.) His fine descriptive
powers and attractive style entitle him to rank among
the best writers of travels in recent times. Died in 1878
See " Foreign Quarterly Review" for October, 1841, and January,
1842: " Blackwood's Magazine" for December, 1846.
Kohler or Koehler, ko'ler, (JOHANN BERNHARD,)
a German scholar, bom at Lubeck iw 1742. In 1781 he
was appointed to the chair of the Greek and Oriental
languages in the University of Konigsberg. He wrote
"Remarks on Dion Chrysostom," "Tracts on Roman
Law," and several ether works. Died in 1802.
Kohler, Koehler, or Koeler, (JOHANN DAVID,) a
German author and antiquary, born near Leipsic in
1684. In 1710 he was appointed professor of logic at
Altorf, and about 1725 was chosen professor of history
at Gbttingen. His numerous works relate to history,
bibliography, and literature. Died in 1755.
SeeJ. M. GKSNER, "Memoria Koehleri," 1755; GATTERHR und
J. B. K8HLKR, "J. D. Kohlers Leben," in the last volume of hit
'Miinzbelustigungen," 22 vols., 1729-55.
Kohler or Koehler, QOHANN TOBIAS,) a German
numismatist, born at Altorf in 1720, was a son of the
preceding. He published a "Cabinet of Ducats,"
("Ducaten-Cabinet," 2 vols., 1758-60.) Died in 1768.
Kohlrausch, kol'rowsh, ( HEINRICH FRIEDRICH
THEODOR,) born near Gb'ttingen in 1780, published a
"History of Germany." Died in Hanover, January 31
1867.
Kohne, ko'neh, (FREDERICK,) born in Prussia in
1757, emigrated to America in 1780, and made a large
fortune at Charleston, South Carolina, He died in 1829,
leaving a great part of his property to the charitable
institutions of Pennsylvania and South Carolina, for the
benefit of the coloured as well as the white population.
Kolb. See KOLBE, (PETER.)
Kolb, (GEORG FRIEDRICH,) a German editor and
politician, born at Spires, September 14, 1808. After
his banishment (1853-60) he edited the "Frankfurter
Zeitung." He published a " Hand-Book of Compara-
tive Statistics" (1858) and "The Basis of Statistics,"
(1862.) Died in 1884.
Kolbe, kol'beh, (ADOLF WILHELM HERMANN,) a
German chemist, born near Gb'ttingen in 1818. He was
a pupil of Wohler, Liebig, and Bunsen, and held pro-
fessorships of chemistry at Marburg and Leipsic. He
published a valued treatise on organic chemistry, in which
branch of the science he made important discoveries.
Died in 1884.
Kolbe, kol'beh, (KARL WILHELM,) a skilful German
engraver and writer, born at Berlin in 1757. He etched
numerous landscapes after his own designs, and wrote,
among other works, a treatise " On the Riches of the
German and French Languages, and the Capacity of
both for Poetry," (1806.) Died in 1835.
See his Autobiography, " Mein Lebenslauf und mein Wirken,"
1825; NAGLHR, "Allgemeines Kiinsller-Lejcikon."
Kolbe, (KARL WILHELM,) a German painter, nephew
of the preceding, born at Berlin in 1781 ; died in 1853.
Kolbe, written also Kolb, kolp, or Kolben, kol'b?n,
(PETER,) a naturalist, born at Wunsiedel, in Bavaria,
in 1675. He passed some years in Southern Africa,
and wrote, among other works, "A Description of the
Cape of Good Hope," (1719.) His book, containing
much valuable information, was translated into the
French, Dutch, and English languages. Died in 1726.
See G. C. OERTXL, " Dissertatio de Vita et Mentis P. Kolbii,"
,758.
Kolben. See KOLBE, (PETER.)
Kblcsey, kol'cha, (FRANCIS,) one of the greatest of
Hungarian orators, celebrated also as a poet, critic, and
lawyer, was born in Middle Szolnok in 1790. At an
early age he formed a friendship with Kazinczy and Paul
Szemere, and in 1826 was associated with the latter as
editor of a journal entitled " Life and Literature." He
published in this periodical a number of critical essays,
regarded as the best in the Hungarian language, the
object of which was the improvement of the national
literature of Hungary. He was a deputy to the Diet
of 1832-36, where he was distinguished for his rare elo-
quence and his unswerving course in the support of
liberal principles. Died in 1838. His complete works,
consisting of poems, tales, essays, and philosophical and
miscellaneous writings, were published the same year.
See an article on the " Language and Literature of the Magyars,"
in the " Foreign Quarterly Review" for September, 1828.
Koler. See K6HLER.
Ko-let'tifl or Co-let'tis, (JOANNIS,) a modern Greek
statesman and democrat, born near Janina in 1788, was
one of the most active promoters of the insurrection of
a, e, T, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, J, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fSr, fill, fit; met; not; good; moon:
KOLLAR
M53
KON1GSMARCK
t82i. On the accession of King Otho he was appointed
minister of the interior and president of the cabinet
He became in 1844 minister of foreign affairs, which post
he held until his death, in 1847.
See L. DH LOMBNIS, "M. Colettis, par un Homme de Rien,"
Kollar, kol'laR, (JAN,) a distinguished ecclesiastic,
poet, and antiquary, born in Northern Hungary in 1793.
He endeavoured by his writings to establish a common
language and feeling of nationality between the various
Slavonic races in Europe. This spirit pervades all his
poetry, for which he used the Bohemian language, re-
garding his native Slovakian as deficient in dignity and
comprehensiveness. After the revolt of the Hungarians,
to whom he was bitterly opposed, he removed to Vienna,
where he became professor of archaeology. Died in 1852.
His principal poem is entitled " Slawy Dcera," (" Daugh-
ter of Glory," 1824.) Among his prose works are "Treat-
ises on the Names and Antiquities of the Slavonic
Nation," and " On the Literary Reciprocity between the
Races and Dialects of the Slavonic Tribes," (1831.)
See DR. J. BOWRING, "Servian Poetry;" "Foreign Quarterly
Review" for April, 1828.
Kolli, kol'lee, de, (BARON,) a political adventurer,
born in Piedmont about 1775. He made an attempt in
1810 to release from prison the Spanish prince, (after-
wards Ferdinand VII.,) but, his plan having been be-
trayed, he was imprisoned four years in the castle of
Saumur. Died about 1825.
See "Memoirs of Baron de Kolli," by himself; "Edinburgh
Review" for October, 1823.
KSlliker or Koelliker, kol'le-ker, (ALBERT,) a Ger-
man physiologist of high reputation, born about 1818.
He gained distinction by his minute investigations with
the microscope. Among other works, he published
" Manual of Human Histology," (" Handbuch der Gewe-
belehre des Menschen," 1852,) which has been translated
into English by Busk and Huxley. He became professor
of anatomy and physiology at Wurzburg.
Kollrnann, kol'man, (AUGUST FRIEDRICH KARL,) a
German composer, born near Hanover in 1756. He was
an organist in London, and wrote a "Theory of Musical
Harmony," (1806.) Died in 1824.
Kollontaj or Kolontaj, kol'lon-ti', (Huoo,) written
also Kollontay, a Polish patriot, born in the government
of Sandomir in 1750. He had the principal share in
drawing up the constitution of the 3d of May, 1791, but,
after the meeting of the confederation of Targowitza, was
forced to leave the country. He was afterwards impris-
oned for a time at Olmiitz by the Austrians. He was the
author of several able political treatises. Died in 1812.
Kolmar. See COLMAR.
K61n. See C$LN.
Kol-o-ko-tro'nis or Colocotronia, (THEODORE,)
a modern Greek patriot, born in Messenia in 1770. He
distinguished himself in many engagements with the
Turks, and rose to be commander-in-chief of the Pelo-
ponnesus in 1823. In 1835 he was made a councillor
of state by King Otho, and obtained other distinctions.
Died in 1843.
See QUINET, " La Grece moderne dans ses Rapports avec 1'An-
tiquite1."
Kolowrat or Kolowrat-Liebsteinski, ko'lo-rat7
leep-stln'skee, (FRANZ ANTON,) a Bohemian minister of
state, bora at Prague in 1778. He became a member
of the council of ministers at Vienna in 1825, and long
had charge of the department of finances. Died in 1861.
Kolowrat, ko'lo-raf, or Kollowrath, kol'lo-rat,
(LEOPOLD KRAKOWSKI,) a statesman of Austria under
the reigns of Francis L, Maria Theresa, Joseph IL
Leopold II., and Francis II. He held the offices of
minister of the interior and grand chancellor of Bohemia,
Died in 1809.
Kolreuter or Koelreuter, kol'roi'ter, (JOSEPH
GOTTLIEB,) a German botanist, bora at julz, on the
Neckar, in 1733 ! d'ed in '806.
Koltzof or Kolzov, kolt'spf, ( ALEXEI VASILIE-
VTTCH,) a Russian poet, born in the government of
Voronezh in 1809. His "Russian Songs and Ballads"
are ranked among the best productions of the kind in
the language. Died in 1842.
Komnenos. See COMNENUS.
Konarski, ko-naR'skee, (STANISLAS JEROME,) a
Polish poet and /«#ro/«<r, born at Konary, near Cracow,
in 1700. He founded a college of Piarists at Warsaw.
He published numerous works which contributed to
reform the national literature. Died in 1773.
See KHAJEWSKI, " filoge historique de Konarski," Warsaw, 77*3
Konewka, ko-nSw'ka, (PAUL,) a Potsh artist, born
about 1840, was noted for his skilful silhouette illustra-
tions. Died at Berlin in 1871.
Kong-Fou-Tse. See CONFUCIUS.
Kong-Fu-Tse. See CONFUCIUS.
Konig or Koenig, ko'nic, (CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB,) a
German poet, born at Altorf in 1711 ; died in 1782.
Konig or Koenig, ko'nic, (EMANUEL,) a Swiss natu-
ralist and medical writer, born at Bale in 1658. Among
his works is "Regnum Vegetabile," (1680.) Died in
«73i-
Konig or Koenig, (FRIEDRICH,) the inventor of the
steam-press, was born at Eisleben, in Germany, in 1775.
About 1807 he visited London, where he was aided in
carrying out his plans by Bensley, Taylor, and Woodfall.
In 1811 a sheet of the " Annual Register" was printed,
being the first that was done by a printing-machine by
which the paper was applied to the type by a revolving
cylinder. In November, 1814, a number of the "Times"
was printed by a steam press on the principle of Konig's
invention : it is said to have been the first newspaper
ever printed by steam-power. After his return to Ger-
many, Konig, in conjunction with his friend Bauer, es-
tablished at Oberzell, near Wurzburg, a manufactory
for the construction of printing-machines, four hundred
of which had in 1853 been sent forth from it After the
death of Konig, in 1833, the business was carried on by
Bauer.
See " Nouvelle Biographic G^ndrale."
Konig or Koenig, (GEORG MATTHIAS,) a German
writer and scholar, bora at Altdorf, in Franconia, in 1616,
was appointed in 1667 professor of poetry in his native
city. Among his works are a " Latin-and-German Lexi-
con," (1668,) and a Biographical Dictionary of Authors,
(" Bibliotheca Vetus et Nova," 1678.) Died in 1699.
See BAYLE, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" NICERON,
"Me"moires."
Konig or Koenig, (HEINRICH JOSEPH,) a German
novelist, born at Fulda in 1790. Among his best works
are "The Waldenses," (1836,) "William Shakspeare,"
(1839,) and "The Clubbists of Mentz," ("Die Clubisten
von Mainz," 1847 :) the last named, a historical romance,
is especially admired. He was secretary of finance at
Hanau from 1819 to 1835. Died in 1869.
See N. GRBTCH, " H. Konig and seine Liigen ; Seitenstiick zu
Nic. Gretsch und die Russische Literatur in Deutschland," 1840.
Konig or Koenig, (JOHANN GERARD,) a botanist, and
pupil of Linnaeus, born in Livonia in 1728. He visited
Iceland and the East Indies, and wrote several treatises
on botany, which he left in manuscript Died at Tran-
quebar in 1785.
Konig or Koenig, (SAMUEL,) an eminent mathema-
tician, son of Samuel Heinrich, noticed below, was born
at Budingen in 1712. He was professor of mathematics
at Franeker, and professor of philosophy and law at the
Hague. Died in 1757.
Konig or Koenig, (SAMUEL HEINRICH,) a Swiss
Orientalist and theologian, born about 1670 at Berne,
where he became professor of mathematics and Oriental
languages in 1731. Died in 1750.
Konig or Koninck, (SOLOMON.) See CONINCK.
Konigshoven or Koenigshoven, kS'nips-ho'ven,
also known as JAMES TWINGER, an ecclesiastic, born at
Strasburg in 1346. He wrote, in Latin and German,
" Chronicles of Strasburg." Died in 1420.
See OBERLIN, " De Jacobo Twingero," etc, 1789.
Konigsmarck or Koenigsmarck, von, fon ko'-
nics-maRk', written also KSnigsmark, [LaL KONIGS-
MAR'KIUS,] (JOHANN CHRISTOPH,) COUNT, a celebrated
jeneral, born in Germany in 1600, entered the service
of Gustavus Adolphus in 1630. After the death of the
King of Sweden, he defeated the Austrians in the battle
of Wolfenbiittel. He also invaded Bohemia, and captured
Prague, in 1648. He was afterwards appointed Governor
9asj; gfiard; g as/; G, H, ^guttural; n,nasal; R. trilled: s as z; thasinMu. (J^=See Explanations, p. 23.1
KONIGSMARCK
1454
KOPPEN
tf the duchies of Bremen and Verden. Queen Christina
created him count and field-marshal. Died in 1663.
See " Eterna Gloria J. C. Konigsmarkii," Holm, 1664.
Konigsmarck, Koenigsmarck, or Konigsmark,
von, (MARIA AURORA,) COUNTESS, a granddaughter of
the preceding, celebrated for her beauty and accomplish-
ments, was born in Bremen about 1670. She was the
mistress of Frederick Augustus, Elector of Saxony and
King of Poland, by whom she had a son, Maurice Count
de Saxe, afterwards famous as a French general. In
1702 she was sent by the Elector to treat with Charles
XII. That monarch refused to see her; "but she
returned," says Voltaire, " with the satisfaction of be-
lieving that she was the only person feared by the King of
Sweden." The Countess of Konigsmarck spoke several
languages with great fluency and correctness. She com-
posed a poem on Charles XII., written in the purest
French. Died in 1728.
See CRAMER, 4I Denkwiirdigkeiten der M. A- Konigsmark," 2
vols., 1836; CORVIN-WIERSBITZKY, "Maria Aurora Grafin von
Konigsmark," 1841 ; " Foreign Quarterly Review" for April, 1837.
Konigsmarck, von, (OTTO WILHF.LM,) COUNT, son
of Johann Christoph, noticed above, was born in West-
phalia in 1639. He subsequently served with great dis-
tinction in the French army under Turenne and with
the Swedish army in Germany. In 1686 he was created
generalissimo of the Venetian republic, for which he
gained several victories over the Turks. Died in 1688.
Konigsmark or Koenigamaik. ko'nios-maRk', (Fi-
LIP CHRISTOFER,) COUNT, a Swedish officer, born about
1640, was a favourite lover of Sophia Dorothea, the wife
of George, Elector of Hanover. This prince, it is said,
caused him to be assassinated in 1694.
See SAINT SIMON, " NUmoires ;" BLAZS DK BURY, " Episode de
I'Histoire du Hanovre."
Koiiigsmarkius. See KONIGSMARCK.
Koninck. See CONINCK.
Koning, ko'ning, (CORNELIS,) a Dutch engraver, born
at Haarlem about 1524, engraved portraits of celebrated
men, including Luther and Calvin.
Koning, (JACOB,) a Dutch painter of landscapes and
history, born at Amsterdam about 1645. He went to
Copenhagen, and worked for the King of Denmark.
Koning, de, (DAVID.) See CONINCK.
Koning or Koninck, de, deh ko'ning, (PHILIPP,)
an able Dutch painter, born at Amsterdam in 1619, was
a pupil of Rembrandt He was a good colorist, and
excelled in landscapes and portraits. Died in 1689.
Kouon. See CONON.
Konrad. See CONRAD.
Konstantjjn or Konstantyn. See CONSTANTIN*
THE GREAT.
Kontski, kont'skee, (MARTIN,) a Polish general, born
in 1635, served with distinction under John Sobieski. He
directed the artillery in the great battle against the Turks
at Vienna in 1683. Died in 1710.
Konz, (KARL PHILIPP.) See CONZ.
Kooang or Kouang, koo-ang', (almost kwang,) a
Chinese statesman and celebrated historian, born in the
province of Shen-see or Chen-si about 1018 A.D. He
wrote an important work on the history of China. Died
in 1086.
See MAII.LA, " Histoire ge'ne'rale de la Chine."
Kooblai (Koublai or Kublai) Khan, koo'bll' Kin,
(Shee-Tsoo or Chi-Tsou, shee-tsoo,) the founder of
the Mongol dynasty of China, was a grandson of Jengi-
Khan. He began to reign over the north part of China
about 1260, soon after which date he conquered the
southern provinces and became master of a vast empire
extending from the Polar Sea to the Straits of Malacca,
a;id including Thibet, Tartary, Siam, etc. He is said to
have been an able ruler. In his reign Marco Polo visited
China. Died in 1294.
Koogen, van der, vln der kS'gen, (LEONARD,) a
Flemish painter, born at Haarlem in 1610, was also an
etcher. Died in 1681.
Koolee Khan. See NADIR SHAH.
Koolnef, Koulneff, or Kulnew, kool-nef, (YAKOF,)
a Russian general, born in 1763. He was killed at the
battle of the Drissa, in July, 1812.
Koorakin or Kourakiii, koo'rl-keen' or koo'rl-kin',
(ALEXANDER BoRlsoviTCH,) PRINCE, a Russian diplo-
matist, born in 1752, was a favourite courtier of Paul I.
He was ambassador at Paris from 1808 to 1812. Eied
in 1818.
Koorakin or Kourakin, ( BORIS IVANOVITCH, )
PRINCE, a Russian diplomatist, born in 1677, was a
brother-in-law of Peter I. He was sent to Rome on a
political mission by that emperor. Died in 1727.
Koornhert See CORNHERT.
Kooten, van, vtn k5'ten, (THEODORUS,) a Latin poet,
born in Holland in 1749; died in 1814.
Kootooz or Kfitfiz, (Kothouz,) kdo-tooz' or koo'-
tooz',* written also Kotouz, (Mahmood Seif-ed-
Deen Malek Modhaffer, maH'mood' sif ed-deen' mo'-
dhaPfer,) became Sultan of Egypt in 1 259 bv usurpation.
He defeated the Tartars in Syria. He was assassinated
by Bibars in 1260.
Kootoozof, Koutouzof, Koutousof, or Kutu-
sow, koo-too'zof, (MICHAEL LAURIONOVITCH GOLENI-
TCHEF,) a celebrated Russian commander, born in 1745,
served against the Poles and the Turks, and rose to be
lieutenant-general in 1789. In 1793 he was ambassador
to Constantinople, and on the accession of the emperor
Paul was charged with a mission to Berlin. After the
assassination of that sovereign he was appointed gov-
ernor-general of Saint Petersburg, and in 1805 was
created commander-in-chief of the first corps of the
Russian army against the French. He gained a victory
over Marshal Mortier at Durrenstein, and soon after
commanded the allied army under the emperor Alex-
ander at Austerlitz, (1805.) In 1812, at the age of sixty-
seven, he succeeded Barclay de Tolly as commander-
in-chief of the Russian array, a few days before the
battle of Borodino. For his victories over Ney and
Davoust the emperor bestowed upon him the surname
of Smolenskoi. He died in 1813, at Buntzlau, where a
monument was erected to him.
See S6GUR. " Hisloire de Napole'on et de la grande Annie ;"
MIKHAILOVSKY-DANILKVSKY, "Vie du Feld-Mare"chal KoutouzofiV
translated from the Russian by FIZBLIKR, 1850; " Nouvelle Biogra-
phic Ge'ne'rale."
Kopernicus. See COPERNICUS.
Kopernik. See COPERNICUS.
Kopievitch, ko-pe-a'vitch, written also Kopieu-
vicz, (ELIAS,) a Russian philologist, who was sent by
Peter the Great to Holland in order to complete his
studies. Among his works are a Latin Grammar for Rus-
sian schools, and a Slavonic-and-German Dictionary.
Died in 1701.
Kopiach, ko'pish, (AUGUST,) a German poet and
artist, born at Breslau in 1799 ; died in 1853.
Kopitar, ko'pe-taR', (BARTHOLOMAUS,) a philologist,
born in Carniola in 1780, was appointed first keeper of
the Imperial Library at Vienna, (1843.) He published
in 1808 a " Grammar of the Slavonian Language in Car-
niola, Carinthia, and Styria." Died in 1844.
Kopp, kop, (JoHANN ADAM,) a German publicist,
born at Offenbach in 1698. He wrote, besides other
works, a " History of the Law which now prevails in
Germany," (" Historia Juris quo hodie in Germania
utimur, 1741.) Died in 1748.
Kopp, kop, (JOSEPH EUTYCH,) a Swiss historian, born
at Munster, in Lucerne, in 1793. Among his works is a
" History of the Swiss Leagues," ( Biinde,) (4 vols., 1845-
57.) Kopp discredits the popular tradition of William
Tell. Died October 25, 1866.
Kopp, (ULRICH FRIEDRICH,) a German antiquary,
born at Cassel in 1762, became director of the court
archives in 1802. His " Palaeographia critica" (1817) is
much esteemed. Died in 1834.
Koppe, kop'peh, (JOHANN BENJAMIN,) a German
theologian, born at Dantzic in 1750. He published
several exegetical works, and left unfinished an edition
of the New Testament in Greek, (3 vols.) Died in 1791.
See HOPPBNSTEDT, " Ueber den verstorbenen J. B. Koppe,"
1791.
Koppen or Koeppen, kb'p'pen, (ADOLPHUS Louis,)
a Danish scholar and writer, born at Copenhagen iu
1804. In 1834 he visited Greece, where he was appointed
professor of history, archaeology, and modern languages
• There is some discrepancy in the mode of writing this name.
Abulpharagius more frequently gives both syllables long. See
Pocock's edition, Oxford, 1663.
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, o, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, o, u, y\ short; a, e, i, Q, obscure; far, fill, lit; m?t; not; good; moon;
KOPPEN
1455
KOSCIUSKO
at the military college in JEgina. He removed in 1846 to
America, where he became in 1854 professor of history
aesthetics, and modern languages in Franklin and Mar
shall College, Pennsylvania. He published " The Work
in the Middle Ages," (1854,) etc. Died April 14, 1873.
Koppeii or Koeppen, kop'pen, (CARL FRIEDRICH,;
a German writer, born about 1800, became assistant pro-
fessor in one of the principal gymnasiums of Berlin. He
published in 18483 treatise "On the Divine Right of
Kings," ("De Jure Divino,") which was condemned by
the government and forbidden to be reprinted. His
work entitled " The Religion of Booddha and its Origin'
(" Die Religion des Buddha und ihre Entstehung," 1857^
is regarded as one of the best treatises on that subject.
He also published "The Lamaic System of Religion,'
etc., (" Lamaische Hierarchic," 1859.)
Kbppen or Koeppen, kop'pen, (FRIEDRICH,) a Ger
man writer on philosophy, born at Lubeck in 1775. He
Decame pastor of a church at Bremen in 1804, and pro-
fessor of philosophy at Erlangen in 1827. Among his
works is "The Philosophy of Christianism," (2 vols.,
1813-15.) Died in 1858.
Koppenor Koeppen, (JOHANN HEINRICH JUSTUS,
a German philologist, born at Hanover in 1755. He
published a Greek Anthology, (3 vols., 1787,) "Com-
mentary on Homer's Iliad," (5 vols., 1787-92,) and other
works. Died in 1791.
Kbppen, kop'pen, (PETER,) a Russian writer, born at
Kharkov in 1793, published several works on the antiqui-
ties and statistics of Russia, and a valuable " Ethnograph-
ical Chart of European Russia," (1851.) Died in 1864.
Koprili, kb'pre-lee, written also Coprogli and Kiu
perli, (MEHEMET,) an eminent Turkish commander,
born at Kopri, in Asia Minor, in 1585, rose from the
station of a cook to be grand vizier at Constantinople in
1656. He took Tenedos and Lemnos from the Vene-
tians, and obtained other advantages over the enemies
of the Sultan. As a ruler he showed great energy and
prudence, and effected important reformations in the
condition of the country. Died in 1661.
Koprili, (MUSTAFA,) surnamed THE VIRTUOUS, son
of the preceding, was appointed grand vizier by Solyman
III. in 1689. Died in 1691.
Koprili-Fazil-Ahmed, (or -Achmed,) ko'pre-lee
fi'zil an'med, a brother of the preceding, born in 1626,
succeeded Mehemet Koprili as grand vizier. He gained
several important victories over the Hungarians and the
Poles, and took the island of Candia. Died in 1676.
See VON HAMMER. "Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs."
Kops, kops, (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a Belgian landscape-
painter, born about 1800.
Koray. See CORAY.
Kordes, koR'des. (BERNHARD,) a German writer,
born at Lubeck in 1762. He lived at Kiel. Died in 1823.
Koren, (MosES OF.) See MOSES CHORENENSIS.
Korenatz. See MOSES CHORENENSIS.
Korf, koRf, (ANDREI,) BARON, a Russian publicist
and senator, born near Mittau in 1715 ; died in 1823.
Korf, (NICHOLAS,) BARON, a Russian minister of state
under Peter III., was born in 1710; died in 1766.
Korinna. See CORINNA.
Koruelisz. See CORNEI.ISZ.
Korner or Koerner, kbR'ner, (CHRISTIAN GOTT-
FRIED,) born at Leipsic in 1756, was the father of Theo-
dor Korner, and an intimate friend of Schiller. He was
also a correspondent of Goethe. It was in his beautiful
vineyard near Dresden that Schiller wrote " Don Car-
los." Died in 1831.
Kbrner or Koerner, (KARL THEODOR,) one of the
most celebrated German poets, was born in Dresden in
1791. He studied at Leipsic and Berlin, and displayed
at an early age a rare poetical genius. Among his first
productions were the popular comedies of "The Green
Domino," (1812,) and "The Watchman," (1812.) He
was one of the first to enlist in the war against Napoleon ;
and, inspired with patriotic enthusiasm and a keen sense
of his country's wrongs, he produced some of the most
spirited and beautiful martial lyrics in the German lan-
guage. These were published under the title of "The
Lyre and the Sword," (1814.) Kbrner was also the
author of two popular tragedies, " Rosamunda," (1812,)
and "Zriny," (1813.) He fell in battle near Rosenberg,
in 1813, at the age of twenty-two.
See F. W. LEHMANN, " Lebensbeschreibung K. T. Koerner'a,"
1815; H. A. ERHARD, "T. Koerner's Leben,"etc, 1821 ; H. BLAZE,
" Ecrivains et Poetes de 1'AllemaRne," 1851 : " Nouvelle Biographic
GeWrale :" LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" " Black-
wood's Magazine" for October, 1820, and February, 1821.
Kornmann, koRn'mJn, (HEINRICH,) a German writer
and lawyer, born in Wurtemberg ; died about 1620.
Kbrbsi. See CSOMA.
Kbrbsi, kb'Rb-shee, (JoszEF,) a Hungarian statistician,
born at Pesth, April 20, 1844. He has published many
volumes regarding Hungarian populations, finances,
trade, prices, railways, etc.
Kdrte or Koerte, kbR'teh, (WILHELM,) a German
writer, born at Aschersleben in 1766. He published,
among other works, a "Life of Gleim," (1811,) who was
his great-uncle, and a "Life of Carnot," (1820.) Died
in 1846.
Kortholt, koRt'holt, [Lat. KORTHOL'TUS,] (CHRIS-
TIAN,) a Lutheran theologian and ecclesiastical historian,
born at Burg, in Holstein, in 1633. About 1665 he was
appointed professor of divinity in the University of Kiel.
He published numerous religious treatises, of which we
may name "On the Pagan, Mohammedan, and Jewish
Religions," (1666,) "Of the Three Impostors Herbert,
Hobbes, and Spinosa," (1680,) "On the Origin and Na-
ture of Christianity," and " On the State and Progress
of Schools and Academies, especially in Germany." Died
in 1694.
See LINDEMANN, " Memoria C. Kortholti," 1694.
Kortholt, (CHRISTIAN,) a Danish or German theo-
logian, son of Sebastian, noticed below, was born at
Kiel in 1709. He became professor of divinity at Got-
tingen. He published "The Letters of Leibnitz," (4
vols., 1 734-42,) and wrote, besides other works, (in Latin,)
an "Essay on the Enthusiasm of Mohammed," (1745.)
Died in 1751.
£ee AYRBR, " Memoria C. Kortholti," 1751.
Kortholt, (SEBASTIAN,) a son of Christian, noticed
above, (1633-94,) and the father of the preceding, was
born at Kiel about 1670. He was a man of great learn-
ing, and wrote many literary essays. Died about 1740.
Kortholtus. See KORTHOLT.
Kortiim or Kortuem, koR'tum, (JOHANN FRIEDRICH
CHRISTOPH,) a German historian, born in Mecklenburg-
Strelitz in 1788, became professor of history at Heidel-
berg in 1840. He wrote, among other works, a " History
of the Political Constitution of Greece," and a " History
of the Middle Ages," (2 vols., 1837.) Died in 1858.
Kortiim or Kortuem, (KARL ARNOLD,) a German
physician and satiric poet, born at Miilheim-an-der-Ruhr
n 1745, published a mock-heroic poem entitled "The
lobsiad ; or, The Life, Opinions, and Deeds of Jerome
Jobs the Candidate," (1784.) Died in 1824. An English
translation of "The Jobsiad," by Rev. Charles T. Brooks,
was published in Philadelphia in 1863.
Kosciusko, kos-se-iis'ko, [Polish, KOSCIUSZKO, kdsh-
yoo'sko,] (THADDEUS,) an illustrious Polish patriot and
;eneral, of noble family, born in Lithuania, February 12,
1746. Having studied at the military academy of Ver-
sailles, he embarked about 1777 for America, where he
Fought with distinction at New York and Yorktown and
acquired the friendship of Washington. He returned
to Poland in 1786, but, his country being soon after sub-
jected to Russia, he retired to Leipsic. On the break-
ng out of the revolution of 1794, he was appointed
commander of the Polish army, and defeated the Russians
with greatly superior numbers at Raclawice. For two
months he defended Warsaw against the united forces
of Russia and Prussia, but, overpowered at last by fresh
roops advancing under Fersen, suffered a total defeat at
tfaciejowice, where he was wounded and taken prisoner
n October, 1794. After two years' imprisonment, he was
•eleased by the emperor Paul, who offered him his sword,
which Kosciusko refused, saying "he had no need of a
sword, since he had no longer a country." When solicited
>y Napoleon to aid him in his ambitious schemes with
•egard to Poland, he steadily refused ; and the proclama-
ion to the Poles, which appeared in the "Moniteur"
under his name in 1806, was declared by him a forgery
,- casj.- s,fmrii: pas;: G, \\,v.,jpitttiral; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz: thasinMu.
: Explanations, p. 23.)
KOSEGARTEN
1456
KOTZEBUE
He died in 1817, at Soleure, in Switzerland, having
previously written to the emperor Alexander entreat-
ing him to give to Poland a free constitution. He also
abolished serfdom on his Polish domain.
" Kosciuszko, Legenda democratyczna," translated from the French
by GODEBESKI, 1831: "Nouvelle Biographic Generate ;" "Foreign
Quarterly Review" for March, 1835.
Kosegarten, ko'zeh-gaR'ten, (JoHANN GOTTFRIED
LUDWIG,) son of Ludwig Theobul, noticed below, was
born in the island of Riigen in 1792. Having studied
philology in Paris, he became in 1824 professor of Ori-
ental languages at Greifswalde. He translated into
German the Hindoo poem "Nala," (1820,) and made
several versions from the Persian. He also published
editions of the "Moalakat," and other Arabic works.
Died in i8f'O.
Kosegarten, (Luowio THEOBUL,) a German divine
and poet, was born at Grevismiihlen, in Mecklenburg
in 1758. He became in 1808 professor of history at
Greifswalde, and subsequently of theology, and rector
of the university. His romance of " Ida von Plessen,"
(1788,) as well as his "Legends" and lyric poems, enjoy
a wide popularity. He also made several translations
from the Danish and English : among the latter is Rich-
ardson's "Clarissa," Died in 1818.
See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Koslof, kos'lof, or Kozlov, koz'lof, (IVAN IVANO-
VITCH,) a Russian poet, born in 1774, made a number
of excellent translations from the English. His poems,
written after he became blind, are distinguished for their
melody of versification and tender pathos. Among the
most admired of these is "The Monk," ("Tchernets.")
Died in 1838.
See E. MECHERSKI, "Les Poftes Russes."
Koslovski, (M. I.) See KOZLOFSKL
Kos-lov'ski. (Ossip ANTONOVITCH,) a popular Rus-
sian composer, produced, among other works, a ' Re-
quiem" of great beauty, and composed the music lor
Oserot's tragedy of "Fingal." Died in 1831.
Koamaa. See COSMAS.
Kossuth, kosh'oot, (Louis,) an eminent Hungarian
orator and statesman, born of a noble family at Monok,
in the county of Zemplin, in 1802. He studied law at the
Protestant college of Sarospatak, and joined the popular
party in opposing the despotic policy of Austria. Having
offended the government by his writings, he was impris-
oned three years, (1837-40.) The Diet of 1840 refused to
grant supplies during the imprisonment of Kossuth, who
was consequently liberated. In 1841 he married Theresa
Meszlenyi, and began to edit a daily paper at Pesth, called
" Pesti-Hirlap," the tone of which was liberal, but not
radical or democratic. He was elected a member of the
Diet by the national party of Pesth in 1847, ar|d acquired
a high reputation as an orator. In March, 1848, the
Diet adopted a proposition made by Kossuth, the object
of which was the appointment of a responsible Hun-
garian ministry, as a pledge of constitutional reforms.
Kossuth and others were sent as a deputation to Vienna,
and obtained the assent of the emperor, then conscious
of the pressure of a powerful revolutionary movement.
Kossuth induced the Diet to vote the perfect equality of
civil rights and public burdens for all classes, and to
extend the right of suffrage. He became minister of
5nance in the new ministry formed in April, 1848. Al-
though the benefits of these reforms were shared by the
Croatians and Servians, an anti-Magyar party was soon
formed in Croatia by the intrigues of Austrian agents.
The Croatians, directed by Jellachich and secretly aided
by Austria, revolted against Hungary, and began hos-
tilities by the massacre of villagers on the frontier. In
June, 1848, the Austrian court openly sanctioned the
movements of the Croatian insurgents. Kossuth believed
that the time had come to defend by arms the constitu-
tion and the national independence. He called for the
levy of 200,000 men, which was granted by the Diet In
September, 1848, Jellachich was defeated in battle, and
Kossuth was elected president of a committee of de-
fence. After the second insurrection at Vienna, October,
1848, the Hungarian army advanced to the assistance
of the Liberals of that capital, but was repulsed at
Schwechat The Austrian general Windischgratz then
invaded Hungary, took Pesth, and committed great atro-
cities. A war of extermination fallowed, and the Austrians
were defeated in several battles. In April, 1849, the
Hungarians renounced allegiance to the house of Haps-
burg, and chose Kossuth governor or dictator. But the
intervention of Russia rendered the heroic efforts and
sacrifices of the Hungarians unavailing. The victories
gained by Dembinski, Klapka, and Bern served merely
to prolong the national agony. Kossuth, after a dis-
agreement with Gorgey, whom he accused of treachery,
resigned his office on the I ith of August, 1849, and went
into exile. He retired to Turkey, and was imprisoned
at Kutaieh. Through the intervention of England and
the United States, ne was released in August, 1851,
visiting those countries in that year and being received
with enthusiastic popular demonstrations. He made
several admirable speeches in the English language, of
which he had acquired a wonderful mastery. He re-
sided for several years in England, and later in Turin,
Italy, where he died, March 20, 1894.
See P. C. HBADLKY, " Life of L. Kossuth," 1851 ; HORN, " Louis
Kossuth," 1851; "Kossuth, von einem Ungam," Leipsic, 1854;
"Kossuth in England und seine Reden," etc., 1851 ; KLAPKA, "Me-
moiren," 1850; L. Kossuth, Dictator von Ungarn," Mannheim,
1849 : " Hungary and its Revolutions, with a Memoir ot L. Kossuth."
Kosta-Ibn-Looka, (or -Ldka,) kos'ta ib'n loo'ki,
written also Costha-Ben-Louka, an excellent Arabian
scholar and translator, born at Balbec, flourished from
about 870 to 900 A.D. He translated several Greek works
into Arabic, and wiote original treatises on philosophy,
logic, medicine, etc.
Koster. See COSTER.
Kos'ter or Cos'ter, (LAURENS JANSZOON,) a Dutch
printer, born at Haarlem about 1370, is supposed by
some writers to have invented the art of printing. Ac-
cording to one tradition, he kept his art a secret, but it
was stolen by one of his workmen, named John Fust
Died about 1440.
See A. F. DIDOT, "Essai sur la Typographic;" AUGUSTS BE»-
NARD, "Histoire de 1'Origine de I'lmpnmerie."
Kostliii or Koestlin, kost-leen', (CHRISTIAN REIN-
HOLD,) a German jurist and novelist, born at Tubingen
in 1813 ; died in 1856.
Kbstlin, kost'leen, (JULIUS,) an able German theo-
logian, born at Stuttgart, May 17, 1826. He studied at
Tubingen and Berlin, and became professor of theology
at Gbttingen in 1855,31 Breslau in 1865, and at Halle in
1870. He has published "The Church of Scotland,"
(1852,) "Luther's Doctrine of the Church," (1853,)
"Faith," (1859,) "Luther's Theology," (1863,) and a
valuable "Life of Luther," (1875,) which he afterwards
abridged for popular use, (1883.)
Kostrof, Kostrov, or Koatrow, kos'tRof, (£RMIL
IVANOVITCH,) a Russian poet, born in the province of
Viatka ; died in 1796.
Kothouz. See KOOTOOZ.
Kotouz or Kotflz. See KooTOOZ.
Kotter or Cotter, kot'ter, (CHRISTOPH,) a German
enthusiast, born in Silesia in 1 585. He obtained notoriety
by visions and predictions. Died in 1647.
'Kotzebue, von, fon kot'seh-boo, (AUGUST FRIED-
RICH FERDINAND,) a prolific and popular German
dramatist, born at Weimar in 1761. He went to Saint
Petersburg in 1781, and was appointed president of the
government of Esthonia. He produced in 1789 "The
Indians in England," and " The Stranger," which were
very successful. About 1800 he settled in Berlin. He
wrote abusive articles against Goethe and other great
German authors, who had refused to admit him into
their literary circle at Weimar. Between 1802 and 1806
he made journeys in different countries of Europe, and
published " Souvenirs of Paris in 1804," (2 vols., 1805.)
After the battle of Jena (1806) he took refuge in Russia,
and edited two journals, called "The Bee," (1808-10,)
and " The Cricket," (1811-12,) in which he wrote against
Napoleon. In 1817 he was sent to Germany by the
Russian government to watch and report the state and
tendency of public opinion. He expressed such hostility
and contempt for liberal principles and institutions that
he rendered himself odious to many Germans, especially
i. e, T, o, u, y, long : i,e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, J, short; a, e. i, 9, obscun; far, fill, fat; ir?t; not; good; moon;
KOTZEBUE
'457
KRASINSK1
the students. He was assassinated at Mannheim in 1819
by Karl Ludwig Sand, who was actuated by a fanatical
zeal against one whom he considered a traitor to liberty.
Among his dramas are "The Two Klingsbergs," a
comedy, (1807,) and " Pizarro," (" Die Spanier in Peru.")
His works, which were very numerous, were formerly
more popular than they are at the present time. Kot-
zebue possessed a ready invention and a great facility in
composition ; but his productions are deficient in depth
and power.
Kotzebue, von, (Oiro,) a son of the preceding, born
at Reval, in Russia, in 1787. After having made the
voyage around the world with Krusenstern, he set sail
again in 1815, accompanied by Chamisso, Eschscholtz,
and others. He discovered several islands in the South
Sea, and the sound southeast of Behring's Strait called
by his name. He published, after his return, a "Voyage
of Discovery in the South Sea and to Behring's Strait,
to find a Northeast Passage," (1821.) Having sailed
for the third time in 1823, he made other discoveries,
which are described in his " New Voyage around the
World in 1823-26," (1830.) He died at Reval in 1846.
Kotzeluch, kot'seh-ldoK', (LEOPOLD,) a Bohemian
composer and musician, bom at Welwarn in 1753. He
succeeded Mozart as composer to the court at Vienna,
(1792.) He composed operas, symphonies, and sonatas,
which were once very popular. Died in 1814.
Kouang. See KOOANG.
Koublai Khan. See KOOBLAI KHAN.
Kouck, kowk, (PiETER,) a Dutch painter, born in
1500 or 1501, worked at Antwerp. He was patronized
by Charles V. Died in 1550.
Kouli Khan. See NADIR SHAH.
Koulneff. See KOOI.NEP.
Koumas, koo'mas, (CONSTANTINE MICHAEL,) a
modern Greek scholar and author, was born at Larissa
about 1775. He published a "Greek Lexicon," (1826,)
"Elements of Philosophy," (4 vols.,) and other scientific
works. Died at Trieste in 1836.
Koung-Fou-Tseu. See CONFUCIUS.
Komakin. See KOORAKIN.
Kourma or Kourmavatara. See KURMA.
Koutouz. See KOOTOOZ.
Koutouzof or Koutousof. See KOOTOOZOF.
Kov-a-lef'sky, (ALEXANDER,) an eminent Rus-
sian embryologist, bcrn November 7, (O.S.,) 1840.
He became a professor at St. Petersburg and a high
authority on the anatomy and development of the as-
cidians, tunicata, worms, brachiopods, and the related
forms of animal life, making a number of valuable
discoveries.
Kovalefsky, (SoxiA or SOPHIE,) born in 1850,
daughter of a Russian artillery officer, married in
1868 "\Yoldemar, brother of Alexander Kovalefsky.
She gained an European fame as a mathematician,
became professor of mathematics at Stockholm in
1884, and wrote a series of brilliant novels, of which
" Vera Barantzova" was translated into English in
1895. Died in 189:.
Kozlofski, koz-lof*skee, or Koslovski.kos-lov'skee,
(MiCHAiL IVANOVITCH,) a Russian sculptor, became
professor in the Academy of Arts at Saint Petersburg.
Among his master-pieces are the statue of Suwarow at
Saint Petersburg, and the statue of Catherine II. as
Minerva. Died in 1803.
Kozlov. See KOSLOF.
Kozmlan, koz'me-an, ? (GAETAN or C AJETAN,) a Polish
poet, born in Lublin in 1771. He wrote odes which were
highly esteemed, — " The Georgics of Poland," — and an
epic poem entitled " Stephen Czarniecki." Died in 1856.
Krafft, kRaft, (ADAM,) a German sculptor, born at
Nuremberg about 1429. Among his master-pieces are
the tabernacle in the church of Saint Lawrence at Nu-
remberg, the celebrated Ciborium in the minster at Ulm,
and a number of beautiful bas-reliefs. Died in 1507.
Krafft, (JOSEPH,) a portrait-painter, born at Hanau in
1787, was a brother of Peter, noticed below. He worked
in Vienna. Died in 1828.
Krafft, (PETER,) a German painter, and professor at
the Academy of Vienna, born at Hanau in 1780. Among
his works we may name " Rudolph of Habiburg" and
" Belisarius." Died in 1856.
Kraft See CRATO.
Kraft, kRaft, (ANTON,) a Bohemian violoncellist and
composer, born December 30, 1752, at Rokitzan, near
Pilsen. Died August 28, 1820. His son, NIKOLAUS,
born December 14, 1778, was also famous as a composer
and performer on the violoncello. Died May 18, 1853.
Kraft, kRaft, or Krafft, (GEORG WOLFGANG,) a Gei-
man natural philosopher, born in Wiirtemberg in 1701,
was professor of physics at Tubingen, and wrote several
works on geometry and physics. Died in 1754.
Kraft von Toggenburg, kRaft fon tog'gen-bdoRG', a
German minnesinger. Died in 1259.
Kraitsir, kRit'sir, (CHARLES,) a Hungarian physician
and scholar, born in 1804. He emigrated to America
in 1833, and became in 1842 professor of modern lan-
guages and history in the University of Virginia. He
published " Glossology," and several other works. Died
in Westchester county, New York, in 1860.
Kramer. See CRAMER.
Kramp, kRON, (CHRETIEN,) a French mathematician
and medical writer, born at Strasburg ; died about 1828.
Kranach. See CRANACH.
Krantor. See GRANTOR.
Krantz or Crantz, kRants, (ALBERT,) a German his-
torian and diplomatist, born at Hamburg about 1450,
was employed on several important embassies to Eng
land and France. Among his principal works, which
are written in Latin, are " Chronicles of the Kingdoms
of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway," and "Ecclesiastical
History of Saxony." Died in 1517.
See WILKENS, "Leben Albertii Crantzii," 1722; BAVLH, "His-
torical and Critical Dictionary ;" NIC£RON, " Mimoires ;" MdLLSl.
"Cimbria Literata."
Kranz, (DAVID.) See CRANZ.
Krasheninnikof or Krascheiiinmkov, kRish-en-
nin'ne-kof, (STEPHEN PETROVITCH,) a Russian natural-
ist, born at Moscow in 1713. He travelled in Siberia
and Kamtschatka, and wrote a "Description of Kamt
schatka," (2 vols., 1755.) Died in 1755.
See GRBTCH, " Kssai sur 1'Histoire de la LitteVature Russe."
Kraaicki, kRa-set'skee, (IGNATIUS,) an eminent Polish
poet and litterateur, born at Dubiecko in 1734. Having
taken orders as a priest, he rose to be Bishop of Erme-
land in 1767, and in 1795 Archbishop of Gnesen. His
wit and conversational powers made him a favourite
with Frederick the Great of Prussia, who once said to
him, " I hope, my lord bishop, you will take me into
Paradise with you under your mantle." " No, sire," he
replied, (alluding to the loss of some revenues:) "your
majesty has made it so short that I cannot conceal any-
thing contraband under it." Among his principal works
we may name the mock-heroic poem entitled "The
Mousiad," ("Myszeis,") founded on the tradition of King
Popiel being devoured by rats and mice, " War of the
Monks," (" Monachomachia,") and a number of fables
and satires of great merit. His novel of" Pan Podstoli"
is also highly esteemed. Died in 1801.
See S. K. POTOCKI, " Essai sur la Vie, etc. de Krasicki," 1808;
" Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale;" DMOCHOWSKI, " Eloge de Kra-
sicki," tSot.
Krasinaki, kRa-sin'skee, (VALERIAN,) COUNT, a dis-
tinguished Polish writer and scholar, born in White
Russia about 1780. After the suppression of the Polish
revolution of 1830 he repaired to England, where he
published, among other works, a " History of the Re-
formation in Poland," (2 vols., 1840,) " Panslavism and
Germanism," (1848,) and " Religious History of the Sla-
vonic Nations," (1851.) Died in Edinburgh in 1855.
Krasinski, (ZYGMUNT NAPOLEON,) a Polish counl
and poet, born at Paris, February 19, 1812. He was an
ardent patriot and anti-Russian. He published several
poetical works, of which the " Undivine Comedy"
(" Nieboska Komedya," 1837-48) is the most celebrated.
Lord Lytton's poem of " Orval" is adapted from this
work. " Iridion" is also a celebrated fiction by Kra-
sinski. His writings are well known in their English
translation by Martha Walker Cook. Died at Paris,
February 24, 1859.
e as k; 5 as s; | hard; g asy; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
92
(J^=See Explanations, p.
KRASZEWSKI
1458
KRISHNA
Kraszewski, kRj-sh8v'skec, (JOSEPH IGNATIUS,) a
Polish novelist and miscellaneous writer, born at War-
saw in 1812. ITis works, which are very numerous, con-
sist of novels, poems, travels, and historical treatises.
His romances are very popular in Poland, and have in a
great measure superseded the French novels. Among
the best are "The Magic-Lantern," (1843,) "Ulana,"
(1843,) and "Sviat i Poeta." His epic poem " Ana-
fielas," and a " History of Wilna," are also ranked among
his best productions. Died March 20, 1887.
Krateros. See CRATERUS.
Krates. See CRATES.
Kratinos. See CRATINUS.
Kratippos. See CRATIPPUS,
Kratzenstein, kRat'sfn-stin', (CHRISTIAN GOTT-
LIEB,) a German natural philosopher, mechanical inventor,
and writer, born at Wernigerode in 1723, became pro-
*essor of physics at Copenhagen in 1754. Died in 1795.
Kraua, kRowss, (CHRISTIAN JAKOB,) a learned Ger-
man writer, professor of philosophy, etc. at Konigsberg,
was born at Osterode in 1753. He published a treatise
on " Political Economy," and other works. Died in 1807.
Kraua, (FRANZ,) a German historical painter, born in
Snabia about 1704; died about 1750.
Kraus or Krauss, krowss, (JoHANN BAPTIST,) a
German prelate and historical writer, born at Ratisbon
in 1700. He was prince-abbot of the monastery of Saint
Emmeran. Died in 1762.
Kraus, ( JOHANN ULRICH,) a German engraver, born
at Augsburg about 1645 ; died in 1719.
Kraua, (MARTIN.) See CRUSIUS.
Krause, kRow'zeh, (GEORG FRIEDRICH,) a German
economist and writer on the science of forests, born at
Prenzlow in 1768; died in 1836.
Krause, (GEORG MELCHIOR,) a German painter and
engraver, born at Frankfort in 1737 ; died in 1806.
Krause, (JoHANN CHRISTOPH,) a German historian,
born at Artern in 1749. Among his works is a " His-
tory of Europe," (5 vols., 1789-98.) Died in 1799.
Krause, ( JOHANN GOTTLIEB,) a German bibliographer,
born in Silesia in 1684, published, besides other works,
"UmstandlicheBucher-Historie,"(3vols., 1716.) He was
professor of eloquence at Wittenberg. Died in 1736.
See KIRCHHAIKR, " Programma ad Exequias J. G. Krausii," 1736.
Krause, (KARL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH,) a German
philosopher and masonic writer, born at Eisenberg in
1781. He devoted several works to the display of the
merits of freemasonry, of which he was a zealous advo-
cate. Among his other works is "Urbild der Mensch-
heit," ("The Type of Humanity," 1811.) Died in 1832.
See LINDHUANN, "Darstellung dea Lebens und der Wissen-
•chaftslehre Krauses," 1839.
Krause, (WiLHELM,) a German landscape and marine
painter, born at Dessau in 1803. He has produced some
excellent pictures of Norwegian scenery.
Kraut, kRowt, (WILHELM THEODOR,) professor of
law at Gbttingen, was born at Liineburg in 1800. He
wrote a number of legal works. Died Jan. I, 1873.
Krauth. krawth, (CHARLES PORTERPIBLD,) D.D., a
Lutheran divine and accomplished scholar, the son of
Dr. Charles Philip Krauth, (late president of Pennsyl-
vania College at Gettysburg,) was born at Martinsburg,
Virginia, March 17, 1823. He graduated at Pennsyl-
vania College in 1839. Ordained in 1842, he became
pastor of a church in Baltimore, and was subsequently
settled at Winchester, Virginia, and Pittsburg, Pennsyl-
vania. In 1859 he was called to the pastoral charge of
Saint Mark's Lutheran Church, Philadelphia, where he
remained four years. In 1861 he became editor of "The
Lutheran and Missionary," issued in Philadelphia, and
in 1864 professor of theology, church history, etc. in the
Lutheran Seminary of that city. In 1868 he was elected
to the chair of moral and intellectual philosophy in the
University of Pennsylvania, and in 1873 became vice-
provost of the same institution. He published a trans-
lation of TholuckV. "Commentary on Saint John," (1859,)
"The Conservative Reformation and its Theology,"
(1871,) an edition of Berkeley's "Principles of Human
Knowledge," (1873,) al)d an edition of Fleming's "Vo-
cabulary of Philosophy," to which he added a valuable
Index, etc., (1877.) He died January 2, 1883.
Kray, von, fon kRi' or Krajof, von, fon kRi'oi,
(PAUL,) BARON, an Austrian general, born at Kesmark,
in Hungary, in 1735. He fought against the French in
the Low Countries and on the Rhine in 1793-95, an<^
became a field-marshal-lieutenant in 1796. In 1799
he obtained the chief command of the army, defeated
Scherer twice in Italy, and took Mantua. Having
failed in a campaign against Moreau in Germany in 1800,
he was removed from the command. Died in 1804.
See ALISON, "History of Europe."
Krayenhofi; kRi'en-hof, written also Kraljenhott,
(CoRNKLls ROELF,) a Dutch general, born at Nymwegen
in 1758, became minister of war under Louis Bonaparte.
He published several excellent charts. Died about 1840.
Krayer. See CRAYER.
Krebs, kRjps, (JOHANN AUGUST,) a learned German
writer, born at Heinaugen in 1681 ; died in 1713.
Krehl, kRal, (AUGUST LUDWIG,) a German Protestant
theologian, born at Eisleben in 1784, became professor
of theology at Leipsic in 1834. Died in 1855.
Kreil, kRil, (KARL,) an able astronomer, born at Ried.
in the Tyrol, in 1798, became director of the Observatory
of Prague in 1845. He published a treatise " On the
Nature and Motion of Comets," (1843.) Died in 1862.
Kreitmayer or Kreytmayr, kRit'mlR, written also
Kreittmayr, (ALOYS WIGULAUS,) a German statesman
and jurist, born at Munich in 1705. Among his works
we may name "Code of Bavarian Judicial Law," (1751,)
and "Bavarian Civil Code." Died in 1790.
Kiemer, kRa'mer, (CHRISTOPH JAKOB,) a German
historian, born at Worms in 1722. He wrote several
works on German history. Died in 1777.
Krenier, kRa'mer, (PETER,) an eminent Belgian
painter of history and genre, born at Antwerp in 1801.
Among his works are " Marius at Carthage," and " David
Teniers Designing after Nature."
Krestow'sky, (M.,) a Russian novelist, born at
Kief in 1820. He served in the Russian army, and
wrote numerous novels. Among the best of these, as
translated into French, are " Le Sphinx," " En
Voyage," " Uncle Bujanoff," and " Le Diablotin."
Kretschmann, kRjtsh'mln, (KARL FRIEDRICH,) a
German poet, born at Zittau in 1738, published "Songs
of the Bard Ringulph," and other works. Died in 1809.
Kreutzer, kRoit'ser, (KONRADIN,) a German com-
poser of operas and songs, born in the duchy of Baden
in 1782 ; died in 1849.
Kreutzer, kRUt'saiR', (RUDOLF,) a celebrated com-
poser and musician, of German extraction, born at Ver-
sailles in 1766, became violinist at the imperial chapel,
and a member of the Conservatory in Paris. Among
his best works are the operas of " Lodoiska" and " Pau'
and Virginia." Died in 1831.
See Fins, " Biographic Universelle dea Musiciens."
Kreysig, kRl'zic, (FRIEDRICH LUDWIG,) a medical
writer, born near Leipsic in 1770, studied medicine at
Pavfa under Spallanzani. In 1803 he was appointed
physician to the Elector Frederick Augustus, afterwards
Kingj of Saxony. He became in 1815 professor of thera-
peutics and pathology at Dresden. Died in 1839.
Kreysig, (GEORO CHRISTOPH,) a German historian,
born near Annaberg in 1697. He wrote on the history
of Saxony. Died in 1758.
Kreytmayr. See KREITMAYER.
Krlchna. See KRISHNA.
Kriloff or Krilov. See KRYLOF.
Krishna, Crishna, Krichna, or Krlschna, kR?sh'-
na, [a Sanscrit word, signifying "dark blue :" see below,]
in the Hindoo mythology, the eighth avatar of Vishnu,
usually regarded as the most glorious of all the manifesta-
tions of that deity. It is said by the votaries nf Krishna
that in the other avatars Vishnu manifested only a
portion of his godhead, but that in this instance he ap-
peared in all the fulness of his power and glory. He
was born in the kingdom of Mathura ; his mortal parents
were Vasudfva and Devaki. It had been predicted that
the son of Devaki should deprive Kansa, the tyrannica'.
king of that country, of his life and crown. Kansa there-
fore sought by force and stratagem to destroy the young
child ; but the parents, assisted and guided by power
i. e, I, 5, u, yjong; A, e, o, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, ^, short; a, e, i, 0, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mZtj n8t; good; moon;
KRITIAS
1459
KRUMMACHER
divine, succeeded in baffling all his efforts. It is related | part of her life she abounded in works of charity
that, when Krishna was only seven years old, Indra, ] towards the poor.
jealous of the popularity of the child-god, attempted to Kruenitz. See KRUNITZ.
destroy the worshippers of the latter by a fearful storm Krug, kRooc, (JOHANN PHILIPP,) a German historian
of lightning, rain, and hail. But Krishna raised above and numismatist, born at Halle in 1764, wrote on Rus-
them on the tip of his little finger Mount Goverdhen,
the Hindoo Parnassus, thus affording complete shelter
to his trembling followers.
One of Krishna's earliest exploits was the destruction ol
the great serpent Kaliya, (or Kalinaga,) which poisoned
the waters of the river Jumna. Not long afterwards
he slew his malignant enemy Kansa, having first para-
lyzed him with fear. A remarkable resemblance between
Krishna and the Grecian Apollo has been pointed out
by Sir William Jones and other writers. Krishna was
pre-eminently a pastoral god, and his followers were
principally milkmaids and herdsmen. Apollo was
regarded as the protector of flocks and herds, (his
name of Nomios theos (ro^uos flebs) is derived from
nome,(voni?,) a " meadow" or " pasture; ") and, when
compelled to pass some time on earth, he employed
himself in tending the flocks of Admetus, King of
Thessaly.
Kritias. See CRITIAS.
Kritolaos. See CKITOLAUS.
Kriton or Krito. See CRITO.
Kroeyer. See KRSYER.
Kiolm, kRon, (HERMANN GEORG,) a German jurist,
born in 1705 ; died in 1756.
Kromayer, kRo'miR, (HIERUNYMUS,) a German
Protestant theologian, born at Zeitz in 1610, wrote " His-
toria Ecclesiastica," and other works. Died in 1670.
See G. LEHMANN, " Leichpredigt auf H. Kromayer," 1670.
Kromayer, (JOHANN,) a German theologian, born
sian history and coins. Died in Saint Petersburg in 1844.
Krug, (WILHELM TRAUGOTT,) a German philoso-
phical writer, born near Grafenhaynchen, in Prussian
Saxony, in 1770. Having studied at Gbttingen and Wit-
tenberg, he became professor of philosophy at Leipsic
in 1809. He was chosen in 1833 a deputy to the first
constitutional Diet, where he was a warm advocate
of liberalism. Among his principal writings are his
" Fundamental Philosophy," (1803,) and " History of the
Philosophy of the Ancients, especially of the Greeks
and Romans," (1815.) He professed a system called
"transcendental synthetism," which was very popular
in Germany. Died in 1842.
Kriiger or Krueger, kRiic'er, (EPHRAIM GOTTLIEB,)
a German engraver, born at Dresden in 1756. Among
his master-pieces is "Ariadne at Naxos." Died in 1834.
Kriiger or Krueger, (FRANZ,) a skilful German
painter, born at Anhalt-Dessau in 1796. He worked
in Berlin, where he painted good portraits and became
court painter. His favourite subjects were hunting-
scenes and landscapes with animals. Died in 1857.
See NAGLBR, " Allgemeines Kiinsller-Lexikon."
Kriiger, (JOHANN GOTTLOB,) a German naturalist,
born at Halle in 1715, published, besides other works,
a "Treatise on Physics," ("Naturlehre," 3 vols., 1740-
49.) Died in 1759.
Kriiger, (STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS,) a
Transvaal statesman, was born at Colesburg, Cape
Colony, October 10, 1825. After the Boer migration
Misnia in 1576, was an uncle of the preceding. He : northward he became famous as a hunter and lion-
became superintendent (Protestant bishop) at Weimar, : kiiier> took part in the Zulu wars, and in 1848 fought
and published several works. Died in 1643.
Kropot'kine, (PETER,) PRINCE, a Russian geog-
rapher and anarchist, was born at Moscow, Decem-
ber 9, 1842. He was educated at St. Petersburg,
explored Eastern Siberia and Manchuria and the
glacial deposits of Finland and Sweden, and acted as
secretary to the Geographical Society. In 1872 he
joined the International Society in Belgium, and was
arrested and imprisoned in St. Petersburg in 1874,
but escaped in 1876. He founded the anarchist
newspaper " Le Revolte," was expelled from Switzer-
land in 1881, and imprisoned in France as an an-
archist 1883-86. He published "Paroles d'un
Revolte," (1885,) " In Russian and French Prisons,"
(1887, ) "A la recherche du pain," (1892,) "The
State, its Part in History," (1898,) with many ency-
clopedic and other articles.
Krosick, von, fon kRo'zik, (BERNHARD FRIEDRICH,)
BARON, a German savant, born in 1656, erected a private
observatory at Berlin. Died in 1714.
Kroyer or Kroeyer, kRo'yer, (HENDRIK NICOLAUS,)
He
a Danish naturalist, born at Copenhagen in 1799.
was sent on a mission to South America in 1840.
against the English at Bloomplaats. He was sub-
commandant of the army in 1856, commandant in
1 86 1, and showed such ability and courage in the
war against England in 1881 that he was made head
of the provisional government. He was elected
president of the republic in 1883, and successively in
1888, 1893, and 1898, and in 1899 declared war
against Great Britain, becoming the leading spirit in
the subsequent ably managed war. After the conquest
of the Transvaal he went to Europe.
Kriiger, (THEODOR,) a learned German writer, born
at Stettin in 1694 ; died in 1751.
Kriiger, (THEODOR,) a German engraver, born about
1575 ; died at Rome in 1650.
Kruilof. See KRYLOF.
Krummaoher, kRoom'maK'er. (FRIEDRICH ADOLF,)
a distinguished German theologian and writer, born at
Tecklenburg, in Westphalia, in 1768. He was succes-
sively professor of theology at Duisbure, councillor of
• " L -T. His
ty both
the consistory, and court preacher at Bernburg.
" Parables" (in verse) (1805) enjoy great popularity
in Germany and in other countries. Among his other
He I works are "Die Kinderwelt," consisting of religious
wks'onna7uraTnistory7" The; poems for children, " Sufferings, Death, and Resurrec-
Fishes of Denmark," (2 vols., 1838-43.) Died in 1870. ' tion of our Lord Jesus Christ," (1817.) "Cornelius the
Kriidener or Kruedener, (JULIANA,) a Russian \ Centurion," (1829,) and "The Life of Saint John,
mystic or enthusiast, born at Riga in 1766, was the (1833.) He was attached to evangelical religion as
daughter of Baron Vietinghof, and was married at the i distinguished from rationalism. Died in 1845.
age of fourteen to Baron Krudener, from whom she was i See MdLLER, " F. A. Krummacher und seine Freunde," i volt.,
divorced in a few years. She was intimate with Madame l 49
de Stael. Having lived for a time in fashionable dissipa- Krummacher, (FRIEDRICH WILHELM,) an eminent
tion, she adopted the views of the Pietists about 1806, pulpit orator and writer, son of the preceding, was born
and gave herself up entirely to preaching the gospel and i about 1796. He was for a time pastor in Wupperthale,
prophesying. After travelling in Germany, where she where he was a zealous advocate of the older Lutheran-
formed an acquaintance with Stilling, she visited Paris, ism, and gave great offence by his denunciation of the
but, owing to the disturbances caused by her meetings, rationalists. As preacher of a reformed community,
was obliged to leave the city, and soon after her arrivaj ! he went to New York in 1843. After a few years he
in Germany she was ordered by the government to return returned to Germany, and settled at Berlin in 1847.
to Russia. She died in 1824. She was the author of a Among his principal works we may name "The Church's
romance entitled "Valeria," (1803.) She is said to have | Voice of Instruction," "Elijah the Tishbite," and "Sab-
had much influence over Alexander, Czar of Russia, who bath Bells," (1851.) Died in December, 1868.
heard her preach in Paris in 1815, and who submitted to Krummacher, (GOTTFRIED DANIEL,) an uncle of
her revision his plan of the Holy Alliance. In the latter j the preceding, was born at Tecklenburg in 1774. He
e as *; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; *h as in this. (J^^See Explanations, p. 23.)
KRUMPHOLZ
1460
KUGLER
became in 1816 reformed preacher at Elberfeld, where
he was one of the principal leaders of the Pietists.
Among his works are a series of sermons, entitled "The
Wanderings of the Israelites through the Wilderness to
Canaan," (1850,) and " Daily Manna," which have been
translated into English. Died in 1837.
See FRJEDRICH W. KRUMMACHER, "G. D. Krummacher's Le-
ben," 1838.
Krumpholz, krSomp'holts, (JOHANN BAPTIST,) a
harpist and musical composer, born about 1 745, at ZIonitz,
near Prague, his father being a band-master in a French
regiment. He committed suicide in 1790. His brother,
WENZEL KRUMPHOLZ, born in 1750, was an eminent
violinist. Died May 2, 1817.
Kriinitz or Kruenltz, kRii'nits, ( JOHANN GEORG,) a
German physician and scholar, born at Berlin in 1728, is
principally known as the publisher of the " Economico-
technological Encyclopaedia," seventy-three volumes of
which had appeared at the time of his death, in 1796.
The work was afterwards continued and largdy ex-
tended by the brothers Flbrke and others.
Krupp, krdop, (ALFRED,) a German manufacturer,
born at Essen, April 26, 1812. He inherited from his
father the celebrated cast-steel works of his native town,
and extended them very greatly. The steel cannon of
the establishment are especially celebrated ; but the
works turn out all kinds of steel goods, and are upon
the largest scale ever known. Died July 14, 1887.
Kruse, kRoo'zeh, (FRIEDRICH KARL HERMANN,) a
German historian, born at Oldenburg in 1790. In 1825
he published his principal work, entitled " Hellas," and
in 1828 was appointed professor of universal and Russian
history at the University of Dorpat. He also wrote a
valuable " Chronicle of the Northmen." Died in 1866.
Kruse, (KARSTEN or CHRISTIAN,) a learned German
writer, the father of the preceding, was born in Olden-
burg in 1753. He published " Atlas and Tables for the
Survey of the History of all European Countries," (1804.)
Died in 1827.
Kruse, kRoo'zeh, (LAURIDS or LAURENT,) a Danish
litterateur, born at Copenhagen in 1778. Among his nu-
merous works are comedies, novels, etc. He translated
into Danish and German some works of Ingemann, and
others. Died in Paris in 1839.
See his Memoirs of his Life, " Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben,"
• vols., 1829.
Kruseman, kRoo'zeh-man', (CORNELIS,) a Dutch
historical painter of great merit, born at Amsterdam in
1797. Among his master-pieces are " A Burial-Scene,"
" The Preaching of John the Baptist," and " Belisarius."
Died in 1857.
Kruseman, (JAN ADAM,) a painter of portraits and
sacred history, a brother of the preceding, was born at
Haarlem in 1804. Died in 1862.
Krusemark, kRoo'zeh-maRk',(FRiEDRiCH WII.HELM
LUDWIG,) a Prussian commander and diplomatist, served
•gainst the French in the campaigns from 1806 to 1813,
and rose to the rank of lieutenant-general. He was
employed successively on important missions to Saint
Petersburg, Paris, and Vienna. Died in 1822.
Krusenstern, kRoo'zen-steRn', (ADAM JOHN,) a cele-
brated Russian navigator and traveller, born in Esthonia
in 1770. In 1803 he sailed from Cronstadt, and during
an absence of three years discovered the Orloff Islands,
and obtained much information respecting countries pre-
viously little known. He brought out in 1810 his " Voy-
age around the World from 1803 to 1806," (3 vols.,
with an atlas and 104 plates,) which was translated into
the principal European languages. He also published
"Contributions to the Hydrography of the Greater
Oceans," " Atlas of the Pacific Ocean," and other similar
works. Krusenstern was the first Russian navigator who
sailed around the world. Died in 1846.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale ;" " Monthly Review" for
June and July, 1814.
Krylof, kRe-lof, or Kruilof, almost kRwe-lof, (IVAN
ANDREIEVITCH,) written also Krylow, Kriloff, and
Krilov, a celebrated Russian fabulist, born at Moscow
in 1768. At an early age he became familiar with the
French language, and read with avidity the works of
Moliere, Racine, and Boileau. His first compositions
were dramas, which were not favourably received. He
was successively editor of "The Spirit Post," "The
Spectator," and the "Petersburg Mercury," and in 1801
was appointed secretary to Prince Gallitsin. In 1808 he
published a collection of fables, which met with great
favour. He was elected to the Petersburg Academy in
1811, and subsequently received a large pension from
the emperor Alexander, who also loaded him with hon-
orary distinctions. His "Fables," which vie with those
of La Fontaine in na'ivttl and humour, are the delight
of all ages and classes in Russia, and many sentences
in them have become proverbs. They have been trans-
lated into German, French, and Italian ; but no version,
it is thought, does justice to the original. Krylof was
intimate with Pooshkin, (Pushkin,) Karamzin, and other
eminent writers. Died in 1844.
See PLBTNEP, "Life of KrilonV' prefixed to his Works; "Revue
des Deui Mondes" for September i, 1852; ALFRHD BOUGSAULT,
" Kryloff^ ou le La Fontaine Russe, sa Vie et ses Fables," Paris,
1852 ; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale ;" also an article on the Rus-
sian Fabulists, in " Fraser's Magazine" for February, 1839,
Kryns or Krijns.kRlns, (EVERARD,) a Dutch painter
of history and portraits, lived at the Hague about 1600.
Kshat'rf-ya, [modern Hindoo pron. kshut'ri-ya,]
written also Kshetriya and Kshattriya, the name of
the second or military caste among the Hindoos. It
originally included all princes and professional warriors.
But at the present time there are many exceptions to
this general rule : many of the Brahmans nowadays are
professional soldiers. (See BRAHMANISM.)
Kublai Khan. See KOOBLAI KHAN.
Kiichenmeister, ku'Ken-mis-ter, (GoTTLOB FRIED-
RICH HEINRICH,) a German physician and naturalist, born
at Buchheim, January 22, 1821. He studied at Leipsic
and Prague. His writings are mostly on the entozoa and
other parasites, and he has also written on contagion, on
water-cure, on cremation, etc. His principal work is
"On the Cestoid Worms," (1853.)
Kiicken or Kuecken, kuk'ken, (FRIEDRICH WIL-
HELM,) a popular German composer, born at Bleckede in
1810. His songs and ballads are great favourites both
in Germany and England. In 1851 he was appointed
court chapel-master at Stuttgart. He produced two
successful operas. Died April 6, 1882.
Kuecken. See KttCKEN.
Kuegelgen. See KUGELOEN.
Kuehn. See KttHN.
Kuehne. See KOHNE.
Kuehnoel. See KttHNOL.
Kuenen, kii'nen, (ABRAHAM,) D.D., LL.D., a Dutch
Orientalist, of German descent, was born at Haarlem,
September 16, 1828. He studied theology at Leyden
from 1846 to 1851, and became extraordinary professor
of theology there in 1852, and in 1855 full professor.
Among his writings are a Latin translation of Abu
Said's Arabic version from the Samaritan Pentateuch,
(1851-54,) a " Historico-Critical Investigation into the
Origin of the Old Testament Books," (1861-65,) "The
Religion of Israel," (1874-75,) " Prophets and Prophecy
in Israel," (1877,) "National Religions and Universal
Religions," (1882,) etc. He was the most prominent fig-
ure in the "Leyden school" of theology, and was distin-
guished for his "advanced" views regarding the textual
criticism of the Scriptures. Died in 1891.
KueseL See KUSEL.
Kuester. See KOsTER.
Kiigelgen or Kuegelgen, kii'gel-gen, (KARL and
GF.KHAKD,) German painters, born at Bacharach, on
the Rhine, in 1772, were twin brothers, and pursued
their studies together at Rome. In 1799 they visited
Saint Petersburg, where they married two sisters of
high rank. Karl remained in Saint Petersburg, where
he was patronized by the emperor Alexander, while Ger-
hard returned to Dresden. He perished by the hand of
a robber near that city in 1820. His works are chiefly
portraits and historical pictures. Among Karl's pro-
ductions are a series of Crimean and Finnish landscapes,
executed by order of the emperor. In 1 823 he published
"A Painter's Journey in the Crimea." Died in 1832.
Kugler, kooo'ler, (FRANZ THEODOR,) an eminent
German critic and writer on art, born at Stettin in 1808,
became in 1833 professor of the history of art in the
a, e, i, 6, ii, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, J, short; a, e, \,f),obscitrc; far, fill, lit; met; not; yooil; moon
KUH
1461
KURMA
Academy at Berlin. About 1835 he visited Italy and
in 1837 brought out his " Hand-Book of the History
of Painting from Constantine the Great to the Present
Time," which was followed by his equally valuable
"Manual of the History of Art," (1841,) and other simi-
lar works. Died in Berlin in 1858.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Kuh, koo, (EPHRAIM MOSES,) a German poet, of
Jewish parentage, born at Breslau in 1731, wrote songs
odes, fables, and epigrams. He was a friend of Lessing
and Mendelssohn. Died in 1790.
Kuhl, kobl, (HEINRICH,) a German naturalist, born
at Hanau in 1797; died at Java in 1821.
i See ?' Y,AI* SwINDKR=N, "Bijdragen tot eene Schets van het
Leven, het Karakter, etc van H. Kuhl," 1822.
Kuhlau, koo'16w, (FRIEDRICH DANIEL,) a German
musician and composer, born in Hanover in 1786 or
1787. He composed operas which were popular, and
music for the flute. Died in 1832.
Kuhlmaun, kuTmoN',(CHARLES FREDERIC,) a French
chemist, born at Cplmar in 1803. Died in 1881.
Kuhlmaun, kool'man, (QuiRiNUS,) a German vision-
ary, born at Breslau in 1651. He led a wandering life,
and published several extravagant writings. He was
burned at Moscow in 1689.
See G. WKRNSDORP, " De Fanaticis Silesiorum et speciatim de
Q. Kuhlmanno," 1698.
Kuhmstedt, kiim'stet, (FRIEDRICH,) a German mu-
sician and composer, born at Oldisleben, Saxe- Weimar,
December 20, 1809. He wrote operas, symphonies, and
oratorios ; but his fame rests on his treatises on the organ.
Kuhn, koon, (ADALBERT,) a celebrated German phi-
lologist and mythologist, born at Konigsberg, in Bran-
denburg, November 19, 1812, was a pupil of Bockh,
Bopp, and Lachmann, and in 1856 was appointed a pro-
fessor in the Cologne gymnasium. Among his works
are " On the Primitive History of the Indo-Germanic
Peoples," (1856,) "Myths, Customs, and Legends of
Westphalia," (1859,) etc. Comparative mythology was
his specialty._ Died in 1881.
Kuhn, koon, or Kuhnius, koo'ne-us, (JOACHIM,) a
German philologist, born at Greifswalde in 1647. He
was professor of Greek at Strasburg in 1676. Among his
works is " Quasstiones Philosophies ex Sacris Veteris
et Novi Testamenti Scriptoribus," (1698.) Died in 1697.
Kuhn or Cuehn, kiin, (KARL GOTTLOB,) a German
physician, born near Merseburg in 1754, published a
complete edition of the " Extant Works of the Greek
Physicians," ("Opera Medicorum Graecorum quae super-
sunt,") in the original, with a Latin translation, 20 vols.,
(1821.) Died in 1840.
Kuhnau, koo'now, (JOHANN,) a German musician,
composer, and litterateur, born at Geysing, in Bohemia,
in 1667. His compositions for the clavier were es-
pecially famous. He was the inventor of the sonata as
a piece in several movements not dance-tunes, and four-
teen examples of this form of music are still extant
among his productions. His satirical poems were ad-
mired in their day. He died in Leipsic, (whither he had
removed in 1682,) June 25, 1722.
Kiihne or Kuehne, kii'neh, (GUSTAV,) a German
litterateur, born at Magdeburg in 18126, published " Clois-
ter Novels," (" Klosternovellen,") etc. Died in 1888.
Kiihner, kii'ner, (RAFAEL,) a German philologist,
born at Gotha in 1802, published a "Complete Gram-
mar of the Greek Language," (1834,) and "Elementary
Grammar of the Greek Language." Died in 1878.
Kuhnius. See KUHN.
Kiihnol or Kuehnoel, kii'nol, (CHRISTIAN GOTT-
LIEB,) a German biblical critic, born at Leipsic in 1768.
He became professor of theology at Giessen about 1809,
»nd published "Commentaries on the New Testament,"
(4 vols., 1807-18.) Died in 1841.
Kuick. See KUYK.
Kuli Khan. See NADIR SHAH.
Kullack or Kullak, kool'lak, (THEODOR,) a Ger-
man composer, born in Posen in 1818. He received the
title of pianist to the King of Prussia. Died in 1882.
Kulm, koolm, (JOHANN ADAM,) a German anatomist
»nd physiologist, born at Breslau in 1689; died in 1745.
Kulmann, kool'man, (ELISABETH,) a Russian poetess,
of German extraction, born at Saint Petersburg in 1808.
She spoke many languages, and composed lyric poems,
published in three volumes in 1833. Died in 1825.
Kummer, koom'mer, (FRIEDRICH AUGUST ) a Ger-
man violoncellist and composer, born at Meinineen
August 5, 1797 ; died May 22, 1879.
Kummer, kdom'mer, (GEORG ADOLF,) a German
naturalist, born at Ortrand in 1786 ; died near Kakonda.
Africa, in 1817.
Kummer, (KARL WILHELM,) a German geographer,
born about 1780, was a brother of the preceding. He
produced globes and maps en relief. Died about 1840
Kun, van der, (PETER.) See CUN^EUS.
Kunckel, koonk'kel, (JOHANN,) a German chemist,
Dora at Rendsburg in 1630. He is said to have dis-
covered phosphorus. Died at Stockholm in 1702.
Kundmann, kSont'man, (JOHANN CHRISTIAN,) a
German numismatist and naturalist, born at Breslau in
1684 ; died in 1751.
Kung koong, or Kung-Chien-Wang, a Chinese
prince, brother of the emperor Hien-Fung, (died in
1861, and uncle of the emperor Tung-Che, (died in
1875.) Kung was born in 1835. On the accession of
Tung-Che (1861) Prince Kung was made one of the
three regents, and became the real head of the govern-
ment. He retained much power under the emperor
Kwang-beu, under whom he was founder and head of
the foreign office, and principal secretary of state. In
1884 he retired from office, in which he had long
been leader of the Chinese progressive party. He
was recalled from privacy in 1894, during the war
with Japan, but age and sickness checked his ac-
tivity. Died in 1898. (The word kung is properly a
title belonging to princes of the blood of the fifth to
the eighth rank, and has been translated " duke.")
Kunigunde, the German of CUNEGONDE, which sec.
Kunrath, koWrlt, (HEINRICH,) a German chemist
and alchemist, born at Leipsic about 1560; died in 1605.
Kunst, kSonst, (CoRNELis,) a Dutch painter, born at
Leyden in 1493 ; died in 1544.
Kunth, von, fon koont, (KARL SIGISMUND,) an emi-
nent German botanist, born at Leipsic in June, 1788. He
was patronized by Alexander von Humboldt, who fur-
nished him with the means to study in the University of
Berlin, and took him to Paris in 1813. He became pro-
fessor of botany at Berlin in 1819. He published, besides
other works, " Nova Genera et Species Plantarum quas
collegerunt Bonpland et Humboldt," which treats of the
plants collected in America by Bonpland and Humboldt,
(7 vols., 1815-25,) "The Grasses of South America," (a
vols., 1825-33,) and an "Enumeration of all the Plant!
hitherto known," (5 vols., 1833-50.) Died in 1850.
Kuntz, k6"6nts, (KARL,) a skilful German painter of
animals and landscapes, born at Mannheim in 1770, was
also an engraver. He worked mostly at Carlsruhe, where
he was court painter. He engraved Claude Lorrain's
picture of "Abraham Sending away Hagar." Died in
1830.
Kuntz, (RUDOLF,) a German lithographer and painter
of horses, son of the preceding, was born in 1708 ; died
at Carlsruhe, May 8, 1848.
Kunzen, koont'sen, (FRIEDRICH LUDWIG EMU,) a
musical composer, born at Lubeck in 1761, produced a
number of successful operas. Died in 1817.
Kupetzky or Kupetzki, koo-pets'kee, (JOHANN,) an
eminent German portrait-painter, born at Pesing, on the
borders of Hungary, in 1667. After a residence of many
years in Italy, where he was patronized by John Sobieski,
he returned to Vienna. He was treated with great dis-
tinction by the emperors Joseph I. and Charles VI.,
whose portraits he painted, as well as those of the prin-
cipal nobles of the court. He painted in the style of
Rembrandt, and ranks among the best artists of tho
time in his department. Died in 1740.
See J. C. FUESSLI, " Leben G. P. Rugendas und J. Kupetzki, "1758.
KOrma, kooR'ma, called also Kurmavatara, kflor-
ml'va-ta'ra, (i.e. the "avatar of the tortoise,") the second
of the avatars of Vishnu, on which occasion he took the
form of a tortoise that he might furnish a support to
Mount Mandara while the gods and Asurs churned
the ocean. The mountain being the churn-stick, thf
eas k; c as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in Ms. (JEf=See Explanations, p. 23.)
KURMA VA TAR A
1462
KYRLE
great serpent Sesha was made use of for the string.*
The churning of the ocean is one of the most famous
and popular fables related in the mythology of the Hin-
doos. It resulted in the production of the fourteen gems,
as they are called, — namely, I. Chandra, (the moon ;) 2.
Lakshmi, the incomparable consort of Vishnu ; 3. Sura-
devi, or the goddess of wine ; 4. Oochisrava, a won-
derful eight-headed horse ; 5. Kustubha, a jewel of ines-
timable value ; 6. Parijata, a tree that yielded whatever
one might desire ; 7. Surabhi or Kamadhenu, a cow
similarly bountiful; 8. Dhanwantara, a wondrous phy-
sician ; 9. Iravata or Iravat, the elephant of Indra ; 10.
Shank, a shell which conferred victory on whoever
sounded it ; n. Danusha, an unerring bow ; 12. Vish.t a
remarkable drug or poison ; 13. Rembha, (or Rambha,)
an Apsara possessed of surpassing charms ; 14. Amrita.
or Amrit, the beverage of immortality.
See MOOR, " Hindu Pantheon."
Karmavatara. See KORMA.
Kurreem TChan See KEREEM KHAN.
Kurrer, koor'rer, (JAKOB WILHELM HEINRICH,) born
in Wurtemberg in 1781, wrote "On the Art of Dyeing
»nd Printing Cloth," (3 vols., 1848-50.) Died in 1862.
Kurschner, (CONRAD.) See PELLICAN.
Kurtz, kooRts, (JoHANN HEINRICH,) a Prussian theo-
logian, born at Montjoie in 1809, became in 1850 pro-
fessor of ecclesiastical history at Dorpat He wrote a
treatise on " The Unity of the Book of Genesis," and
other religious works. Died in 1890.
Kurz, k6"oRts, (HEINRICH,) a littfrateur and Oriental
•cholar, of German extraction, born in Paris in 1805.
He wrote chiefly in German. Died February 24, 1873.
Kiisel or Kuesel, ku'sSl, (MATTHIAS, ) a German
engraver, born at Augsburg in 1621 ; died in 1682.
Kiisel or Kueaef (MELCHIOR,) a skilful engraver,
brother of the preceding, was born at Augsburg in 1622.
He engraved (with the burin) and etched portraits, sacred
history, and landscapes. He resided mostly at Augsburg.
Died in 1683.
Kiister or Kuester, kus'ter, (GEORG GOTTFRIED,) a
German historian, born at Halle in 1695. He wrote,
besides other works, " Ancient and Modern Berlin," (3
vols., 1752-59.) Died in 1776.
Kiister, (LuooLPH,) an eminent German scholar,
born at Blomberg, in Westphalia, in 1670. He published
" Historia Critica Homeri," (1696,) and was a contributor
to the "Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanorum" of Grz-
vius. He also published editions of Suidas (3 vols., 1705)
and Aristophanes, (1710.) He was a member of the
Academy of Inscriptions in Paris. Died in 1716.
Kiittner, kSt'ner, (KARL GOTTLOB,) a German trav-
eller, born near Delitzsch in 1755. He published severa,
books of travel and descriptive works on England
France, and other countries of Europe. Died in 1805.
Kutuzof or Kutusow. See KOOTOOZOF.
Kuv&ra or Cuvfira, koo-va'ra, [a Sanscrit word sig-
nifying "deformed," "lazy," "slow, {] the name of the
Hindoo Plutus or god of riches, said to be a half-brother
of the famous giant Ravana. He is said to reside in the
splendid city of Alaka, and is sometimes borne through
the air in a gorgeous car called Push'paka. His consort
(Sakti) is called Kauveri, (kow-va'ree.)
See MOOR, " Hindu Pantheon."
Kuyk, koik, or Kuick van Wouterszoon, (vin
• It may be proper to observe that in India churning is usually
performed by causing a body, termed the churn-stick, to revolve
rapidly in the cream or milk, by means of a string, in the same man-
ner as a drill is made to revolve. In some of the Hindoo pictures of
the churning of the ocean, the gods are represented as standing on one
»ide of Mount Mandara, and the Asurs on the other, both grasping
in their hands the serpent Sesha, which is wound round the mountain.
This rests upon the back of the tortoise, (Vishnu.) At the same
time, the preserving deity, in consequence of his ubiquitous character,
is seen standing among the gods and grasping Sesha, and also as
dancing on the top of Mandara. (See Plate 49 in Moor's " Hindu
Pantheon.")
t Called Bikh in some of the modem Hindoo dialects.
J The signification of the name of Kuv£ra has doubtless allusion to
the fact that, to those engaged in the pursuit of wealth, it usually
•eems to come with a very slow and hobbling pace. In like manner
the Plutus of the Greeks was represented as not only blind, (because
he bestowed bis favours with so little discernment,) but lame, because
be seemed to come so slowly and reluctantly to those who sought
him.
w6w'ter-zon',) (JAN,) a skilful Dutch painter on glass,
born at Dort in 1530. Having opposed the Jesuits, he
was charged with heresy, and burned at Dort in 1572.
Kuyp. See CITYP.
Kiizing or Kiitzing, kiit'sing, (FRIEDRICH TRAU-
GOTT,) a German naturalist, born in Thuringia in 1807,
published, among other works, "Elements of Philo-
sophical Botany."
Kvasir, kva'sir, [etymology unknown,] a mythic per-
sonage mentioned in the Norse legends. He was so
wise and knowing that no one could ask him a question
which he could not answer. He was, however, entrapped
and slain by two dwarfs who had invited him to a feast.
With his blood they mingled honey, and thus composed
a mead which makes every one who drinks of it a skald,
or wise man.
Kwang-Seu, (" Succession of Glory,") a Chinese em-
peror, born in 1871. On the death from smallpox of the
:mperor Tung-Che, (January 12, 1875,) Kwang-Seu, the
infant grandson of the emperor Taoo-Kwang, (who died
in 1850,) was selected as emperor. His aunt, the
empress dowager, acted as regent till he reached his
majority at twenty-one. As emperor he came under
the influence of reformers, and set in train such radi-
cal changes that in 1898 the empress dowager,
through a palace coup d'ttat, seized the reins of
power, under the support of the conservative party.
Kyau, von, fon kee'ow, (FRIEDRICH WILHELM,)
BARON, a Prussian nobleman, celebrated for his wit and
blunt honesty, was born in 1654. He was a favourite of
Augustus II., King of Poland, who made him adjutant-
general. Died in 1733.
Kjfd, (THOMAS,) an English dramatist, flourished
about 1580, a short time before Shakspeare. His only
works extant are entitled "Cornelia, or Pompey the
Great his fair Cornelia's Tragedy," " The First Part of
Geronimo," and " The Spanish Tragedy, or Hieronymo
is mad again." The last-named production displays
uncommon power, and is supposed to have suggested
to Shakspeare some parts of " Hamlet"
Kydermynater. See KIDDERMINSTER.
Kyffhauser, kJf'hoi'zer, an ancient palace (now in
ruins) of the emperors of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, is
situated on a high eminence near the village of Tilleda,
in Germany. There is a popular tradition that at the
Kyffhauser, in a magnificent subterranean palace, Fred-
erick Barbarossa (" Red-beard") exists in a state of en-
chantment, with his knights and squires seated round
a stone table, through which his beard has grown. Once
in one hundred years (or, as some say, in sixty years)
he partially awakes from his enchanted sleep, and sends
out some one to inquire how the time is passing. It is
supposed that after a certain period he will awake and
revisit his empire, and then a better time will prevail.
One of Freiligrath's finest poems, entitled " Barbaros-
sa's First Awaking," ("Barbarossa's erstes Erwachen,")
has reference to the above tradition.
Kyn'as-tpn or Kin'as-tpn, (Sir FRANCIS,) an Eng-
lish poet, born in Shropshire in 1587, translated Chau-
cer's "Troilus and Cressida" into Latin, and was the
author of a poem entitled " Leoline and Sydanis." He
was the founder of the Museum Minervse in Covent
Garden. Died in 1642.
See WOOD, "Athenz Oxonienses."
Kynaston, (JOHN,) an English divine, born at Ches
ter in 1728, was a Fellow of Brazennose College, Oxford.
Died in 1783.
Kyper, kee'per, (ALBRECHT,) a German medical
writer, born at Konigsberg about 1605. He became
first physician to the Prince of Orange, and professor
of medicine at Leyden in 1648. Died in 1655.
Kypke, klp'keh, (GEORG DAVID,) a German Oriem.u-
'ist, born in Pomerania in 1724, wrote " Observationes
Sacrae in Novi Fcederis Libros," (1755.) Died in 1779.
Kyrle, kerl, (JoHN,) an English benefactor, eulogized
by Pope in the verses on the Man of Ross, was born
about 1664. He was a native or resident of Ross, in
Herefordshire, where he built a church and endowed a
hospital. He owned an estate of ^500 a year. Died
in 1754, aged ninety.
S, e, T, o, u, y, long; a, e, o, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, fall, fit; m8l; n6t; good; moon;
LAALE
1463
LABERGE
Laale, lau'leh, (PEDER,) a Danish poet of the fifteenth
century, was born at Lolland. He wrote "Latin-Danish
Proverbs," ("Adagia Latino- Danica.")
Laar. See LAER, VAN.
Labadie, If bf de', (JEAN,) a French Protestant min-
ister, regarded by some as a mystic or a fanatic, was born
at Bourg, in Guienne, in 1610. After joining the Jesuits
and obtaining success as an eloquent preacher, he turned
Protestant in 1650, and was for eight years pastor of a
church at Montauban. He subsequently preached at
Geneva, Middelburg, etc., where he made many prose-
lytes or friends, among whom were Anna M. Schur-
mann and the Princess Elizabeth of the Rhine. The
sect called Labadists, which he formed in Germany,
continued for nearly a century. Died in 1674.
See MAUCDUICT, "Avis charitable a Messieurs de Geneve ton-
chant la Vie du Sieur Jean Labadie," etc., Lyons, 1664.
La'ban, [Heb. p^.J the son of Bethuel, lived at
Haran, 'in Mesopotamia, about 1740 B.C. He had two
daughters, Leah and Rachel, who became the wives of
Jacob. (See Genesis xxix. and xxx.)
Labanof (Labanov or Labanow) de Rostof,
IS-ba'nof deh ros'tof, (Prince ALEXANDER,) a Russian
general and writer, born in 1788, served as aide-de-camp
to the emperor from 1817 to 1828. His principal work
is " Letters, Instructions, and Memoirs of Mary Stuart,
Queen of Scots," (7 vols., 1844.) Died Dec. 8, 1866.
La Barbinais le Gentil, li biR'be'ni' leh zhflN'-
te', a French traveller, born probably at Saint-Malo.
He visited Chili, Peru, and China, as a merchant, about
1715, and published "A New Voyage round the World
with a Description of China," (3 vols., 1727.)
Lab'a-ree, (BENJAMIN,) D.D., LL.D., an American
educator, born in Charlestown, New Hampshire, June 3,
1801. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1828, and
at Andover Seminary in 1831. He was ordained to the
Congregational ministry in 1831, was professor of ancient
languages in Jackson College, Tennessee, and its presi-
dent from 1832 to 1837, and was president of Middlebury
College, Vermont, from 1840 to 1866. Died at Walpole,
New Hampshire, November 15, 1883.
Labairaque, It'bt'rtk', (ANTOINE GERMAIN,) a
French chemist, born at Oloron in 1777 ; died in 1850.
Labarre. See BARRE.
Labarre, (THEODORE,) a French composer, and a
skilful performer on the harp, was born in Paris in 1805.
He composed popular ballads and operas. Died in 1870.
Labarre de Corcelles, de, deh It'bSR' deh koR'sel',
(FRANCOIS Tirecuy — teR'kii-e',) a French liberal poli-
tician, born in 1801. He was a friend of Cavaignac,
who in 1848 sent him on a mission to the pope. In 1875
he became a life senator.
La Barre-Duparc, de, deh IfbaV dii'pSRk', (Nico-
LAS EDOUARD,) a French military writer and officer, born
at Saint-Cloud in 1819.
Labarthe, If'biRt', (PIERRE,) a French geographer
and writer, born at Dax in 1760; died in 1824.
La Bastie, de, deh It bts'te', (JOSEPH BIMARD,)
BARON, a French antiquary, born at Carpentras in 1703 ;
died in 1 742.
Labat, It'bt', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French monk and
successful author, born in Paris in 1663. He went in
1694 to the West Indies as a missionary, and, having
returned to France in 1706, published a "Description
of the West Indies," (6 vols., 1722,) a work of some
merit In 1728 he published an excellent Description
of Senegal and adjacent regions, (" Relation de 1'Afrique
occidental, " 5 vols., 1728,) the data of which were fur-
nished by De Brue. Died in 1738.
Labat, (LEON,) a French traveller and physician,
born at Agde in 1803. He cured the Shah of Persia,
who gave him the title of prince. Died in 1847.
Labbe, lib, (PHILIPPE,) a French Jesuit and volumi-
nous writer, born at Bourges in 1607. He lived many
years in Paris, and published several useful works on
history and chronology, among which is "Chronological,
Technical, and Historical Agreement," ("Concordia
Chronologica, Technica et Historica," 1656.) He is
chiefly known at the present time by his valuable work
on Latin pronunciation, entitled " Eruditas Pronuntia-
tionis Catholici Indices," which was enlarged by E.
Leeds and republished in London in 1751. Died in 1667.
Labbe de Monveron, It'bi' deh m6N'va'r6N',
(CHARLES,) a French philologist and advocate, born in
Pari» in 1582. He published, as editor, besides other
works, " Glossaries of Cyrillus, Philoxenus, and other
Ancient Writers," ("Cynlli, Philoxeni et aliorum vete-
rum Glossaria," (1679.) Died in 1657.
Lab'berton, (ROBERT VAN HINDERLOPEN,) an
educator, born near Marseilles, France, in 1813. He
became professor of Greek at the University of Penn-
sylvania about 1850. His principal work was an
" Historical Atlas," illustrating the boundaries of na-
tions at successive periods ; a standard work of refer-
ence. Died October 12, 1898.
Labe, li'ba', (LOUISE,) a French lady, known by the
name of LA BELLE CORIHERE, was born at Lyons in 1526,
and became the wife of Ennemond Perrin, a merchant
who dealt in cordage. She was learned in languages
and celebrated for her beauty and ardent imagination.
She composed elegies, sonnets, and a drama named
"Debat de la Folie et de 1'Amour." Died in 1566.
La Bedolliere, It ba'do'le^aiR', (£MILE GIGAULT,)
a French litterateur, born at Amiens in 1812. He became
an editor of the " Siecle." He translated into French
Fenimore Cooper's works, Mrs. Stowe's " Uncle Tom'i
Cabin," and the Waverley Novels, and wrote a "Life
of La Fayette," (1833,) a " History of the Manners and
Private Life of the French," (1847,) " History of Italy,"
(1859,) "A History of the War between Germany and
Italy," (1866,) "France and Prussia," (1867,) "History
of the War of 1870-71," (1872,) " Bazaine and the Capitu-
lation of Metz," (1873, ) " Genera! History of Ancient and
Modern Nations," (1879,) etc. Died in 1883.
Labedoyere or La Bedoyere, de, deh Ifba'dwa'-
yaiR', (CHARLES ANGELIQUE HUCHET,) COUNT, a French
general, noted for graceful manners and chivalrous spirit,
was born in Paris in 1786. He became aide-de-camp to
Marshal Lannes in 1808. At Essling, in 1809, he was
wounded by the side of Lannes, who was killed at the
same time. He was aide-de-camp to Eugene Beauhar-
nais in 1812, and distinguished himself at the Moskwa
and Berezina. In 1814 he accepted from Louis XVIIL
the command of a regiment stationed at Grenoble. He
was one of the first officers that in 1815 joined the stan-
dard of Napoleon, who raised him to the rank of general
of division ; and he was one of the last to leave the field
at the battle of Waterloo. Having been arrested in
Paris and tried by court-martial, he was shot, in 1815.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Generate."
LaTje-o, (QuiNTUS ANTISTIUS,) a Roman jurist, who
flourished about 50 B.C. He fought for Brutus at Phi-
lippi, and, after the battle was lost, died by his own hand
His son, QUINTUS or MARCUS ANTISTIUS LABEO, was >
more eminent jurist, a man of great learning, and an
inflexible republican. He lived during the reign of Au-
gustus, to whom he sometimes expressed his mind with
boldness. He was the founder or head of a school of
law, and was the rival of Capito. He wrote Commen-
taries on the Twelve Tables, and many treatises, extracts
from which are preserved in the Digest. Labeo and
Capito are styled " ornaments of Peace" (" decora Pads")
by Tacitus. The disciples of Labeo were called Procu-
Hani, from Proculus, his successor.
Laberge, de, deh la"biRzh', (CHARLES AUGUSTE,)
an excellent French landscape-painter, born in Paris in
1805. He represented human nature with surprising
fidelity in a picture of a "Diligence passing through a
Village and announcing the Revolution of 1830." His
"Country Physician" (1832) is called his master-piece.
His works are finished very minutely, without imi airing
the general effect. Died in 1842.
«as/5; casj; ghard: gas/;G, H,Yi, guttural. N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in this. (Jjy~See Explanations, p. 23.)
LABERGERIE
1464
LABOULAYE
Labergerie, de, d?h li'be'Rzh're', JEAN BAPTISTE
ROUGIER,) BARON, an eminent French agriculturist, born
in Touraine in 1759. He published several approved
historical works on the agriculture of the ancient Greeks,
Romans, and Gauls, also treatises on Practical Agricul-
ture. Died in 1836.
La-be'rI-us, (DECIMUS,) a Roman knight, distin-
guished as a writer of mimes, was born about 107 B.C.
In the year 45 Caesar signified a wish that he should act
his mimes in public. He reluctantly complied, such
practice being deemed degrading, and acquitted him-
self with credit, at the same time availing himself of the
opportunity to turn his wit against the dictator. The
prologue which he spoke on this occasion has been
preserved, and is much admired. Only small fragments
of his works are extant Died in 43 B.C.
Labiche, Ifbesh', (EUGENE MARIN,) a French dra-
matic author, born at Paris, May 5, 1815. He studied
at the College Bourbon and at the law-school, but be-
came a news-reporter for the small journals. He attained
great success as a writer of eccentric and extravagant
comedies, farces, and vaudevilles. In 1880 he was
chosen to the Academy. His plays, more than one
hundred in number, were in many instances prepared by
other writers with his assistance, the originality and ex-
travagance being in most cases his own. Among his
best-known works are "Le Chapeau de Faille d'ltalie,"
(1851.) and "Le Voyage de M. Perrichon." Died 1888.
Labienus, (TiTUS,) a Roman general, born 98 B.C.,
was chosen tribune of the people in 63, and prsetor a few
years later. About 60 B.C. he became lieutenant of Caesar.
He was the ablest general that served under Caesar in
the conquest of Gaul, where he gained victories over the
Treviri. He abandoned his late chief at the passage of
the Rubicon, and took arms for Pompey and the senate in
49 B.C. After the battle of Pharsalia he commanded in
Africa, and was killed in the battle of Munda, in Spain,
in 45 B.C. His son QUINTUS became a general of the
Parthians, defeated Mark Antony in Cilicia, and was
captured by the Romans and put to death in 39 B.C.
Another son, TITUS LABIENUS, was an eloquent orator
and an enemy of Augustus Caesar.
Labillardlere or La Billardiere, de, deh Ifbe'yiR'-
de_-ain', (JACQUES JUI.IEN HOUTON.) a French botanist,
born at Alencon in 1755. After he had explored Cyprus,
Syria, and Mount Lebanon as a botanist, he was em-
ployed as naturalist in the expedition which was sent in
learch of La Pe"rouse in 1791. Having returned to
Paris, he published two valuable works, viz., " Narrative
of a Voyage in Search of La Pe'rouse," (1800,) and a
"Flora of New Holland," (1804-06.) The former has
enriched the various branches of natural history. He
was a member of the Institute. Died in 1834.
See P. FLOU»KNS, " filoge de J. J. de Labillardiere,' 1837.
Labitte, li"bet', (CHARLES,) a French critic, born at
Chateau-Thierry in 1816, became professor of foreign
literature at Rennes in 1840. He wrote for the "Revue
des Deux Mondes" able articles on M. J. Che'nier and
other authors. Died in 1845. Two volumes of his
"Etudes litte>aires" were published in 1846.
Lablache, liTblish', (Louis,) a celebrated singer and
actor, born of French parentage in Naples in 1 794. He
performed many seasons in Paris and London. His
Yoke embraced two full octaves ; it was firm and sonorous,
powerful and expressive. He was successful both in
the serious and comic opera. Died in 1858.
La Boetie. See BOET>E.
La Borde. See BORDE.
Laborde, (GENERAL.) See DELABORDE, (HENRI F.)
Laborde, U'bord', (MAXIMILIAN,) an American phy-
sician, of French extraction, born in Edgeheld, South
Carolina, in 1804. He became in i838secretary of state.
In 1842 he was appointed professor of logic and belles-
lettres in South Carolina College, and afterwards of
metaphysics and physiology. Died November 6, 1873.
Laborde, IS'boRa', (ViDiEN,) a French priest, born at
Toulouse in 1680. He lived in Paris, and was patronized
by Cardinal de Noailles. He published a "Treatise on
the Essence, Distinction, and Limits of the Spiritual and
Temporal Powers," " Familiar Conferences," and other
admired religious works. Died in 1748.
Laborde, de, deh U'boRd', (ALEXANDRE Louis JO-
SEPH,) COUNT, a French antiquary and litterateur, born
in Paris in 1774, was a son of Jean Joseph, (1724-94.)
He accompanied Lucien Bonaparte in his embassy to
Spain in 1800, after which he devoted some years to the
study and delineation of Spanish monuments, scenery,
etc. He published the results in a large and costly
work, — " Picturesque and Historic Journey in Spain,
(" Voyage pittoresque et historique en Espagne," 4 vols.,
1807-18, with 900 engravings,) which is highly com-
mended. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies
in 1822 and 1827, and risked his life for the popular
cause in July, 1830, after which he became a councillor
of state. Among his important works are "The Monu-
ments of France classed Chronologically," (24 parts,
1816-26,) and a " Picturesque Journey in Austria," (j
vols., 1821-23.) He was a member of the Institute,
Died in 1842.
Laborde, de, (JEAN JOSEPH,) MARQUIS, a French
financier, born at Jacca, Aragon, in 1724. He acquired
a very large fortune by commerce, and was distinguished
for his liberality. He was appointed banker to the
court by the Duke of Choiseul, who gave him the title
of marquis. He was guillotined in 1794, on suspicion
of having conspired against the dominant party.
Laborde, de, (LEON EMMANUEL SIMON JOSEPH,)
COUNT, a French traveller and writer on art, a son of
Count Alexandre Louis Joseph, noticed above, was born
in Paris in 1807. He became aide-de-camp to La Fa-
yette in 1830, and was elected to the Chamber of Depu
ties in 1840. In 1842 he was admitted into the Academy
of Inscriptions. He produced a splendid work entitled
"Travels in the East," ("Voyage en Orient," etc, con-
taining four hundred views in Asia Minor and Syria, 36
parts, 1837-55,) "The Renaissance of the Arts at the
Court of France," (1850-55,) and other works on art
In 1857 he was chosen director of the archives of the
empire. Died March 29, 1869.
Labor!, (FERNAND GUSTAVE GASTON,) an able
French lawyer, born at Rheims in 1860. He was
called to the bar at Paris in 1 88 1, and conducted a
number of leading cases, gaining an European repu-
tation by his masterly defence of M. Zola, accused of
libelling the President and army of France, and his
defence of Dreyfus in 1898 before a court-martial
pledged to convict.
Labouchere, Ifboo'shaiR', (HENRY,) Baron Taun-
ton, an English Whig minister of state, born in Lon-
don in 1798, was descended from a family of French
Protestants. He was returned to Parliament for Taunton
in 1830, became privy councillor in 1835, and president
of the board of trade in 1839. Having resigned with
his party in 1841, he was chosen chief secretary for Ire-
land in 1846. He was president of the board of trade
from July, 1847, till February, 1852, and was colonial
secretary from the accession of Palmerston, in 1855, until
February, 1858. His mother was a Baring, sister of
Lord Ashhurton. Died in July, 1869.
Labouchere, (HENRY,) nephew of the above, was
bom in 1831, educated at Eton, and from 1854 to 1864
was attache or secretary at various foreign courts. He
entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1865, representing
Northampton after 1880. He became an extreme
radical, and gained large influence through his editor-
ship of " Truth," published by him. He was in Paris
during the siege, and published " Diary of a Besieged
Resident in Paris," (1871.)
Labouchere, Ifboo'shaiR', (PIERRE ANTOINE,) a
French historical painter, was born at Nantes in 1807.
Among his works are "The Colloquy of Geneva in 1549:
Calvin, Beza, and Farel," and " Luther at the Diet of
Worms," (1857.) Died at Paris, March 28, 1873.
Labouderie, IS'bood're', (JEAN,) a French religious
writer and abbe, born in Auvergne in 1776 ; died in 1849.
Laboulaye, Ifboo'lJ', (EDOUARD RENE LEKEBURE,)
a French jurist and historical writer, born in Paris in
l8n. He acquired a high reputation by his writings,
among which are a " History of the Law of Landed
Property in Europe," (1839,) a " History of the United
a, e, i, o, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; moon;
LA B O URD ONNAIE
1465
LA CHATRE
States of America," (3 vols., 1855,) and an ingenious
and witty work entitled " Paris in America." lie trans-
lated into French several of the works of Dr. Channing,
(1853.) In 1845 he was chosen a member of the Acad-
emy of Inscriptions. He was a warm friend of the Union
during the great civil war, (1861-65,) aiK' was a Liberal
in French politics. Died May 24, 1883.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale. *
Labourdonnaie or La Bourdonnaie, de, deh If-
booR'do'nJ', (ANNF. FRANgois AUGUSTIN,) COUNT, a
French general, born at Guerande in 1747. In 1792 he
was made a general, and, having obtained command of
the army of the North, was denounced byDumouriez for
obstructing his operations in Belgium, and was recalled.
He afterwards commanded the army of the Pyrenees.
Died in November, 1793.
Labourdonnaie, de, (FRANgois REGIS,) COUNT, a
French legislator, born at Angers in 1767. In 1815
he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, where for
about fifteen years he was one of the chief orators of
the extreme royalists. He obtained the portfolio of the
interior in the Polignac ministry in 1829, but resigned
about the close of that year. Died in 1839.
Labourdonnais, de, (MAHE.) See MAHE.
Labourdonnais, de, deh 15'booa'do'ni', (MAHR,
mjfa',) a Frenchman, sumamed " The King of Chess,"
was born in 1795. After the death of Philidor he was
probably the most skilful chess-player in France. He
wrote a " Life of Mahi de Labourdonnais," (his grand-
father.) Died in 1840.
Laboureur, Le, leh li'boo'ruR', JEAN,) a French
priest, whose works have thrown light on the history of
France, was born at Montmorency in 1623. He became
one of the almoners of the king. He published " Monu-
ments of Illustrious Persons," (1641,) "Memoirs of
Michel de Castelnau," (1659,) and other works. Died
in 1675.
Labrador, la-bRa-Din', (JuAN,) a Spanish painter of
the Seville school, was born in Estremadura. He painted
flowers and fruits with great success. His works are
highly prized in Spain. Died in 1600, at an advanced age.
Labrousse, de, deh IS'bRooss', (CLOTILDE SUZANNB
de Courcelles — deh kooR'sel',) a French enthusiast,
born in Perigord in 1747. She professed to be a pro-
phetess. In the Revolution she advocated the popular
cause. Died in 1821.
La Brousse, de, (NICOLAS,) Comte de Verteillac, (deh
veVtJ'yik',) a French general, born in 1648, was killed
near Mons in 1693. Louis XIV. said, " I have lost in
the Count of Verteillac the best officer of infantry that I
have had since Turenne."
La Brune, de, deh 11 bRiin, (JEAN,) a French Prot-
estant minister and writer, lived about 1690-1720.
La Brunerie, de, deh li bRiin're', (GUILLAUME,) Vi-
comte Dode, a French general, born in Isere in 1775.
He had the chief command of the engineers of the army
which invaded Spain in 1823, and directed the fortifica-
tions of Paris, (1840-45.) He was made a marshal of
France in 1847. Died in 1851.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Gene'rale,"
La Bruyere. See BRUYERE, DE LA.
La Caille. See CAILLE, DE LA.
La Calleja, de, di la kJl-ya'Hi, (ANDRES,) a Spanish
painter, born at La Rioja in 1 705 ; died in Madrid in 1 785.
La Calprenede. See CALPRENEDE, DE LA.
Lacarry, la"kt're', (GiLLES.) a learned French Jesuit
and historian, born in the diocese of Castres in 1605, was
for many years rector of the College of Cahors. He pub-
lished several esteemed historical works, among which
is a " History of Rome from Julius Caesar to Constan-
tine I.," (1671.) Died in 1684.
Lacaussade, li'ko'sid', (AUGUSTE,) a French poet
and critic, born in the Isle of Bourbon in 1820. He made
a good version of Ossian's poems, (1842,) and became
secretary to M. Sainte-Beuve. In 1852 he published
" Poemes et Paysages." Died in 1897.
Laoaze, de, deh irklz', (Louis,) a French medical
writer, born in Warn in 1703. Among his works is
" Idee de 1'Homme physique et moral," (" Ideal of the
Physical and Moral Man," 1755.) Died in 1765.
Lacepede, de, deh Ijfsa'pSd', (BERNARD GERMAIN
ETIENNE DE LA VILLE.) COUNT, an emir.en French
naturalist, born at Agen in 1756. He was care'ally edu-
cated at home by his father, who was of a distinguished
family, and in early youth chose natural history as his
favourite study and Buffon as his model. Having sent
to Buffon an account of some experiments on e/ectricity
and received a complimentary answer, he went to Paris
in 1777, and formed an intimacy with that naturalist and
Daubenton. He published an "Essay on Electricity"
in 1781, and soon after became the favourite pupil of
Buffon, who selected him to continue his "Natural His-
tory." In 1785 Lace'pede was appointed curator and
sub-demonstrator in the Cabinet du Roi. He published,
as a sequel to Buffon's work, in 1788, a "Natural His-
tory of Oviparous Quadrupeds and Serpents," which
was commended by Cuvier. In 1791 he entered the
Legislative Assembly as a moderate friend of the new
regime, and during the reign of terror found refuge in the
country. He obtained a chair of zoology in the Museum
of Natural History in 1795, and was admitted into the
Institute in 1796. His "Natural History of Fishes" (6
vols. 410, 1798-1803) is elegant in style, but defective in
philosophy. Having been chosen president of the senate
in 1801, grand chancellor of the legion of honour in
1803, and minister of state in 1804, he was very assiduous
in the performance of his public duties. His " Natural
History of Cetacea" (2 vols., 1804) is called his best
work. After the restoration he was made a peer of
France. Died in 1825.
Lace'pede ;" QU^RARD, " La France Litteraire ;" " Nouvelle Bic~
graphic Ge'ne'rale."
La Cerda. See CERDA, DE LA.
Lacerda e Almeida, de, da la seR'da 4 al-ma'e-dl,
(FRANCISCO JozE,) a Portuguese traveller, exploredparts
of Brazil, and portions of Africa between 10° and 26" south
latitude. Died in Africa about 1798.
La Chabeaussiere, de, deh 13 shS'bo'se-j.iR', (ANGS
ETIENNE XAVIER POISSON,) a French comic poet, born
in Paris in 1752 ; died in 1820.
La Chaise or Lachaise, de, deh IS shiz, (FRANgois
D'Aix,) or La Chaise d'Aix, (FRANgois DE,) PERE,
a French Jesuit, born in Forez in 1624. After teaching
philosophy at Lyons, he obtained in 1675 the place of
confessor to Louis XIV., which he kept for thirty-four
years. He had much influence with the king, and ap-
pears to have acted with moderation and prudence.
Voltaire calls him a "mild person, with whom the ways
of conciliation were always open." He is partly respon-
sible, however, for the revocation of the edict of Nantes.
Died in 1 709. A large cemetery of Paris bears the name
of Pere La Chaise.
See VOLTAIRE, "SiWe de Louis XIV;" SAINT-SIMON, "Mi-
moires;" "Nouvelle Biographic GeWrale."
La Chalotais. See CHALOTAIS, DE LA.
Lachambeaudie, li'shoN'bo'de', (PIERRE,) a French
fabulist, born at Sarlat in 1806. He joined the Saint-
Simonians about 1832, and published, in 1839, " Popular
Fables," (7th edition, 1849,) which gained a prize of 2000
francs from the French Academy. Died July 6, 1872.
La Chambre. See CHAMBRE, DE LA.
LachapeUe or La Chapelle, de, deh Ifshrpel',
(ARMAND Boisbeleau— bwi'behlo',) a French Prot-
estant minister, was born in Saintonge in 1676. After
preaching in London, he became pastor of a church at
the Hague in 1725. He was the editor of the last ten
volumes of the " Bibliotheque Anglaise," or " Literary
Journal of Great Britain," (15 vols., 1717-27,) which was
commenced by Laroche, and wrote several theological
works. Died in 1746.
La Chapelle, de, (JEAN,) a mediocre French poet,
born at Bourges in 1655, became a member of the French
Academy. He wrote several successful tragedies, among
which was " Zai'de," and " The Amours of Catullus,"
(1680.) Died in 1723.
La€h'a-re§, [Aajopijc,] an Athenian demagogue and
tyrant, who obtained the chief power at Athens in 296
B.c, He was expelled by Demetrius in 295.
La Chatre, de, deh It'shatR', (CLAUDE,) a French
general and courtier, born about 1536; died in 1614.
e as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/V G, H, K. guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( Erj^See Explanations, p. 23.;
LA CHAUSSEE
1466
LACROIX
La Chaussee. See CHAUSSBE.
La'ehes, [AaOTf,] an Athenian general, commanded
an expedition sent to Sicily in 427 B.C. He was one of
the commanders of the army sent to Argos in 418 B.C.,
and was killed at Mantinea in that year.
Laeh'e-sis, [Aa,ff <"£,] a Greek word signifying "lot"
or " destiny," the name of one of the PARC^E, (which see.)
La Chetardie. See CHETARDIE, DE LA.
Lachmann, laK'man, (KARL,) an eminent German
critic and philologist, born at Brunswick in March, 1793.
He studied at Leipsic and Gottingen. After having
lectured in the University of Konigsberg, he became
in 1827 professor in that of Berlin, where he acquired
a high reputation. In 1830 he was admitted into the
Academy of Sciences of Berlin. He published excellent
critical essays on Homer and on the " Niebelungen-
Lied." Between 1829 and 1845 ne edited the works of
Catullus, Tibullus, Terence, and Avianus. He published
an edition of Lucretius, (1850.) He also wrote "De
Choreis Systematis Tragicorum Grxcorum," (1819,) and
jiany other works. He is chiefly remembered for his
important labours on the text of the Greek New Testa-
ment. Died in Berlin, March 13, 1851.
See JACOB GRIMM, "Redeauf LachmaDn," 1851 ; MARTIN HSRTZ,
" K. Lachmann, cine Biographic," 1851 ; '* Nouvelle Biographic
Ge"ne>ale."
Lachner, laK'ner, (FRANZ,) a German musical com-
poser, born at Rain, in Bavaria, in 1804. He composed
symphonies, which are his chief title to fame, and sev-
eral operas and oratorios. After acting as chapel-master
in Vienna some years, he became royal chapel -master in
Munich in 1836, and in 1852 he was chosen general di-
rector of music. He ranks among the greatest com-
pixers of symphonies in recent times. Died in 1890.
Lackemacner, lak'keh-maK'er, (JOHANN GOTT-
FRIED,) a German Orientalist, born at Osterwick in
1695 ; died in 1736.
Lack'ing-tpn, (JAMES,) an English bookseller, born
about 1745 ; died in 1816.
See his " Autobiographic Memoire," 1793.
Lackmann, lak'man, (ADAM HEINRICH,) a German
historian, born at Weningen in 1694; died in 1753.
La Clede or Laclede, de, deh li'kl&d', (N.,) a French
historian, was a friend of Voltaire. He published a " Gen-
eral History of Portugal," (2 vols. 410, 1735,) of which
a Portuguese version appeared in 16 vols., (1781-97.) He
died young in 1736.
Laclos or La Cloa, de, deh lifklo', (PIERRE AM-
BROISE FRANgois Chodcrlos — sho'dSR'los',) a French
officer, born at Amiens in 1741. He was secretary to
the Duke of Orleans during the Revolution. In the
army he served as marechal-de-camp under the Republic.
He published a licentious romance, " The Dangerous
Liaisons." Died in 1803.
La Colonie, de, deh If ko'lo'ne', (JEAN MARTIN,) a
French historical writer, born at Bordeaux in 1674. He
wrote a " History of Bordeaux," (3 vols., 1757.) Died
in 1759.
Lacombe, IJ'koMb', (JACQUES,) a mediocre French
writer, born in Paris in 1724. Among his numerous
works, in prose and verse, are a " Dictionary of the Fine
Arts," (1759,) a "History of Revolutions in Russia,"
(1763,) and a " Dictionary of Arts and Trades," (8 vols.,
1789-91.) Died in 1811.
La Condamine. See CONDAMINE, LA.
Lacordaire, If'koR'd^R', (JEAN BAPTISTE HENRI,) a
celebrated French preacher, and founder of a new order
of Dominicans, was born at Recey-sur-Ource (Cote d'Or)
in 1802. He was educated for the law, which he re-
nounced in 1823 for the church, having been converted
from Voltairian views by the " Essay on Indifference"
of Lamennais. In 1830 he was associated with Lamen-
nais and Montalembert as an editor of the " Avenir,"
which was ultramontane in religion but liberal or radical
in politics. His unity and co-operation with Lamen-
nais ceased in 1832, after a visit to Rome with his two
friends above named, and after the pope had denounced
the "Avenir." In 1835 the archbishop opened to him
the pulpit of Notre-Dame, Paris, where he attracted
immense crowds by the novel and brilliant style of his
bermons, in which he availed himself freely of the various
interests and excitements of the time. He became a
Dominican friar in 1840, and published a "Life of Saint
Dominic." In 1848 he was elected to the Constituent
Assembly ; but he resigned his seat in May of that year,
having failed as a parliamentary speaker. He after-
wards preached in Paris and other cities. He pub
lished " Considerations on the Philosophic System of
Lamennais," (1834,) "Sermons ( Confirences) at Notre-
Dame," (3 vols., 1835-50,) " Letter on the Holy See,"
(1838,) and other works. In 1859 or 1860 he was elected
to the French Academy in place of De Tocqueville.
Died in November, 1861.
See MONTALHMBBRT, "Vie de Lacordaire;" "Notice sur Lacor-
daire," Lyons, 1845: SAINTE-BEUVE, "Causeries du Lundi," tome
L : L. DE LoMBNia, " Le Pere Lacordaire," 1844 ; PIBRRK LORRAIN,
" Biographic historique de Lacordaire," 1847 ; " Nouvelle Biographic
GeWrale;" " Blackwood's Magazine" for February, 1863; "Quar-
terly Review" for July, 1864 ; P«RE CHOCARNB, " Vie du Pere Lacor-
daire," (and English translation of the same, Dublin and New York-
1867)
Lacordaire, (JEAN THEODORE,) a French naturalist,
a brother of the preceding, was born at Recey-sur-Ource
in 1801. He travelled extensively in South America
between 1825 and 1832. Among his works are an "In-
troduction to Entomology," (2 vols., 1834-37,) and a
"Natural History of Insects: Genera of Coleoptera,"
(4 vols., 1857.) Died at Liege, July 18, 1870.
Lacoste, liTiOSt', (finE,) a French Jacobin, born at
Montagnac, was elected to the Convention in 1792. On
the gth Thermidor, 1794, he spoke with energy against
Robespierre, and procured the suppression of the revo-
lutionary tribunal. Died in 1803.
Lacoate, IJ'kost', (MARIE R.,) an American poetess,
born in Georgia about 1842, known as the author of
"Somebody's Darling," a short poem which appeared
anonymously in 1863 and achieved wide popularity.
Lacour, 14'kooR', (PIERRE,) a French painter and
archaeologist, born at Bordeaux in 1778.
LacreteUe, de, deh If kReh-t_eT, (JEAN CHARLES
DOMINIQUE,) a popular French historian, born at Metz
in 1766. He was in Paris during the Revolution, and was
a zealous partisan of the moderate Constitutionalists.
After the fall of Robespierre he became one of the chiefs
of the jeunesse darle, and gained distinction as an elo-
quent writer and editor of a political journal. On the
i8th Fructidor, 1797, he was arrested on the charge of
being a royalist, and imprisoned twenty-three months.
He published a " History of the French Revolution," (5
vols., 1801-6,) which obtained great success, a "His-
tory of France since the Restoration," (3 vols., 1829-35,)
and many other works on French history. Among his
best productions is a " History of France during the
Eighteenth Century," (6 vols., 1808,) and "The National
Convention," (3 vols., 1825.) He was admitted into the
French Academy in 1811, and was professor of history
at the Faculty of Letters from 1809 to 1848. In 1827 he
was the prime mover of a protest which the French
Academy made against a proposed law to subvert the
freedom of the press. Died in 1855.
See "Nouvelle Biographic GiniSrale;" TASTBL, " Histoire dea
quarante Fauteuils de I'Acade'mie Franoaise," 4 vols., 1855 : "Quar-
terly Review" for April, 1814; "Edinburgh Review" for January,
1805.
LacreteUe, de, (PIERRE Louis,) a French lawyer and
successful writer, brother of the preceding, was born at
Metz in 1751. He became a resident of Paris at an early
age. He gained reputation by his "Iiloge de Montau-
sier," by a prize essay " Sur la Prejuge' des Peines infa-
mantes," ("On the Prejudice against [the Families of
those who suffer] Infamous Penalties," 1784,) and other
works, for which the Academy in 1786 awarded him the
prize founded for the work most useful to morals. In
1791 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly, where
he acted wilh the moderate Constitutionalists. About
1802 he was admitted into the French Academy in place
of La Harpe. After the restoration of 1814 he was one
of the editors of the "Minerve Fran9aise." He was
author of "Portraits and Tableaux" and "Melanges of
Philosophy and Literature," (5 vols., 1802-07.) Died in
1824 or 1825.
Lacroix, li'kRwa', (JULES,) a French novelist and
poet, born in Paris in 1809, published "The Parasites,"
(2 vols., 1837,) " Memoirs of a Somnambulist," (5 vols.,
1845,) and other novels. Died in 1887.
i. e, I, 6, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fal; met; not; good; moon;
LACROIX
1467
LAD1SLA US
L icrout, (PAUL,) a prolific writer and novelist, brother
of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1807, and is
known under the pseudonym of P. L. JACOB BIBLIOPHILE.
He published a " History of the Sixteenth Century in
France," (4 vols, 1834,) a " History of Napoleon III.,"
(4 vols., 1854,) and other historical works. The manners,
arts, and sciences of Europe in the middle ages and in
the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are illustrated in his
"Moyen-Ageet la Renaissance," (5 vols., 1847-51,) which
is regarded as a valuable and important work. Among
his novels are " Soirees of Walter Scott at Paris," (2 vols.,
1829-31,) "The Good Old Time," (1835,) "Lover and
Mother," (" Amante et Mere," 2 vols., 1839,) and " Le
Dieu Pepetius," (1874.) He was very prominent as a
bibliographer. Died at Paris, October, 1884.
Lacroix, (SiLVESTRE FRANCOIS,) a French mathema-
tician, born in Paris in 1765. He was professor in the
Polytechnic School, the Sorbonne, and the College of
France for about sixty years, and rendered important
services to science by his elementary works on geometry,
algebra, etc. He published a " Treatise on the Differ-
ential and Integral Calculus," (2 vols., 1797,) which is
highly esteemed. He was a member of the Institute.
Died in 1843.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Gine'raJe."
Lacrobc or La Croix, de, deh li'kRwa', (£MERIC,)
a French writer against war, born in Paris about 1590.
Among his works is "The New Cyneas."
LacroLx, de, (FRANgois JOSEPH PAMPHILE,) Vi-
COMTE, a French general, born in Languedoc in 1774;
died in 1842.
Lacrois, de, (J. P.,) a French regicide and lawyer,
was born at Pont-Audemer in 1754. He was an active
member of the Convention, and became a political friend
of Danton, with whom he was executed in April, 1794.
Lacroix, de, (Louis ANTOINE NICOLLE,) a French
geographer, born in Paris in 1704. He published a
" Modern Geography," (1747.) which was used in colleges
for about fifty years. Died in 1760.
LacroLx, de, (MARIE NICOLAS CHRESTIEN,) a French
engineer and topographer, born in Paris in 1754. He
enjoyed high consideration as chief of the topographical
bureau in the department of foreign affairs. Died in 1836.
Lacroix du Maine, de, deh IfkRwa' dii min,
(FRANC.OIS GKUD£,) SIEUR, a French bibliographer, born
at Mans in 1552. Having collected many books and lite-
rary materials, he published in 1584 his " Bibliotheque
Francaise," which contains valuable information on
French works and their authors, and is commended for
accuracy. He was assassinated in 1592 by some fanatics
who suspected that he secretly favoured the Reformed
religion.
Lacrosse, de, deh IfkRoss', (BERNARD THEOBALD
JOSEPH,) BARON, a French politician, born at Brest in
1796. In 1848 he was appointed minister of public
works, and became a senator in 1852. Died in 1865.
Lacrosse, de, (JEAN BAPTISTS RAYMOND,) BARON,
a French admiral, the father of the preceding, was born
at Meilhan in 1765. In 1804 he was appointed com-
mander-in-chief of the flotilla at Boulogne. Died in 1829.
Lacroze, de, deh If kRoz', (MATHURIN VEVSSIERE,)
a French Orientalist, born at Nantes in 1661, became
librarian of the King of Prussia in 1697, and professor
of philosophy in Berlin. He wrote an " Egyptian Dic-
tionary," and several historical treatises. Died in 1739.
Lacruz or La Cruz, de, da la-kRooth', (JUAN,) a
skilful Spanish painter of history and portraits, was born
at Valencia in 1545, and was surnamed PANTOJA. He
was patronized by Philip II., for whom he painted por-
traits and religious pieces. Died in 1610.
Lacruz, de, (JUANA INEZ,) a Spanish or Mexican
poetess, born near Mexico in 1651. She published in
1670 a rolume of dramas and other poems, religious and
lecular, which were greatly admired for grace and sensi-
bility. She retired to a convent in 1668, and died in
1695. She was often called "the Tenth Muse."
Lacruz y Cano, de, da la-kRooth' e ki'no, (RAMON,)
a Spanish dramatic poet, born at Madrid in 1731. He
had great facility in versification, and excelled in ridicule
or facetiae. He produced many successful comedies, in
which characters are skilfully treated. Died in 1795.
e as A; 5 as s; g hard; g as t; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in MM.
Lacshml See LAKSHMf.
Lactance. See LACTANTIUS.
Lactantius,lak-tan'she-u,s,[Fr. LACTANCE, ISk'toNss';
It LATTANZIO, lat-tan'ze-o,] (Lucius CCELIUS FIRMI-
ANUS,) an eloquent Latin Father, who flourished in the
third and fourth centuries, and is supposed to have been
a native of Africa. He was a pupil of Arnobius. About
290 A. D., Diocletian employed him as teacher of rhetoric
at Nicomedia. Some writers think he was converted
from paganism after that date. Between 310 and 320 he
was preceptor of Crispus, the son of the emperor Con-
stantine, and during that period lived in Gaul. His
principal work is " Institutiones Divinse," ("Divine Iiv
stitutions,") a defence of Christianity. He is reputed
the most eloquent and polished of the Latin Fathers,
and was called by Saint Jerome "the Christian Cicero."
Died probably about 325 A.D.
See BROOKH MOUNTAIN, " Summary of the Writings of Lactan-
tius," London, 1839; FLHURV, " Histoire ecclesiastique :" SAINT
JEROME, " De Scriptoribus Ecclesiastic's ;" P. ECKERMAN, "Disser-
tatio de Lactantio, Cicerone Christiano," 1754; "Nouvelle Biogra-
phic Ge'neVale."
Lacuee, 13'kii'a', (GERARD JEAN,) Comte de Cessac,
a French general and administrator, born near Agen in
1752. He became a member of the Institute, minister
of state, (1807,) and minister of the administration of
war in 1810. Died in 1841.
Lacuna. See LACUNA.
La'cy, (JOHN,) an English actor and dramatist, born
at Doncaster. He obtained such popularity as a comic
actor that Charles II. had his portrait painted in several
characters. He wrote, besides other comedies, "The
Dumb Lady," and " Sir Hercules Buffoon." Died in 1681.
La'cy, (MICHAEL ROPHINO,) a musician, actor, and
composer, born in 1795, at Bilboa, Spain, where his father
was an English merchant. He was famous as a per-
former on the violin, and subsequently appeared as a
comedian, but is best known as the adapter of the words
and music of famous operas so as to suit them to the
taste of the time. Died September 20, 1867.
Lacy, de, da li'Mee', (Luis,) an able Spanish general,
born near Gibraltar in 1775. Having failed in an attempt
to restore the authority of the Cortes, he was shot in 1817.
Lacy, von, (JOSEPH FRANZ MORITZ.) See LASCY.
La-5y'des, [Aa/a'i&jc,] a Greek philosopher of the Pla-
tonic school, was a native of Cyrene. He was a pupil
of Arcesilaus, whose successor he became at Athens
about 240 B.C. His writings are not extant. Died
about 215 B.C., (one account says 241 B.C.)
Ladd, (GEORGE TRUMBULL,) D.D., an American
theologian, born at Painesville, Ohio, January 19, 1842.
He graduated at Western Reserve College in 1864, and
at Andover Theological Seminary in 1869, held Congre-
gationalist pastorships from 1869 to 1879, was professor
of mental and moral philosophy at Bowdoin College
from 1879 to i88j, and in 1881 was called to the corre-
sponding chair in Yale College. He lectured on phi-
losophy in Japan in 1892. He wrote several theological
works, and a number of works on psychology.
Ladd, (WILLIAM,) an American philanthropist, born
at Exeter, New Hampshire, in 1778, was one of the
originators of the American Peace Society, of which he
became president. He was successively editor of the
" Friend of Peace" and the " Harbinger of Peace," and
wrote several essays on that subject Died in 1841.
Ladenberg, von, fon la'den-bSRc', (ADALBERT,) born
at Anspach in 1798, filled many important posts under
the Prussian government. Died in 1855.
Ladenberg, von, (PHILIPP,) a Prussian lawyer, the
father of the preceding, bom at Magdeburg in 1769,
became in 1837 privy minister of state. Died in 1847.
Ladislaua, lad'is-lawss or la'dis-Iowss, [Fr. LADISLAS,
U'de'slas'; Polish, WLADISLAW, vlJ'de-slav' or vla'de-
slaf,] 1, King of Hungary, and SAINT, born in 1041, was
a son of Bela I. He began to reign in 1078, and died in
1095. He was canonized by the pope.
See GANOCZY, "Dissertatio de S. Ladislao," etc., Vienna, 1775.
Ladislaua H, of Hungary, a son of Bela II., was
born about 1134; died in 1162, after a reign of about
six months. He is omitted from some lists of the kings
of Hungary.
xplanations, p. 23.)
LAD1SLAUS
1468
LA FACE
Ladislaus IL or HI., King of Hungary, born about
[ 185, was a son of Emeric. He was elected in 1204, and
died in 1205.
Ladislaus HI. or IV., surnamed CUMAN, King of
Hungary, succeeded his father, Stephen IV., in 1272. In
his reign Hungary was ravaged by the Tartars or Mon-
gols. He was assassinated .n 1290.
Ladislaus IV. or V., King of Hungary, born about
1400, was a son of Jagellon or Ladislaus. He inherited
the throne of Poland in 1434, and was elected King of
Hungary in 1440. His army gained several victories
over the Turkish invaders. (See HUNIADES.) He was
killed at the battle of Varna by the Turks in 1444. He
was succeeded by the infant son of Albert II., who
was styled Ladislaus VI., and who died in 1457, aged
seventeen.
See FESSLEH, "Geschichte der Ungarn."
Ladislaus VI or VEL, King of Hungary, born about
1450, was a son of Casimir IV. of Poland. He was
elected King of Hungary in 1490. During his reign the
conquests of Matthias Corvinus in Austria were lost.
He died in 1516, leaving the throne to his son Louis.
See COUNT VON MAILATH, " Geschichte der Ungarn."
Ladislaus or Lancelot, King of Naples, was the
son of Charles III., and began to reign in 1386. His
rival, Louis II., had possession of Naples, but was ex-
pelled in 1399. Ladislaus excited the Romans to revolt
against Innocent VII., and in 1408 made himself master
of Rome. Died in 1414.
Ladislaus OF POLAND. See VLADISLAVS.
Ladmiral, lid'me'ril', (JAN,) a Dutch engraver, of
French descent, born at Leyden in 1680.
Ladoucette, de, deh Ifdoo'seV, (JEAN CHARLES
FRANCOIS,) BARON, a meritorious French administrator,
born at Metz in 1770 ; died in 1848.
Ladowski, 11-dov'skee, (RF.MIE,) a Polish naturalist,
bom at Volhynia in 1738, published a "Natural History
of Poland," (1783.) Died in 1798.
Ladvocat, ltd'vo'ki', (JEAN BAPTISTF,) a French
doctor of the Sorbonne, born at Vaucouleurs in 1709,
was learned in philosophy, history, Oriental languages,
etc. He became professor of divinity in the Sorbonne,
and published, besides other works, a Hebrew Grammar,
" Bibliotheque annuelle," (1748-51,) and a "Historical
Dictionary," (2 vols., 1752.) An enlarged edition of the
last was published in 5 vols. in 1822. Died in 1765.
See QUBRARD, *'L* France Litte'raire."
Ladvocat, (Louis FRANCOIS,) a French philosophica.
writer, bom in Paris in 1644. He became a counsellor
and dean of the chamber of accounts. He wrote several
metaphysical works, one of which is entitled a "New
System of Philosophy." Died in 1735.
Ladvocat, (N.,) a French publisher and bookseller,
born in 1790; died in 1854.
Laslius, lee'le-ijs, (CAius,) surnamed NEPOS, an emi-
nent Roman general. He had a high command under
Scipio Africanus in the expedition against Spain in 210
B.C. In 205 he gained a victory over Syphax in Africa,
for which he received a crown of gold. He was elected
prztor in 197, and consul in 190. His notes furnished
Polybius with materials for his history of Scipio's cam-
paigns in Spain.
Laelius, (CAius,) surnamed SAPIENS, a son of the pre-
ceding, studied philosophy with Diogenes the Stoic, and
became an eminent orator. He served with distinction
under his friend Scipio the Younger at the siege of Car-
thage, and was chosen consul in 140 B.C. He favoured the
aristocratic party, and was an opponent of T. Gracchus.
The celebrity of the friendship between Laelius and
Scipio caused Cicero to place the name of the former at
the head of his dialogue " De Amicitia." Horace com-
mends his mild philosophy, — "mitis sapientia Laelii,"
(Serm. ii. Sat I.) Died about 115 B.C.
See CICERO, " Brutus" and " De Oratore;" HKNDRIK HANA.
Rissertatio de C. Lxlio Sapiente," 1831.
Laemlein. See LAMLEIN.
Laennec, 15'neV, (GuiLLAUME FRANCOIS,) a French
physician, born at Quimper in 1748, was the uncle of
the following. He became physician-in-ordinary to the
king in 1779. Died in 1822.
Iiaennec, <REN£ THEODORE HYACINTHS,) an eminent
French physician, born at Quimper in February, 1781,
went to Paris in 1800 to pursue his studies. He gave
special attention to anatomy, in which he made several
discoveries. He had already acquired a reputation by his
practice and writings, when he invented the stethoscope
in 1815, and opened a new era in medicine by his impor-
tant discovery of auscultation. Having been chosen chief
physician of the H&pital Necker in 1816, he studied the
diseases of the thorax with great diligence, sagacity, and
success. His " Treatise on Mediate Auscultation," etc.
("Traite' de 1'Auscultation mediate et des Maladies des
Poumons et du Cceur," 2 vols., 1819) produced a great
sensation, and may be regarded as the most important
contribution to medical science made in the present cen-
tury. He was appointed professor of medicine in the
College of France in 1822, and obtained the chair of
clinic medicine in 1822 or 1823. He died of consump-
tion in 1826.
See PAEISBT, "E*loge de Laennec," 1840: A. L. J. BAVLK, " No-
ace historique sur R. T. H- Laennec," 1836; "Nouvelle Biographic
GiSniirale."
Laensbergh, llns'bSRH or lans'b?Rg, ( MATHIEU,)
a Fleming, who lived about 1630, was the author of a
famous almanac, first published about 1635. An almanac
bearing his name continues to be published at Liege.
La Enzina or Enema. See ENZINA.
Laer or Laar, van, vin liR, (PIETER,) a celebrated
Dutch painter, born at Haarlem in 1613. He studied
and worked sixteen years in Rome, where he was inti-
mate with N. Poussin and Claude Lorrain and received
the surname of BAMBOCCIO. In 1639 he returned to
Holland and settled in Haarlem. His favourite subjects
were hunting-scenes, rural sports, fairs, fisheries, and
rustic festivals, which he treated with great vivacity. He
excelled in design, colour, and aerial effects. His etch-
ings of his own designs are also much admired. Died
in 1673.
Laerte. See LAERTES.
La-er'te§, [Gr. \aepnif; Fr. LAERTE, li'iRt',] King
of Ithaca, and father of Ulysses, is said to have been
one of the Argonauts. He resigned the crown to his
son just named.
Laertius, (DIOGENES.) See DIOGENES.
Laet, van, vSn lit, (JAN,) a Flemish geographer, born
at Antwerp, was well versed in languages and history.
He published valuable descriptive works on Spain, Italy,
Persia, etc. His "Description of the West Indies" (1640)
is highly commended. Died about 1650.
See NICHAON, " Me'moires."
Laevinus, le-vl'nus, (MARCUS VALERIUS,) a Roman
general, who, having obtained the office of prsetor in 214
B.C., fought with success against Philip, King of Mace-
don, at Oricum. He became consul in 210 B.C., and
obtained by lot the command of Italy, which was then
invaded by Hannibal ; but he exchanged this province
with Marcellus for Sicily. He quickly expelled the Car-
ihaginians from this island. Died in 200 B.C.
See Liw, " History of Rome ;" PotvBlus, " History."
Laavinus, (PuBLius VALERIUS,) a Roman general,
who was consul in 280 B.C. He obtained the chief com-
mand in the war against Pyrrhus and the Tarentines.
His army was defeated by Pyrrhus in a great battle on
the Siris, near Heraclea, in 280 B.C.
Laevinus, li-vee'nus, ( TORRENTIUS, ) called also
Vander Beken, vin der ba'ken, a Flemish prelate,
born at Ghent about 1525, was distinguished as a Latin
poet He founded a college of Jesuits at Louvain, and
became Bishop of Mechlin. Died in 1595.
Laevius, lee've-us, a Latin poet, of whom little is
known. He lived in the first century before Christ, and
wrote " Erotopsegnia."
Lafabrique, ls'fS/bRek',(NicoLA6,) a Flemish painter,
born at Namur ; died at Liege in 1736.
La Fage, ii fizh, (RAIMOND,) a French designer and
engraver, born at Lisle (Albigeois) about 1650, studied
and worked at Rome and at Paris. He was renowned
for boldness of touch and facility of execution. The
pen was his favourite instrument in design. He left
many etchings. His habits were very intemperat*
Died abo"' 1600.
a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; 4, e, t>, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, J, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; mft; not; good; mo5n
LA PAGE
1469
LA FAYETTE
La Fage, de, deh 15 fizh, (JusrE ADRIEN LENOIR,) a
French musician, composer, and writer on music, born
at Paris in 1801. In 1828 he produced a comic opera,
"I Creditor), " which was moderately successful. But
he is best known for his works on music, "The Complete
Manual of Music," (1836-38,) and "General History of
Music." Died March 8, 1862.
La Faille, de, deh IS ft! or ft'ye, ( CLEMENT, ) a
French naturalist, born at La Rochelle in 1718; died in
1782.
Lafaist See LAFAYE.
La Fare, de, deh It fiR, (CHARLES AUGUSTS,) MAR-
QUIS, a French litterateur, born at Valgorge in 1644. He
served several campaigns in the army, (1667-74,) and
became a friend of Turenne. Besides some trifling
poetical pieces, he wrote " Memoirs and Reflections on
the Principal Events of the Reign of Louis XIV.,"
(1715,) which is commended. Died in 1712.
La Farge, IS fSkzh, (JOACHIM,) a French financier,
bom in Paris about 1750, originated a system of tontine
which is called by his name. Died about 1825.
Lafarge, la-farj', (JOHN,) an American artist, born in
New York city about 1840. He is one of the best land-
scape-painters in the United States, and is noted for his
flower-pieces and water-colour pictures. His strongest
quality is exhibited in the masterly and expressive use of
colour. Among his noted works are " Paradise at New-
port," " Christ and Nicodemus," a cartoon sketch, and
the frescos of Trinity Church, Boston. He devoted
himself to mural painting, and afterwards for many
years to the making of stained-glass windows, inventing
new methods and producing radical changes in the art.
La Farge, (MARIE CAPPELLK,) a Frenchwoman,
notorious for her crimes, was born in Picardy in 1816.
She was the daughter of a colonel of artillery, and was
married in 1838 to M. La Farge, who died soon after, it
was supposed, from the effects of poison administered
oy his wife. About the same time she was accused of
having stolen from one of her friends some diamonds of
great value. The trial which followed was of the most
exciting kind, several eminent chemists having declared,
after an examination of the remains, that there were no
marks of poison, while M. Orfila asserted that arsenic
was present Madame La Farge was condemned to
imprisonment for life, but after twelve years she was
released, on account of ill health, and died in 1852.
See "Mimoires de Marie Cappelle Veuve La Farge," by herself
4 vols., 1840; " Edinburgh Review" for July, 1842.
La Farina, li fa-Ree'na, (GIUSEPPE,) an Italian lawyer
and historical writer, born at Messina in 1815. He
founded several liberal journals, which were successively
suppressed by the government He afterwards settled
at Florence, where he found more liberty, and published
a democratic anti-papal journal, " L'Alba." He took a
prominent part in the unsuccessful revolution in Sicily
in 1848, after which he again became an exile. Among
his works are a "History of Italy from 1815 to 1850,"
(6 vols.,) and a "History of the Revolution of Sicily in
1848-49," (2 vols.) Died in 1863.
Lafaye, IS'iJ', (ANTOINE,) a French Protestant min-
ister, born at Chateaudun, became professor of theology
at Geneva in 1584. He wrote several theological works,
and a "Life of Beza," (1606.) Died in 1615.
Lafaye or Lafaist, li'fj', (PIERRE BENJAMIN,) a
French philologist, born in the department of Yonne in
1808. His chief works are " French Synonymes," (1841,)
crowned by the Institute, and a "Dictionary of the
Synonymes of the French Language." Died in 1867.
Lafaye, de, deh IS'fJ', JEAN ELIE,) an able French
engineer, born at Vienne in 1671. He served in the
army many years as engineer, and made discoveries in
the science of war. Died in 1718.
Lafaye, de, (JEAN FRANCOIS,) a French diplomatist,
distinguished for his wit and accomplishments, brother
of the preceding, was born at Vienne in 1674. He was
a member of the French Academy. Died in 1731.
La Fayette or Lafayette, de, deh li'ft'et', (GEORGE |
WASHINGTON,) the only son of General La Fayette, was
born in 1779. He entered the army young, and served
in Italy about 1796. As aide-de-camp of General Grou-
chy, he made the campaigns of Austria, Prussia, and
Poland, (1805-07.) He was elected to the Chamber of
Deputies in 1822, and again in 1827, by the voters of
Seine-et-Marne, whom he continued to represent until
1848. In politics he was an advanced liberal. Died in 1849.
La Fayette, de, (GILBERT,) a French general, born
about 1380. He fought for the dauphin Charles against
the English, and became a marshal of France in 1420.
He was afterwards one of the chief counsellors of
Charles VII., and contributed to the victory of Joan
of Arc at Orleans in 1429. He aided in expelling the
English from Normandy in 1449. Died in 1462.
See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
La Fayette, de, (LOUISE,) a French lady, born in
1616, was a daughter of Count Jean de la Fayette.
She gained the affection of Louis XIII. about 1634, and
encouraged him to become more independent of Riche-
lieu. She entered a convent about 1636. Died in 1665.
La Fayette or Lafayette, de, (MARIE JEAN PAUL
Roch Yves Gilbert Motier— rosh ev zhel'baiR' mo'-
te-i',) MARQUIS, an illustrious French statesman and
patriot, was born at Chavagnac, September 6, 1757. . His
father, who was a marquis and marechal-de-camp, was
killed at the battle of Minden in 1757. After leaving
the College Du Plessis, in Paris, he married in 1774
Mdlle. d'Ayen, a daughter of the Duke of Ayen. He
was the heir of an immense fortune, and had brilliant
prospects at court, when, with generous enthusiasm for
liberty, he offered his services to the new-born republic
of America. Silas Deane, commissioner of the United
States in Paris, accepted his offer, and promised him
the grade of major-general, which was confirmed by the
American Congress. In the spring of 1777 he arrived
in the United States, and in the same year took part in
the battle of the Brandywine, where he was wounded.
He gained the favour and confidence of Washington,
and received the thanks of Congress for his conduct at
Monmouth in 1778. The French court having recog-
nized the independence of the United States, La Fayette
recrossed the ocean in 1779 and returned with material
aid to the scene of war. He commanded the advanced
guard of Washington in 1780, and contributed to the
decisive victory of Yorktown, (1781,) where the war was
virtually ended.
On his return to France, with a prestige magnified
by distance, he was received with unbounded applause,
which reanimated or confirmed his devotion to the cause
of liberty. In 1787 he advocated the rights of the French
Protestants and various reforms in the government His
principal parliamentary act in the States-General of 1789
was his Declaration of the Rights of Man, which was
adopted by that body. In that year he was chosen by ac-
clamation commandant of the Parisian militia, to which
he gave the name of the National Guard. At this period
he was the popular favourite of the nation. " The federa-
tion of 1790," says Lamartine, "was the apogee of La
Fayette. He overshadowed on that day both the king
and the Assembly." (" History of the Girondists.")
Aiming to reconcile his loyalty to the king with his duty
to the cause of freedom, he acted with the Feuillants,
the friends of constitutional monarchy. In the main-
tenance of order he often risked his life, and he enforced
martial law against the insurgents in the Champ-de-Mars
in July, 1791, soon after the arrest of the king at Va-
rennes. Before the end of that year he resigned his com-
mand, and was a candidate for the mayoralty of Paris ; but
the intrigues of the queen and court, who hated or feared
him, decided the election in favour of Pethion, who was
a radical revolutionist. The large majority of Pe'thion
showed that the star of La Fayette was declining. In the
winter of 1791-92 he was chosen commander of one of
the three armies, and, war having been declared against
Austria in April, he directed some small operations on
the frontier of Flanders, at the same time striving, with-
out success, to defeat the Jacobins at Paris. Indignant
at the attack on the Tuileries, (June 20, 1 792,) La Fayette
went, with a single officer, to Paris, and, in a short
harangue before the bar of the Assembly, demanded the
punishment of the offenders. " In this attempt to act as
dictator," says Lamartine, "the motive was generous,
the peril great, but the means null." Returning to the
army, he devised a plan to save the king by transferring
€ as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/,- G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as z; th as in this. '• B5T"See Explanations, p. 23.)
LA FAYETTE
1470
LAFITAU
him from the capital to his camp ; but the court rejected
the offer.
The insurrection of August 10 gave the ascendency to
the i epublicans, who deprived La Fayette of his command.
He then fled towards Holland, intending to emigrate to
the United States, but was arrested by the Austrians and
detained in the dungeons of Neiss and Olmiitz, where
he was treated with much rigour. In a treaty with Aus-
tria in 1797, Bonaparte insisted on his liberation, which
was effected in September of that year. Having passed
about two years in Holland, he returned to France in
1800, and, refusing several offers of public employment
under Bonaparte, maintained his political consistency in
retirement at La Grange. Some one having complained
that La Fayette censured the government, the First
Consul replied, " Let him alone : he will not say more
against me than he has expressed openly before me."
In the Chamber of Deputies in 1815, he opposed the
claims of Bonaparte and of the Bourbons, and wished to
rally round the standard of 1789 for "liberty, equality,
and order." After the restoration of the Bourbons he
spoke frequently in the Chamber in opposition to the
ministry. In 1824 he revisited the scene of his youthful
exploits, where he was received with cordial demonstra-
tions of honour and gratitude, and passed about a year
in a triumphalprogress through the twenty-four States of
the Union. The Congress of the United States voted
$200,000 in recompense for his services in the war of
independence. The arbitrary measures of Charles X.
again roused him to political action. He took a promi-
nent part in the revolution of 1830, as the chief of the
popular camp in Paris, and president of the commission
which exercised a sort of dictatorship after the expul-
sion of Charles X. He was also chosen commander
of all the National Guards of France. He acquiesced
in the accession of Louis Philippe, which Lamartine
thinks he might easily have prevented by proclaiming
a republic On this occasion he said to the new king,
" You know that I am a republican, and that I regard
the Constitution of the United States as the most perfect
that ever existed." He died May 20, 1834, leaving one
son and several daughters. Perhaps no man ever lived
through such vicissitudes of fortune, and such severe
trials of his virtue, with a character more free from just
reproach than La Fayette. The high-toned consistency
of his conduct is expressed in the assertion of Madame
de Stael, " that you could certainly predict what he would
do in every contingency."
See SARRANS, " Lafayette et la Revolution de 1830," a vols.,
1834: CLOQUBT, "Souvenirs de la Vie de La Fayette," 1836; " Mi-
moires et Correspondance du Ge'ne'ral Lafayette," (published by
his family,) 6 vols., 1838; J. Q. ADAMS, " Oratiou on the Life and
Character of Lafayette," 1834; WILLIAM CUTTER, " Lifeof General
Lafayette," New York, 1849 • L. DB LOMBNIB, " M de Lafayette, par
an Homme de Rien," 1843 : P. C. HBADLBY, " Life of Lafayette,"
Auburn, (851 ; SAINTS- BKUVB, " Critiques et Portraits litte'raires,"
tome v. : ILMILB DE LA BBDOLLIBRB, "Vie politique du Marquis de
Lafayette," 1833 ; BANCROFT, " History of trie United States," vol.
ix. ; "North American Review" for January, 1835, (by GBOKGB
TICKNOR,) and January, i83->, (by EDWARD EVERETT;) "Quarterly
Review" for December, 1832 ; " Foreign Quarterly Review" for Octo-
ber, 1832; " Edinburgh Review" for January, 1833.
La Fayette, de, (MARIE MADELEINE Pioche de la
Vergne — pe'osh' deh II v^Rn,) COUNTESS, a popular
French authoress, born in Paris in 1634, was eminently
beautiful. She married the Count de la Fayette in 1655,
and her house became the resort of La Fontaine, La
Rochefoucauld, Manage, and other eminent authors.
She wrote two successful novels, "Zayde," (1670,) and
"The Princess of Cleves," (1678,) which were the first
French works of fiction that truly represented the man-
ners of the higher classes. She left also " Memoirs of
the French Court" for the years 1688 and 1689, (1731,)
and a few other works. Died in 1693.
See LEMONTEY, "Notice sur Madame de la Fayette," 1822;
SAINTE-BRUVB, "Portraits de Femmes," 1844: AUGER, "Notice
biographique sur Madame de Lafayette," (prefixed to her Letters,)
1823; "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
La Fayette, de, (OSCAR,) a son of George W., noticed
above, was born in Paris in 1816. He served in the
army in Africa, and obtained the rank of captain. In
1846 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, and in
1848 to the Constituent Assembly, in which he voted
with the republicans. Died March 26, 1881.
Laferriere or La Ferriere, IffVr^-aiR', (Louis
FIRMIN JULIEN,) a French jurist, and a member of the
Institute, was born at Jonzac in 1798. His principal
work is a " History of the Civil Law of Rome and of
French Law," (6 vols., 1846-53.) Died in 1861.
La Ferriere, de, deh IS fa're-aiR', (Louis MA.RIE,)
COUNT, born at Redon in 1776, became a general of
division. He lost a leg at Craonne in 1814. Napoleon
left him a legacy of 100,000 francs. Died in 1834.
La Ferte-Imbault, de, deh li f?R'ta' aN'bo', (MARII
THKRESE GEOFFRIN,) MARQUISE, a literary French lady,
born in Paris in 1715, was a daughter of the well-known
Madame de Geoffrin. She was trained up in the society
of such men as Fontenelle and Montesquieu, who were
habitues of her mother's salon. Her moral or pious prin-
ciples caused her to close her door against D'Alembert
and the other Encyclopaedists. She was grand mattrcsse
of the order of Lanturelus, designed for literary diver-
sion, and composed several volumes of moral maxims.
Died in 1791.
La Ferte-Senneterre, de, deh 1J feVta' sen'taiR'
(HENRI,) Due, a French marshal, born in 1600, com-
manded a wing at the battle of Rocroy, (1645.) He
became a marshal of France in 1651, after which Tn-
renne and he recovered Bar, Arras, and other town*
which the Prince of Cond£ had captured. Died in
1681.
La Feuillade. See FEUILLADE, DE LA.
Laf fan, (BERTHA JANE,) an English novelist, on
the staff of "All the Year Round" after 1878. She
published numerous novels and one volume of poetry,
"Songs of Jubilee and other Poems," ( 1887.)
Laffitte, li^fet', (JACQUES,) an eminent French finan-
cier and liberal statesman, born at Bayonne in 1767, was
the son of a carpenter. In 1788 he entered as clerk the
banking-house of Perregaux at Paris. He became a part-
ner about 1802, and the head of the firm in 1809. In
tlte latter year he was chosen governor of the Bank of
Prance. The great fortune which he had acquired was
fieely offered for the defence of Paris from the invader*
in 1814, and for the restoration of the public credit in
1815. Napoleon deposited with him 5,000,000 francs
just before his departure to Saint Helena, with the ex-
pression of perfect confidence in his honesty. In 1816
he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, in which he
acted with the Liberal opposition and spoke with ability
on financial questions. " Placed in the vanguard of the
defenders of the Charter," says M. de Lomenie, "as
popular by his opinions as by his princely munificence,
the opulent banker beheld himself surrounded by all the
notabilities of the press and the tribune." He took an
active part in the dethronement of Charles X. in 1830,
and used his influence in favour of Louis Philippe, to
whom in a critical hour he wrote, " No more hesitation 1
Choose between a crown and a passport." He entered
the first ministry of the new reign as minister without a
portfolio. This ministry having been speedily dissolved,
LafEtte, on the 3d of November, 1830, became prime
minister (prisident Ju comtil) and minister of finance.
Failing to command a majority in the chamber, he re-
signed in March, 1831. The financial crisis which fol-
lowed ruined his fortune, which had been reduced by
large donations to the popular cause in 1830. A national
subscription relieved him from embarrassment about
\f*\\. Died in 1844.
Laffon de Ladebat, irf6N' deh irdl'bS", (ANDRE
DANIEL,) a French financier, born at Bordeaux in 1746,
was a merchant in early life. He was a moderate mem-
ber of the Assembly in 1791, and of the Council of Elders
in 1795. The coup cTitat of September 4, 1797, sent him
as an exile to Guiana. After his return to France he
published several treatises on finance, economy, etc. He
was one of the founders of the Protestant Bible Societv
in 1818. Died in 1829.
Lafitau, li'fe'to', (JOSEPH FRANCOIS,) a French Jes-
uit, born at Bordeaux. Having been for many years a
missionary in Canada, he returned to France, and pub-
lished " Manners of the American Savages compared
with the Manners of Primitive Ages," and two other
works. Died in 1740.
i, e, i, 6, u. v long: i,e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, skort;$, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fat; met; not; good; moon;
LAFITAU
.
Lafitau, (PIERRE FRANCOIS,) a French Driest
rriter, born at Bordeaux in .68<. He wrotPe a
1471
.
M « ^ -
Cdleges,
EKt ^rT"T4 SK sSu.x
rLP,aof Tna,nfa°0' Di^dT,^1'^ ^ '^ ^'^ 3
of Veterinary Medicine," (r.)
a FHdrstt:' b^n 6
dramatist,
s"ccessful comedies, amon
Thalia-" (<<
°" """ ijtuijit-u uuucr i^orun. and in
. was employed by Louis XIV to adorn the
T"a»?" and the Hotel des Invalides, the frescoed dc
. Abduction of Proserpine." Died in 1716.
bee NouveUe Biographic Gi?n*rale."
Lafosse, de, (JEAN BAPTISTK JOSEPH) a skilful
French engraver, was bom in Paris d ,72, ; died about
tuamis^ m 118 plates, 1554-73.) Died in 1577
LaFuente. See FU!NTE, LA. 577'
SD^ni.rj,^*6-' 1J fW/n/ti' (ALCANTARA MtGUEL,) .
Malaga in ^^"H^-1^"' bom in the Province o,
hi i !i K 7'_, Hedled at Havana in i8s<£ soon after
, De Immortahtate Animorum," (1621 ) an
of thelo.rn-'^- A?St°tle admitted the immortalit?
01 the soul. Died in 1624.
La Gallissontere. See GALLISSONISRE, DE LA.
li/rr C
with" his "first"i'iterary S^0^ R°MTEl -3 FIench chemist and Philanthropist,
— r > I born at Rennes m 1675. He founded infant-schools,
-& »,*»»/; ^*»*i«^iiSSnii=^^iiS^;
LA GARDE
1472
LA GUERONNIERE
and hospitals for the sick and aged. He made some
improvements in vegetable analysis, and published a
treatise on "Hydraulic Chemistry," ("Chimie hydrau-
lique," 1746.) Died in 1755.
See " Les fipoux charitables, ou Vies du Comte et de la Connesse
de La Garaye." Rennes, 1783.
Lagarde. See DESHOULIERES.
La Gardie. See GARDIE, DE LA.
La Gasca. See GASCA, DE LA.
Lagerbring, 11'ger-bRing, (SvEN or SVEN BRING,)
a Swedish historian, born in 1707, was for many years
professor of history in the University of Lund. He
published a " History of Sweden" down to 1457, (3 vols.,
1709-76,) a work of much research, but defective in
style and method. Died in 1788.
See C WOLLJN, "Parentation ofver S. Lagerbring," 1788.
Lagerlof or Lagerloef, la'ger-lof, (PEHR,) a Swedish
scholar and writer, born in 1648, became professor of
rhetoric at Upsal. He was learned in languages, and
wrote Latin verse with much purity of style. He pub-
lished several antiquarian treatises. Died in 1699.
See JOcHKR, " Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexikon."
Lagerstrom or Lagers troem, von, fon la'ger-stRom',
(MAGNUS,) a Swedish savant, born at Stockholm in 1696,
was a friend of Linnxus. He translated French and
German works into Swedish, and availed himself of his
advantages as director of the East India Company to
collect scientific facts and specimens and to promote
researches in natural history. Died in 1759.
See KRYGER. " Aminnelse-Tal ofeer M. LagerstToem." 17601
Lagny, de, deh lin'ye', (THOMAS FANTET,) a French
mathematician, born at Lyons in 1660. He removed to
Paris in 1678, was admitted into the Academy of Sciences
in 1695, and chosen professor of hydrography at Roche
fort in 1697. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of
London. He published, besides other ingenious treatises,
"The Cubature of the Sphere," (1703,) "which," says
Fontenelle, "would prove him to be a great geometer."
Died in 1734.
Lagomarsini, li-go-maR-see'nee, (GlROLAMO, ) an
eminent Italian philologist and Jesuit, born in 1698. He
was professor of rhetoric in Florence for many years, and
about 1750 became professor of Greek in the Roman
College. He published Latin orations (1746) and epis-
tles, a poem " On the Origin of Springs," (" De Origine
Fontium," 1749,) and other works. Died in 1773.
See FABRONI, "Vifcc Italonun doctrir.a excellentium ;" PABTHK-
Mlus, " De Vita et Studiis H. Lagomarsini," 1801.
La Grange, (ANTOINE.) See RIVET DE LA GRANGE.
Lagrange or La Grange, li gRONzh, JOSEPH Louis,)
one of the most eminent geometers of modern times, was
born at Turin on the 25th of January, 1736. His parents
were of French origin. He was educated in the College
of Turin, where his mathematical genius was rapidly
developed and was specially directed to the study of
modern analysis. It has been said that all he learned
seemed to be only a reminiscence of what he had before
known. Having examined Euler's work on " Isoperi-
metrical Problems," he sent to the author in 1755 the
first essays of his " Method of Variations," which alone
would immortalize his name, and which he had invented
to respond to the desire of Euler. About the age of
nineteen he was chosen professor of mathematics in the
military college of Turin. The first volume of the " Me-
moirs of the Academy of Turin" (1759) consisted chiefly
of the admirable essays of Lagrange on the most im-
portant and difficult points of analysis and mechanics,
such as the propagation of sound and the vibration of
chords. He published in 1762 some applications of his
great discovery, which was afterwards called the " Method
of Variations." In 1764 he gained the prize offered by
the French Academy of Sciences for a " Theory of the
Libration of the Moon." Invited by Frederick the
Great, he removed to Berlin in 1766, and was for twenty
years director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, whicn
he enriched with numerous treatises on " Tautochronous
Curves," "Numerical Equations," the "Integral Cal-
culus," "Partial Differences," and on the most arduous
questions of general astronomy and celestial mechanics.
He was chosen a foreign associate of the Academy of Paris
in 1772. The persuasion of Mirabeau and the offer of a
pension from the king induced him to settle in Paris in
1787. He published in 1788 his magnificent work "La
Mecanique analytique," ("Analytical Mechanics,") which
is considered one of the master-pieces of the human in-
tellect. His interest was vividly excited by the Revolu-
tion, in which, however, he took no active part. In 1792
he married Nfademoiselle Lemonnier. He was the first
professor of geometry in the Polytechnic School, founded
about 1794 ; and his name was the first inscribed on the
list of the members of the Institute, founded in 1795.
Napoleon, who highly appreciated the great talents of
one so incapable of intrigue and adulation, gave him the
office of senator and the titles of count of the empire and
grand officer of the legion of honour. He died in April,
1813. "Among the inventors who have most enlarged
the boundaries of our knowledge," says La Place, " New-
ton and Lagrange appear to have possessed in the highest
degree the power which, by the discovery of general
principles, constitutes the true genius of science," "After
Newton's discovery of the elliptic orbits of the planets,"
says Playfair, " Lagrange's discovery of their periodical
inequalities is, without doubt, the noblest truth in phy-
sical astronomy ; and, in respect of the doctrine of final
causes, it may truly be regarded as the greatest of all."
See DELAMBKK, "filoge de Lagrange;" VIRKY et POTKL,
" Precis hiftorique sur la Vie de Lagrange, 1813 : PIHTHO COSSAU,
" Elogio di G. L. Lagrange," 1813 ; MAGISTRINI, "Discorso in Lodt
di Lagrange," 1819; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge"ne"rale."
La Grange, (N.,) a French litterateur, born in Paris
in 1738, translated the great poem of Lucretius "De
Rerum Natura," with notes, (1768,) and the works of
Seneca, (7 vols., 1779.) The former passes for one of
the best versions in the French language. Died in 1775.
La Grange or Lagrange, de, deh 13 gRONzh, (ADE-
LAIDE BLAISE FRANCOIS LE LIEVRE,) Marquis de Fou-
rilles, born in Paris in 1766, became general of division
in 1809. Died in 1833.
La Grange, de, (ADELAIDE EDOUARD,) MARQUIS, a
son of the preceding, and a member of the Institute, was
born in Paris in 1796. He was an active member of tne
Chamber of Deputies from 1834 to 1848, and voted with
the friends of Loais Napoleon in the Assembly of 1849.
In 1852 he became a senator. He wrote, besides other
works, treatises on numismatics. Died January 17, 1876.
La Grange, de, (AMAND CHARLES Louis LE LIKVRE,)
a French general, born in 1783, served with distinction
under Napoleon I. Died July 31, 1864.
Lagrange, de, (JOSEPH,) COMTE, a French general,
born in 1763 ; died in 1836.
La Grange, de, (JOSEPH DE CHANCEL,) a French
dramatic and satiric poet, commonly called La Grange-
Chancel, was born at Perigueux in 1676. His drama
of " Jugurtha" was performed with success in 1694. He
produced other tragedies, among which " Amasis" (1701)
and " Ino and Melicerta" (1713) are called the best He
was imprisoned or exiled some years for three remark-
able odes, named " Philippiques," (1720,) which were
libellous satires against the Regent of France. " As a
satiric poet," says the " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale,"
" he has left a work which, in spite of its imperfections
and crying injustice, is the monument of satire in France."
Died in 1758.
See "Nouvelle Biographic Gfnerale ;" SAINT-SIMON, "Me-
moires."
Lagrene. de, deh ligR'ni' or If gReh-ni', (TnSoDOSK
MARIE MELCHIOR JOSEPH,) a French diplomatist, was
born at Amiens in 1800. He went to Athens as minister
in 1836, and to China in 1844. Died April 27, 1862.
Lagrenee, If gRa'ni', (JEAN JACQUES,) a French his-
torical painter, born in Paris in 1 740. He worked in Paris
with success, and reproduced antique paintings by incrus-
tation on marble and glass. Died in 1821.
Lagrenee, (Louis JEAN FRANC.OIS,) called AINE, a
French historical painter, brother of the preceding, was
born in Paris in 1724. He was surnamed "the French
Albano." He studied at Rome, became Academician
in 1755, and for some time was first painter to the Em-
press of Russia. He afterwards worked in Paris. Died
in 1805.
See RKNOU, " Notice sur Lagrenife 1'ain^," 1815.
La Guironniere or Lagueronniere, de, deh li gj'-
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, /OT?va,e, d, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, ihort; a,e, i, Q, obscure; fir, fall, tat; met; not; good; moon.
LA GUERRE
1473
LAINEZ.
ro'ne-aiR', (ARTHUR,) VICOMTE, a trench political
irriteTand Bonapartist, born in 1816. He became chief
editor of Lamartine's new journal, the " Pays," in [850.
A dissension arose between him and Lamartine on the
subject of a historical study on Louis Napoleon, which
the former published in the " Pays," and which increased
his reputation as a brilliant writer. He was elected a
deputy in 1852, and appointed a councillor of state in
1854. His pamphlet entitled "Napoleon III. and Eng-
land" (1858) produced a great sensation on both sides
of the Channel. He became an editor of the "Consti-
tutionnel." Died December 23, 187,.
Laguerre, IS-gaiR', (JEAN, commonly called JACK,)
an English musician, painter, and engraver, born in
London in 1700. He was the son of Louis Laguerre, a
French painter who settled in England. Died in 1748.
Laguerre or La Guerre, IS'gaiR', (Louis,) a French
painter, born in 1663. was a pupil of Le Brun. He went
to England about 1684, and worked with or for Verrio.
He painted "The Labours of Hercules" in Hampton
Court Palace. Died in 1721.
La Guiche or Laguiche, de, deh If gesh, (PHILI-
BERT, } a French general, born about 1540. He refused to
execute the order of the court for the massacre of Prot-
estants in 1572. He commanded the artillery at Ivry,
and contributed largely to the victory. Died in 1607.
His nephew, JEAN FRANCOIS, born in 1569, was a
marshal of France. Died in 1632.
Laguille, Ijt'gel'or li'ge'ye, (Louts,) a French Jesuit,
born at Autun in 1658, wrote an " Ancient and Modern
History of Alsace," (2 vols. folio, 1727.) Died in 1742.
Laguna, la-goo'nl, or Lacuna, li-koo'na, (ANDRES,)
a learned Spanish physician, born at Segovia in 1499.
He obtained the confidence of Charles V., who appointed
him physician of the army in Flanders. He practised
in Metz, (1540-46,) and in Rome, where he was patron-
ized by the pope, who made him a count. He died in
Spain in 1560, leaving numerous works, among which
are Commentaries on Galen and Hippocrates, and
"Ar.atomica Methodus," (1535.)
See N. ANTONIO, " Bibliotheca Hispana Nova."
Laharpe or La Harpe, li'/^tRp', (FREDERIC C£SAR.)
a Swiss officer and republican, born in the Pays de Vaud
in 1754. He was for some years preceptor of Alexander,
afterwards Czar of Russia, and about 1 798 became the
chief or most powerful director of the Helvetic Republic.
He went out of power in iSoo. In 1814 he enjoyed the
favour of Alexander, who was in Paris and gave him the
rank of general in his army. He wrote several treatises
on Swiss politics. Died in 1838.
See CHARLES MONNARD, " Notice biographique sur le Ge'ne'raj
F. C. de Laharpe," 1838 ; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
La Harpe or Laharpe, de, deh li'/StRp', (JEAN
FRANCOIS,) a celebrated French critic and dramatist,
born in Paris in 1739, was educated at the College of
Harcourt. He produced in 1763 the tragedy of" War
wick," which was very successful, and wrote to Voltaire a
letter on the dramatic art which procured him the favour
and patronage of that philosopher. He composed, be-
sides other dramas, the applauded tragedies of " Me-
lanie," (about 1770,) and " Philoctete." His talents
found a congenial employment in academic competitions.
He wrote admirable eulogies on Fenelon, Henry IV.,
Lafontaine, and others, and he received several prizes
from the French Academy, of which he was chosen a
member in 1776. About 1786 he began to lecture at
the Lycee of Paris on literature. These lectures, en-
titled "Cours de Litte'rature, ancienne et moderne," (iS
vols.,) constitute his most durable title to fame. His
criticisms on French authors are much better than those
on the ancient classics. "The seventeenth century," says
Sainte-Beuve, "in some of its parts and some of its
works, was never better analyzed," [than by La Harpe.]
At the beginning of the French Revolution he was a
republican. He was imprisoned a few months during
the reign of terror. Died in 1803.
See SAINTE-BEUVE, "Causeries du Lundi," tome v. : L£o»
THIESSK, " Notice sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de Laharpe," 1817 ;
MELV-JANIN, "Vie de J. F. de La Harpe," 1813: DAUNOU, " Notice
lur La Harpe:" SAINT-SVRIN, "Notice sur La Harpe," 1832;
AUGER. "Vie de La Harpe," 1813; SEIJEVS, "J. F. de La Harpe,
Peim par lui-meme," 1817.
La Haye, (French engraver.) See DEI.AHAYE.
Lahire or Lahyre, li'/SeR', (ETIENNE Vignoles—
ven'yol',) a famous French captain or bandit. He per-
formed many exploits against the English in France in
the reign of Charles VII. He never obtained a verj
high rank in the army. Having failed in an attempt to
rescue Joan of Arc at Rouen, he was taken prisoner, but
soon escaped. Died in 1442.
La Hire or Lahyre, de, deh It'/SeR', (LAUREN i,) a,i
eminent French painter and engraver of merit, born in
Paris in 1606. He adorned many of the churches of
Paris with his works, among which the "Apparition of
Christ to the Three Marys" is called the master-piece.
His easel-pictures are very finely finished. He received
the title of painter to the king, and was one of the
founders of the Royal Academy. Died in 1656.
Lahire, de, (PHILIPPE,) a French geometer, son ol
the preceding, born in Paris in 1640. He was admitted
into the Academy of Sciences in 1678, ant! was employed
by the government in continuing the measurement of the
meridian commenced by Picard. For many years he was
professor of mathematics in the College of France. He
was also versed in experimental physics. Among his
principal works are "Conic Sections," (1685,) a "Treat-
ise on Mechanics," (1695,) and "Astronomical Tables,"
(1702.) Died in 1718 or 1719.
See FONTBNBLLK, " £loge de Lahire ;" " Nouvelle Biographic
Ge'ne'rale."
La Hontan, de, deh li c.N't6.\', (ARMAND Louis DK
DELONDAREK,) BARON, a French traveller, born at Mont-
de-Marsan about 1667. He was a private soldier in
North America, 1683-93, and published three volumes
of "Nouveaux Voyages dans 1'Ame'rique," (1703-04,)
which are untrustworthy. Died at Hanover in 1715.
La Huerta. See HUERT.<_
Lahyre. See LA HIRE.
Laid'law, (\VILLIAM,) a British poet, born in 1780.
died in 1845.
Laignelot, lin'yeh-lo', (JOSEPH FRANC.OIS,) a French
dramatist and Jacobin, born at Versailles in 1750, com-
posed a tragedy called "Rienzi." He was an active
member cf the Convention from 1792 to 1795, and voted
for the death of the king. Died in 1829.
Laine, li'na', (JOSEPH HENRI JOACHIM,) VICOMTE,
an eminent French orator and statesman, born at Bor-
deaux in 1767. He acquired distinction as an advocate
at Bordeaux, supported the popular cause in the Revo-
lution, and was for several years under the empire a
member of the legislative body. In 1813, as chairman
of a committee of that house, he made an important
report on the state of the nation, which gave great offence
to Napoleon. Having become a royalist, he was chosen
president of the Chamber of Deputies in 1814 and in
1815. He was admitted into the French Academy and
appointed minister of the interior in 1816. He retired
from office in December, 1818, became secretary of state
without a portfolio in 1821, and was created a peer of
France in 1823. He was one of the leaders of the mode-
rate royalists. Died in 1835. " M. Laine and De Serres,"
says Lamartine, " were the two greatest characters and
the two most pathetic orators of the restoration."
See LAMARTINE, " History of the Restoration;" " Nouvelie Bio-
graphic Ge'nerale."
Lainez, 14/na', ( ALEXANDRE, ) a French poet and
linguist, born at Chimay about 1650. After travelling
several years in Europe and Asia, he became a resident
of Paris. He was cjurted by the great for his brilliant
conversation and extensive knowledge, and composed
brief poetical effusions, which were admired for grace
and vivacity. Died in 1710.
Lainez or Laynez, IT-neth', sometimes improperly
written Leynez, (JAGO or DIEGO,) the second general
of the order of Jesuits, was born in Castile, Spain, in
1512. About 1536 he was associated with Ignatius Loy-
ola in organizing the society of Jesuits. (See LOYOLA.)
He was deputed by the pope to the Council of Trent,
where he signalized his zeal for the interests of the
court of Rome. In 1558 he succeeded Loyola as gen-
eral of the order. The Council of Trent having re-
sumed its session, he made there a famous speech, in
which he argued the necessity of a supreme head of
€ as i. 5 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, ^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as »; th as in this. \
93
xplanations,
LAING
U74
LALAMANT
the Church. Died in 1565. The polity of the Jesuits
appears to have been mainly the product of the intelli-
gence and subtlety of Lainez.
See RIBADHNEIRA, " Vida del P. V. D. Laynez," 1604: F. SOUER,
"Vie du P. J. Laynez," 1599; F. RAINAUDI, "Vila di J. Laynez,"
Rome, 1672.
Laing, (ALEXANDER,) a Scottish minor poet, born at
Brechin, May 14, 1787. He was a flax-dresser by trade.
He published " Wayside Flowers," and many songs.
Died October 14, 1857.
Laing, lang, (ALEXANDER GORDON,) MAJOR, a resolute
Scottish traveller, born in Edinburgh in 1793, enlisted in
the army in 1810. In 1822 the Governor of Sierra Leone
sent him on a mission to the Mandingo country. He
also explored Solimana and adjacent regions. In 1824
he was raised to the rank of major, and was employed
by Lord Bathurst to explore the Niger. Proceeding
from the north, he arrived in August, 1826, at Timbuctoo,
after having been wounded by the Tuariks. On his way
to Sansanding he was murdered by his guide, an Arab
sheik, in September, 1826. His journal has not been
recovered.
Laing, (DAVID,) LL.D.. a Scottish antiquary and littl-
rateur, born at Edinburgh in 1793. He was the original
secretary of the Bannatyne Club, founded by Sir Walter
Scott for the printing of rare books on Scottish history
and literature, and edited many of its publications. He
devoted much attention to the old Scottish ballads and
other antiquarian matters, and brought to light many
interesting documents. He edited the works of John
Knox, David Lyndsay, William Dunbar, and Robert
Henryson, enriching them with many valuable annota-
tions. Died October II, 1878.
Laing, (MALCOLM,) an able Scottish historian and
lawyer, born in Orkney in 1762. He practised law in
Edinburgh, where he was admitted to the bar in 1785.
In 1800 he published a " History of Scotland from the
Union of the Crowns [1603] to the Union of the King-
doms in the Reign of Queen Anne," which is a work
of merit and remarkable for critical acumen, but defect-
ive in style. He wrote a treatise against the authenticity
of Ossian's poems, and a few other works. He became
a member of Parliament, and he was a friend of Charles
T. Fox, His political principles were liberal. Died in
1818.
Laing, (SAMUEL,) a British lawyer and politician, a
nephew of the preceding, was born in Scotland in 1810.
He was elected to Parliament as a Liberal in 1852, and
was president of the company which owned the Crystal
Palace at Sydenham, from 1850 to 1854. He was finan-
cial secretary to the treasury in 1859 and 1860, and was
appointed chancellor of the exchequer in India in the
latter year. In 1873 he was again elected to Parliament.
He was long engaged in railway interests, and was
the author of several works, including " Modern Sci-
ence and Modern Thought," (1886,) "The Antiquity
of Man," (1890,) " Human Origins," (1892,) etc.
Laire, liR, (FRANCOIS XAVIER,) an eminent French
bibliographer and monk, born at Vadans in 1738. Dur-
ing the Revolution he saved valuable historical documents
from destruction. He published a "Series of Aldine
Editions," a "Specimen of Roman Typog.-aphy of the
Fifteenth Century," an " Index of Books from the In-
vention of Printing to the Year 1500," and other works.
Died in 1801.
Laire, li'reh, (SlGlSMOND,) a German painter, born in
L'avaria about 1550; died in Rome in 1636.
Lairesse, 14'rlss', (GERARD,) a skilful Flemish his-
torical painter and engraver, born at Liege in 1640, was
a pupil of his father. He settled in Amsterdam. His
facility as an artist was remarkable. He had a rich
imagination, and was skilful in costume and composi-
tion. His engravings are much esteemed. He died in
1711, leaving an able "Treatise on Painting."
La'is, |Aoir,J a celebrated Greek courtesan, lived at
Corinth in the fifth century B.C., and was notorious for hei
avidity and caprice. Among her lovers was the phi-
losopher Aristippus. The citizens of Corinth erected a
monument to her. Another courtesan of that name was
supposed to have been a native of Sicily. She lived at
Athens or Corinth about 400 B.C.
Lal-us, [Gr. Aoiof,] a king of Thebes, and the father
ofCEdipus. An oracle having declared that he should
>e killed by his own son, he exposed his son soon after
jirth on Mount Cithaeron. The child was preserved by
strangers, was named CSdipus, and remained ignorant
of his parentage. (See O2DIPUS.)
Lajard, li'zhiR', (JEAN BAPTISTS FELIX,) a French
antiquary, born at Lyons in 1783, went to Persia as sec-
retary of embassy in 1807. He was admitted into the
Academy of Inscriptions in 1830. Among his works is
' Researches into the Public Worship and the Mysteries
of Mithra in the East and West," (1848.) He pro-
pounded a novel theory on the relations of the Greeks
with the Oriental races, which has since been partially
confirmed. Died in 1858.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Lajard, de, deh li'zhtR', (PIERRE AUGUSTE,) an able
French statesman, born at Montpellier in 1757, was
minister of war in 1792. During the empire he was a
member of the legislative body. Died in 1837.
Lajeunesse, (MARIE EMMA.) See ALBANI.
La Jonchere, de, deh \t zhAN'shaiR', (£TIENNE L8-
CUYER,) a French engineer, born in Auvergne in 1690.
He projected the connection of the Saone and the Yonne
by a canal, the construction of which, however, was given
to another engineer. Died about 1740.
LakanaL. iTkS'ntl', (JOSEPH,) a French republican,
born at Serres (Ariege) in 1762. As a member of the
Convention, (1792-95,) he protected the interests of the
arts and sciences. He took a prominent part in the
organization of the Institute, of which he was a member.
In 1814 he retired to the United States, was welcomed
by Jefferson, and obtained from Congress five hundred
acres of cotton-land. He was afterwards president of
the University of Louisiana, and returned to France in
1833. Died in Paris in 1845.
Lake, (ARTHUR,) a learned English preacher, born a»
Southampton, was appointed Dean of Worcester in 1608,
and Bishop of Bath and Wells in 1616. Died in 1626.
Several volumes of his sermons were published.
Lake, (GERARD.) Viscount Lake, a British general,
was born in 1744. Having served in the American wai
and in the war against the French republic, he was ap
pointed commander of the army in Ireland during the
rebellion which began in 1797, and was defeated by the
French at Castlebar. In 1800 he obtained the chief
command in India, and in 1803 gained a victory over
the Mahrattas near Delhi. He defeated them again the
same year at Laswarree. Between 1804 and 1806 he
waged a successful war against Holkar, and received
the title of Baron Lake of Delhi, etc. He returned to
England in 1807, and was created a viscount. Died in
tSoS.
Lake, (JoHN.) born in Yorkshire in 1624, became
Bishop of Chichester in 1685. He was imprisoned, in
company with six other prelates, in the Tower of London
in 1688. Died in 1698.
See AGNES STRICKLAND, "Lives of the Seven Bishops."
Laksh'mi, [modern Hindoo pron. luksh'mee ; ety-
mology obscure,] called also Sri,0 sRee, or Shri, shRee,
in the Hindoo mythology, the goddess of wealth, and the
consort of Vishnu, is fabled to have sprung from the
churning of the ocean. (See KURMA.) There is a striking
analogy between the origin of Lakshmi and that of the
Venus (Aphrodite) Anadyomene of the Greeks, who
also is said to have sprung from the foam of the sea,
(See VENUS.) But Lakshmi, though represented as
extremely beautiful, is not, like Venus, the patroness of
love, but the goddess uf wealth and prosperity. She is
represented with four arms and arrayed with the most
beautiful ornaments and gems. She is sometimes called
I'adma, (from fiJmil, the " lotus,") in allusion, perhaps,
to her divine beauty, and by many other names. She is
sometimes identified with the beautiful Apsara Rambha
(or Rembha.)
See MOOR'S " Hindu Pantheon."
Lalamant or Lallemant, IJl'moN', (JEAN,) a French
physician and scholar, who lived about 1550-90, was a
* I.t. " prosperity ," also " beauty" or " splendour."
i, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, ?, i, o, obscurt; fir, fill, iat; met; not; good; mpon
LALANDE
'475
LALLY
native if Autun. He produced, besides works on medi-
cine, history, etc., a French version of Demosthenesr
"Philippics," (1549.)
Lalande, de, deh iS'lSfJd', (JACQUES,) a meritorious
French jurist, born at Orleans in 1622. He published
"Specimen Juris Romano-Gallic! ad Pandectas," (1690.)
Died in 1703.
Lalande, de, (JOSEPH JEROME LEFRANC.AIS,) one of
the most eminent French astronomers, was born al
Bourg (Ain) in July, 1732, and was the only child of
Pierre Lefran9ais. He manifested at an early age the
love of fame which was his ruling passion. He was
student in a college of Lyons when the great eclipse of
July, 1748, inspired him with a determination to be an
astronomer. Having been sent by his parents to Paris
to study law, he attended the lectures of Messier and
Lemonnier on astronomy and mathematics, and became
the favourite pupil of both professors. The Academy
having resolved to send an astronomer to Berlin to
make observations and to second La Caille, who was
stationed at the Cape of Good Hope, Lalande was
selected in 1751, through the influence of Lemonnier.
Returning in 1752, his labours were approved, and he
was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences in
his twentieth year. He next ascertained the diameter
of the moon, and began to work on the theory of the
planets, which became one of the most constant occu-
pations of his life. He assisted Clairaut in computing
the effect of planetary perturbations on the return of
Halley's comet about 1759.
He was chosen in 1760 editor of the "Connaissances
ties Temps," in the plan of which he introduced impor
tant improvements, and succeeded Delisle as professor
of astronomy in the College of France in 1762. For
forty-six years he discharged the functions of this place
with great zeal and eclat. In 1764 he published his great
"Treatise on Astronomy," ("Traite d'Astronomie,") in
which the theory and practical part of the science are
extensively treated. He produced in 1772 a "Memoir
on the Transit of Venus of 1769," and a year later a
speculation on the possibility of a collision of comets
with the earth, which caused a panic among the un-
learned, although he had arrived at the conclusion that
such a collision was very improbable. He wrote many
articles for the " Encyclopedie Methodique" and the
"Journal des Savants," and published "The History,
Theory, and Practice of Navigation," ("Abrege de Na-
vigation,'' etc., 1793.) Among his other works are
"Astronomical Bibliography," (1803,) " Histoire celeste
Frai^aise," (iSoi,) containing the observations of many
French astronomers, and "Memoirs on the Parallax of
the Moon." He died in 1807. "Though in many re-
spects only an astronomer of the second order," says
Delambre, " he was the foremost of all as a professor,
and did more than any other to promote the study of
the science." His temper was irritable, but candid and
benevolent.
See DELAMBRE, " filoge de Lalande;" "Nouvelle Biograthie
Generate. "
Lalande, de, (MICHEL JEAN JEROME
an astronomer, a nephew of the preceding, was born in
Normandy in 1766. Under the direction of his uncle he
made observations in Paris, and ascertained the theory
of the orbit of Mars. He became a member of the In-
stitute and of the Bureau of Longitudes. Died in 1839
Lalande, de, (MICHEL RICHARD,) a French com
poser, born in Paris in 1657, became superintendent of
music of Louis XIV. about 1683. He composed many
motets. " I le was," says Denne-Baron, " the most skilful
French composer of religious music of his time." Died
in 1726.
See "Nouvelle Biographie Ge'ne'rale."
La Landelle or LalandeUe, de, deh li loN'dfir,
(GUILLAUME JOSEPH GABRIEL,) a French novelist, born
at Montpellier in 1812, wrote "The Naval Crown," (9
vols., 1848,) and other maritime novels. Died in 1886.
Lalaune, la'lSn', (JEAN BAFHSTE,) a French didactic
poet, born at Dax in 1772.
Lalanue, (LfioN Louis CHRETIEN,) a French civil
engineer, born in Paris in 1811 ; died March 12, 1892.
Lalanne, (MARIE LUDOVIC CHRETIEN,) a French
writer, brother of the preceding, born in Paris in 1815 ;
wrote " Turkishes litteraires." Died in 1898.
Lallemand, ISl'mON', (CHARLES FRANC.OIS AN-
TOINE,) BARON, a French general, called LALLEMAND
A INK, was born at Metz in 1774. He served in Spain,
where he obtained the rank of general of brigade, (iSlI.)
During the Hundred Days he joined Bonuparte, and
commanded a division at Waterloo. As a fugitive, he
sought refuge in the United States, and attempted to
found a colony in Texas about 1818, but failed. In 1830
he returned to France, was restored to the rank of gene-
ral, and entered the Chamber of Peers. Died in 1839.
See " Nouvelle Biographie Ge'ne'rale."
Lallemand, (CLAUDE FRANC.OIS,) an eminent French
medical writer, born at Metz in 1790. He was professor
of clinical surgery at Montpellier from 181910 1823, and
again from 1826 to 1845. In tne latter year he was
elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, and
settled in Paris. He wrote, besides other medical treat-
ises, an important work entitled "Anatomico-Pathologic
Researches on the Brain," (5 vols., 1820-36,) which was
translated into many languages. He was once called to
Egypt to attend Ibraheem Pasha. Died in 1854.
See QU£RARD, "La France Liue>aire."
Lallemand, (HENRI DOMINIQUE,) born in 1777, was
a brother of Charles Fran9ois Antoine, noticed above,
and a brave partisan of Napoleon, who made him general
of division in the Hundred Days. He fought at Water-
loo, (1815.) after which he went as an exile to the United
States. Died at Bordentown in 1823.
Lallemand, (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French painter of
landscapes and sea-views, born at Dijon in 1710, worked
some years in Rome, and painted several pieces for the
Vatican. Died in 1802.
JL,1 Aliernand, 131'm6N', (SlEGMUND,) an eminent Aus-
trian painter of battle-pieces, born at Vienna, March 8,
1840. He was a soldier, and afterwards he devoted
himself with great success to his specialty.
Lallemandet, lil'mft.N'dJ', QEAN,) a theologian, born
at Besan£on in 1595, wrote "Philosophical Decisions,"
(" Decisiones Philosophies," 1644,) and other works.
Died in 1647.
Lallemant. See LALAMANT.
Lallemant, laTmftN', (JACQUES PHILIPPE,) a French
Jesuit, born near Abbeville about 1660. He published
a remarkable work, entitled "The True Spirit of the
New Disciples of Saint Augustine," (4 vols., 1706 et
tty.,) and " Moral Reflections, with Notes, on the New
Testament," (n vols., 1714.) Died in 1748.
Lallemant, (PIERRE,) a mystical French writer, born
at Rheims in 1622, published " The Spiritual Testament,"
11672.) and other works. Died in 1673.
Lalli, lal'lee, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA,) an Italian poet
and diplomatist, born at Norcia, in Umbria, in 1572,
was employed in several negotiations by the courts of
Rome and of Parma. He acquired a high reputation
by his epic poem "Titus Vespasian, or the Destruction
of Jerusalem," (" II Tito Vespasiano, overo La Geru-
salcmme Desolata," 1629.) He also produced some
popular burlesque poems, among which is "The /Eneid
Travestied," (1633.) Died in 1637.
Lallu Lai, lul'loo 111, (called also SRI LALLU LAl and
LALLU LAL KAVI,) a Brahman prose author of the present
century. He was educated at Fort William College,
Calcutta. His writings are in the llindee dialects, and
are of high importance. They include " Prem Sagar,"
(1804-10,) a history of Krishna, and " Rajuiti," (1809,)
the latter a translation of the " Hitopadesa" and of a
part of the " Panchatantra" into the old or poetic Hindee.
His works are extremely popular in Northern India.
Lally, de, deh 14'le', (THOMAS ARTHUR,) COUNT,
Baron of Tollendal, in Ireland, a French general, of
Irish descent, born in Dauphine about 1700. For his
conduct at Fontenoy, in 1745, he was made brigadier-
general. He fought for the Pretender in Scotland in
the same year. In 1756, while France was at war with
lingland, he was appointed commandant-general of the
French possessions in India, commissary of the king,
and syndic of the French East India Company. He
took Fort Saint David in I7$S, and attacked Madras
«asi,- 9asj; g/iard; g asy'; G, H, K. guttural; n,nasal; s, trilled; sasz; thasin/^w. (J^=See Explanations, p. 33.)
LALL Y TOLLENDAL
1476
LAMARTINE
without success. His plans were thwarted by the cor-
rupt agents of the company. In 1761 he surrendered
Pondicherry to Sir E. Coote, and was taken as prisoner
to England. After having been imprisoned for four years
in the Bastille, he was executed for treason in 1766. In
1778 the royal council annulled his sentence, the injustice
of which was generally recognized.
See VOLTAIRE, "Sitcle de Louis XV."
Lally-ToUendal, de, deh li'le' to'loN'dil', (Tuo-
PHIME GERARD,) MARQUIS, a French orator and writer,
a son of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1751. He
devoted many years to the successful vindication of his
father's memory. In 1789 he was deputed by the no-
blesse to the States-General, and was one of the minority
of his order who united with the Tiers-Etat and favoured
reform. He emigrated to England in 1792, and returned
to France in 1800. In 1815 he entered the Chamber of
Peers, where he showed himself a moderate royalist He
was admitted into the French Academy in 1816. He died
in 1830, leaving many political treatises.
See QU^RARD, "La France LitteVaire ;" " Nouvelle Biographic
Generale."
La Longe or Lalonge, li lAxzh, (HUBERT or RO-
BERT,) called IL FIAMMINGO, (i.e. "the Fleming,") a
skilful painter, born at Brussels, lived mostly in Italy.
Died in 1709.
La Loubere. See LOUBERE, LA.
La Luzerne. See LUZERNE, LA.
Lama, la'ml, (GIOVANNI BERNARDO,) an Italian
painter of the Neapolitan school, was born about 1510.
He painted religious subjects and portraits with success.
Died about 1580.
Lam'a-ehus, |A<i^a,fof,] an Athenian general, born
about 470 B.C., was the son of Xenophanes, and, accord-
ing to Plutarch, was a man of great courage and honour.
In 415 Nicias, Alcibiades, and Lamachus were chosen
generals of the expedition against Syracuse. The people
having recalled Alcibiades, Nicias had the principal
direction of the enterprise, though Lamachus was the
abler general. He was killed at Syracuse in 444 B.C.
Lamalle. See DUREAU.
Lamanon, de, deh li'mf n6N', (ROBERT DE PAUL,)
CHEVALIER, a French naturalist, born at Salon in 1752.
He lived some years in Paris, wrote memoirs on fossil
bones, etc., and accompanied the expedition of La
Perouse as naturalist in 1785. He was murdered by
some natives of one of the Navigator Islands in 1787.
La-mar', (Lucius QUINTUSCINCINNATUS,) an Amer-
ican'statesman, was born in Putnam county, Georgia,
September 17, 1825. He graduated at Emory College
in 1845, and in 1847 was admitted to the bar. He was a
member of Congress from Mississippi, 1856-60, served
as Confederate officer and commissioner to Russia during
the war, and in 1866-72 held professorships in the Uni-
versity of Mississippi. He was a member of Congress,
1872-76, and was elected to the United States Senate in
1876 and in 1882. In 1885 he became secretary of the
interior under Cleveland, and in 1888 a justice of the
Supreme Court of the United States. Died Jan. 23, 1893.
La-mar', (MlRABEAU B.,) an American statesman,
norn at Louisville, Georgia, in 1798. He removed in
1835 to Texas, and was elected first Vice-President in
1836, and in 1838 President of the republic. Died at
Richmond, Texas, December 19, 1850.
Lamarche or La Marche, \t mjRsh, (JOSEPH
DROUOT,) a French general, born in Vosges in 1733.
At the death of Dampierre (1793) the chief command
devolved on Lamarche, until he was superseded by
Custine in July, 1793. Died about 1800.
La Marche, (OLIVIER.) See MARCHE, LA.
La Marck, (RoiiEKT.) See MARCK, LA.
Lamarck or La Marck, de, deh li mSRk, (JEAN
BAPTISTE PIERRE ANTOINE DE MONET,) CHEVALIER, a
celebrated French naturalist, bom in Picardy, August
I, 1744. He was educated for the church at a college of
Amiens, but entered the army in 1761 and fought in one
campaign with distinction. Having been disabled for
action by an accidental injury, he went to Paris, where
he studied medicine, which, however, he did not prac-
tise. He devoted himself to botany, in the classification
of which he made some innovations, and published
in 1778 "Flore Fran9aise," ("French Flora,") which
opened to him the Academy of Sciences. Taking tho
most general conformations a« the point of departure,
proceeding by a dichotomic path, and presenting at
each step a choice between two opposite characters it
was found a convenient guide. Having received a com-
mission as botanist to the king, he was employed in
botanical researches in Holland and Germany, from
which he returned in 1782. He extended his reputation
by the article Botany in the " Encyclopedic Me^hodique,"
(about 1783.) In 1788 he became an assistant of the
director of the Jardin du Roi, which was reorganized in
1793, under the name of the "Museum of Natural His-
tory." Lamarck was appointed professor of zoology in
that institution. His sagacious and zealous researches
and writings in the department of invertebrata (which
devolved on him because the other professors deemed
them beneath their notice) constitute his principal title
to celebrity, and raise him to the rank of a legislator in
the animal kingdom. In 1809 he propounded, in his
"Philosophic zoologique," several novel or absurd hy-
potheses on the production of animals, — as the theory
of metamorphosis or progressive development, and that
of spontaneous generation. His capital work, entitled
"Natural History of Invertebrate Animals," (" His-
toire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres," 7 vols.,
181 5-22,) ranks among the noblest monuments of human
science. He had published an outline of the same in
1801. Died in 1829.
See CUVIKR, " filoge de Lamarck ;" GROFFROV SAINT-HILAIRE,
"Discours prononcti sur la Tombe de Lamarck ;" "Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Generale;" "Monthly Review," vol. Ixv., 1811 et itq.,
(Appendix.)
Lamare-Picquot, li'mjR' pe'ko', (N.,) a French
naturalist, born at Bayeux about 1785, travelled in the
East Indies, from which he brought specimens of zoology
of eight hundred and fifty-five species. Between 1841
and 1848 he explored North America.
La Marmora. See MARMORA, DELLA.
Lamarque. IfmSRk', (FRANC.OIS,) a French regicide,
born in Perigord about 1755, was elected to the Con-
vention in 1792. He was one of the four deputies who
attempted to arrest Dumouriez at the head of his army
:n 1793, and who were by him delivered to the Austrians.
Died in 1839.
Lamarque, (MAXIMILIEN,) an able French general
and orator, born at Saint-Sever (Landes) in 1770. He
served as a general of brigade at Austerlitz in 1805,
obtained command of a division in 1807, and took Capraea
from the English in 1808. At the battle of Wagram, in
1809, his courage was conspicuous. He joined the
standard of Napoleon on his return from Elba, and
commanded with success in several actions against the
Vendeans in 1815. In 1828 he became a liberal member
of the Chamber of Deputies. Died in 1832. A bloody
conflict occurred between the troops and the populace
at his funeral in Paris.
See Louis BLANC, " Histoire de dix Ans:" "Memoires et Sou
venire du General Lamarque," published by his family, 3 vols., 1835-
36; "Nouvelle Biographic Generale."
La Martelliere or Lamartelliere, IS mSR'tJ'le-aiR',
(JEAN HENRI FERDINAND,) a French dramatic author,
born at Ferrette in 1761 ; died in 1830.
LamartLLie, de, deh IfmaVten', (ALPHONSE,) a
French poet, orator, and historian of great celebrity, was
born at Macon, on the Saone, on the 2ist of October,
1790. His father served for a short time in the army
as captain or major, and was imprisoned as a royalist
in the Revolution. His mother's name was Alix des
Roys. The name of De Prat has been erroneously given
to the subject of this article by some biographers. He
was educated at the College of Belley, which he left
about 1809, and afterwards passed some time at home,
where he read and admired Dante, Petrarch, Shakspeare,
Milton, and Ossian. In 1811-12 he visited Rome and
Naples. He entered the life-guards of Louis XVIII. in
1814, and when his company was disbanded on the re-
turn of Bonaparte from Elba, he retired into Switzerland,
where he remained during the Hundred Days. In iS2C
he published a volume of poems entitled " Meditations
poetiques," which excited general admiration, and of
which 45,000 copies were sold in four years. This volume
i, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, J, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, lit; met; n6t; good; moon;
LAMARTTNE
LAMB
contained "The Lake," (" Le Lac,") a beautiful elegy,
(composed in 1817,) in which he expresses the contrast
between the permanence of nature and the instability of
human affairs. Lamartine was appointed in 1820 secre-
tary of legation at Florence, (or, as one writer says, at
Naples,) and married an English heiress named Eliza
Marianna Birch. His " Nouvelles Meditations poetiques"
appeared in 1823. He was charge-d'affaires at Florence
for several years, ending in 1829, and was elected to the
French Academy in 1830. He professed devotion to the
church and the throne in his " Harmonies poetiques et
religieuses," (1830,) which are considered by some critics
as his best productions.
After the Revolution of 1830 he adopted more liberal
political principles, and resolved to make a change in his
pursuits. He offered himself as a candidate for election
to the Chamber of Deputies, but was defeated. In 1832,
accompanied by his wife and daughter Julia, he visited
Palestine, the favourite scene of his youthful reveries and
aspirations, travelling like a prince in a vessel which he
had chartered. His daughter Julia died at Beyroot. He
returned in the autumn of 1833, and published, in prose,
"Souvenirs, Impressions, Pensees et Paysages pendant
un Voyage en Orient," (3 vols., 1835,) the English ver-
sion of which is entitled "A Pilgrimage to the Holy
Land." During his absence he had been elected by the
voters of Bergues to the Chamber of Deputies, in which
he maintained a position independent of party, but spoke
often with success on questions of social and political
philosophy. He displayed a marvellous affluence of
pure sentiments and beautiful images in his poem of
"ocelyn," (1836,) announced or designed as an episode
a great poem on the progressive phases of humanity.
He became the representative of Macon in the Chambei
in 1837, and was classed for some years among the
" progressive conservatives ;" but he censured the im-
mobility of Guizot's policy, and in 1843 became a deter-
mined opponent of the ministry and conservative party.
The public were greatly surprised by the avowal of
democratic principles and sympathies which he made in
his eloquent and brilliant " History of the Girondists,"
(8 vols., 1847,) which had an important political influ-
ence as a cause of the Revolution of 1848. He is cen-
sured for inaccuracy as a historian, and for his imitation
of a habit of many ancient writers who ascribe to historical
persons imaginary speeches. "This work," says the
"Edinburgh Review" for January, 1848, "brings before
us that most stirring and important period with a clear-
ness and vividness that all previous descriptions, except
some of Carlyle's, have failed to realize: it presents us
on the same page with distinct, highly-finished sketches
of i
of the principal actors.
M. de Lamartine seems to
us, on the whole, to have brought to the consideration
of the Revolution a more candid spirit and more whole-
some sympathies than any preceding writer." He kept
himself aloof from the reform banquets of 1847, and took
no part in the first two days of the ensuing revolution.
On the 24th of February he entered the Chamber, and,
rejecting the claims of the falling dynasty, advocated
the formation of a provisional government. As a mem-
ber of the government formed m that momentous crisis,
he assumed the functions of minister of foreign affairs.
He became at once the master-spirit and moderator of
the Revolution, and repressed the spirit of anarchy and
homicide by memorable demonstrations of eloquence,
courage, and magnanimity. His harangue to the se-
ditious and infuriated bands who demanded the red flag
instead of the tricoloured (February 25) was one of the
most remarkable triumphs of eloquence recorded in
history. He addressed a pacific manifesto to Europe,
(March 4,) and was successful in averting a general war.
For some months his popularity was immense among
nearly all classes. In April he was elected by ten de-
partments to the Constituent Assembly which met on
the 5th of May. He was the fourth on the list of the
Executive Commission of Five chosen by the Assembly
on the loth of May. The decline of his popularity
shown by this fact is ascribed to his connection or col-
lusion with Ledru-Rollin, — a collusion which he com-
pared to that of the lightning-rod with the pernicious
power which it averts. Lamartine and his colleagues
resigned in consequence of the insurrection of June 22,
which they were unable to suppress.
On the 6th of October he made a remarkable speech
in the Assembly, in which he advocated the election of
president by the people, and said, "If the republic suc-
ceeds, I have won my game (partie) against destiny. If
it fails, either in anarchy or in a reminiscence of despot-
ism, my name, my responsibility, and my memory will
fall with it." He also expressed his foreboding that the
result of the popular vote would not accord with his own
choice. At the election of president in December, 1848,
he received only about 8000 votes. Alter the cou
of December, 1851, he took no part in political affairs.
He published in 1849 a " History of the Revolution of
1848," (2 vols.,) " Les Confidences, "containing memoirs
of his early life, and " Raphael, Pages de la vingtieme
Annee." Among his later works are a " History of the
Restoration," (7 vols., 1851-52,) " Histoire des Cons-
tituents," (4 vols., 1854,) and a "History of Turkey,"
(8 vols., 1855.) Many of his works have been translated
into nearly all European languages. His neglect of
economy and his expensive habits involved him, many
years ago, in pecuniary embarrassments, which his great
literary industry and success failed to relieve. His friends
in 1858 opened a national subscription in his favour ; but
the results of this appeal to the public gratitude were
not very satisfactory. Died in February, 1869. "There
is in the most imperfect sketches of Lamartine," says an
anonymous French critic, " a grand current of inspira-
tion which imparts to each passion and idea its appro-
priate life and lustre. God and man, society and nature,
religion and politics, all objects of thought and senti-
ment, contribute to this resplendent focus of universal
poetry."
See CHARLKS ROBIN, "Biographic de Lamartine," 1848; CHA
puvs MONTLAVILLH, " Vie de Lamartine;" LOMBNIE, "Galerie de«
Contemporains ;" SAINTB-BEUVB, " Portraits contemporains," tome
i. ; LURINE, "Histoire de A. de Lamartine," 1848; LONGFELLOW
"Poets and Poetry of Europe;" E. FRENSDORFP, "Lamartine,"
Berlin, 1848; CORMENIN, "Lamartine et le Gouvemement provi-
soire," 1848 ; A. DE LAMARTINE, "Trois Moisan Pouvoir,"(and Eng-
lish version of the same, entitled "Three Months in Power: a H:- '"--v
and a Vindication ;") " Quarterly Review" for July, 1835, and March,
1852: "Edinburgh Review" for January, 1848, and January, 1850;
" Fraser's Magazine" for November, 1844, and September, 1847 :
" Westminster Review" for January, 1836 ; " Blackwood's Magazine"
for August, 1849.
La Martinifere. See MARTINIERE, DE LA.
Lamb, lam, (Lady CAROLINE,) an English authoress,
daughter of Frederick Ponsonbv, Earl of Besborough, was
born in 1785. She was married in 1805 to William Lamb,
afterwards Lord Melbourne. Her romances, entitled
"Glenarvon," "Graham Hamilton," and "Ada Reis,"
procured her some literary reputation. Her friendship
or love for Lord Byron attracted much attention, and
_ > __ _____ i_i T-\: __ i :.. ,i> •.'
gave rise to some scandal. 1
See the "Monthly Review" for
Died in 1828.
. ithly Review" for October, 1822; MADAME Gutc-
' Recollections of Lord Byron," pp. 100-101 et sty.
Lamb, (CHARLES,) a popular English essayist and
humorist, was born in London in February, 1775, and
was educated at Christ's Hospital, where he formed an
intimacy with Coleridge. In 1792 he entered the ser-
vice of the East India Company as clerk in the India
House, London. He began his literary career with a
small volume of poems published in 1798 in connection
with some verses of Coleridge and Lloyd, After the
faithful performance of his irksome duties at the desk
for thirty-three years, he retired in 1825, with a pension
of £441. His reputation is founded chiefly on his prose
works, especially the "Essays of Elia," (1830.) His
exquisite taste and critical sagacity are manifested in
his " Essays on the Tragedies of Shakspeare," and other
works. His character was amiably eccentric, abounding
in whims and quaint humours, and most of his writings
are strongly expressive of his mental individuality. He
remained unmarried, and lived with his sister Mary, who
in a fit of insanity killed her mother about 1796. She
was restored to a sound mind, and found an affectionate
guardian in her brother until his death in 1834.
See T. N. TALFOURD, " Life of Charles Lamb ;" BRYAN W.
PROCTER, " Charles I,amb: a Memoir," 1866; DE QUINCHV, "Lite-
rary Reminiscences," vol. i. ; PERCY FITZGERALD, "Charles Lamb
and his Friends:" " Edinburgh Review" for October, 1837 ; " Black-
wnocTs Magazine" for Autrust, iSiS, and August, 1849; "British
Onnrterlv Review" for April, 1867.
« as k; 9 as s; g hard; g asj; G, H, K.,£iittural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (J[^=See Explanations, p.
LAMB
1478
LAMBERT
Lamb, (GEORGE,) an English author, born in 1784,
was a younger son of the first Lord Melbourne, and a
brother of prime-minister Lord Melbourne, lie was
elected to Parliament by the Whigs in 1818, and was
several times re-elected. He contributed to the " Edin-
burgh Review," of which, said Byron, "Jeffrey and Lamb
were the Alpha and Omega," and published a trans-
lation of Catullus. In 1832 he was appointed under-
secretary of the home department. Died in 1834.
Lamb, (MARTHA NASH,) an American historian,
born in 1829, married Charles A. Lamb in 1852. She
became an enthusiast in historical research, and wrote
numerous volumes on the local history of New York
city and vicinity and other subjects. Her principal
work was "The History of the City of New York,"
(2 vols., 1866-81.) In 1883 she became editor of the
" Magazine of American History," retaining this posi-
tion until her death, January 2, 1893.
Lamb, (MARY,) a sister of Charles Lamb, was born
in London in 1765. She was subject to attacks of terrible
insanity, although ordinarily her disposition was remark-
ably calm and sweet. She died May 20, 1847. With
her brother, she wrote "Tales from Shakspeare," (1807,)
and " Mrs. Leicester's School," (1808,) besides poems
and other pieces first published collectively in 1874.
Lamb, (WILLIAM.) See MELBOURNE, LORD.
LambaLte, de, deh loN'btl', (MARIA THERESE LOUISE
de Savoie - Carignan — deh st'vwa' ki'ren'yftN', )
PRINCESS, born at Turin in 1749, was a member of the
royal family of Sardinia, and distinguished for beauty
and virtue. In 1767 she became the wife of the Prince
of Lamballe, (the son of the Duke of Penthievre,) and one
year later was left a widow. She was a favourite attendant
of Queen Marie Antoinette, whose danger and adverse
fortune she shared during the Revolution. Having been
imprisoned in La Force, she was massacred, with cir-
cumstances of great atrocity, in September, 1792.
Lam'barde, (WILLIAM,) an eminent English lawyer
and antiquary, was born in London in 1536. He be-
came a master in chancery in 1592, keeper of the rolls
in 1597, and keeper of the records of the Tower in
1600. He published a work on old Saxon laws, entitled
" Archaionomia," (1568,) "The Perambulation of Kent,"
and " Eiren.-ircha ; or, The Office of the Justices of the
Peace." He founded a hospital for the poor at Green-
wich. Died in 1601.
See NICHOLS, " Life of Lambarde.*'
Lamb'diii, (GEORGE C.,) an American artist, born in
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, January 6, 1832. His father
was a portrait-painter. The younger Lambdin studied
art in Munich, Paris, and Italy. In early life lie removed
to Philadelphia, and in 1868 to New York, returning to
Philadelphia after some years. His specialties were por-
traits (especially of young girls) and flower-pieces. His
pictures of roses are especially noteworthy. He was one
of the professors in the Philadelphia Academy of De-
sign, and in 1868 was made a member of the National
Academy. Died January 28, 1896.
Lambeccius or Lambecius. See LAMBECK.
Lambeck, lam'bek, |Lat. LAMBEC'CIUS or LAMBE'-
Cius,] (PETER,) an eminent German bibliographer, born
at Hamburg, April 13, 1628. He became professor of
history in his native place in 1652, and librarian of the
Emperor of Austria, at Vienna, about 1662. Among his
works are a "History of Hamburg," (1652,) and "A
Catalogue of the Imperial Library of Vienna," ("Com-
mentaria de Augusta Bibliotheca Caesarea Vindoho-
nensi," 8 vols., 1665-79,) said to be the most extensive
ever compiled. Died in Vienna in 1680.
See "Leben des Petri Lambeccii." Hamburg, 1724.
Lamberg, von, fon ISm'beRG, (JOSEPH MAXIMILIAN,)
COUNT, a learned and ingenious German writer, born
at Briinn, Moravia, in 1729, corresponded with Voltaire
and Hume. He published (in French) an "Essay on
the Impossible," (1 764,) and "Memoriel d'un Mondain,"
("Memorial of a Worldling," 1775.) Died in 1792.
Lam'bert, (AYLMER BOURKF.,) an English botanist,
born in 1762, contributed memoirs to the "Linnjean
Transactions," and was a liberal patron of scientific
men. His herbarium was one of the finest in England.
Hied in 1842.
Lambert, loN'baiR', (CHARLES JOSEPH,) called Lam-
bert Bey, a French engineer, born at Valenciennes in
1804. About 1832 he entered the service of Mehemet
Ali of Egypt, and became director of the Polytechnic
School and the Observatory of Boolak. Died in 1864.
Lambert, (CLAUDE FRANCOIS,) a French compiler,
born at Dole, lived in Paris. He published numerons
mediocre works, among which was a "History of all
Nations," (15 vols., 1750.) Died in 1765.
Lambert, (DANIEL,) a famous giant, born at I^ices-
ter, England, in 1770. He was five feet eleven inches in
height, and at twenty-three years of age weighed four
hundred and forty-eight pounds. He was also remark-
able for his strength, and performed wonderful feats as
a swimmer and pedestrian. At the time of his death
(1809) he weighed seven hundred and thirty-nine pounds.
Lambert, (Lat LAMBER'TUS,] (FRANCOIS.) a French
Protestant Reformer, born at Avignon in 1487, became a
monk in early youth. Having embraced the Reformed re-
ligion, he fled to Switzerland in 1522, assumed the name
of JOHANNES SERRANUS, and was appointed professor
of theology at Marburg in 1527. He published com-
mentaries on the Bible, and other works. He contributed
greatly to the propagation of the Reformed doctrines in
Thuringia and Hesse. His system of theology is ex-
plained in his " Farrago of almost all Theological Mat-
ters," (" Farrago Omnium fere Rerum Theologicarum.")
Died in 1530.
See BAYLE, "Historical and Critical Dictionary :" JOHANN W.
BAUM, " F. Lambert von Avignon nach seinem Leben," etc., 1840
NICBRON, "Memoires:" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'nerale."
Lambert, (GEORGE,) an eminent English painter and
engraver, born in Kent about 1710. He painted land-
scapes in the manner of Gaspard Poussin, and had a
great talent for etching. He was the founder of the
Beefsteak Club. Died in 1765.
Lambert, ISm'beRt, (JoHANN HEINRICH,) a profound
and original philosopher and mathematician, was born of a
French Protestant family at Miilhouse, Alsace, in August,
1728. From 1748 to 1759 he was preceptor to the sons
of Count de Salis. About 1763 he became a resident
of Berlin and a pensioned member of the Berlin Acad-
emy of Sciences. He was afterwards employed in civil
affairs, with the title of councillor. He cultivated with
great success mathematics and astronomy, on which he
wrote many treatises, and he demonstrated the incom-
mensurability of the circumference and diameter of a
circle. His " Cosmological Letters" (1761) attracted
much attention. He produced, in German, a celebrated
work on dialectics entitled " Novum Organon," (1763,)
and " Photometria, sive de Gradibus Luminis," ("On
the Degrees of Light," etc.) He belonged to the Prot-
estant church. Died in Berlin in 1777.
See MATTHIAS GRAF, " J. H. Lamberts Leben," 1829; FORMKY,
" filoge de Lambert;" DANIEL HUHRR, " J. H. Lambert nach seinem
Leben und Wirken," 1829; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Lambert, (JOHN,) a prominent English republican
general, born about 1620, was a favourite of the Inde-
pendents. He entered the army of the Parliament, fought
as colonel at Marston Moor in 1644, and at the end of
the first civil war had obtained the rank of general. lie
was second in command under Cromwell in Scotland
in 1649, and led the van at Dunbar in 1651. In 1653 he
made the proposition that the title of Protector should
be given to Cromwell. " Lambert, his creature," says
Hume, "who, under an appearance of obsequiousness
to him, indulged an unbounded ambition, proposed to
temper the liberty of a commonwealth by the authority
of a single person." After the death of Oliver he plotted
against Richard Cromwell in 1659, and commanded the
army in opposition to the Parliament until the triumph
of the royalists under Monk. In 1662 he was condemned
to death ; but this penalty was commuted to banishment
in Guernsey, where he survived thirty years.
See HUMK, "History of England;" GRANGER, "Biographical
History of England."
Lambert,(JosEi'H,) a French ecclesiastic and moralist,
born in Paris in 1654, became prior of Saint-Mai tin-de-
Palaiseau. Among his works are "The Evangelical
Year, or Homilies on the Gospels," (7 vols., 1693-97,)
a, e, V. 5, u, y, long; a, 6, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, olncurt; far, fall, fit; mil, nil; good; moon;
LAMBERT
1479
LAMENNAIS
*nd " Instruction respecting the Creed," (Symbole,) (2
vols., 1728; gth edition, 1830.) Died in 1722.
Lambert, lam'bert, (JossE,) a Flemish printer and
engraver, lived at Ghent, and died in 1556 or 1557.
Lambert, (MICHEL,) a French musician, born near
Poitiers in 1610, was patronized by Richelieu and praised
by Boileau. His songs and cantatas were greatly ad-
mired. Died in 1696.
Lambert, (N.,) a French dramatist, lived about 1650
Among his works is a drama in verse, called "Magic
withoit Magic," ("La Magie sans Magie," 1668.)
Lambert SAINT. See SAINT LAMKF.RT.
Lambert, SAINT, Bishop of Maestricht, was assassin-
ated in 708 by order of Alpheide, mother of Charles
Martel, for having censured her profligacy.
Lambert, de, deh IftN'baiR', (ANNE THERESE DK
Marguenat de Courcelles — mSRg'ni'deh kooR'sfl',)
MARQUISE, a French authoress, born in Paris in 1647,
was the wife of General Henri Lambert, noticed below.
She was a friend of Fenelon and Fontenelle. She wrote
"Treatises on Friendship, Taste, and Riches," (1732,)
"Advice of a Mother to her Daughter," (1734,) and
other works, commended for purity of style and of morals.
Died in 1733.
Her son, HENRI FRANCOIS, (1677-1754,) became a
lieutenant-general in 1720.
See FONTHNELLE, " filoge de la Marquise de Lambert," prefixed
to her " CEuvres completes," 1767; SAINTB-BEUVE, "Causeries du
Lundi." tome iv.
Lambert, de, (HENRI,) Marquis de Saint-Bris, a
French general, born in 1631 ; died in 1686.
Lambert le Chanoine, loN'baiR' leh shi'nwan', a
learned compiler, produced a book called "Liber Flori-
dus." Died at Saint Umer in 1125.
Lambert von Aschaffenburg, lam'be'Rt fon i-shjf-
fen-booRG', a German historical writer, born about 1020,
was author of well-written "Annals" published in 1525.
Died about 1080.
Lamberti, llm-bda'tee, (ANTONIO,) an Italian poet,
born at Venice in 1757; died in 1832.
Lamberti, (BONAVENTURA,) an Italian painter, born
at Carpi in 1651, was a pupil, and one of the best imi-
tators, of Cignani. He worked in Rome. Died in 1721.
Lamberti, (Luici,) an Italian Hellenist, born at
Reggio about 1758. In 1797 he became a member of
the grand council of the Cisalpine Republic, and in the
next year a member of the Directory of the same. He
was afterwards professor of rhetoric in the College of
Milan, and was admitted into the Italian Institute. His
most important work was a beautiful edition of Homer,
(3 vols., 1808.) He published an ode to Napoleon, and
other mediocre poems. Died in 1813.
Lambertini, lim-be'R-tee'nee, (MiCHELE,) a painter
of the Bolognese school, lived from 1426 to 1469. He
painted a celebrated Madonna in fresco at Bologna.
Lambertini, (PROSPERO.) Sep BENEDICT XIV.
Lambertus. See LAMBERT, (FRANCOIS.)
Lambilotte, lo.s'be'lot', ( Pere Louis,) a French
composer, born at Charleroi in 1797. His fugues, motets,
etc. had great success. The " Restoration of the Gre-
gorian Chant" is called his master-piece. Died in 1855.
Lambin, los'baN', [Lat. LAMBI'NUS,] (DENIS,) a
learned French professor and classical scholar, born at
Montreuil-sur-Mer, in Picardy, about 1516. He was
appointed professor of Greek in the Royal College of
Paris in 1561. He published esteemed editions of
Cicero, Horace, (1561,) and Lucretius, (1563,) and Latin
versions of Demosthenes and Aristotle, (in part.) He
died of grief for the massacre of the Protestants in 1572.
See GHIUM, " Teatro degli Uomiui illustri ;" TEISSIER, " £loges
des Hommes savantes."
Lambinet, loN'be'ni', (EniiLE,) a French landscape-
painter, born at Versailles in 1819. Died in 1877.
Lambinet, (PIERRE,) a French bibliographer, born
near Mezieres in 1742, wrote "Researches into the Ori-
gin of Printing," (1798.) Died in 1813.
Lambinus. See LAMBIN.
Lamblardie, 16.\'bliR'de', (JACQUES ELIE,) a French
engineer, born at Loches, inTouraine, in 1747. He wrote
an able " Memoir on the Coasts of Upper Normandy in
Relation to the Collection of Shingle," (Galet,) (1789.)
Me was the first director of the "Ecole centrale des
l..ivaux publics," the name of which was changed to
Polytechnic School in 1795. Died in 1797.
Lam'brun, (MARGARET,) a Scottish woman, whose
zeal for the cause of Mary Stuart induced her to make
an attempt against the life of Queen Elizabeth. Hei
pistol having dropped from her hand when she was
about to fire, her design was frustrated, and she wa.«
pardoned.
Lambruschini, lim-bRoos-kee'nee, (Luioi,) an Ital-
ian cardinal, born at Genoa in 1776. He was appointed
secretary of foreign affairs by Gregory XVI. In 1846
he obtained more votes for pope in the first scrutiny
than any other candidate, but was not elected. He be-
came a member of Pius the Ninth's council of state in
1846, and fled from Rome during the short triumph of
the popular cause in 1848. Died in 1854.
Lambton, (JOHN GEORGE.) See DURHAM, EARL OK
Lambtoii, lam'ton, (WILLIAM,) LIEUTENANT-COLO-
NEL, an English officer, who acquired distinction by his
astronomical and geodesic labours in Hindustan, was
born about 1748. He was employed by the Marquis of
Wellesley about 1801 to direct the trigonometrical sur-
veys which were designed to connect, by a series of tri-
angles, the eastern with the western coast of India. By
the assiduous labour of more than twenty years, he had
extended his operations from the Carnatic to Ellichpoor,
and measured an arc of the meridian 12° in extent He
died in India, of fever, in 1823. The Records of the
Asiatic Society contain several Memoirs on the opera-
tions above mentioned.
Lame, iS'ma', (GABRIEL,) a French geometer and
engineer, born at Tours in 1795, became professor of
physics at the Polytechnic School in Paris about 1832.
He published, besides other works, an able " Treatise
on Physics," (3 vols., 1836,) " Lessons on the Inverse
Functions of Transcendents," etc., (" Le9ons sur les
Fonctions inverses des Transcendantes," etc.,) and
" Lectures on the Mathematical Theory of the Elasticity
of Solid Bodies," (1852.) He was elected a member of
the Institute. Died at Paris, May I, 1870.
La'me-eh, [Heb. °p 7,1 the son of Methusaleh, and
the father of Noah, died five years before the Flood,
aged seven hundred and seventy-seven years. Another
Lamech, a descendant of Cain, is the first patriarch
mentioned in Scripture as having more than one wife.
See Genesis iv., v.
La Meilleraie orMeilleraye. See MF.ILI.ERAIE, LA.
Lamennais or La Mennais, de, deh It mi'nj',
(IIUGUEs FELICITE ROBERT,) ABBE, a celebrated Fiench
writer on religion and politics, was born at Saint-Malo in
June, 1782. He was educated at home, where he learned
Greek, Latin, etc. without a teacher. Having received
the tonsure in 1811, he was ordained a priest at Rennes
in 1816, and acquired sudden celebrity by the publication
of his eloquent "Essay on Indifference to Religion,"
(" Essai sur 1'Indifference en Matiere de Religion," 4
vols., 1817-23,) in which he appeared as an orthodox
champion of the Catholic Church. In 1824 he visited
Rome, and declined the offer of a cardinal's hat from
Leo XII. He published in 1825 "Religion considered
in its Relations with the Civil and Political Order,"
which favoured the ultramontane doctrines. Before the
revolution of 1830 his mind had made great progress
towards liberal or democratic principles, without depart-
ing from his religious faith. In that year he founded the
"Avenir," a journal which, in bold and fervent words,
advocated religious and political reforms. Lacordaire
was his disciple and coadjutor in this journal, which was
condemned by the pope in 1832 and suppressed. He
annou ^ed in 1834 his final revolt from the Church of
Rome, in his " Words of a Believer," (" Paroles d'un
Croyant,") which is one of his most important and
powerful productions and was stigmatized by the pope
as "small in volume but immense in perversity." A
great outburst of enthusiasm and indignation followed the
publication of this work. He became ultra-democratic,
and wrote several political works, among which were
"The Affairs of Rome," (1836,) and "The Honk of the
People," (1837.) His "Outlines of Philosophy" ("Es-
quisse d'une Philosophic," 1840-46) obtained great sue-
«? as^; casj, gh.irj; gas/. G, 11, K., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz;
iee Explanations, p. 23.)
LAMENNAIS
1480
LAMOIGNON
cess. In 1840 he was sentenced for one of his writings
to an imprisonment of one year. He was elected to the
Legislative Assembly in 1848. Died in 1854. His com
plete works appeared in 12 vols. 8vo, 1837.
See E. RENAN, " Lamennais et ses fieri ts," in the " Revue des
Deux Mondes," August, 1857; SAINTE-BKUVE, "Portraits contem
porains," 1846, vol. i. ; E. ROBINET, " Etudes sur I'Abbe^ de La-
mennais," 1835; MADROLLE, " Histoire secrete du Partie et de
I'Apostasie de M. de Lamennais," 1843: L. rm LOMENIR, "M. de
Lamennais, par un Homme de Rien," 1840; " Nouvelle Biographic
Ge'ne'rale ;" " Foreign Quarterly Review" for April, 1838 ; " West
minster Review" for April, 1859.
Lamennais, de, (JEAN MARIE ROBERT,) a French
ecclesiastic, born at Saint-Malo about 1775. was a brother
of the preceding. He wrote several religious works, and
became canon of the diocese of Rennes. Died in 1860.
La Mesnardiere, de, deh li mJ'naR'de-aiR', (Hippo-
LYTE JULES PILET,) a mediocre French~~poet, born it
Loudun in 1610; died in 1663.
Lamer, de, deh la"mi',( ADRIEN AUGUSTIN DE Bussv,)
a French doctor of the Sorbonne, born in 1621. He
wrote "Solutions of Many Cases of Conscience," (1714.)
Died in 1691.
Lameth, de, deh la"n>4', (ALEXANDRE,) COUNT, a
French revolutionist, born in Paris in 1760. In 1789 he
was one of the deputies of the noblesse who united with
the Third Estate to form the National Assembly, and he
acted the part of a zealous patriot in that body. After
the death of Mirabeau, (1791,) Barnave and the Lameths
were for a short time among the master-spirits of the
Assembly. He co-operated with his brother and La
Fayette in their efforts to defend the constitution and the
king after his arrest at Varennes. He was a general in
La Fayette 's army when the crisis of August 10, 1792,
compelled him to fly with his general, and both fell
into the hands of the Austrians. Lameth recovered his
liberty in 1795, and returned to France in 1800. In 1820
he acted and voted with La Fayette in the Chamber of
Deputies. He published a "History of the Constituent
Assembly," (2 vols., 1829.) Died in 1829.
See THIBRS, "History of the French Revolution;" QUSRARD,
"La France Litte"raire ;" '' Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Lameth, de, (CHARLES MALO FRANCOIS,) COUNT,
a French politician, brother of the preceding, was born
In Paris in 1757. He served at Yorktown, Virginia,
in 1781. In 1789 he was elected to the States-General,
in which he acted with the popular party. He was a
political friend of Larnave, and aspired to be a rival of
Mirabeau. Changing his course in 1791, he became the
friend of the king, and resisted the progress of the Revo-
lution to extreme issues. He emigrated about 1793, ant^
returned home in 1801. Under the re'gime of Napoleon
he was a general of brigade. Died in 1832.
See TMIBRS, " History of the French Revolution;" "Nouvelle
Biographic GeWrale."
Lameth, de, (THEODORE,) a brother of the preceding,
was borr. in Paris in 1756. He obtained the rank of
marechal-de-camp in 1791, and was in that year a mem-
ber of the Legislative Assembly, in which he voted with
the constitutional royalists. He defended the king and
queen by his voice with courage and energy, and was an
exile from 1792 to 1800. Died in 1854.
La Metherle, de, deh It ma'iKe', JEAN CLAUDE,) a
French naturalist, born in Maconnais in 1743. He pub-
lished " Principles of Natural Philosophy," (2 vols.,
1787,) "Considerations on Organized Beings," (2 v«> > .
1805,) " Lectures on Geology," (3 vols., 1816,) and other
works. He became professor of natural sciences at the
College of France in 1812. Died in 1817.
La Mettrie. See MI-TTRIK, I,\.
Lamey, li'mi, (ANDREAS,) a German historical writer,
born at Miinster in 1726, was perpetual secretary of the
Academy of M.ir.nheim. He wrote, besides other works,
a " Diplomatic History of the Counts of Ravensberg,"
(1779.) Died in 1802.
Lami or Lamy, la"me', (P.i I:N \kr>.) a learned French
priest of the Ofttury, born at Mans in 1640. He tautlit
philosophy and theology at S.iumur, Angers, and
places, and was a disciple of I)es< ,uHs. lie pub'
successful works on religion and s< inir--, am
are a " Treatise on Rhetoric," " Elements of Geometry,"
(1685,) " Apparatus Biblicus," (1696,) and a "Descrip-
tion of tne Temple and Holy City of Jerusalem," (in
Latin, 1720.) His work called " Conversations on the
Sciences" (" Entretiens sur les Sciences," 1684) was
highly esteemed by J. J. Rousseau. Died in 1715.
See BOUILLIER, " Histoire du Carte'sianisme ;" " Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Ge'ne'rale."
Lami or Lamy, (Dom FRANCOIS,) a French Bene-
dictine monk, born near Chartres in 1636. lie passed
his last twenty years in the abbey of Saint-Denis. He
was noted for his skill and alacrity in disputation, and
was the author of several theological works, the most
remarkable of which is " On the Knowledge of One's
Self," (6 vols., 1694-98.) Died in 1711.
Lami, la'mee, (GIOVANNI,) an Italian antiquary and
litterattiir of high reputation, born at Santa Croce, a
village between Pisa and Florence, in 1697. lie was a
good classical scholar, and became professor of eccle
siastical history at Florence about 1732. From 1740 to
1770 he edited an able literary periodical named "No-
velle Letterarie." He contributed much to explain or
elucidate the civil and literary history of Tuscany, and
published, besides other works, "Delights of Learned
Men," (Deliciae Eruditorum," 18 vols., 1736-69,) and the
lives of many eminent Italian literati, "Memorabilia
Italorum Eruditione praestantium," (3 vols., 1742-48 ',
Died in 1770.
See his Autobiography in the isth volume of his " Deiiciz Enj-
ditorum;" FONTANI, " Elopo di Lami," 1789; FABRONI, "Vitz
Italorum doctrina excellentium."
Lami, (PIERRE R£MI CRUSSOLLE,) a French litterateur,
born in Paris in 1798; died in 1832.
La'ml-a, an Athenian courtesan, renowned for wit
and profusion, was the mistress of Demetrius Poliorcetes
about 300 B.C.
Lamiae, la'mT-ee, [Gr. \afuot ; Fr. LAMIES, li'me',]
fabulous monsters of classic mythology, sometimes rep-
resented as having the head and breast of a woman ind
the body of a serpent. They were supposed to have the
power of changing their forms. According to one tradi-
tion, there was a queen of Libya named Lamia, who waa
notorious for her cruelty and was accustomed to murder
children. The name of Lamia was used to frighten
children in the nurseries of antiquity.
Lamiea. See LAMLt.
Lam'ington, (ALEXANDER DUNDAS Ross WISHF.ART
BAH.LIE Cochrane,) LORD, formerly known as BAII.LIK
Cochrane, an English author, a son of Sir T. J. Coch-
rane, already noticed. He was born in November, 1816,
and was educated at Eton, and at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge. For many years (1841-80) he was a Conserva-
tive in Parliament, and in 1880 lie was raised to the
peerage. Among his works are "Poems," (1838,)
"Ernest Vane," (1849,) "Florence, the Beautiful,"
(1854,) "Young Italy," (1865,) " Francis the First," etc.,
(1870,) "The Theatre Fran9ais in the Reign of Louis
XV.," (1879.) etc. Died February 16, 1890.
Lamlein or Laemlein, lem'lin, (ALEXANDER,) a
German painter, born at Hohenfeld, Bavaria, in 1813,
became a citizen of Paris in his youth. Among his
works are "The Awaking of Adam," (1841,) "The Lad-
der of Jacob," (1847,) and portraits for the palace of
Versailles. Died at Pontlevov, April 25, 1871.
Lamoignon, de, deh 13'mwan'y6N', (CHRETIEN
FRANC.OIS.) a French magistrate, eminent for his integ-
rity and talents, born in Paris in 1644, was the eldest son
of President Guillaume de Lamoignon. He was chosen
master of requests about 1668. For twenty-five years
(1673-98) he performed with honour the duties of advo-
cate-general to the Parliament. He was made president
<j mortierm 1690. lie was intimate with Racine, and
with Hoileau, who addressed to him his Sixth Epistle. In
1704 he became a member of the Academy of Inscrip-
tions, after declining n/auletiil in the Academie Fran
caise. Died in 1709.
His son Gt-ii.i.Ai-ME. Seigneur de Malesherbes, born
in 1683, became successively advocate-general, president
of the' Parliament nf Paris, and chancellor ol France,
(1750.) lie maintained the virtuous reputation of Ins
family, and died in 1772, leaving a son, who was the
eminent Maleslierbes.
Lamoieiion, de, (CHRETIEN FRANgois,) a 1-rencn
judge, bo"™ probably in Paris in 1735. He became
£, e, I, 5, u, y,it>ng; a, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, it, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, till, lat; met; n6t; i;ood; moon;
LAMOIGNON
1481
LAMP ETTA
president i) mvrtirr in 1758, and shared the exile of Par-
liament in 1772. He was appointed keeper of the seals
in 1787. Died in 1789.
Lamoignon, de, (GuiLl.AUME,) an eminent judge,
and first president of the Parliament of Paris, was born
in 1617. His father, Chretien de Lamoignon de Baville,
was a highly meritorious magistrate. Guillaume became
master of requests in 1644, and first president of the
Parliament in 1658. In announcing his nomination, the
king said to him, " If I had known a better man, I should
have appointed him." He received much praise for the
part he took in relation to the ordinances of 1667 and
1670, and in several instances preferred the claims of
duty to the favour of the court. He laid the basis
of an important judiciary reform in his "Decisions,"
("Arretes,") printed in 1702. Died in 1677.
Lamoignon de Baville, ll'mwan'vdN' deh ba'vel',
(NICOLAS,) the fifth son of the preceding, was born in
1648. He was appointed master of requests in 1673.
Died in 1724.
Lamoignon-Malesherbes. See MALESHERBES,
La Monnoye. See MONNOIE.
Lamont', (DANIEL SCOTT,) an American official,
was born at Eastlandville, New York, in 1851. He
was engaged on the Albany "Argus" and became
private secretary to Grover Cleveland as governor
1883-85, and as president 1885-89, and secretary of
war in Cleveland's cabinet 1893-97.
Lamont, von, fon la'mont', (JoHANN,) an astronomer,
born in Braemar, Scotland, December 13, 1805, was edu-
cated at Ratisbon, in Germany, and became a monk. In
1852 he was chosen professor of astronomy at Munich.
Died August 6, 1879. He made valuable contributions
to astronomy and to the science of magnetism.
Lamoriciere, de, deh IS'mo're'se-aiR', (CHRISTOPHE
Louis LEON Juchault — zhii'shS',) a French genera],
born at Nantes in 1806. He gained distinction as colonel
of zouaves in Algeria, and became a marechal-de-camp
in 1840. He obtained the rank of lieutenant-general in
1843, returned to France in 1846, and was elected a
deputy in 1847. In the Revolution of 1848 he made
strenuous efforts to support the Orleans dynasty. He
was elected to the Constituent Assembly, and com-
manded a division of the army in the fight against the
insurgents of Paris in June, 1848. He was Cavaignac's
minister of war about six months ending in December,
1848. Having shown hostility to the power of Louis
Napoleon, he was arrested on the 2d of December, 1851,
and confined a few weeks in the Castle of Ham. He be-
came general-in-chief of the army of the pope in 1860, and
was defeated by the Sardinians at Castelfidardo. He was
taken prisoner soon after this action. Died in 1865.
La Mothe, It mot, (N.,) a French historian, born
about 1680, was also called La Hode. He wrote " His-
tory of the Revolutions of France," (1738,) and a " His-
tory of Louis XIV.," (5 vols., 1740.) Died about 1740.
La Mothe-Houdancourt, de, deh It mot hoo'dfiN'-
kooR', (PHILIPPE,) Due de Cardone, a French general,
born in 1605, gained successes over the Spaniards, and
received a marshal's baton in 1642. Having been de-
feated at Lerida in 1644, he was deprived of command.
Died in 1657.
Lamothe- Langon, de, deh IS'mot' ISN'giN'', (F-Ti-
ENNE LEON,) BARON, a French litterateur, born at Mont-
pellier in 1786. Among his numerous works are poems,
historical memoirs, and romances. Died in 1864.
La Mothe le Vayer. See MOTHE, LA.
La Motte. See MOTTE, LA.
Lamotte, It'mot', (JEANNE DE Luz DE SAINT-REMY
DE VALOIS,) MADAME, an artful Frenchwoman, who
acquired notoriety in the affair of the " Diamond Neck-
lace," was born, probably, at Bar-sur-Aube about 1750.
She became the wife of a person who styled himself
Count Lamotte. Having practised with success on the
credulity of Cardinal Rohan, she induced him to nego-
tiate for a diamond necklace valued at about a million
and a half of francs, which he designed as a present to
the queen. Her husband absconded with the diamonds,
which she had obtained by fraud. She was whipped
and imprisoned for this offence, and died in 1791.
Lamotte- (or La Motte-) Fouque, 15'mot' foo'ki',
(CAROLINE,) a German authoress, wife of the following,
was born at Nennhausen in 1773. She published suc-
cessful novels entitled "Feodora," "Lady of Falken-
stein," and " Ida," also " Letters on Female Education"
and " Letters on Greek Mythology," which were received
with favour. Died in 1831.
Lamotte-Fouque, de, deh IS'mot' foo'ka', (FRIED
RICH HEINRICH KARL,) often called simply Fouque,
BARON, a German poet and romance-writer of rare genius,
was born at Brandenburg, February 12, 1777. He was a
grandson of Henry Augustus Fouque. (See FOUQUE.)
I laving served in several great battles of the war against
Napoleon, about 1813 he retired from the army on ac-
count of ill health, with the rank of major, and afterwards
resided in Paris, at Halle, and on his estate of Nenn-
hausen. He found a congenial sphere for his fertile
imagination in the Northern traditions and the old Ger-
man poetry, and produced many beautiful poems and
works of fiction, among which are "Undine,"* a tale,
(1813,) one of the most exquisite creations of German
genius, "Corona," a poem, (1814,) " Der Zauberring,"
("The Magic Ring," 1816,) "Eginhard and Emma,"
a drama, and " Bertrand du Guesclin," an epic poem,
(1821.) Died in 1843.
See his Autobiography, entitled "Lebensgeschichte," etc., 1840;
GERVINUS, " Geschichte der Deutschen Dichtung;" "Monthly Re-
view" for October, 1820.
Lamourette, It'moo're't', (ADRIEN,) ABBE, a French
ecclesiastic, born in picardy in 1742. He became an
auxiliary of Mirabeau in 1789, and wrote the address on
the civil constitution of the clergy which that orator pro-
nounced. In 1791 he was chosen Bishop of Rhone-«t-
Loire, and deputed to the National Assembly. Having
resisted the extreme measures of the dominant party, he
was guillotined in 1794. He had published several re-
ligious works.
Lamouroux, It'moo'roo', (JEAN VINCENT FELIX,) a
French naturalist, born at Agen in 1779. He went to
Paris in 1807, and was chosen professor of botany or
natural history at Caen about 1810. He gave special
attention to those marine productions which are found
on the borders between the animal and vegetable king-
dom, and which he described in several capital works.
Among these is a "Description of Coral-forming Polypi
or Zoophytes," (" Histoire des Polypiers coralligenes
flexibles," 1816.) He also published " Lectures on Phys-
ical Geography." Died in 1825.
See " Notice biographique sur Lamouroujt," by his brother, 1839.
Lampadius, lam-pa'de-us, (WiLHELM AUGUST,) a
German chemist, called the founder of metallurgy, was
born in the duchy of Brunswick in 1772. He became
professor of chemistry or metallurgy at Freiberg in 1795.
His principal work is a " Manual of General Metal-
lurgy," (3 vols., 1801-09.) Died in 1842.
See CALLISSN. " Medicinisches Schriftsteller-Lexikon ;" " Bio-
graphie Medicale."
Lampe, lam'peh, (FRIEDRICH ADOLPH,) a German
Protestant theologian, born at Detmold in 1683. He
became professor of theology at Utrecht in 1720, and
published sermons and other works, among which was
a "Commentary on the Gospel of Saint John." Died
in 1729.
Lampe, (JOHANN FRIEDRICH,) a German composer of
songs and operas, born about 1692, lived in London.
Died in 1756.
Lamperti, lam-peVtee, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian
teacher of singing, born at Savona in 1813. His success
with private pupils led to his being appointed in 1850
professor of singing to the Conservatorio at Milan, where
he trained many of the most distinguished operatic
vocalists. He resigned in 1875. Died in 1892.
Lampetia, lam-pee'she-a, [Gr. Aa/incriij ; Fr. LAM-
PETIE, loN'pa'te',] a daughter of Helios, whose flocks
and herds she tended in the island of Thrinakia. Ulysses
having been long detained on the island by stress of
weather, his companions killed some of the sacred oxen,
for which the offended gods afterwards sent against them
a great tempest, in which all perished except Ulysses,
who saved himself on the piece of a mast.
* Called in French Otulinf.
« as k; 5 as s: g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural ; N. nasal; R, trilled; § as t; th as in this. ( JI^T'See Explanations p.
LAMPETIE
1482
LANCJEAN
Lampetie. See LAMPETIA.
Lampillas, lim-peel'yis, or Llampillas, Urn-peel'
yas, (FRANCISCO XAVIER,) a Spanish Jesuit, horn in
Catalonia in 1731. He lived at Genoa after the expul-
sion of the Jesuits from Spain in 1767. His principal
work is a defence of Spanish literature against Bettinelli
and Tiraboschi, "Saggio storico-apologetico della Let-
teratura Spagnuola," (6 vols., 1778-81.) Died in idio.
Lamplugh, lam'ploo, ? (THOMAS,) an English prelate,
born in Yorkshire in 1615. He became Bishop of Exeter
in 1676, and was a partisan of James II. in 1688, but
after his flight recognized William III., who appointed
him Archbishop of York. Died in 1691.
Lampredi, lam-pRa'dee, (GIOVANNI MARIA,) an Ital-
ian publicist and writer on law, born near Florence in
1732; died in 1793.
Lampredi, (URBAN,) an Italian philologist, born at
Florence in 1761 ; died in 1838.
Lampride. See LAMPRIDIUS.
Lampridio, lam-pRee'de-o, (BENEDETTO,) a Latin
poet, born at Cremona. After being professor of Greek
in Rome, he opened a school in Padua in 1521. He
composed admired odes, epigrams, and elegies. "It
cannot be denied," says Tiraboschi, "that he has imi-
tated Pindar happily in nobleness of ideas and in imagi-
native power." Died about 1540.
Lam-pridl-us, |Fr. LAMPRIDE, 16N'pRed',l (^LiUi.)
a Latin historical writer, who flourished about 310 A.D.
He was one of the authors of the " Augusta Historia,"
to which he is said to have contributed the lives of
Commodus, Diadumenus, Heliogabalus, and Alexander
Severus.
Lampson, limp'son, [Lat. LAMPSONIUS, IJmp-so'ne-
as,] (DoMiNic,) a Flemish painter and Latin poet, born
at Bruges in 1 532. His paintings are rare and esteemed.
Died in 1599.
Larupsonius. See LAMPSON.
Lampuguani, lam-poon-ya'nee, (AcoSTiNO,) an Ital-
ian poet, born at Milan in 1588. He wrote many works
which were once popular. Died in 1668.
Lamy. See LAMI, (BERNARD.)
Laiia, li'na, (LUIG1,) an Italian painter, born at M6-
dena in 1597. He worked in that city, and imitated
Guercino with success. His picture of "M6dena de-
livered from the Plague" is called his master-piece.
Died in 1646.
Laria-Terzi, IJ'na-teRd'zee or -teRt'zee, (FRANCESCO,)
(or FRANCESCO Terzi-Laua.) an Italian Jesuit and natu-
ral philosopher, born at Brescia in 1631. He was at one
time professor of philosophy in his native place, and was
a diligent observer and experimenter in natural science.
He published, besides a few other works, "Magisterium
Naturae et Artis," (3 vols., 1684-92,) which treats of natu-
ral philosophy. Died in 1687.
Lanc'as-ter, (AI.I-.KRT BF.NOIT MARIE,) a Belgian
meteorologist, was born at Mon», Belgium, in 1849.
He became connected with the Royal Observatory,
Brussels, and director of the journal " Ciel et Terre."
He wrote many works ami articles on meteorology
and astronomy, the most notable being " Bibliographic
generale de 1'Astronomie."
Lauc'as-ter, (EDMUND,) EARL OF, the son of Henry
III. of England, was born in London in 1245. Edward
I. sent him with an army to conquer Guienne, but, before
he could effect that purpose, he died in 1296. II
THOMAS, Earl of Lancaster, was the most powerful sub-
ject of his time in England. He was a morlal enemy
to Piers Gaves'on, whose death he procured in 1312.
Having rebelled against Edward II., he was defeated
and beheaded in 1322. His brother HENRY became his
heir, and aided Queen Isabella to depose the king in
1326. He was appointed guardian of the young king
Edward III. in 1327.
Lancaster, (Sir JAMES,) an English navigator, who
made a voyage to India in 1591, and conducted the first
expedition which the East India Company sent to that
region (1600-03) for the purpose of forming commen i.il
relations. He made a treaty with the King of Acheen.
Died in 1620. Narratives of his voyages may be found
in Hakluyt and Purchas. An inlet of liallin's Hay was
named, in honour of him, Lancaster Sound.
Lancaster, (JOHN OF GAUNT,) DUKE OF. See JOHN
OF GAUNT.
Lancaster, (JOSEPH,) an Englishman, who acquired
distinction as the founder of " Lancasterian Schools,1'
was born in London, November 25, 1778. and was a
member of the Society of Friends. At about the age of
twenty he opened a school in Southwark, and tried with
success the system of mutual instruction. He was pa-
tronized by the Duke of Bedford and other noblemen.
By lectures and writings he rendered his system popular,
and gave an impulse to the cause of education in Eng-
land and other countries. Having become insolvent, he
went to the United States about 1818, and continued to
labour in the same cause. Died in New York in 1838.
Lancaster, (NATHANIEL,) a learned English writer,
born in Cheshire about 1700. He was for some time
rector of Stamford-Rivers. His principal work is an
"Essay on Delicacy," (1748,) a poem. Died in 1775.
Lance, (GEORGE,) an excellent English painter of
fruit and still life, was born in Essex in 1802. He re-
ceived lessons in " high" or " historical" art from Haydon,
and pursued his master's favourite branches of painting,
until he discovered that his genius was more adapted to
the treatment of fruit, flowers, game, etc. In this depart-
ment he is considered to have excelled all the English
oil-painters of his time. He produced some historical
pieces and tableaux de genre. Died in 1864.
Lauce, (WILLIAM,) an American lawyer and political
writer, born at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1791. He
published a " Lifeof Washington" in Latin. Died in 1840.
Lancelot, loNs'lo', (ANTOINE,) a French litterateur
and antiquary, born in Paris in 1675. He was a member
of the Academy of Inscriptions, for which he wrote many
learned antiquarian treatises. For a few years he had
the office of secretary to the king, which he sold in 1725.
Died in 1740.
Lancelot, (Dom CLAUDE,) an able French gram-
marian, born in Paris in 1615. He became one of the
recluses of Port-Royal in 1638, and was the first regent
of the schools of Port-Royal, which flourished from 1646
to 1660 under the care of such men as Arnauld and Pas-
cal. Lancelot was the first master of Racine. " He threw
some additional lustre," says Hallam, "around Port-
Royal by the Latin and Greek Grammars (1644 and
1655) which are more frequently called by the name of
that famous cloister than by his own." They were used
for a long time in the French schools. He published in
1660 "Grammaire generale et raisonnee," a treatise on
the philosophy of all languages, which is esteemed a
work of the first class. Died in 1695.
SeeSAiNTK-BauvE, "Port-Royal;" MoREIl, " Dictionnaire Hij-
torique :" NicdRON, " M^moires."
Lancelot OF NAPLES. See LADISLAUS.
Laucelotti, lan-cha-lot'tee, written also Lancelot!,
(GIOVANNI PAOLO,) an Italian jurist, born at Perugia in
1511. He wrote, in Latin, " Institutes of Canon Law,"
which were approved by Pope Paul IV. Died in 1591.
Lancillotti, lan-chel-lot'tee, or Lancelloti, lan-chil-
lo'tee, (SECONDO,) an Italian author and priest, born at
Perugia in 1575. He published in 1630 a successful work
entitled "To-Day," ("L'Hoggidi,") intended to prove
that the world was not morally or physically worse than
it had been in ancient times. He wrote other learned
works. Died in Paris in 1643.
Lancilotti, lan-che-lot'tee, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian
painter and poet, born at Florence, lived about 1500.
He excelled in nocturnal scenes.
Lancisi, lan-chee'see, (GIOVANNI MARIA,) an eminent
Italian physician and scholar, born at Rome in 1654. Foi
thirteen years he lectured on anatomy with Mat at the
College of Sapienza, Rome. He became the chief phy-
sician of Pope Innocent XI. in 1688, and served Clement
XI. in the same capacity. Besides other professional
works, he published, in Latin, a "Treatise on Sudden
Deaths," (1707,) and one "On the Noxious Effluvia of
Marshes," (1717.) Died in 1720.
See ASSALTI, "Vie de Lancisi," prefixed to his treatise " De
Mom Cordis;" FABBONI, "Vitx Italr.rum," etc. ; G. M. CKESCIM-
• Vila di G. M. Lancisi," 1731 : " Nouvelle Biographic Gene-
rale."
Lancival. See LUCE DF. LANCIVAL.
Lancjean, loN'zhON', (KEMi, ) a skilful Flemish
i, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, oliscurt: far, fill, fat; met; not; good; moon;
LANCRE
1483
LAND ON
painter of history, born at Brussels, was a pupil of Van
Dyck. Died in 1671.
Lancre, IflNkR, (PiERRE,) a French lawyer, and writer
on demonology and sorcery, was born at Bordeaux ; died
in 1630.
Lancret, loN'kRi', (NICOLAS,) a French painter, born
in Paris in 1690. He imitated the manner of Watteau
with success. His reputation was higher in his own
time than at the present. Died in 1743.
Lancrinck or Lankrink, lan'kRink, (PROSPER
HENRY,) a skilful landscape-painter, of German ex-
traction, born about 1628. He worked in England, and
was employed by Sir Peter Lely to paint the landscapes,
flowers, etc. of his pictures. Died in 1692.
Landa, de, da lan'da, (JUAN,) a Spanish painter, lived
at Pampeluna from 1570 to 1630.
Landais or Landois, 16N'd4', (PIERRE,) a French
parvenu of low birth, born at Vitre, became the favourite
of Francis II., Duke of Brittany, who gave him absolute
power. Landais was hated by the nobles, who conspired
against him and put him to death in 1485.
Lande. See LALANDE.
Laiidelle, l&N'dgl', (CHARLES,) a French historical
painter, born at Laval, Mayenne, in 1821. He obtained
a medal at the Great Exposition of 1855 for his picture
of the " Repose of the Virgin."
Lan'den, (JoHN,) an English mathematician, bom at
Peakirk in 1719. He began to write for the "Ladies'
Diary" in 1744, and published in 1755 "Mathematical
Lucubrations," in which various parts of high analysis
are treated. In 1766 he was admitted into the Royal
Society. He wrote several treatises on dynamics and
the integral calculus. Among his principal works is his
"Residual Analysis," (1764.) Died in 1790.
Lan'dcr, (FREDERICK WILLIAM,) an American en-
gineer and general, born at Salem, Massachuset's, in
1822. He commanded an expedition to open a wagon-
road across the plains to California in 1858. It is stated
that he made five explorations across the continent,
having been employed by the government to survey a
route for a Pacific railroad. In Jaly, 1861, he was ap-
pointed a brigadier-general. He was wounded at Ed-
wards's Ferry, October, 1861, and signalized his courage
at Blooming Gap, Virginia, in February, 1862. He died
it Pawpaw, Virginia, in March, 1862, leaving a high
reputation for enterprise and bravery.
Lan'der, (JOHN,) an English traveller, born in 1807.
He accompanied his brother Richard in an expedition to
explore the river Niger in 1830. (See LANDER, RICHARD.)
Died in 1839.
Lander, (LouiSA,) an American sculptor, born at
Salem, Massachusetts, about 1835, studied at Rome
under Crawford. Among her best works may be named
Etatues of " Evangeline" and of " Virginia Dare," and
a bust of Hawthorne.
Lander, (RICHARD,) an English traveller, who has
rendered his name memorable by solving the problem
of the course of the Niger, was born at Truro in 1804.
He had been employed as a servant by several gentle-
men before 1825, when, hearing of Captain Clapperton's
proposed expedition to Africa, he offered his services
and was engaged by that officer as his confidential ser-
vant. (See CLAPPERTON, HUGH.) After performing
the last offices to his master near Saccatoo in April,
1827, he returned with the papers of Clapperton to
England, where he arrived in 1828. The offer which
he made to renew the enterprise was accepted by gov-
ernment. Accompanied by his brother John, he sailed
from England in January, 1830, traced the Niger from
Yaoori (or Yauri) to its mouth in the Bight of Benin,
and returned home in 1831. A "Journal of an Expe-
dition to Explore the Course and Termination of the
Niger," (2 vols.,) by Richard and John Lander, was
published in 1832. The voyage from Yaoori to the
mouth of the river occupied about four months, from
August 2 to December I, 1830. Having undertaken
another expedition to Western Africa in the service of
a mercantile company, he was killed by the natives in
1835. Tne most prominent trait of his character was
indomitable perseverance.
See " Edinburgh Review" for July, 1832.
Landi, lan'dee, (CoSTANZO,) COUNT, an Italian phi-
lologist and numismatist, born at Piacenza in 1521 ; died
in 1564.
Landi, (GASPARO,) CHEVALIER, an Italian painter of
history and portraits, born at Piacenza in 1756. He
worked mostly in Rome, and became professor of paint-
ing in the Academy of Saint Luke. He excelled in car-
nation tints and in truth of expression. Some Italian
critics considered him as one of their best painters.
Among his principal works is "The Assumption of the
Virgin." Died at Rome in 1830.
Landi, (GiULio,) COUNT, an Italian writer, born at
Piacenza about 1500, wrote a romance entitled "The
Life of Cleopatra," (1551.) Died about 1580.
Landi, (ORTENSIO,) a witty and extravagant Italian
writer, born at Milan. He was for some time in the
service of the Bishop of Trent, and passed many of his
later years in Venice. He published several scandalous
and paradoxical works, among which are a " Dialogue
on the Death of Erasmus." (1540,) " Paradoxes," (" Para-
doss!,") and the "Scourge of Ancient and Modern Au-
thors," (1550.) Died about 1560.
See TIRABOSCHI, " Storia della Letteralura Italians. "
Landi, (STEFANO,) an Italian composer, born in Rome,
lived about 1630. He composed sacred music, and was
distinguished for his inventive genius.
Landini, lan-dee'nee, or Landino, lln-dee'no,
(CHRISTOFORO,) an Italian critic and scholar, born at
Florence in 1424, was reputed one of the principal orna-
ments of the Platonic Academy of that city. I le became
professor of belles-lettres at Florence in 1457, and was
chosen by Pietro de' Medici to finish the education of
his two sons. He wrote several Latin poems, and e?-
j teemed commentaries on Horace, Virgil, and Dante
Died in 1504.
See GINGUEN^, " Histoire de la Litte'rature Italienne;" NHGRI,
Istoria de' Scrittori Fiorentmi."
Landini, (TADDEO,) a Florentine sculptor, who worked
in Rome and was employed by Gregory XIII., Sixtus V.,
and Clement VIII. Died about 1594.
Landino, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian organist and com-
poser, surnamed CIECO, (the " Blind,") was born at Flor-
ence about 1325 ; died in 1390.
Lan'do or Lan'don, a native of Sabina, was elected
pope, as successor to Anastasius III., in 913. He died
in 914 A.D., and was succeeded by John X.
Lando, lan'do, (PiETRO,) was elected Doge of Venice
in 1539. During his reign the Venetians made peace
with the Turks, and resisted the efforts of Charles V.
and Francis I. to engage them in new hostilities. Died
in 1545, aged eighty-four.
Landon, loN'di.N', (CHARLES PAUL,) a French painter
and writer on art, born in Normandy in 1760. He
studied in Rome as a pensioner of the king, and worked
in Paris, but acquired more reputation by his writings
than by his paintings. He published many magnificent
illustrated works, among which are "The Lives and
Works of the Most Eminent Painters of all Schools,"
(25 vols., 1803 et sej.,) and "Annals of the Museum,"
etc., ("Annalesdu Musee et de 1'ficole des Beaux-Arts,"
(33 vols., 1808.) Died in 1826.
See QufrtARD, "La France Litte'raire;" " Nouvelle Biographic
Ge'ue'rale."
Lan'don, (LETITIA ELIZABETH,) a popular English
poetess, born in a suburb of London in 1802. She began
to write verse about the age of thirteen, and in 1820
became a contributor to the " Literary Gazette," under
the signature of L. E. L. These poetical efforts pro-
cured for her an extensive reputation, and enabled her
to support herself. She produced, anonymously, two
novels, entitled " Romance and Reality" and " Ethel
Churchill," and poems called "The Troubadour," "Ze-
nana," etc. Her poems are chiefly of a sentimental or
romantic character. In 1838 she was married to George
Maclean, Governor of Cape Coast Castle, Africa, whither
they went to reside. Her death, which occurred in 1839,
is ascribed to prussic acid, which she was in the habit of
taking as medicine.
Lan'don, (MINVILLE DE LANCEY, ) an American
humourist, born at Eaton, New York, in 1839, and
«as/i; 5 as/; %hnrd; gas/; G,H, K,guttural; N, nasal; v.,lrilled; sasz; th as in this. (J£f="See Explanations, p. 23.;
LAND OR
1484
LANFRANCO
the author, under the name of Eli Perkins, of " Eli
Perkins's Wit," "Humour and Pathos," "Saratoga
in 1901," " Kings of Platform and Pulpit," etc.
Lan'ctor, (A. HENRY SAVAGE,) an English ex-
plorer, was born at Florence, Italy, grandson of Walter
Savage Landor. He travelled for several years in the
East, and in 1898 was taken prisoner in Thibet and
subjected to painful and dangerous tortures. His works
include "Alone with the Hairy Ainu," " Corea, or
the Land of the Morning Calm," " In the Forbidden
Land," (1898,) etc.
Lan'dor, (WALTER SAVAGE,) an eminent English
author, born at Ipsley Court, Warwickshire, January
30, 1775, was a son of Walter Landor, who married a
rich heiress named Elizabeth Savage. He was edu-
cated at Rugby and at Trinity College, Oxford, became
master of an independent fortune, and followed no pro-
fession except that of author, lie published a volume
of poems in 1795, and a poem entitled "Gebir" in 1798.
In 1806 he sold his large estates, quitted England in
disgust, and removed to the continent He served as a
colonel in the Spanish army against Napoleon from 1808
to 1814. In 1811 he married Julia Thuillier, of Bath.
He became a resident of Florence about 1816, and occu-
pied the palace of the Medici for several years. He pub-
lished in 1820 Latin poems, entitled " Idyllia Heroica."
His reputation was extended by his "Imaginary Con-
versations of Literary Men and Statesmen," (5 vols.,
1824-29.) which presented many novel and paradoxical
ideas. Among his other works are "Count Julian," a
poem, (1831,) " Pericles and Aspasia," (1836,) "Andrea
of Hungary," a drama, (1839,) "The Hellenics," (1847,)
and "The Last Fruit of an Old Tree," (1853.) He was
a friend of Robert Southey. Died at Florence in Sep-
tember, 1864.
See JOHN FOSTER. "Walter S. Landor; a Biography," iKfto;
"Quarterly Review" for January, 1824, February, 1837, and October,
1839 ; " Edinburgh Review" for April, 1846, and April, 1850.
Landiiaiii, lan-dRe-a'nee,(PAGLoCAMlLLO,)a painter
of the Milanese school, born about 1570; died about 1618.
Land'seer, (CHARLES,) an English painter, a son of
John Landseer, noticed below, was born in 1799. He
received lessons from Haydon, and acquired a fair repu-
tation as an artist. His subjects are chiefly taken from
English history and poetry. His " Monks of Melrose"
(1843) gained a prize of about ,£300. He was chosen
an Academician in 1845, and keeper of the Academy in
1851. Died July 22, 1879.
Landseer, (Sir EDWIN,) the most celebrated modern
painter of animals, was born in London in 1802. He
learned to draw after nature in his childhood, under the
direction of his hither, began to exhibit in 1817, and at
the ag^ of eighteen painted his admirable "Dogs of Saint
Goihard." Between 1821 and 1830 he produced "The
Pro-;ling Lion," "The Return from Deer-Stalking,"
(1827,) and " Hunting of Chevy Chase." He was elected
Royal Academician in 1830, after which he exhibited " Sir
Walter Scott and his Dogs," (1833,) "Bolton Abbey in the
Olden Time," "The Old Shepherd's Chief Mourner,"
(1837.) highly praised by Ruskin " as one of the most per-
fect poems or pictures (I use the words as synonymous)
which modem times have seen." His humorous picture
of "Laying I luwn the Law" appeared in 1840. His
marvellous technical skill is subordinated to the expres-
sion of sentiment or pathos in a " Pastoral Scene," (1845,)
" Peace" and " War," (1846,) and other works. Among
his master-pieces are a portrait of a Newfoundland dog,
styled "A Member of the Humane Society," (1838,) "A
Scene from the ' Midsummer Night's Dream,'" (1851,)
and "The Children of the Mist," (1853.) Many of his
works have been engiaved. Died October I, 1873.
Landseer, (JoHS,) an English engraver, the father of
the preceding, was born at Lincoln in 1769. Having
acquired reputation by excellent engravings of animals,
after Rubens and other artists, he was chosen associate
engraver of the Royal Academy about 1807. He lec-
tured on art in London, and published several treatises
on art, one of which is entitled " Sabaean Researches,"
(1823.) Died in 1852.
Landseer, (THOMAS,) an English artist and eminent
engraver, the eldest son of John Landseer, and brother
of Charles and Sir Edwin, was born in 1795. Among
his most admired productions are engravings of his
brother Edwin's pictures of animals, and of Rosa Bon-
heur's " Horse-Fair," by the faithful reproduction of
which he unquestionably did much to confirm the
fame of these distinguished artists. Died January IO,
1880.
Landstad, land'stad, (MAGNUS BROSTRUP,) a Nor-
wegian clergyman, born in a hamlet on the isle of Maasoe,
near the North Cape, in 1802. He published a vast col-
lection of peasant-songs of the North, and prepared also
a great collection of hymns and psalms, published at the
expense of the government. His own verses are often
tame and poor, but some have merit. Died in 1881.
Lan'dulph, [Fr. LANDULPHE, loN'diilf,] a mediaeval
historian and priest, born at Milan about 1080, was a
pupil of Anselm of Laon. He wrote, in Latin, a " Hi*
tory of Milan from 1095 to 1137."
Lane, (EDWARD WILLIAM,) an English Orientalist,
born at Hereford in 1801. He resided several years in
Egypt, and published an interesting and valuable work
"On the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyp-
tians," (1836,) and a very complete "Arabic-and-Eng-
lish Lexicon," (in two Parts, 1863-65.) Died in 1876.
Lane, (JAMES H.,) an American general, born at Law-
renceburg, Indiana, in 1814. He was elected to Congress
in 1852, and removed in 1855 to Kansas, where he be-
came a leader of the Free State party. He was elected
major-general by the legislature of Kansas in 1857, and
a Senator of the United States in 1861. He commanded
a brigade in the first year of the civil war, but retained
his seat in the Senate. Died by suicide in July, 1866.
Lane, (JOSEPH,) an American general and politician,
born in North Carolina in 1801. He distinguished him-
self in the principal engagements of the Mexican war of
1846-47, and rose to the rank of major-general. He
became Governor of Oregon Territory in 1848, and was
elected United States Senator from the State of Oregon
in 1859. In 1860 he was the Democratic candidate for
Vice- President, John C. Breckinridge being the nomi-
nee for President. Died at Roseburg, Oregon, April 9,
1881.
Lane-Poole, (STANLEY,") an English author, born
at London in 1854. He was educated at Oxford, be-
came a student of numismatics, and compiled a num-
ber of catalogues of the coins in the British Museum,
also completed the great Arabic Lexicon of his
grand-uncle, E. \V. Lnne. His works in all numbered
abnut sixty, many of them devoted to Mohammedan
history and description in Arabia, Egypt, India, and
Spain.
Laii'frano, | Lat. LANFRAN'CUS; It. LANFRANCO, lin-
fRan'ko,] a distinguished prelate, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, was born at Pavia about 1005. Having embraced
the monastic life, he became celebrated for piety and
learning. He was a counsellor of William of Normandy
before his conquest of England, and in 1070 was chosen
Archbishop of Canterbury. " His zeal in promoting the
interests of the papacy," says Hume, "was indefati-
gable." He enjoyed in a high degree the confidence
of the king, who consulted him in affairs of state. He
crowned William Rufus in 1087, and died in 1089, leaving
several works on theology.
See W. F. HOOK, "Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury,"
vol. ii. chap ii. ; A. CHARMA, " Lanfranc, Notice bio^raphique, bt-
teVaire," etc., 1849 ; " Nouvelle Biographic Gtinerale."
Lanfranco. See LANFRANC.
Lanfranco, lan-fRan'ko, or Lanfranc, lan-fRlr>k',
|Lat. LANFRAN'CUS,] an Italian surgeon, born at Milan
about 1250. He removed in 1295 to Paris, where he
practised and lectured with a high reputation. He
wrote a treatise on surgery, entitled " Chirurgia magna
et parva," (1490.)
Lanfranco or Lanfranc, (GIOVANNI,) an eminent
Italian painter, born at Parma in 1581. He received
lessons from the three Caracci, whom, in design and
expression, he imitated. He worked in Rome for the
Dukes Fainese and the Borghese family, and afterwards
in Naples. His painting on the cupola of San Andrea
.i, e, i, 5, u, y, hug; i, &, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mil; not; good; moon;
LANFRANCUS
1485
LANGE
delta Valle, Rome, was much admired. His works in oil
and fresco are very numerous. Died at Rome in 1647.
See VASARI, "Lives of the Painters ;" LANZI, " History of Paint-
ing in Italy."
Lanfrancus. See LANFRANC and LANFRANCO.
Lanfrey. loN'fRj'i (PIERRE,) a French historian, born
at Chambery, Savoy, October 26, 1828. He was educated
at Paris, and became a lawyer and man of letters. His
" L'Eglise et les Philosophes au XVIlIieme Siecle"
(1855) was a brilliant and successful attack on the
church. His principal work was the " Histoire de Na-
poleon I," (6 vols., 1867-76,) in which he "destroyed for-
ever the Napoleonic legend." He was chosen to the
Constituent Assembly in 1871, and was minister to
Switzerland from 1871 to 1874. In 1876 he was made
a life senator. Died at Pau, November 16, 1877. He
was a moderate republican in theory, but in practical
politics found himself almost continually in opposition
to every party.
Lang. (ANDREW,) a British author, born in Scot-
land in 1844. He graduated at Oxford, and became
a Fellow of Merton College. With S. H. Butcher, he
prepared a spirited prose translation of the Odyssey.
He translated some other Greek texts, and became a
voluminous author in prose and poetry. Some of his
numerous works are " Ballads in Blue China," (1880,)
"Ballads and Verses Vaine," (1884,) "Letters to
Dead Authors," (1886,) "Myth, Ritual, and Re-
ligion," (1887,) " Homer and the Epic," (1893,)
" My Own Fairy Book," (1895,) and " The Making
of Religion," (1898.)
Lang, ling, (HEINRICH,) a German divine, born at
Frommern, November 14, 1826. He was educated at
Tubingen, and published much in the interest of what is
called liberal religion. He was for years a pastor in
Zurich. Among his works are " An Attempt at a Chris-
tian Dogmatic," (1857,) "The Life of Jesus and the
Church of the Future," etc. Died December 30, 1876.
Lang, (JOHANN MICHAEL.) See LANGE.
Lang, ling, (KARL NIKOLAUS,) a Swiss physician,
born at Lucerne in 1670. He practised medicine with
success in his native place, cultivated natural history,
and acquired fame by his work on the figured stones of
Switzerland, " Idea Historian naturalis Lapidum figurato-
rum Helvetia?," (1705.) Died in 1741.
Lang, (Louis,) born in Wiirtemberg, Germany, in
1814, studied painting in Paris, and subsequently at
Rome. In 1845 he settled in New York City, where
he executed numerous works. Died May 6, 1893.
Lang, von, fon ling, (KARL HEINRICH,) a German
historical writer, born in Suabia in 1764, was appointed
in 181 1 director of the archives of the kingdom at Munich,
lie published a " History of the Jesuits "in Bavaria," and
other works relative to that country. Died in 1835.
See KARL HHINKICH LANG, " Memoiren," 1842.
Langallerie, de, deh IdN'gtl're', (PHILIPPE DE GEN-
TILS,) MARQUIS, a French military adventurer, born at
Lamotte-Charente in 1656. He gained the rank of gene-
ral in the French army, and afterwards fought under
Prince Eugene against the French. He died in 1717,
leaving two volumes of Memoirs, (1709,) which have
been translated into English.
Langara, de, da lan-ga'ri, (Don JUAN,) a Spanish
admiral, born about 1730. He was defeated near Cape
Saint Vincent in 1780 by an English fleet under Rodney,
but was in the same year made lieutenant-general of the
navy. He commanded the Spanish fleet which took
Toulon in 1793. Died in 1800.
Langbaine, llng'ban, (GERARD,) D.D., an English
scholar, born in Westmoreland about 1608. He became
a Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, and in 1644 keeper
of the archives of the university. He edited Longinus,
and left several useful catalogues, which remain in manu-
script. Died in 1658.
Langbaine, (GERARD,) the son of the preceding, was
born at Oxford in 1656. Having collected many old
plays, (nine hundred and eighty,) he published a cata-
logue of the same, called " Momus Triumphans," which
was improved and reprinted in 1691, with the title of
" Account of the English Dramatic Poets." This work
is prized for the information it affords, but has little
critical merit. Died in 1692.
Langbein, lang'bln, (AUGUST FRIEDRICH ERNST,) a
German poet and writer of fiction, born at Radeburg,
near Dresden, in 1757. He became a resident of Berlin
in 1800. He published a number of romances, sungs,
and humorous poems, which had a transient popularity.
Among his prose works are "Talismans against Ennui,"
"The'Wings of Time," and "Ganymeda," (1823.) He
had an agreeable style, but little imagination. Died in
'835-
See BROCKHAUS, " Conversations- Lexikon."
Lang'bridge, (FREDERICK,) an English poet, born at
Birmingham, March 17, 1849. He took orders in the
English Church in 1877, and in 1880 graduated at Saint
Alban Hall, Oxford, having in 1879 been appointed to
the incumbency of Glen Alia, in the North of Ireland.
He has published several volumes of poetry, besides
many songs and tales and some burlesque comedies.
Langdale, LORD. See BICKF.RSTETH, (HENRY.)
Lang'dale, (Sir MARMADUKE,) an English general,
born in Yorkshire. He fought for the king in the civil
war, and commanded with success at the siege of Ponte-
fract Castle. He commanded the left wing at Naseby
in 1645, and was defeated by Cromwell at Preston in
1648. On the restoration he returned to England in
1660, after many years of exile, and was chosen lord
lieutenant of Yorkshire. Died in 1661.
Langdon, (SAMUEL,) D.D., an American divine
and theological writer, bom at Boston about 1723,
| became president of Harvard College in 1774, and
resigned in 1780. Died in 1797.
Lange, (HELENE,) born at Oldenburg, Germany,
in 1848, became a prominent advocate of the higher
education of women and the rights of women in gen-
eral. Through her efforts an institution was opened
at Berlin in 1889 for the teaching of important branches
of science to women.
Lange, lang'eh, (JOACHIM,) a German linguist and
writer, born at Gardelegen in 1670. He became pro-
fessor of theology at Halle in 1709, and published, be-
i sides some theological works, a Latin Grammar and a
I Greek Grammar, which were successful. Died in 1744.
Lange, [Lat. LAN'GIUS,] (JOHANN,) a learned German
physician, born at Lemberg, in Silesia, in 1485. He
was first physician to several Electors-Palatine. He
wrote professional works which are commended. Died
in 1565.
Lange or Lang, ling, (JOHANN MICHAEL,) a German
Protestant divine, eminent as an Orientalist, born at
Ezelwangen in 1664. He lived as inspector at Prentzlau
from 1710 until his death, in 1731. He published a
treatise "On Mohammedan Fables," (1697,) and several
critical essays.
Lange, Idng'eh, (JoHANN PETER,) a German divine,
born of poor parents at Sonnborn, April 10, 1802. He
was educated at Dusseldorf and Bonn. He became pro-
fessor of church history and dogma at Zurich in 1841,
and professor of theology at Bonn in 1854. Among his
more important works are "Life of Jesus," (1844-47,)
"Christian Dogmatic," (1849-52,) "The History of the
Church," (1853-54,) and the great "Bibelwerk," or
"Commentary," of which there is an American transla-
tion, (1865 et seq.,) edited by Dr. P. Schaff, with the aid
of other scholars. Lange also wrote many evangelical
hymns and poems. Died in 1884.
Lange, (JOSEPH,) a German philologist, bom at Xai-
sersberg. He published editions of Martial, Juvenal, and
Persius, also " Florilegium," (1598.) Died about
1630.
Lange, lang'eh, (JULIUS HENRIK,) a Danish art-critic
and historian, born at Voringborg, June 19, 1839. He
was educated at Copenhagen. He published a treatise
on Michael Angelo, "The Origin of the Ionic Capital,"
(1878,) "The Gods and Men of Homer," (iSSi,) and
other works. Died August 20. 1896.
Lange, lang'eh, (LAUS,) a Danish or Swedish traveller,
born at Stockholm. Having entered the Russian service
as an officer of engineers, he was sent as minister to
Pekin in 1719, and aeain in 1726. Several narratives of
•easAv 5 as*; gAard; gas_/;G, H, K,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in MM. (g^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
LANGE
1486
LANGLES
these journeys were published. The Journal of Lange
contains some interesting notices of the nomadic tribes
of Siberia.
Lange, (LunwiG,) a German antiquary, born at Han-
over, March 4, 1825. He held professorships of archae-
ology in Prague, Giessen, and Leipsic. His capital work
is an extensive and important " Hand-Book of Roman
Antiquities." He wrote also valued memoirs upon
various points of Greek archaeology, epigraphy, and
grammar. Died in 1885.
Lange, [Lat. LAN'GIUS,] (RUDOLPH,) of Miinster, a
German writer, born about 1438. He published some
Latin poems. Died in 1519.
Lange, de, deh lang'eh, written also Langhe, [Lat.
LAN'GIUS,| (CHARLES,) an eminent Flemish philologist
and critic, born at Ghent or Brussels. He edited Cicero's
treatises " De Officiis," " De Amicitia," and " De Senec-
rute." Lipsius pronounced him the most learned Fleming
of his time. Died at Liege in 1573.
See FHLIX VAN HULST, "C. de Langhe (Carolus Langius) et L"evin
Vanderbeke," 1846.
Langeac, de, deh loN'zhtk', (N. DE L'ESPINASSE,)
CHEVALIER, a French poet, born about 1748. He pro-
duced, besides a number of original poems, a version of
Virgil's "Bucolics," (1806.) Died in 1839.
Langebeck, lang'eh-bJk', (JACOB,) a learned Danish
writer, born in Jutland in 1710. He was employed by
the king to collect manuscripts, inscriptions, etc. He
became keeper of the national archives, and councillor
of state. His principal work is a great collection of
Danish writers, under the title of "Danish Historians
of the Middle Ages," ("Scriptores Rerum Danicarum
medii /Evi," 1772.) Died in 1774.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge^raJe."
Langelande. See LONGLAND.
Langenbeck, lang'en-beV, (KONRAD JOHANN MAR-
TIN,) a German surgeon and anatomist, born in the king
dom of Hanover in 1776, wrote a " Manual of Anatomy,'*
(1806,) "Icones Anatomies," (8 vols., 1826-39,) and
other valuable works. Died in 1851.
SeeSAWT-MAUBicHCABAWY,"C. J. M. Langenbeck, " etc., 1851
Langenbeck, (MAXIMILIAN ADOLF,) a physician, a
son of the preceding, was born at Gottingen, January n,
1818. He held professorships in Gottingen and Berlin,
and in 1864 became surgeon-in-chief of the Prussian
army. lie wrote on ophthalmology, surgery, and medical
police. Died in 1887.
Langendyk, lanc'en-dik', (PiETF.R,) a Dutch poet,
born at Haarlem in 1683. He excelled in humorous
composition, and was the author of several epigrams
and comedies, among which is " Don Quixote at the
Wedding of Camacho." Died in 1756.
Langenn, von, fon lang-eV, (FRIEDRICH ALBRECHT.)
a German jurist, born at Merseburnin 1798, was appointed
in 1835 tutor to Prince Albert. Died Dec. 30, 1868.
Langenstein, lang'en-stm', (HEINRICH,) a German
astronomer and theologian, born in Hesse, was called
HENRICUS DE HASSIA. Died at Vienna in 1397.
Langer, lang'er, (JoHANN PETER,) a German painter
born in 1756, became successively director of the Acad-
emy of Arts at Dusseldorf and at Munich, where he
obtained great reputation and success as a teacher. His
best picture represents "Christ Blessing Children."
Died in 1824. His son ROBERT, born at Dusseldorf in
1783, was distinguished as a fresco-painter and designer.
Died in 1846.
Langeron, de, deh loNzh'r6N', (ANDRAULT,) COUNT,
a general, born in Paris in 1763. He emigrated in 1789,
entered the Russian service, and became a lieutenant-
general in 1799. He commanded a Russian division at
Austerlitz, in 1805, and gained some advantages over the
French in the campaign of 1813. Died in 1831.
Langetti, lln-jet'tee, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA,) an Ital-
ian painter, born at Genoa in 1635 ; died in 1676.
Langevin, 16Nzh'va.\', (Sir HECTOR Louis,) a Cana-
dian statesman, born in Quebec, August 25, 1826. He
became a barrister in 1850, Queen's counsel in 1864,
solicitor-general for Lower Canada in 1864, postmaster-
general in 1866, secretary of state for Canada in 1867,
minister of public works in 1869, postmaster-general in
1878, and again minister of public works in 1879. He
was knighted in 1881.
Lang'ford, (JOHN ALFRED,) an English author, born
at Birmingham, September 12, 1823. A teacher by
profession, he published numerous volumes of prose
and verse.
Langham, lang'am, de, ( SIMON,) an English car-
dinal, born in Rutlandshire. He was appointed by the
king chancellor in 1364, became Archbishop of Can-
terbury in 1366, and a cardinal in 1368. He was hostile
to Wycliffe, whom he removed from the mastership of
a college at Oxford. The temporalities of his see were
seized by Edward III. about 1368. Died in 1376.
Sec W. F. HOOK, " Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury,"
vol. iv. chap. riii.
Langhans, lang'hlns, (KARL GOTTHARD,) an eminent
German architect, born at Landshut in 1733. He was
appointed director of the public buildings of Berlin, and
adorned that city with several fine structures, among
which are the Brandenburg Gate and a theatre. He
was the author of some treatises on architecture. Died
in 1808.
Langhe, de, (CHARLES.) See LANGE.
Lang'horne, (Rev. DANIEL,) an English antiquary,
born in London. He published " Chronicle of the
Kings of England," ("Chronicon Regum Anglorum,"
1679.) Died in 1681.
Langhorue, (JoHN,) an English poet and translator,
born in Westmoreland in 1735. Having taken holy
orders, he obtained a curacy in London in 1764. He
wrote a number of successful sentimental works in prose
and verse, among which are " Letters of Theodosius and
Constantia," and " The Fatal Prophecy," a drama. About
1768 he obtained the living of Blagden, Somersetshire.
His reputation rests chiefly on his translation of Plu-
tarch's "Lives," (1770,) which is correct and literal.
He was assisted in this by his brother William. He
vindicated the Scotch against the satire of Churchill in
a poem called "Genius and Valour." His versification
is easy and harmonious. Died in 1779.
See JOHNSON and CHALMERS, "Lives of the English Poetf.'
Langhorne, (WILLIAM,) a brother of the preceding,
was born in 1721, and became rector of Folkstone. He
assisted his brother in the translation of Plutarch, and
published "Job, a Poem," and a paraphrase in verse of
a part of Isaiah. Died in 1772.
Langinilan-jee'nee, (ANTONIO.) called also Antonio
da Carrara, because he was born at Carrara, an Italian
sculptor, lived about 1530.
Langiua. See LANCE.
Langlade, de, deh loN'glJd', (JACQUES,) Baron de
Saumieres, a French writer, born in Perigord about
1620. He was secretary to Cardinal Mazarin. DieH
in 1680.
Langland. See LONGLAND.
Langle, lo.s'gla', ( I IGNORE FRANCOIS MARIE,) an able
writer on music, born at Monaco in 1741. He published
a "Treatise on Harmony and Modulation," (1797,) and
composed several operas. Died in 1807.
Langle, de, deh lo.vgl, JEAN MAXIMILIEN,) a French
Protestant minister and writer, born at Evreux in 1590;
died at Rouen in 1674.
Langle, de, (PAUL ANTOINE MARIE FLEURIOT,) an
able French naval officer, born in 1744. He sailed as
second in command of La Perouse's exploring expe-
dition. He was killed by the savages on one of the
Navigator Islands in 1787.
Langles, liN-'gUss', ( Louis MATHIEU,) a French Ori-
entalist, born near Saint-Didier in 1763. He gave special
attention to Arabic and Persian, became a member of
the Academy of Inscriptions, professor of Persian in
Paris, and keeper of the Oriental manuscripts of the
National Library, (1795.) Among his numerous works
are a French version of the " Political and Military
Institutes of Tamerlane," translations from the Eng-
lish of several books of travels in the East, a Mantchoo
Dictionary, and "Ancient and Modern Monuments o'
Hindostan," (2 vols., 1812-21, unfinished.) Died in 1824.
See ABEL R^MUSAT, " Nouveaul Melanges Asiatiques;" I. P.
<\ RBMUSAT, •• Notice sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de L. M. Langles,
1825; " Nouvelle Bioeraphie Ge'ne'ralc."
i, e, i, 5, u, y, long , i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fall, fat; mSt; not; good; moon
LANGLET
1487
LANJUINAIS
Langlet. See LENGLET.
Lang'ley, (JOHN NEWPORT,) a British physiolo-
gist, born at Newbury in 1852. He was elected a
Fellow of Trinity College in 1877 and of the Royal
Society in 1883. He wrote many papers on the changes
of the glands during secretion, the action of poisons,
and the central nervous system.
Lang'ley, (SAMUEL P.,) Ph.D., LL.D., an American
astronomer, born at Koxbury, (lioston,) Massachusetts,
August 22, 1834. lie received his professional training
at the Harvard College Observatory, and in 1867 be-
came director of the observatory at Alleghany, Pennsyl-
vania. Since 1870 he has devoted a large share of at-
tention to solar physics, and in iSSo invented the bo-
lometer, an instrument for measuring minute quantities
of radiant energy. In 1881 he organized an expedition
to Ml. Whitney, California, for the more accurate deter-
mination of the Solar Constant, lie lias published many
astronomical papers, and, for his researches and discov-
eries, has been awarded the Draper medal, and also both
the Kumford medals, — one from the Royal Society of
London, and the oilier from the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences. In 1887 he was elected Secretary of
the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, and sub-
sequently experimented largely on the subject of me-
chanical flight. Hepublished "The New Astronomy,"
" Researches on Solar Heat," etc.
Langley, (WALTER,) an English painter, born at
Birmingham in 1852. He was educated at the National
School, Birmingham, and received gold medals for
paintings exhibited at Paris and Chicago.
Langlois, (JEAN CHARLES,) a French painter of bat-
tles and panoramas, born in Calvados in 1789. Among
his works are panoramas of the " Battle of Moskwa"
and the "Burning of Moscow." Died in 1870.
Langlois, (SIMON ALEXANDRE,) a French Orientalist,
born in 1788. He was elected a member of the Acad-
emy of Inscriptions in 1835. Among his works is " Rig
Veda, ou Livre des Hymnes," translated from the San-
scrit, (4 vols., 1849-52.) Died in 1854.
Langrish, lang'grish, (BROWNE,) an English physi-
cian, born about 1700, wrote several works on medicine.
Died in 1759.
Langsdorff, ISngs'doRf, (GEOKG HEINRICH,) BARON,
a German naturalist and physician, born in Suabia in
1774, accompanied Krusenstern's expedition to the
North, (1803,) and afterwards visited Brazil. He pub-
lished a Treatise on "Plants collected during the Rus-
sian Voyage around the World," (1810,) and other works.
Died in 1852.
Lang'toft, (PETER,) an English chronicler, who lived
about 1300, was a canon-regular of the order of Saint
Austin at Bridlington. He compiled a "Chronicle of
England," (in French verse,) which extends to the year
1307. He is supposed to have died in the reign of Ed-
ward II.
Lang'ton, (STEPHEN,) an English cardinal, Arch-
bishop of Canterbury. In 1206 he went to Rome, and
was made a cardinal. The election of Archbishop of
Canterbury being contested in 1207, Innocent III. com-
pelled the monks to choose Langton, whom King John
refused to recognize until the pope, by laying his king-
dom under an interdict, reduced him to subniiss.->n in
1213. He co-operated with the insurgent barons in
asserting the national liberties against King John in
1215, and was suspended by the pope for refusing to
C'llish the sentence of excommunication against the
ons. Died in 1228.
SeeW. F. HOOK, "Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury,"
vol. ii. chap. xii.
Languet, loN'g.V, (HUBERT,) a French Protestant
and political writer, born in Burgundy in 1518, was a
friend of Sir Philip Sidney. lie entered the service of
Augustus, Elector of Saxony, in 1568, and was the envoy
of that prince to Paris at the time of the Massacre of
Saint Bartholomew, from which he escaped. He was
afterwards employed as negotiator by William, Prince
of Orange. In 1579 he published, under the name of
Junius Brutus, a famous work, entitled " Vindiciae contra
« as k; 9 as j; g hard; g as/,- G, H, K, guttural; H, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
Tyrannos," a bold assertion of the right of resistance
to tyrants. Died in 1581.
Langtiet de Gergj 18N'gV deh zheR'zhe', (JEAN
BAPTISTS [OSEPH,) a French uhilanthropist and bene-
factor, was born at Dijon in 1675. He became vicar of
Saint-Sulpice, Paris, and built the magnificent church
of S.imt-Sulpice, finished in 1745. He also founded in
Paris an institution in which poor women and girls were
supported and educated. It is said that he several times
refused a bishopric. • Died in 1750.
Languet de Gergy, (JEAN JOSEPH,) a French theo-
logian, born at Dijon in 1677, was a brother of the pre-
ceding. He was a zealous adversary of the Jansenists,
and gained distinction by his polemical writings. He
became a member of the French Academy in 1721, and
Archbishop of Sens in 1730. He published Catechisms,
and other religious books. Died in 1753.
Lanier or Laniere, li-ne-aiR', (NiccoL6,) an Italian
painterand musician, was born in 1568. He lived in Eng-
land in the reign of Charles I., who patronized him and
employed him to purchase pictures. I le was more eminent
as a musician than as a painter, and became the king's
chapel-master in 1626. Lanier was also a dealer ':n
pictures, and purchased several at the sale and dispersion
of the collection of Charles I. Died about 1660.
Lanier, lan'i-er, (SIDNEY,) an American poet, born at
Macon, Georgia, February 3, 1842. He graduated with
honours at Oglethorpe College in 1860, served in the Con-
federate army, 1861-65, and was five months a prisoner
of war. After the war he became a lawyer, and partner
with his father at Macon. His earliest work was "Tiger-
Lilies," a novel, (1867.) "Florida" (1875) was » small
descriptive work in prose. His "Poems," (1876,) and
especially his Centennial Ode, made him well known
everywhere. He also prepared "The Boy's Froissart,"
(1879,) "The Boy's King Arthur," (1880,) "The Science
of English Verse," (1880,) and "The Boy's Mabino-
gion,"(iS8i.) His "The English Novel and its Develop-
nent," (1883,) and "Complete Poems," (1884,) were post-
lumously published. He lectured at Johns Hopkins
University and other schools on literary topics. Lanier's
poetical gifts were rich and abundant. He died of con-
umption, at Lynn, North Carolina, September 8, 1881.
Laul-gan, (GEORGE THOMAS,) an American writer,
)orn at Saint Charles, Canada, December id, 1845. He
>ecame a journalist of the United States, and contributed
largely to periodical literature on political, literary, and
social subjects. His principal books are " Canadian
Ballads," (1864.) "Fables out of the World," (1877,) a
comic "Life of Andrew Jackson," etc. Died in ISS6.
Lanl-gan, (JoHN,) an Irish writer and Roman Cath-
olic priest, born at Cashel in 1758. Among his works is
an "Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," (4" vols., 1822.)
Died in 1828.
Laiiino, la-nee'no, or Lanini, la-nee'nee, (BERNAR-
DINO,) an eminent Italian painter, born at Vercelli, was
a pupil of Gaudenzio Ferrari, whom he imitated. He
worked at Milan and Novara. His design and composi-
tion are admired. Among his master-pieces are " Scenes
in the Life of the Virgin," "The Sibyls," (at Novara,)
and " The Martyrdom of Saint Catherine," (in fresco,) at
Milan. Died about 1570.
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters ;" LANZI, " Storia pittorica."
Lanjuinais, loN'zhu-e'ni', (JEAN DENIS,) CouNiva
French lawyer and liberal legislator, born at Rennes'in
1753. He was deputed to the States-General in 1789,
and to the Convention in 1792. In the latter body he
boldly defended the king during his trial, and resisted
the terrorists with great energy. His defence of the
Girondists in May, 1793, is praised by Lamartine. He
was proscribed with the Girondists, but escaped, and
kept himself concealed during the reign of terror. Hs
was chosen a senator in 1800, and a member of the
Academy of Inscriptions in 1808. Hepublished many
political, religious, and historical treatises. Died January
13, 1827.
Lanjuinais, (JOSEPH,) a French writer, uncle of the
preceding, was born in Bretagne. Having removed tc
Moudon, in Switzerland, he turned Protestant, and became
a school-teacher. He published, besides other works,
Explanations, p. 23. )
LANKESTER
1488
LANSDOWNE
" The Accomplished Monarch ; or, Prodigies of Goodness
and Wisdom which make the Eulogy of the Emperor
Joseph II.," (3 vols., 1774.) Died in 1808.
Lank'es-ter, (Enwix,) F.R.S., an English naturalis
and popular lecturer, born at Melton, in Suffolk, in 1814
graduated as M D. at Heidelberg in 1839. He was choser
a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1845, and professor of
natural history at New College, London, in 1850. He
lecluied on natural history at the Royal Institution anc
other places, and contributed scientific papers to various
periodicals. He became joint editor of the "Quarterly
Journal of Microscopical Science" in 1853. Among his
works are an article on sanitary science in the " Ency
clopsedia Britannica," and " Half-Hours with the Micro
scope," (1859.) Died October 30, 1874.
Lankester, (EDWIN RAY,) an English biologist, a
son of the foregoing, was born in London, May 15,
1847. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and
in 1874 was appointed professor of zoology and compara-
tive anatomy in University College, London. He has
published several books, and many scientific papers,
mostly on palaeontology and comparative anatomy.
Lankrink. See LANCRINCK.
Lan'raan. (CHARLES,) an American artist and author,
a son of Judge Lanman, of Connecticut, was born al
Frenchtown, Michigan, June 14, 1819. He became a
journalist, and for many years held positions in the civil
service at Washington, D.C. He was one of the secre-
taries of the Japanese legation at Washington, 1871-82.
Among his numerous works are " Life on the Lakes,"
(1836,) "Summer in the Wilderness," (1847,) "Essays
for Summer Hours," (1853,) "Dictionary of Congress,"
(1858,) "The Japanese in America," (1872,) "Recollec-
tions of Curious Characters and Pleasant Places," (1881,)
and " Leading Men of Japan," (1883.) He was asuccess-
ful landscape-painter, and was an associate of the Nation-
al Academy of Design, New York. Died March 4, 1895.
Lannes, Itn, (JEAN,) Duke of Montebello, one of the
most celebrated marshals of the French empire, was
born of humble parentage at Lectoure (Gers) in 1769.
He entered the army as a volunteer in 1792, and was
rapidly promoted until the coup cTltat of the gth Thermi-
dor, 1794, when he was forced to retire from the army.
As chef-de-bataillon, he served under Bonaparte in Italy
in 1796, and was made a colonel for his conduct at Mon-
tenotte. In 1798 he followed Bonaparte to Egypt, where
he became a general of division and rendered important
service at Aboukir. His courage and capacity were very
conspicuous at the battles of Montebello and Marengo,
in 1800. He was sent on a diplomatic mission to Por-
tugal in 1801, and on his return, in 1804, was created a
marshal of the empire and Duke of Montebello.
Lannes commanded the left wing of the grand army
in the campaign of 1805, and added to his already
brilliant reputation at Austerlitz and Jena, (1806.) His
military skill was exerted with success at the memorable
siege of Saragossa, where he commanded in chief, in
1809. In the second war against Austria he contributed
to the victory at Eckmiihl, (1809,) and directed the suc-
cessful attack on Ratisbon, where, when his men faltered,
he seized a scaling-ladder and ran forward through "the
imminent deadly breach." He was mortally wounded at
the battle of Aspern and Essling, in May, 1809. In the
midst of the conflict, Napoleon paused lo address the
dying general, who said, "Adieu, Sire! Live for the
world ; but bestow a few thoughts on one of your best
friends, who in a few hours will be no more." The em-
peror is said to have been more deeply affected by this
scene than he ever was before. " Lannes was at once," '
said Napoleon, " the Roland of the army and a giant in '
capacity. He had been in fifty-four pitched battles. He
was cool in the midst of fire, and possessed a clear,
penetrating eye. Violent and hasty in his temper, some- !
times even in my presence, he was yet ardently attached
to me. As a general, he was greatly superior to Moreau
3r Soult. I found him a mere swordsman ; I raised him
to the nighest point of art." He left a son, NapoKon
Auguste, Duke of Montebello.
See RKNi PERIN. " Vie militairede J. I.annes," 1810 : CHAlWAU-
«BUP, "Vie du Marshal Lannes," 1813 : THIHRS, " History of UM
French Revolution ;" " Nouvelle Biographic GeWrale."
Lannes, (NAPOLEON AUGUSTE,) Duke of Montebeli-,
a son of the preceding, was born in 1802. He was ser.t
as ambassador to Naples in 1838, and became ministei
of the marine in 1847. In 1849 he was elected to the
Legislative Assembly, in which he voted with the ma-
jority. He was appointed ambassador to Russia in 1858,
and commander-in-chief of the French army at Rome
about June, 1862. Died July 19, 1874.
LaiinoL See LANNOY.
Lannoy, It'nwa', (JULIANA CORNELIA,) BARONESS OF,
an eminent Dutch poetess, born at Breda in 1738. Her
poetical talents were displayed in satires, odes, and epis-
tles, which are admired for elegance and spirit-stirring
power. She produced three successful tragedies, " Leo
the Great," (1767,) " The Siege of Haarlem," (1770,) and
"Cleopatra," (1776.) Died in 1782.
Lannoy or Lannoi, de, deh li'nwi', (CHARLES,) a
famous general of the Spanish armies, was born in Flan-
ders about 1470. Having served with distinction in
various campaigns, he received the badge of the Golden
Fleece in 1516, and was appointed Viceroy of Naples by
Charles V. in 1521. After the death of Prosper Colonna,
he commanded the imperial armies, and in 1525 gained
the decisive victory of Pavia, where he exchanged swords
with Francis I. Diedini527. (See AVALOS, FERDIKA.NDO
D', MARQUIS DE PESCARA.)
His son FERDINAND, Duke of Boyennes, born in Italy
about 1510, was versed in mathematics, and was reputed
the inventor of the demi-cannon. He attained the rank
of general of artillery in the Spanish army, and was after-
wards Governor of Holland and of Gray. Died in 1579.
La None. See NOUE, LA.
Lanoue, li'noo', (FELIX HIPPOLYTE,) a French land-
scape-painter, born at Versailles in 1812. He gained the
irst prize for landscapes in 1841. Died Jan. 22, 1872.
Lansberg, ]lns'b?RG', or Lanspefg, lans'peRG',
JOHANN,) an ascetic German writer and monk, born at
Landsberg, in Bavaria. Died in 1539. Among his chief
works is a " Manual of the Christian Warfare," (" En-
chiridion Militias Christianae," 1546,) which he wrote in
opposition to the " Miles Christianus" of Erasmus.
Lansberg, lans'beRg or lins'beRH, written also Lans-
aerghe, (PHILIPPUS.) a Dutch astronomer and geometer,
>orn in Zealand in 1561. He was for many years pastor
of the Protestant church at Ter-Goes. He published,
sesides other works on mathematics, a " Treatise on the
3iurnal and Annual Motion of the Earth," (1630,) in
which he advocates the Copernican system, and "Geom-
etry of Triangles," (1631.) Died in 1632.
See BAVLK, " Historical and Critical Dictionary ;" FOP^KNS,
•Biblio-.heca Belglca."
Lans'dell, (HENRY,) a British author and trav-
eller, was born at Tenterden, Kent, in 1841. He
studied theology and was ordained in 1867, and trav-
elled widely in behalf of missionary enterprises, visit-
ng every country in Europe and Asia and parts of
•Yfrica and America. In 1892 he became chaplain of
Morden College, Blackheath. He published "Through
Siberia," (1882,) " Russian Central Asia," (1885,)
and "Chinese Central Asia," (1893.)
Lansdowne. See GRANVILLE, (GEORGE.)
Lans'downe, (HENRY CHARLES KEITH Fitz-
maurice.) fifth MARQUIS OF, an English peer, born
n 1845, a son °f tne 'ourtri marquis, noticed below,
rle was educated at Eton, and at Balliol College,
Oxford, and succeeded to his titles in 1866. He held
>ositions in the treasury, war, and India offices under
Mr. Gladstone, was Governor-General of Canada 1883-
88, and of India 1888-94. He became secretary for
war in 1895.
Lanadowne, lanz'down, (HENRY PETTY Frrz-MAU-
RICE,) third MARQUIS OF, an eminent English statesman,
born in 1780, was the second son of the first Marquis.
(See SHELBURNE.) About 1795 he was placed under
the tuition of Dugald Stewart in Edinburgh, and several
years later he graduated at Cambridge. In 1802 Lord
Henry Petty entered the House of Commons, where he
at length became a successful debater. He was ap-
pointed chancellor of the exchequer when the Whig
«, e, i, 6, u, y, long; 4, e. 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, fall, fat; m4t; not; good; moon:
LANSDOWNE
1489
LAO-TSE
ministry of Grenville and Fox came into power in 1806,
but retired from t'.iat office in March of the ensuing
year. He married a daughter of the Earl of Ilchester
in 1808. At the death of his brother, in 1809, he in-
herited the title of marquis, and passed into the House
of Lords. He cordially supported at different times the
efforts to abolish slavery, spoke ably in favour of Catholic
emancipation, and acted generally with the Whig party.
In 1827 he was secretary for the home department under
Canning for three or four months ; and during the brief
ministry of Lord Goderich, which resigned about the
end of 1828, he was secretary of foreign affairs. On the
formation of a Whig ministry by Lord Grey in 1831, Lord
Lansdowne became president of the Council, which po-
sition he filled with credit until 1841. He was the leader
of the opposition in the House of Lords from 1841 until
1846, when he entered the cabinet of Lord John Russell
as president of the Council. He resigned in 1852. Died
about February I, 1863.
His son, the fourth Marquis of Lansdowne, born in
1816, died in July, 1866.
Lansdowne, MARQUIS OF. See SHELBURNE, EARL
OF.
Lantara, ISN'tS'rt', (SiMON MATHURIN,) an excellent
P'rench landscape-painter, born near Milly in 1729, or, as
some say, in 1745. He worked in Paris, and passed his
life in poverty, caused by his indolent and improvident
habits. His manner reminds one of Claude Lorrain.
He excelled in aerial perspective, and represented in a
marvellous manner the different periods of the day. The
skies of his pictures present a vapory tone and an ex-
quisite lightness of touch. Died in Paris in 1778.
See CHARLES BLANC, " Histoire des Peintres ;" LA CHAVIGNK-
KIE, " Recherches historiques, biographiques et litteraires sur le
Peintre Lantara," 1852; "Nouvelle Biographic Gene'rale."
Lanteri, lan-ta'ree, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian writer,
born at Briga in 1801. Among his works is a " History
of the House of Savoy," (" Storia della Monarchia di
Casa Savoja," 1835.) Died in 1843.
Lanthenas, ISNt'nas', (FRANC.OIS,) a French revolu-
tionist, born in Forez about 1740. He was a member
of the National Convention, and was proscribed with the
Girondists in May, 1793 ; but his name was erased from
the fatal list by Marat with an expression of contempt,
Died in 1799.
Lantier, de, deh l&N'te-V, (ETIENNE FRANCOIS,) a
popular French author, borrTat Marseilles in 1734, was
called " the Anacharsis of the Boudoirs." His comedy
" L'Impatient" was performed with great applause in
1778. He is ranked by some critics among the best
disciples of the school of Voltaire. During the reign
of terror (1793) he was imprisoned at Lyons. He after-
wards produced a fictitious narrative of the " Travels of
Antenor," ("Voyages d'Ante'nor," 1798,) which had a
prodigious success and was translated into nearly all
modern languages. At the age of ninety he composed
a poem, called "Geoffrey Rudel, or the Troubadour."
Died in 1826.
See "Nouvelle Biographic GeneraJe."
Lanuase, It'niiss', (FRANCOIS,) a French general,
born at Habas (Les Landes) in 1772. As general of
brigade he rendered important services at Lodi and
Castiglione, and as general of division followed Bona-
parte to Egypt in 1798. He commanded in the Delta
during the expedition against Syria, and was killed by
the English at the battle of Alexandria, or Aboukir, in
March, 1801.
See ADKIEN PASCAL, " Biographies du Lieut-Ge'niral de Lanusse
«t du Lieut.-Gene'ral Baron de Lanusse," 1843.
Lan'yon. (CHARLES,) an English architect and civil
engineer, born in Sussex in 1813. He designed Queen's
College, in Belfast, and other edifices. Died in 1889.
Lanza, lin'za, (GIOVANNI,) an Italian statesman, born
at Vignale, in Piedmont, in 1815. He was a physician
by profession, and between 1855 and 1873 held many
cabinet positions under Victor Emmanuel, for several
terms acting as premier. He was distinguished for his
attempted, but only in part successful, financial reforms.
Died March 9, 1882.
Lanzani, lln-za'nee, or Lanzano, IJn-zJ'no, (AN-
DREA,) an Italian painter, born at Milan about 1648,
studied under Carlo Maratta. He worked at Milan and
Vienna, where he was employed by the emperor. Among
his works are a Saint Charles Borromeo, and a " Holy
Family." Died at Vienna in 1712.
Lanzano. See LANZANI.
Lanzi, lan'zee, (Luici,) an eminent Italian antiquary
and writer on art, was born near Macerata in 1732. He
became a good classical scholar, and had acquired the
reputation of an able professor and writer, when the
suppression of the order of Jesuits, of which he was a
member, opened to him a new career. He was chosen
sub-director of the Gallery of Florence in 1773. In 1789
he published an " Essay on the Etruscan Language," (3
vols.,) which was highly prized by the learned. His
reputation was increased by his " History of Painting
in Italy from the Renaissance of Art to the End of the
Eighteenth Century," ("Storia pittorica della Italia,"
etc., 1792 ; 3d edition, 6 vols., 1809,) which is character-
ized liy good taste and judicious criticism. It was trans-
lated into English by Thomas Roscoe. Died in 1810.
See ZANNONI, " Elogio storico di L. Lanzi;" MAURO BONL,
" Sagjgio di Studj di L. Lanzi," 1815; A. CAPPI, " Biografia di L.
Lanzi," 1840; "Edinburgh Review" for September, 1828.
Lanzoni, lan-zo'nee, (GIUSEPPE,) an eminent Italian
physician, born at Ferrara in 1663. He obtained in 1684
a professorship of philosophy at Ferrara, which he re-
tained until his death. His works have been collected
under the title "Opera Omnia Medico-Physica et Philo-
sophica," (3 vols., 1738.) Died in 1730.
La-oc'o-on, [Gr. AOOKOUV,] a Trojan hero, and a priest
of Apollo or of Neptune, was variously represented as a
son of Antenor or a son of Priam. He strenuously
opposed the admission of the wooden horse into the city
of Troy, and thrust his spear into that structure. While
he was offering a sacrifice to Neptune with his two sons,
two huge serpents, issuing from the sea, attacked them
and crushed them all to death. His story was a favourite
subject with the ancient poets and artists, and has derived
especial celebrity from a magnificent marble group of
Laocoon and his sons which is preserved in the Vatican
in Rome, and which was described by Pliny as superior
to all other master-pieces of ancient sculptors. This
group was executed by Agesander, his son Athenodorus,
and Polydorus.
See VIRGIL'S "jEneid," book ii. 41-50 and 199-233 ; also, L«»-
SING'S " Laocoon."
Laodameia. See LAODAMIA.
La-o-da-mi'a or La-o-da-mel'a, [Gr. Aaoda/uta;
Fr. LAODAMIE, 13'o'di'me',] a daughter of Acastus, and
wife of Protesilaus, the first Greek who fell at Troy. To
keep alive the memory of her husband, whom she ten-
derly loved, she caused a wooden image of him to be
made. Her father, in the hope of dispelling her grief,
ordered it to be burned, when she threw herself into the
flames and perished with it
Laodamie. See LAODAMIA.
La-odl-ce, [AaodixTi,] the name of several Grecian
princesses, one of whom was the mother of Seleucus Ni-
cator, founder of a Syrian dynasty. Another was the
wife of Antiochus Theos, whom she poisoned in 246 B.C.
Her son, Seleucus Callinicus, then became king.
La-om'e-don, [Gr. A.ao[ic6av,] the king and founder
of Troy, and the father of Priam. According to ancient
legends, Neptune and Apollo were condemned to serve
Laomedon for one year, and the former built the walls
of Troy for a stipulated price, but after the work was
finished the perfidious king refused to pay Neptune.
Laomedon was killed by Hercules for another breach
of faith.
Laomedon, a Greek general in the service of Alex-
ander the Great, enjoyed the confidence of that king in
a high degree. After the death of Alexander he became
governor of Syria, in 323 B.C. He was driven out by the
army of Ptolemy about 321 B.C.
Lao-Tse, la'o'tseh' or la'o'tsuh', or Lao-Tseu, Wo'-
tsuh', written also Laou-Tsze andLao-Tze, sometimes
called Lao-Kiun, (kyoon,) a celebrated Chinese phi-
losopher or sage, who was born, it is said, in the province
of Honan, 565 years before Christ, or fourteen years be-
fore the birth of Confucius. He was born, we are told,
with white hair and eyebrows, whence he was named
€as k; c as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, VL,giitturai; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this,
94
O5f=See Explanations, p. 23.)
LAO-TSEU
1490
LAPLACE
Lao-Tse, the "hoary or aged child," and Lae-ffiun, the
"aged prince." His white hair seems to have been re-
garded as an indication of his early wisdom. Many other
marvels are told concerning his birth, which need not be
related here. It seems probable that Lao-Tse was not
wholly unacquainted with the religious doctrines oflndia,
not only those of the Brahmans, but perhaps also of the
Booddhists. For some years he was archivist and his-
toriographer to one of the Chinese princes. He was, it
is said, profoundly versed in the doctrines and institutions
of the ancients. He taught the existence of a supreme
Being, under the name of Too, or the "supreme reason."
His followers are called Tao-Sse (tS'o sa) or Taosc, —
that is, the "disciples of Reason." Instead of referring,
like Confucius, to the authority of the ancient sages, he
taught that we must seek for the principles of right
within ourselves, in complete retirement from all worldly
pursuits and thoughts. On one occasion Confucius had
an interview with Lao-Tse, who cautioned him against
seeking the honours of the world. Lao-Tse observed
that the possessor of true wisdom seeks rather to hide
than to display his riches. Confucius left him deeply
impressed with his extraordinary character, and evidently
regarded him as something wonderful, if not divine. We
are told that after this interview Confucius said to his
disciples, " It does not astonish me to see the birds fly,
the fishes swim, or the beasts run ; I know that the fishes
may be taken with nets, the beasts with snares, and that
the birds may be shot with an arrow. But I cannot tell
how the dragon* can fly on the wind through the clouds
and raise himself to heaven. To-day I have seen Lao-
Tse : he can be compared only to the dragon." The
date of Lao-Tse's death is unknown. He was undoubt-
edly an extraordinary man, and his influence is not yet
lost in China. The following sayings of his may serve
to give an idea of the cast and calibre of his mind : " He
only can be called wise (or enlightened) who knows him-
self; he only can be called valiant who subdues him-
self; he only can be called rich who knows what is
necessary." Like the Brahmans of India, Lao-Tse
taught the final absorption of pure and enlightened souls
into the supreme eternal Spirit, and that, "having thus
become one with the supreme Reason, they will exist
eternally." He inculcated universal benevolence : we
ought to show kindness not only to the sincere and vir-
tuous, but also to the insincere and wicked. "Those
who are holy," he says, "will treat all men as a father
treats his children." The religion of the Tao-Sse, at
the present day, seems closely allied to Booddhism ;
and many of its votaries of both sexes, like the followers
of Gautama, spend their lives in monasteries. The
modem Tao-Sse are much addicted to superstitious
observances, and deal largely in sorcery. They are very
popular with the common people, and in some parts of
the empire their influence rivals that of the Booddhists.
See PAUTHIEK, "Chine," pp. 110-120: LHGGR, "Life and Teach-
ings of Confucius," chap. v.t London, 1867, Tnibnerft Co. : BROCK-
HAUS, " Conversations- Lexikon," article "Lao-Tse :" LOOMIS," Con-
fucius and the Chinese Classics," p. 278 ft s'9-I J- P. A. RRMUSAT,
" Me"moire sur la Vie et !es Opinions de Lao-Tseu," 1829.
Lao-Tseu. See LAO-TSE.
Laou-Tse or Laou-Tsze. See LAO-TSE.
La Paix, the French of EIRENE, which see.
Laparelli, 15-pa-rel'lee, ( FRANCESCO, ) an Italian
architect, born at Cortona in 1521. lie planned the
city of Valetta, Malta, and assisted Michael Angelo in
the design of Saint Peter's, at Rome. Died in 1570.
La Perouse. See PBROUSE, DE LA.
La Peyrere. See PF.VRERF, LA.
La Pey ronie, de, deh U pi'ro'ne', (FRANCOIS GIGOT,)
a French surgeon, born at Montpellier in 1678. He re-
ceived the title of first surgeon to the king, (Louis XV.,)
and wrote a " Treatise on Diseases of the Brain," ( 1 708. )
Died in 1747.
La Peyrouse, de, deh U pj'rooz', (PHILIPPE PICOT,)
BARON, a French naturalist, born at Toulouse in 1744.
He published, besides other works, a " Flora of the Pyr-
enees," (1795-1801.) Died in 1818.
See DHCAMPE, " filoge de M. le Baron de La Peyrouse," 1819.
• The dragon of the Chinese is regarded as a supernatural 01
divine being
Lapham, lap'am, (INCREASE A.,) an American natu-
ralist, born at Palmyra, New York, in 1811. He pub
lished " Wisconsin : its Geography and Topography
History, Geology, and Mineralogy," (1844,) " Antiquities
of Wisconsin," (1855,) etc. He died Sept 14, 1875.
Lapi, la'pee, (NICCOL6,) an Italian painter, born at
Florence in 1661, was a pupil of Luca Giordano. The
gallery of Florence contains a "Transfiguration" by him.
Died in 1732.
Lapide, a, J IS'pe-da', called also Steen, (stan,)
(CORNELIUS,) a Flemish Jesuit, born in the diocese of
Liege. He wrote " Commentaries on the Bible." Died
in 1657.
Lapis, la'pess, (GAETANO,) a painter of the Roman
school, born in Umbria in 1704 ; died in 1776.
Lapisse, It'pess', (PIERRE BELON,) Baron de Sainte-
Helene, a French general, born at Lyons in 1762, was
killed at Talavera in July, 1810.
Lapithae, lap'I-Mee, [Gr. \amSai ; Fr. LAPITHES, If-
pet',] a fabulous tribe of Thessalians, whose story is
intimately connected with that of the Centaurs. They
were ruled by a chief named Pirithous, to whose mar-
riage the Centaurs were invited. At this marriage-feast
occurred the celebrated fight of the Lapitha: and the
Centaurs, which was a favourite subject with the ancient
poets and artists.
Lapithes. See LAPITH.«.
Lapito, li'pe'to', (Louis AUGUSTS,) a French land-
scape-painter, born near Paris in 1805. Many of his
works are in the royal galleries of Luxembourg, Tuile-
ries, etc. Died April 7, 1874.
Laplace, If pltss', ( CYRILI.E PIERRE THEODORE,) a
French navigator, born in 1793. He commanded two
scientific expeditions, of which he gave accounts in the
following works : a " Voyage around the World, per-
formed in 1830-31-32," (5 vols., 1833-39,) and "Circum-
navigation of the Artemisia, 1837-40," (4 vols., 1845-48.)
He was made a vice-admiral in 1853. Died in 1875.
La Place, (PIERRE.) See PLACE, DE LA.
Laplace, (PIERRE SIMON,) one of the greatest as-
tronomers and mathematicians of any age or country,
was born at Beaumont-en-Auge, (Calvados,) in France,
March 23, 1749. His father was a peasant or poor
farmer. After making great progress in the high mathe-
matics at the Academy of Beaumont, he went to Paris,
where, through the influence of D'Alembert, he became
professor of mathematics in the military school about
1 768. He was chosen a mcmbrf-adjcrint of the Academy of
Sciences in 1773, and about that time produced a capital
" Memoir on Differential Equations and the Secular In-
equalities of the Planets." Addressing himself to the
arduous questions of mathematical astronomy, he began
to confirm the theories of his predecessors ana to demon-
strate in detail the principles of Newton. In 1785 he
became a titular member of the Academy of Sciences,
which he enriched with memoirs on pure mathematics,
general astronomy, and the theory of the planets. He
favoured the popular cause in the Revolution, and offered
homage to the rising star of Bonaparte, who in 1799 nomi-
nated him minister of the interior, thinking, perhaps,
that the man who asc-rtained the laws of the planetary
perturbations might also regulate the disturbing forces
of the social and political spheres. This experiment was
a failure, and Laplace was removed from that office to
the sftiat fonsrniatrur in December, 1799. "He was,"
said Napoleon, "below mediocrity as a minister. lie
looked at no question in its proper point of view, but,
always searching for subtleties, aimed to conduct the gov-
ernment on the principles of the infinitesimal calculus."
In 1796 he published important discoveries in his
" Exposition of the System of the Universe," (" Exposi-
tion du Systeme du Monde,") which is a kind of trans-
lation into popular language, without analytical formulas,
of his greater work, " La Me'canique celeste." It was
the " Exposition" that procured for him the reputation
of a pure and elegant writer, and eventually opened to
him the Academic Fransaise in 1816. The clearness
and facility with which he explains and demonstrates the
great laws of astronomy render this work one of the most
admirable resumes which have ever appeared. " No work
of that kind existed at that time," says Parisot, "which
k, e, !, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fit; m8t; n6t; good; m5on-
LA PLACE
1491
L ARCHER
combined the same merits in the same degree." He
received the title of count in 1806. He was for many
years a member, and eventually president, of the bureau
of longitudes. In 1814 he voted to erect a provisional
government on the ruins of Napoleon's empire, and he
remained aloof from the Imperialist party during the
Hundred Days. He was created Marquis Laplace in
1817, and in the same year was chosen president of the
Academy of Sciences. He had been chosen an associate
of many foreign Academies. Among his important pro-
ductions are " The Analytic Theory of Probabilities,"
(1812,) and a "Philosophic Essay on Probabilities,"
(1814.) The capital monument of his genius is his
"Treatise on Celestial Mechanics," ("Trait^ de la M^-
canique celeste," 5 vols., 1799-1825,) which will doubt-
less preserve his memory to the latest posterity. Among
his great discoveries are the theory of Jupiter's satel-
lites, and the causes of the grand inequality of Jupiter
and Saturn, and of the acceleration of the moon's mean
motion. He shares the honour of proving the stability
of the planetary system with Lagrange, than whom he
has attained a higher celebrity by ranging over a wider
field of discovery. One of his last expressions was,
" What we know is but little, (pen de chose ;) that which
we know not is immense." Died in 1827.
See FOURIER, " filoge de La Place ;" ARAGO, " Biographic dc
La Place," (and English version of the same, published in 1859 ;)
"Nouvelle Biouraphie Generale;" PUISIBUX et CHARLES, "No-
tices sur Malherbe, Laplace," etc., 1847; "Quarterly Review" for
February, 1809; "Edinburgh Review" for January, 1808, and Jan-
uary, 1810: " Foreign Quarterly Review" for September, 1828.
La Place or Laplace, de, deh If'pltss', (CHARLES
EMILE PIERRE JOSEPH,) MARQUIS, a son of the great
astronomer, was born in Paris in 1789. He entered
the army young, and served in the campaigns of Ger-
many, (1809,) of Russia, (1812,) and of France, (1814.)
He became a peer of France in 1827, a lieutenant-general
in 1843, ar>d a senator in 1853. Died October 30, 1874.
La Place, de, [Lat. PLAO<E'US,] (JosuE,) a French
Protestant theologian, born in Bretagne about 1605. He
became professor of theology at Saumur in 1633. Among
his works are a treatise " On the Imputation of the First
Sin of Adam," (" De Imputatione Primi Peccati Adami,"
1655,) in which he opposes the doctrine that the sin of
Adam is imputed to all his posterity, and " An Argument
for the Divinity of Christ," (1657.) Died in 1665.
La Placette, 1J pli'sgt', (JEAN,) a French Protestant
divine and moralist, born at Pontac in 1639. He emi-
grated when the edict of Nantes was revoked, in 1685,
and was pastor of the French church in Copenhagen
from 1686 to 1711. Among his works, which are highly
esteemed, are " Essays on Morality," (2d edition, 4 vols.,
1697,) and " Christian Morals reduced to Three Princi-
pal Duties : the Repentance of Sinners, the Perseverance
of the Righteous, and Growth in Grace," (1695.) Died
in 1718.
See NicriRON, "Memoirea;" QU^RARD, " La France LitteVaire."
La Planche. See REGNIER, (Louis.)
Lapo, la'po, a Florentine architect, was the pupil of
Niccol6 de Pisa, and a friend of Arnolfo di Lapo. Va-
sari represents him as a German, (whose proper name
was Jacob or Jacopo,) and as the father of Arnolfo ; but
others have disproved both of these statements. He
adorned Florence with many fine edifices, which time
has destroyed. Died about 1275.
Lapo, (diminutive of Jacopo,) an Italian canonist,
born in Tuscany, taught canon law at Florence more than
twenty years, and was chosen captain or chief of the
Guelph party. He gained distinction by his researches
for manuscripts of classic authors, and had the good for-
tune to find Cicero's oration for Milo and the Philippics,
which he sent to his intimate friend Petrarch. Died in 1381.
See TIRABOSCHI, "Storia della Letteratura Italiana."
Lapo Gianni, la'po jan'nee, an Italian poet, a native
of Florence, lived about 1250.
See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Lapo, di, de la'po, (ARNOLFO,) a celebrated Italian
architect and sculptor, born near Florence about 1232,
was the son of Cambio, and the pupil of Cimabue in de-
lign. He had the reputation of being the greatest Tuscan
architect in his time. About 1294 he began to erect
the church of Santa Croce in Florence. His greatest
work is the church of Santa Maria del Fiore, caHed also
the Duomo, or Cathedral, of Florence, which, however,
he left unfinished. Its noble and beautiful dome was
the work of Brunelleschi. Among his master-pieces of
sculpture is the tabernacle of the basilica of San Paolo,
near Rome. Died about 1300.
See VASARI, "Lives of the Painters and Sculptors."
Lapointe, If pwaNt', (SAVINIEN,) a French poet, bora
at Sens (Yonne) in 1812, was a shoemaker in his youth.
He was befriended by Beranger and Victor Hug >, with
whose aid he published a volume of verses called "A
Voice from Below," ("Une Voix d'en bas," 1844.) He
wrote "Memoirs of Beranger," (1857.) Died in 1893.
Laponneraye, If pon'r4', (ALBERT,) a French his-
torical writer, born at Tours in 1808, published, besides
other works, a " History of the French Revolution from
1789 to 1840," (3 vols., 1840.) Died in 1849.
Laporte or La Porte, de, deh It'poRt', (HIPPOLYTE,)
MARQUIS, a French litterateur, born in Paris in 1770.
Among his works are " Ivelina," (3 vols., 1830,) and
"Recollections of an Emigrant," (1843.) Died in 1852.
Laporte, (PIERRE FRANCOIS,) a French comedian and
theatrical manager, went to London in 1824 as member
and joint manager of a company who performed French
plays at the theatre in Tottenham Street. He was subse-
quently manager of the King's Theatre, and introduced
many famous singers and operas to the English public.
Died September 25, 1841.
La Porte, de, (JOSEPH,) ABBS, a French critic and
compiler, born at BeTort in 1713. The most important
or popular of his compilations was the " French Trav-
eller," ("Voyageur Francais,") a melange of romantic
adventures and historical narratives, (42 vols., 1765-95.)
Died in 1779.
Laporte du Theil. See DUTHEIL DE LA PORTE.
Lappe, Up'peh, (KARi,,) a popular German poet, born
near Wolgast in 1774, published "Funereal Garlands,"
("Friedhofskr'anze,") and other works. Died in 1843.
Lappenberg, lap'pen-be'RG', QOHANN MARTIN,) an
able German historian, born at Hamburg in 1794. He
studied in Edinburgh, London, and Berlin, and was ap-
pointed minister to the court of Berlin in 1820. In 1823
he became keeper of the archives of the senate of Ham-
burg. He published, besides other works, a continua-
tion of Sartorius's "Authentic History of the Origin
of the German Hanse Towns," (1830,) and a valuable
" History of England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings,"
(2 vols., 1834-37,) which has been translated into Eng-
lish by Thorpe. Died in 1865.
Lappoli, lap'po-lee, (GIOVANNI ANTONIO,) an Italian
painter, born in 1492. He worked in Rome and at
Arezzo. Died in 1552.
Laprade, de, deh li'pRSd', (PIERRE MARIN VICTOR
RICHARD,) a French poet, born at Montbrison in 1812,
was called a disciple of Lamartine. His "Symphonies"
(1856) opened to him the doors of the French Academy
in 1858. He died December 14, 1883.
Lap-raik', (JoHN,) a Scottish minor poet, born in 1727.
He was a correspondent of the poet Burns. He pnb-
lished a volume of poor verses in 1788, and died at Muir-
kirk in 1807.
La Primaudaye, de, deh li pRe'mS'dl', (PIERRE,)
a French writer, born about 1545. Among his works
was "L'Academie Francoise," (1577, often reprinted.)
La Quintinie. See QUINTINIE, DE LA.
Larauza, It'ro'zS', (JEAN Louis,) a French teacher,
born in Paris in 1793. He wrote an "Essay on the Pas-
sage of the Alps by Hannibal," (1826.) Died in 1825.
La Ravardiere, de, deh If rf vtR'de-aiR', (DANIEL
DE LA TOUSCHE,) SIEUR, a French explorer, born in
Poitou about 1570. He conducted an expedition to
Brazil in 1611, and planted a colony on the island of
Maranham ; but they were expelled by the Portuguese in
1615. Died after 1630.
Larcher, laVsha', (PIERRE HENRI,) a French littera-
teur and Hellenist, born at Dijon in 1726. After trans-
lating several works from the English, he published in
1767 an able work, entitled "Supplement to the Phi-
losophy of History," which was designed to refute Vol-
taire, from whom it drew a sarcastic reply. His chief
€39 A1; 935^; ghard; gas /; G, H, TH, guttural; N, nasal; 1.,trillcd; sasz; th as in this. (Jl^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
LARCOM
1492
LARMESSIN
work is a translation of Herodotus into French, with a
commentary, (1786,) which is highly prized as a monu-
ment of learning. He was a member of the Institute or
Academy of Inscriptions. Died in 1812.
Lar'com, (Lucv,) an American poet, bora at Beverly
Farms, Massachusetts, in 1826. In early life she worked
in the Lowell mills, and was a frequent contributor to
the " Lowell Offering" and the " Operatives' Magazine."
She afterwards engaged in teaching, and subsequently
(1865-74) was editor of " Our Young Folks." Her prin-
cipal works are " Ships in the Mist," etc. (1850.,) " Poems,"
(1868,) " Wild Roses of Cape Ann," (1880,) " New
England Girlhood," (1884,) "As it is in Heaven,"
(1891,) etc. Died April 17, 1893.
Lardizabal, de, di lau-de-tha-bal', (Don MANUEL,)
a Spanish minister of state, born in Biscay about 1750.
In 1814 Ferdinand VII. appointed him minister of the
Indies. Soon after that date he was imprisoned for some
unknown reason, and died in exile in 1823.
Lard'ner, (DlONYSlus,) LL.D., a distinguished scien-
tific writer and editor, was born in Dublin in 1793,
and educated at Trinity College. He wrote at college a
" Treatise on Algebraic Geometry," (1823.) His " Popu-
lar Lectures on the Steam Engine" (1828) passed through
many editions. In 1828 he became professor of natural
philosophy in the London University, and projected the
"Cabinet Cyclopaedia," to which Herschel, Brewster,
and other eminent authors contributed. For this work,
which appeared in 134 volumes, (1830-44,) Dr. Lardner
wrote the treatises on hydrostatics, pneumatics, geome-
try, etc. Between 1840 and 1845 he delivered in the
chief cities of the United States scientific lectures, which
were published, and favourably received. He became
a resident of Paris in 1845, after which he published
hand-books of natural philosophy, astronomy, and other
sciences. Died in 1859.
Lardner, (NATHANIEL,) D.D., an English theologian
of great merit, was born in Kent in 1684. He studied
at Utrecht and Leyden, and became a dissenting minis-
ter. From 1713 to 1729 he was chaplain in the family
of Lady Treby. He began to preach to the Presbyterian
congregation of Old Jewry, London, in 1723. In 1727
he published the first part of his "Credibility of the
Gospel History," a work of profound reasoning and
research, and one of the most successful arguments in
defence of Christianity ever given to the world. Re-
ferring to this work, Sir James Mackintosh remarks that
it "soon wearies out the greater part of readers, though
the few who are more patient have almost always been
gradually won over to feel pleasure in a display of know-
ledge, probity, charity, and meekness unmatched by an
avowed advocate in a case deeply interesting his wannest
feelings." (See his remarks on Paley in the "View of
the Progress of Ethical Philosophy. ) Between 1733
and 1743 he produced five more volumes of the same
work. He was the author of other treatises, one of
which (" Letter on the Logos," or " Word") advocates
Socinian doctrines. Died in 1768.
See KIPHS, " Life of N. Lardner," prefixed to his complete Works,
II vols., 1788; "Memoirs of the Life of the Rev. N. I^ardoer,"
London, 1769.
La Renaudiere, de, deh li reh'no'de-aiR', (PHILIPPE
FRANCOIS,) a French geographer, born at Vire, in Nor-
mandy, in 1781, was associated with Malte-Brun as editor
of the "Annales des Voyages," (54 vols., 1826-39.) He
published several geographical works. Died in 1845.
Larentia. See ACCA LAURENTIA.
La'rea, a name applied to genii, or inferior gods of
human origin, worshipped by the ancient Romans. The
Lares were believed to preside over houses and families,
and were divided into several classes, as Lares domestici,
Lares public!, Lares urbani, etc. They were supposed
to be the spirits of good men who had died, and were
partly identified with the Manes. (See MANES.)
Lareveillere-L6paux or Lare^velliere-Lepeaux,
de, deh IS'ra'v&l'ye^iR' la'po', a French republican,
born at Mortagne in 1753. He was deputed to the Con-
vention in 1792, voted for the death f the king, and
defended the proscribed Girondists in 1793, for which he
was doomed to die, but escaped by concealing himself.
In 1795 he resumed his place in the Convention, where
he acquired the reputation of an effective speaker, and
in October of that year was elected a member of the
Executive Directory. He presided over the department
of science, morals, and religion, and showed his hostility
to the Catholics, who stigmatized him as a fanatic and
"theophilanthropist." He acted with Barras and the
majority of the Directors in the coup ifjtat of the iSth
Fructidor, (September, 1797.) The Directors became
divided into two parties, in which Le'paux was opposed
to Barras, and, finding himself in a minority, he re-
signed in June, 1799. Died in 1824.
See, also, THIERS, "History of the French Revolution;" " Nou-
relle Biographic Generale."
Lareveillere-Lepeaux, (OssiAN,) a French littira-
tfur, a son of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1797.
He wrote important articles for the " Nouvelle Bio-
graphie C-e'ne'rale." He died September 27, 1876.
Largilliere, laVzhe'ye-aiR', (NICOLAS,) a skilful
French painter of portraits~~and history, born in Paris in
1656, was called "the French Van Dyck." He worked
some years in London, where he painted portraits of
James II. and his queen. In 1686 he was elected a
member of the Academy of Paris. He surpassed all his
French rivals in portraits except Rigaud, worked with
great facility, and was a good colorist. Among his works
are portraits of Louis XIV. and Charles Lebrun. Died
in 1746.
See CHARLES BLANC, " Histoire des Peintres ;" HORACE WAL-
POLE, " Anecdotes of Painting."
La Riboisiere or Lariboisiere, de, deh lifreTiwa'-
ze-aiR', (JEAN AMBROISE BASTON,) a French general,
born at Fougeres in 1759. He became a general of di-
vision in 1807, and directed the artillery with skill at
Eylau, Dantzic, and Friedland. Died in 1813.
La Rive, de, deh If rev, (AuGUSTE,) a Swiss natural
philosopher, born at Geneva in i8oi,was a son of the
following. He became professor of physics in his native
city, and wrote many treatises on electricity, the voltaic
pile, etc. Died November 27, 1873.
La Rive or Larive.de, (CHARLES GASPARD,) a Swiss
chemist and physician, born at Geneva in 1770. He gave
special attention to voltaic electricity, and about 1820
constructed a pile of five hundred pairs. He was one
of the first to demonstrate the action of the electric
current on the magnetic needle. Died in 1834.
Larive or La Rive, de, deh 13 rev, (JEAN Maudult
— mo'dii-e',) a popular French tragedian, born at La Ro-
chelle about 1746. He made his dttnit in Paris in 1770,
and for many years was a prime favourite. His voice and
gestures were admirable. No actor of his time possessed
in such perfection the tone of command, of disdain, of
irony, and of menace. He performed "Achilles," "Spar-
tacus," " Philoctetes," "Bayard," and "William Tell"
with great success. He was imprisoned more than a
year by the Jacobins in 1793-94. Died in 1827.
See "Nouvelle Biographic Gdne'rale."
Larivey, de, deh li're'va', (PiERRE,) a French drama-
tist, bora at Troyes about 1550. He published in 1579
the "Laquais," and other comedies, which in humour
are compared to those of Moliere. He was one of the
first in France who chose subjects for comedy from real
life, and the first Frenchman who wrote original dramas
in prose. Died about 1612.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Generale."
La Riviere. See RIVIERE.
Lariviere, IS're've-aiR', (CHARLES PHILIPPE,) a
French historical painter, born at Paris about 1798. He
obtained the grand prize in 1824, and a medal of the first
class at the Exposition of 1855. Among his works is
"Bayard wounded at Brescia." Died Feb. 29, 1876.
Lariviere or La Riviere, de, deh IS're've-aiR'.
(PIERRE JOACHIM HENRI,) a French lawyer and orator
of the Girondist party, was born at Falaise in 1761. He
was elected to the Convention in 1792, and took an active
part in the struggle which resulted in the defeat of the
Girondists in May, 1793. He found refuge in Calvados,
and resumed his seat in 1795. Died in 1838.
Larmeasin, IjR'm^'saN', (NICOLAS,) a skilful French
engraver, born in Paris about 1640, produced numerous
portraits of illustrious men. His son, NICOLAS, born in
a, e, i, 5, u, v,/««^; a, 4, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fit; mil; not; good; moon
LARNAC
M93
LA RUE
1683, sui passed his father in the same art. He engraved
portraits and history with equal success, and received
the title of engraver to the king. Died in 1755.
Larnac, laVnSk', (FRANCOIS,) a French poet, born
at Nimes in 1760 ; died in 1840.
Lar'ned, (AUGUSTA,) author and journalist, bom
at Rutland, New York, in 1835. She'became con-
nected as correspondent and editorial writer with sev-
eral papers, and for some time edited "The Revolu-
tion," a woman's rights paper. She published " Home
Stories," "The Norse Grandmother," "Tales from
the Eddas," " In Woods and Fields," (verse,) etc.
Lar'ned, (Rev. SYLVESTER,) an American Presbyte-
rian divine, born at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, in 1796. He
studied theology at Princeton, and soon acquired a high
reputation as a pulpit orator. He subsequently became
pastor of a church at New Orleans, where he died during
the prevalence of the yellow fever in 1820. A collection
of his sermons was published in 1844.
Laroche or La Roche, U'rosh', (BENJAMIN,) a
French poet and translator, born in 1797, produced good
translations of "The Vicar of Wakefield," Shakspeare's
works, (6 vols.,) Byron's complete works, (4 vols.,) am
the complete works of Sir Walter Scott. He wrote a
poem called "The Funeral of Liberty," (1820.) Diec
in 1852.
Laroche, 13'rosh', (MARIE SOPHIE,) a German mis
cellaneous writer, born at Kaufbeuren in 1731, was th<
author of " Moral Tales," " Rosalie's Letters," and sev
eral popular romances. Died in 1807.
Laroche du Maine. See LUCHET, (JEAN PIERRE
Louis.)
La Rochefoucauld. See ROCHEFOUCAULD.
Larochejacquelin. See ROCHEJAQUELEIN.
La Rochejaquelein. See ROCHEJAQUELEIN.
Laromiguiere, If ro'me'ge^iR', (PIERRE,) an eminent
French metaphysical philosopher, born in Rouergue
(now Aveyron) in November, 1756. He became pro-
fessor of philosophy at Toulouse in 1784. Having
removed to Paris, he was admitted into the Institute in
1796. As professor of philosophy in the Faculty of
Letters, he delivered, in 1811 and 1812, a series of lec-
tures which were attended and admired by the ilite of
the capital. He retained the title of professor after 1812,
but ceased to lecture, and published in 1815 "Lectures
on Intellectual Philosophy, or on the Cause and Origin
of our Ideas," (" Le9ons de Philosophic sur les Principes
de ['Intelligence, ou sur les Causes et sur les Origines
de nos Idees," 2 vols.) This work was adopted by the
government as a text-book for public instruction. Died
in August, 1837. " He left a fair and pure renown," says
M. Cousin, who delivered an oration at his funeral.
Larousse, U'ROOSS', (PIERRE,) a French editor and
publisher, born at Toucy, October 23, 1817. He wrote
many school-books, but is chiefly known for his volumi-
nous " Dictionnaire du XIXe Siecle," which had a very
great success. He died January 3, 1875, leaving his great
work unfinished.
Larra, de, da laVrS, (Don MARIANO JOSE,) a popular
and witty Spanish author, born at Madrid in 1809. He
had no profession except literature. In 1832 he pub-
lished a satirical journal, "El Pobrecito Hablador,"
which was suppressed after the appearance of the four-
teenth number, and a few years later, as chief editor of
the "Spanish Review," (" Revista Espafiola,") produced,
under the signature of " Figaro," able articles on Span-
ish politics, manners, literature, etc. He published
" Macias," and other dramas. All his works bear the
decided stamp of the Spanish national character. He
committed suicide in 1837, before which he had been
subject to deep melancholy.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Gene'rale."
Larramendi, lar-rJ-meVdee, (MANUEL,) a Spanish
philologist, born in Guipuzcoa. lie wrote on the Basque
language. Died in 1750.
Larrey, 13' ri', (CLAUDE FRANC.OISHILAIRE,) a French
physician and writer, born in 1774, was a brother of
Dominique Jean, noticed below. He practised at Nimes.
Died in 1819.
Larrey, (DOMINIQUE JEAN,) BARON, a French surgeon
of great merit, born near Bagneres-de-Bigorre (Haut-
PyreWes) in 1766. Having served a short time in the
navy, he entered the land-army about 1792, and rendered
important services by the invention of the ambulancis
i'olantes, (flying hospital.) He accompanied Bonaparte
to Egypt in 1798, and published a " Historical and Sur-
gical Account of the Expedition to the East," (1803.)
He received the title of baron about 1810, and became
surgeon-in-chief of the grand army in 1812. At the
battle of Waterloo, in 1815, he was wounded and taken
prisoner. Under the restoration he was chief surgeon
of the royal guards and of the Hotel des Invalides until
he resigned in 1836. He died in 1842, leaving a high
reputation for virtue and talents. He had published
" Memoirs of Medicine and Military Surgery," (1812-18,)
" Collection of Treatises on Surgery," (" Recueil de Me^
moires de Chirurgie," 1821,) and other excellent works.
Bonaparte in his will mentions Larrey as "the most
virtuous man I have ever known."
See Louis DH LoMdsiE, " Le Baron Larrey, par un Homme de
Rien," 1840; J. SAINT-AMOUR, "Notice ne'crologique sur D. I.
Larrey," 1844; QU^RARD, "La France Litt^raire ;" "Biographic
Medicate ;" " Nouvelle Biographic G^nerale ;" " Edinburgh Review"
for March, 1819.
Larrey, (FELIX HIPPOLYTE,) a French surgeon and
writer, a son of the preceding, was bom about 1810. He
became surgeon-ordinary to Napoleon III., and in 1858
mldecin-inspccteur of the army.
Larrey, de, deh lfr£', (ISAAC,) a French Protestant
historian, born at Montivilliers in 1638. Having become
an exile for the sake of religion, he took up his residence
in Berlin, and was appointed an aulic councillor by the
Elector. He published, besides other works, a " History
of Augustus," (1690,) a "History of England," (1697-
1713,) and a "History of the Seven Sages of Greece,"
(1713-16,) which were favourably received. Died in
Berlin in 1719.
Larrivee, Ifre'vi', (HENRI,) a celebrated French
operatic performer and singer, born at Lyons in 1733.
He made his dibut in Paris in 1755, and maintained
his reputation in the opera for thirty years. Died in
1802.
Larroque, IS'rok', (DANIEL,) born at Vitr<? in 1660,
became a Catholic, and lived in Paris, where he was a
clerk in the bureaus of De Torcy, secretary of state.
He displayed literary talents in several works, among
which are "The Proselyte Abused," (1684,) and the "Life
of Mezeray." Died in 1731.
Larroque, de, deh It'rok', (MATHIEU,) an eminent
French Protestant theologian, the father of the preceding,
was born at Lairac, near Agen, in 1619. He was pastor
of the church of Vitre' from 1643 to 1669, after which he
preached at Rouen. His " History of the Eucharist"
(1669) was highly esteemed. He wrote several other
works. Died in 1684.
See "Life of M. Larroque," by his son, prefixed to his "Adver-
laria Sacra," 1688: BAYLR, " Historical and Critical Dictionary."
Larruga, lar-roo'ga, (Don EUGENIO,) a Spanish writer
on political economy, commenced a work entitled " Po-
litical and Economical Memoirs on the Industry, Mines,
and other Resources of Spain." Forty-eight volumes
had been issued at his death, in 1804.
Lartet, laR'ti', (EDOUARD,) a French archaeologist,
born at Saint-Guerand in iSoi. He became noted as a
student of fossils, making many important finds in that
department of science. He later became eminent as a
writer on prehistoric anthropology. He was for many
years a professor of palaeontology in the Museum of
Natural History at Paris. Died January 28, 1871.
La Rue or Larue, de, deh "It'rii', [Lat, RU^E'US,]
(CHARLES,) a French poet and eloquent preacher, born
in Paris in 1643. He composed, in Latin, tragedies and
other poems, one of which, on the victories of Louis
XIV., was translated into French by P. Corneille, (1667.)
His Sermons were published in 4 vols., 1719. Hi?
tragedy of " Sylla" is commended. He prepared an
edition of Virgil "in usum Delphini," (1675,) often re-
printed. Died in 1725.
La Rue, It rii, [Lat, RU.'E'US,] (FRANC.OIS,) a Flemish
naturalist, born at Lille about 1520; died in 1585.
La Rue, li rii, (PIERRE.) a Dutch poet and biographer,
Dorn at Middelburg in 1695.
<s as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/,- G, H. K.futtural; N, nasal; R, trilltd; § as »; th as in this. (Jl^'See Explanations, p. 13 \
LARUE
1494
LAS CASES
Larue, de, (GERVAIS.) See DELARUE.
La Sabliere. See SABLIERE, DE LA.
La Sabliere, de, deh If si'ble-aiR', (ANTOINE DE
RAMBOUILLET,) SIEUR, a FrenclT~poet and financier,
born in Paris in 1624; died in 1679.
Lasagni, Ia-san'yee, (BARTOLOMMEO VINCENZO GIU-
SEPPE,) an Italian jurist, born at Rome in 1773. He was
a judge or counsellor in the French court of cassation
in Paris from 1810 to 1850. Died in 18^7.
Lasagni, (PiETRO.)an Italian Cardinal, born at Rome
July 15, 1814, was created a cardinal-deacon in 1882.
La Sale or La Salle, de, deh 13 sil, (ANTOINE,) a
French writer, born about 1398. He wrote, besides other
works, a satire entitled " Les quinze Joyes de Mariage,"
("The Fifteen Comforts of Matrimony,") which was often
reprinted. Died after 1461.
La Sale, de, (ROBERT CAVELIER.) See LA SALLE.
Lasalle or La Salle, de, deh li sil, (ANTOINE,) a
French metaphysician, born in Paris in 1754, published
"The Natural Balance," (1788,) and "Moral Mechanics,"
(2 vols., 1789.) He translated the works of Lord Bacon
into French, (15 vols., 1800.) Died in 1829.
Lasalle, de, (ANTOINE CHARLES Louis COLLINET,)
COUNT, a French officer, born at Metz in 1775, served
in several campaigns in Italy. In 1798 he followed
Bonaparte to Egypt, where he gave proof of courage
at the Pyramids and Thebes. As general of brigade,
he contributed to the victories of Austerlitz (1805) and
Jena, (1806.) At the end of 1806 he was made general of
division. In the second Austrian war he commanded
the cavalry of the advanced guard at Raab, Essling, and
finally at Wagram, where he was killed in July, 1809.
See E. A. BEGIN, "Vie militaire du Comte de Lasalle," 1830:
PIGAULT-LEBRUN, " Eloge historique du General de I-asalle,"
1852; "Nouvelle Biographic Generale."
La Salle, (J. B.) See SALLE, DE LA.
La Salle or La Sale, de, (ROBERT Cavelier — kJV-
le-i',) an enterprising Frenchman, who has rendered his
name memorable by his exploration of the Valley of the
Mississippi, was born at Rouen in 1643. He emigrated
to Canada in 1667, and engaged in the fur-trade, making
long excursions among the native tribes. In 1675 he was
appointed by Colbert governor of Fort Frontenac, and
was encouraged to pursue discoveries which his own
ambition or enterprising spirit had suggested. Having
built a vessel on Lake Erie, he began his voyage in
August, 1679, and passed through Lakes Huron and
Michigan. He built a fort at Peoria, Illinois, and, as his
vessel had been wrecked, returned by land to Frontenac
in 1680. In 1682 he renewed the enterprise with a nume-
rous party, and descended the Mississippi in canoes from
the Illinois River to its mouth, where he arrived in April,
1682. The part of this river below the Arkansas had never
before been explored by a European. In 1683 he went
to France, and, having obtained a commission to plant
a colony in Louisiana, undertook a voyage to that region
by the Gulf of Mexico in 1684, but failed to find the
mouth of the Mississippi, and landed in Texas. There
he encountered great difficulties, and at last was mur
dered by his own mutinous crew, in March, 1687. "Huj
capacity for large designs," says Professor Jared Sparks,
" and for procuring the resources to carry them forward,
has few parallels among the most eminent discoverers.
To him must be mainly ascribed the discovery of the
»ast regions of the Mississippi Valley."
See " Memoir of La Salle," in SPARKS'S "American Biography,**
Tol. L, 2d series; "Journal historique du dernier Voyage de La
Salle," par MICHEL, 1723: HILDKETH, "History of the United
States," vol. ii. chap, jtviii. : " Nouvelle Biographic Generale."
La Sante or Lasante, de, deh \t s6Nt, (GILLES
ANNE XAVIER,) a French Jesuit and Latin poet, born
in Bretagne in 1684, taught belles-lettres in Paris, and
numbered Turgot among his pupils. Died in 1762.
Lasaulx, von, fon If so', (ERNST,) a German phi-
lologist and writer of classic antiquities, was bom at
Coblentz in 1805. He became professor of philology
at Munich in 1844, and wrote, besides other works, " On
the Oracle of Dodona," (1841,) "On the Myth of Pro-
metheus," (1843,) and "Studies on Classical Antiquity,"
(1854.) Died in 1861.
La Saussaye, de, deh li so'sj', (JEAN FRANCOIS DE
PAULE Louis PETIT,) a French antiquary, born at Blois
in 1801. His "Numismatics of Narbonese Gaul" ("Nu-
mismatique de Gaule Narbonnaise," 1842) opened to him
the Academy of Inscriptions. Died February 24, 1878.
Lasca, las'ki, (ANTONIO FRANCESCO GRAZZINI,) an
Italian poet and dramatist, born at Florence in 1503. In
1540 he founded the Florentine Academy, and assumed
the name of Lasca, (" Mullet.") He afterwards conceived
the idea of a new Academy, called Delia Crusca, the aim
of which should be to perfect the Tuscan language. His
most famous work is a collection of tales, entitled " The
First and Second Supper," (" La prima e la seconda
Cena.") He also composed sonnets, satirical poems, and
" Gelosia" and other comedies in prose. His works are
recognized as authorities ftesti di lingua) by the Academy
Delia Crusca. Died in 1583.
See GINGUXNE, " Histoire Litteraire d'ltalie."
Lascaris or Lascari. See CARBURIS, (MARINO.)
Laacaris, las'ka-res, (AcosTiNO.) Marquis of Vinti-
miglia, an Italian general and agriculturist, born at Turin
in 1776. He wrote several treatises on agriculture. Died
in 1838.
Las'ca-ris, (ANDREAS JOHANNES,) surnamed RHYN-
DACENUS, a noble Greek scholar. About 1454 he went
as a fugitive to the court of Lorenzo de' Medici, by whom
he was patronized. In or before 1495 he removed to
Paris, where he taught Greek to Budseus and others.
Leo X. placed him at the head of a Greek college in
Rome about 1508. Between 1518 and 1534 he resided
chiefly in Paris or Venice, whither Francis I. sent him
as ambassador. He edited "The Greek Anthology,"
(1494,) " Commentaries on Sophocles," (1518,) and other
Greek works. Died in 1535.
See BAYLH, " Historical and Critical Dictionary ;" PAOLO Giovio,
" Elogia Virorum Ulustriurn."
Lascaris, (CONSTANTINE,) a Greek scholar, who
contributed much to the revival of learning, was a de-
scendant of the royal family of Constantinople. After
the conquest of that city by the Turks, he took refuge in
Italy, (1454,) and was employed by the Duke of Milan
to give lessons in Greek to his daughter Ippolita. He
afterwards taught Greek at Rome, Naples, and Messina,
where he died about 1494. His Greek Grammar (1476)
is said to have been the first work printed in Greek
characters.
See Hooius, " De Graecis illustrious;" VILLEMAIN, "Lascaris,
i les Grecs du quinzieme Siecle," 1825.
Lascaris, ISsTcfress', (PAUL Louis,) a French trav-
eller, born in Provence in 1774. In the service of Bona-
parte, he traversed Syria and Asiatic Turkey between
1803 and 1814 for the purpose of gaining the friendship
of the Bedouins and preparing the way for an expedi-
tion to India. He died at Cairo in 1815, leaving notes,
~hich were published by Lamartine.
Lascaris, (THEODORE I.,) a Greek emperor, eminent
for political and military talents, born about 1175. He
married about 1200 the daughter of Alexis III., who
lad usurped the throne of his brother Isaac. After a
Drave resistance to the crusaders, who took Constanti-
nople in 1204, he was elected emperor and made himself
master of Bithynia. He was crowned as emperor at
Micaea in 1206. He waged war for several years against
he French or Latins, and defeated Alexis (above named)
near Antioch in 1210. He died in 1222, and was suc-
ceeded by his son-in-law, John Ducas Vatatzes.
Lascaris, (THEODORE II.,) the son of John Ducas,
>ecame Emperor of Nicaea in 1255. He waged a sue-
:essful war against the Bulgarians. He died in 1259,
caving an infant son, John, whose throne was usurped
by Michael Palaeologus.
See GIBBON, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;" Ml-
CHAUD, " History of the Crusades;" LE BEAU, "Histoire du Bas-
Empire."
Las Casas. See CASAS, DE LAS.
Las Cases, de, deh Us kaz, (EMMANUEL AUGUSTIN
DIEUDONNE MARIN JOSEPH,) MARQUIS, a French officer,
distinguished as a companion of Bonaparte at Saint
Helena, was born near Revel, in Languedoc, in 1766.
He served some years in the navy, emigrated in 1789,
fought for the royal cause at Quiberon, and returned to
France in 1800. He became chamberlain to Bonaparte
a, e, I, o, u, y, long: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, Q, obscure; far, fill, fit; mil; not; good; moor-
LASCELLES
1495
LASSEN
in 1810, and followed him into exile in 1815. In Novem-
ber, 1816, he was sent to the Cape of Good Hope, where
he was imprisoned several months, after which he was
taken to Europe. He had kept a journal of Napoleon's
conversation, which he published, under the title of " Me-
morial of Saint Helena," (8 vols., 1822-23.) Died in 1842.
Las'celles, (Sir FRANK CAVENDISH,) a British
diplomatist, horn in 1841. He entered the diplomatic
service in 1861, and after filling various minor posts
was made minister to Roumania in 1 886, to Persia in
1891, ambassador to Russia in 1894, and to Germany
in 1895.
Lasco or Laski. S;e A LASCO.
Las'9y, (or La'cy,) de, (PETER,) COUNT, an Irish
general, father of the following, was born in Limerick
in 1678. Having entered the Russian service, he was
rapidly promoted, and in 1709 commanded the left wing
at Puhowa. The Czar Peter appointed him general-in-
chiefofthe infantry about 1722. In 1734 he commanded
an army against the Poles under Stanislas, and obtained
the rank of field-marshal. He gained an impoitant
victory over the Swedes at Helsingfors in 1742. Died
in 1751.
Lascy or Lacy, von, fon lis'see, (JOSEPH FRANCIS
MAURICE,) COUNT, a general in the Austrian army, born
in Saint Petersburg in 1725. Having saved the army at
Lowositz in 1756, he was promoted trom tlie rank of
colonel to that of general. For his services at Hoch-
kirchen, in 1758, he was made general of artillery. He
received from Maria Theresa a marshal's baton in 1762.
After the peace he entered the aulic council, and dis-
played much ability as minister of war. Died in 1801.
La Sena, la sa'ni, or La Seii.e, It sgn, (PiETRO,)
also written Lascena, an Italian philologist, born in
Naples in 1590, practised law in that city. lie wrote
" Homeri Nepenthes, seu de Abolendo Luctu Liber,"
(1621,) and several treatises on philology. Died in 16361
See BUCCARDI, "Vita P. La Senz," 1637.
Laseina. See SANTANDER.
Lasinio, li-see'ne-o, (CARLO,) COUNT, an able Italian
engraver, born at Treviso about 1765. He engraved
numerous works of early Italian masters. Among his
plates is a collection called " Etruria pirtrice." Died
about 1837.
His son, GIOVANNI PAOLO, was an engraver j.t Flor-
ence.
L'aaius, la'ze-us, (LORENZ OTTO,) a German philolo-
gist, born at Ruden in 1675 ; died in 1751.
Lasker, lls'ker, (EDUARD,) a German statesman of
Jewish family, was born at Jarcczyn, Prussian Poland,
October 14, 1829. He studied law at Breslau and Berlin
and in England. For many years a prominent legislator,
(in the Prussian, North German, and Imperial Diets suc-
cessively,) he was one of the most intelligent and fearless
advocates of all the reforms and progressive measures
proposed, and the most influential opponent of Bis-
marck's policy. He never held an important office, ex-
cept as a legislator. He published "Zur Verfassungs-
geschichte Preussens," (" On the History of the Prussian
Constitution,") etc. Died in New York, June 5, 1884.
Lasker, (EMANUEL,) chess champion, born at Ber-
linchen, Germany, in 1868. He became a student of
mathematics and a chess expert, winning the cham-
pionship of England in 1892, of America in 1893, and
of the world in 1894. He won the Moscow first prize in
1897. He published a number of mathematical papers.
Lasnier, la'ne-i', (R^Mi,) a French surgeon and
celebrated oculist, practised in Paris. He was very
successful in the treatment of cataract. Died in 1690.
Laso, (GARCIAS.) See GARCILASO.
Lasource, If'sooRss', (MARIE DAVID ALBIN, ) a
French Girondist revolutionist, born near Montpellier
in 1762. As a member of the Convention in 1792, he
strove to establish order in the republic. He was one
of the first members of the committee of public safety.
He attacked Robespierre in a speech in April, 1793,
was arrested about June I, and executed with the other
Girondist chiefs in October of that year.
Lasphrise, de, deh la'fKez', ( MARC DE Papillon—
pS'pe'yoN',) SEIGNEUR, a French poet, born at Amboise
in 1555, composed many admired sonnets, songs, elegies,
and epitaphs. He was living in 1599.
Lassaigne, IS'sin', (JEAN Louis,) a French chemist,
born in Paris in 1800. He became professor of chem-
istry or pharmacy at Alfort in 1828. Among his dis-
coveries were delphine, cathartine, and phosphoric ether.
He published an " Elementary Treatise on Organic and
Inorganic Chemistry," (2 vols., 1829.) Died in 1859.
Lassala, las-sa'la, or Lasala, (MANUEL,) a Spanish
historian and poet, born at Valencia in 1729. He be-
came a Jesuit, and as such was banished in 1767, after
which he lived at Bologna. He published an "Essay
on Ancient and Modern History," (3 vols., 1755.) Died
in 1798.
Lassalle, las'sal', (FERDINAND,) a brilliant German
socialist, born at Breslau, of Jewish parents, in 1825.
He studied in Breslau and Berlin, and became known as
a Hegelian and a friend of the poet Heine. For ten
years he prosecuted the cause of the Countess Hatzfeldt
against her husband, bringing the case before thirty-six
different courts, with final success. After 1862 he began
with great zeal an agitation in behalf of the working-
men. On August 28, 1864, he was killed in a duel with
a man who had married the lady to whom Lassalle was
affianced. Lassalle was a man of vast learning and
ability and of boundless ambition. His aim was a
German working-man's republic, with himself for presi-
dent. His principal works were " Die Philosophic He-
rakleitos des Dunkeln von Ephesos," (" Philosophy of
Heraclitus the Obscure," 1858, a work of great ability,
though it makes the Greek philosopher more like Hegel
than the facts will warrant,) and " System der erwor-
benen Rechte," ("System of Acquired Rights," 1861 ;)
but his numerous pamphlets are of even greater interest.
(See his " Life," by G. Brandes.)
Lassay, de, deh IS'sJ', (ARMAND LSoN DE MADAIL-
LAN DE LESPARRE,) MARQUIS, a French officer, distin-
guished for his gallantry and talents, was born in 1652.
He itas intimate with Fontenelle and Voltaire. He died
in 1738, leaving a volume entitled "Recueil de differentes
Choses," or " Memoirs of the Marquis de Lassay."
See PAULIN PARIS, " Le Marquis de Lassay et I'Hotel de Las-
say," 1848; SAINTE-BBUVE, "Causeriesdu Lundi," tome ix.
Las-sell', (WILLIAM,) F.R.S., LL.D., an English
astronomer, born at Bolton, in Lancashire, June 18, 1799.
For many years he was a brewer in Liverpool, but de-
voted all his leisure to his favourite study of astronomy.
He constructed his own telescopes, with which he dis-
covered one satellite of Neptune and two satellites of
the planet Uranus. Died October 5, 1880.
Las'sels, (RICHARD,) born in Yorkshire, England, in
1603, was converted to the Roruan Catholic religion
He wrote "Travels in Italy," (2 vols., 1670.) Died at
Montpellier in 1668.
Lassen, lis'sen, (CHRISTIAN,) a Norwegian scholar,
distinguished for his profound knowledge of the Ori-
ental languages and Indian antiquities, was born at Ber-
gen in 1800. He studied at Heidelberg and at Bonn,
where in 1840 he was appointed professor of the ancient
Indian language and literature. He rendered most im-
portant services to philology by his excellent editions of
standard works in Sanscrit, and published "Contribu-
tions to the History of the Greek and Indo-Scythian
Kings in Bactria, Cabool, and India," "Indian Antiqui-
ties," (2 vols., 1844-52,) and "The Old Persian Inscrip-
tions in the Arrow-Headed Characters," which he was
the first to decipher and explain. His " Institutiones
Linguae Pracriticae" (1837) is esteemed the best work
that has appeared on the subject of the ancient popular
dialects of India. Died May 9, 1876.
See"Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale;" "Foreign Quarterly Re-
view" for October, 1837.
Lassen, (EDUARD,) a musician and composer, born
at Copenhagen, April 13, 1830, but educated at Brussels,
whither he was taken when only two years of age. His
operas " Le Roi Edgar," " Frauenlob," and " Der Ge
fangene" have been fairly successful.
€ as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural: N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23.)
LASSIS
1496
LA TIMER
Lassis, It'sess', (N.,) a French physician and writer,
born at Chatillon-sur-Loing in 1772, devoted his atten-
tion chiefly to the subject of contagion. He practised
in the army in 1812 and 1813, during the prevalence of
the typhus fever. Died in 1835.
Lasso, di, de lis'so, {ORLANDO,) [Lat. ORLAN'DUS
LAS'SUS,] sometimes called ROLAND DE LATTRE, (deh
UtR,) a famous musical composer, born at ! Ions, in Flan-
ders, in 1520. At the age of sixteen he was taken to Italy
by Gonzagn, Viceroy of Sicily. After passing a few years
in Rome and Antwerp, he was invited by the Duke of
Bavaria to Munich, whither he went in 1557 and became
mattre-dt-chaptlle. He was invited to Paris by Charles
IX. in 1574; but that king died before the arrival of
Lasso. By the number, originality, and richness of his
compositions he acquired a higher rank than any com-
poser of his time except Palestrina. Among his works
are masses, motets, magnificats, songs, and other music.
Died about 1595.
See FSTIS, " Biographic Universelle des Musiciens :" DHLMOTTB,
"Notice sur R. Delattre," 1836: MATHIRU, "Roland de Lattre,"
1838 : BURNBV, " History of Music :" F. C. KIST, " Levensgeschie-
dems van O. de Lassus, 1841.
Lasso or Lassus, von, fon lis'sos, (RUDOLF,) a mu-
sician, born at Munich, was a son of the preceding. He
was organist to the Duke of Bavaria. Died in 1625.
Lassone, Ifson', (JOSEPH MARIE FRANCOIS,) a
French physician, born at Carpenrras in 1717. Having
practised with success in Paris for many years, he became
physician to the queen in 1751. After her death he was
appointed first physician to Louis XVI. He wrote
treatises on medicine and chemistry, which were inserted
in the collections of the Academy of Sciences. Died in
1788.
See Fiux Via} D'Alvs, " Cloge de J. M. F. Lassone," 1789.
Lassus. See LASSO and LASUS.
Lassus, li'siis', (PiERRE,) a French surgeon and
writer, born in 1741, was professor of external pathology
in Paris for many years. Died in 1807.
Lasteyrie, de, deh lis'ti're', (FERDINAND,) an anti-
quary, born in Paris in 1810. lie acted with the Liberal
party in the Chamber of Deputies, (1842-48,) and with
the moderate republicans in the Assembly, (1848-50.) He
wrote a " History of Painting on Glass." Died in 1879.
Lasteyrie, de, (JULES,) a grandson of General La
Fayette, was born in 1810. He was elected a deputy in
1842 and in 1846. After the revolution of 1848 he be-
came a member of the Assembly. He was a contributor
to the " Revue des Deux Mondes." Died in 1883
Lasteyrie-Dusaillaut, de, deh ISs'tJ're' dii'zfyoN',
(CHARLES PHILIBERT,) COUNT, a French philanthro
pist and economist, the father of Ferdinand, noticed
above, was born in Correze in 1759. He wrote treatises
on agriculture and on the natural history of the sheep,
the horse, etc. Died in 1849.
Lastic, de, deh ISs'tek', (JEAN BONPAR,) a brave
French captain, born in Auvergne about 1370. He was
chosen grand master of the order of Saint John of Jem-
»alem in 1437. In 1444 he defended the city of Rhodes
with success against the Sultan of Egypt Died in 1454.
See VERTOT, " Histoire de 1'Ordre de Saint Jean de Jerusalem;"
"Achievements of the Knights of Malta," by ALEXANDER SUTHHR-
I.AND, Philadelphia, 1846.
Lastman, list'man, (PiETER,) a Dutch painter and
engraver of high reputation, born at Haarlem between
1562 and 1581. He visited Rome in 1604. He was one
of the masters of Rembrandt. His son NICOLAS, born
at Haarlem in 1619, was a skilful artisL
La'sus, |Aunuc,| an eminent Greek dithyrambic poet,
born at 1 lerniione, in Argolis, flourished at Athens in the
•ixth century n.c. lie is said to have been the master
of Pindar. His works are not extant. He was some-
times reckoned among the Seven Wise Men.
La Suze. See Coi.ir.Ni, (HENRIETTE.)
Latapie, IS'tS'pe', (FRANCOIS DE PAUL,) a French
botanist, born at Bordeaux in 1739; died in 1823.
Laterrade, IS'tJ'rSd', (JEAN FRANCOIS,) a French
botanist of Bordeaux, born about 1780; died in 1858.
La'tham. (|'JHN,) F.R.S., an English naturalist and
physician, born at Eltham, in Kent, in 1740. He began
to practise at Dartford in 1763, and, in the intervals of
business, pursued the study of natural history, especially
ornithology. Between 1781 and 1787 he produced his
"General Synopsis of Birds," (6 vols., with plates,) a
work of much merit In 1796 he removed to Romsey,
in Hampshire, and ceased to practise medicine. He
afterwards received the title of physician to the prince-
regent He also wrote, besides medical treatises, a " Gen-
eral History of Birds," (1821-24,) of which the figures
were drawn and engraved by his own hand. Died in
1837-
Latham, (ROBERT GORDON,) F.R.S., an eminent Eng-
lish philologist and ethnologist, born in Lincolnshire in
1812. He took the degrees of B.A. and M.D. at Cam-
bridge, where he acquired proficiency in ancient and
modern languages. In 1840 he was appointed professor
of English literature in University College, London. He
published "The English Language," (1841,) which is con-
sidered a standard book, and several English grammars,
which are extensively used in the schools. Among hij
other works are " Natural History of the Varieties of
Man," (1850,) "Man and his Migrations," (1851,) " Eth-
nology of Europe," (1852,) "Nationalities of Europe,"
(1863,) a new edition of Johnson's Dictionary, (1870,)
" Outlines of Philology," (1878,) and " Russian and Turk
from a Geographical, Ethnological, and Historical Point
of View," (1878.) Died March 9, 1888.
La'thrpp, (GEORGE PARSONS,) an American author,
born at Honolulu, in Hawaii, August 25, 1851. He was
educated in New York, and in Dresden, Saxony, and at
the law-school of Columbia College. He was assistant
editor of the "Atlantic Monthly," 1875-77, and editor
of the Boston "Courier," 1878-80. He married a
daughter of Nathaniel Hawthorne. His principal works
are "A Study of Hawthorne," (1876,) "Afterglow," (a
novel, 1877,) " Spanish Vistas," (1883,) and " Newport,"
(a novel, 1884.) Died April 19, 1698.
Lathrop, (JOHN HIRAM,) an American college-presi-
dent, born at Sherburne, New York, January 22, 1799.
He graduated at Yale College in 1819, and became a
lawyer. He held various college professorships, was
chosen president of Missouri University in 1840, of Wis-
consin University in 1849, and of Indiana University in
1859. Died at Columbia, Missouri, August 2, 1866.
Lathrop. (Rev. JOSEPH,) D.D., an American Presby-
terian divine, born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1731.
Having graduated at Yale College, he became pastor
of the Congregational church at West Springfield. He
published a collection of sermons, entitled " Wolves in
Sleep's Clothing," which obtained extensive popularity
Died in 1820.
Lat'I-mer, (ELIZABETH WORMEI.EY,) an English
writer, born at London in 1822. She published a
number of novels, including "Amabel," "Salvage,"
"A Chain of Errors," etc., also nineteenth century
histories of France, England, Italy, and other coun-
tries.
Latl-mer, (Huc.H,) a celebrated English Reformer,
distinguished for his courage, zeal, and piety, was born
in Leicestershire about 1472. Having graduated at Cam-
bridge and entered into holy orders, he gained distinction
as a zealous and eloquent preacher of the Reformed re-
ligion. He was patronized by Thomas Cromwell, who
in 1529 gave him a benefice in Wiltshire and saved him
from persecution which certain bishops raised against
him. He became chaplain to Anne Boleyn and Bishop
of Worcester in 1535. On account of the passage of the
act of six articles in 1539, he resigned his bishopric, and
was imprisoned in the Tower until the death of Henry
VIII., in 1547. He was again arrested in 1553, a""
compelled by his enemies to be present at a dispute on
transubstantiation at Oxford in 1554. In 1555 he was
burned at the stake, in company with Ridley, to whom
he said, " 3e of good cheer, brother ; we shall this day
kindle such a torch in England as I trust shall never be
extinguished."
Latimer, (WILLIAM,) an English scholar and reviver
of classical learning. He became Fellow of a college at
Oxford in 1489, and taught Greek to Erasmus, who ex-
pressed a good opinion of him. Died in 1545-
i. e, 1, 5, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, 5?, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; met; not; good; moon:
LA TINI
'497
LA TREILLE
Latiui, IS-tee'nee, (BRUNETTO,) a celebrated Italian
poet, orator, and grammarian, born at Florence about
1230. He taught philosophy and grammar in Florence,
where Dante was his pupil, and he held some of the
highest offices in the republic. He was attached to the
Guelph party. His greatest work, entitled "The Trea-
sure," (" Le Tremor,") is written in French, and consists
of extracts and translations from classic authors on his-
tory, philosophy, rhetoric, etc. He also composed " The
Little Treasure," (" II Tesoretto,") a fjoem, and a treatise
on rhetoric. Died in 1294.
See NEGRI, " Istoria degli ScriUori Fiorentini ;" TIRABOSCHI,
"Storiadella Letteratura Italiana;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'-
rale."
Latini, IS-tee'nee, or Latinio, li-tee'ne-o, (LATINO,)
[Lat, LATI'NUS LATIN'IUS,] a learned and judicious
Italian critic, was born at Viterbo in 1513. He became
a resident of Rome in 1552, and served as secretary to
several cardinals, among whom was Cardinal Colonna.
He published "Letters, Conjectures, and Observations,"
(1659,) in Latin, which treat of many points of history,
antiquity, and criticism. Died in 1593.
Latino. See LATINUS.
La-tI'nus,lGr. Aarivoc; It. LATINO, la-tee'no,] a legen-
dary king of Latium, a son of Faunus, and the father of
Lavinia, who became the wife of /Eneas. According to
some authors, he was an incarnation of Jupiter Latiaris.
See VIRGIL'S ">Eneid," book vii.
Latinus Latinius. See LATINI.
Lat'o-muB. (or It'to'miiss',) the Latin name of a Flem-
ish theologian, sometimes called JAMES MASSON, who
was born in Hainault about 1475. He was professor of
theology at Louvain, and was one of the ablest adver-
saries of Luther. He wrote several works against the
doctrines of the Reformers. Died in 1544.
Latomus, (BARTHELEMY,) a scholar, born in Luxem-
burg about 1485, became professor of eloquence in the
College Royal of Paris in 1534. He wrote notes on
Cicero, and other works. Died in 1566.
La-to'na, [Gr. \T/TU ; FT. LATONE, It'ton',] in classic
mythology, a daughter of the Titans Coeus and Phoebe,
was the wife of Jupiter, and the mother of Apollo and
Diana. The poets relate that, persecuted by Juno, she
wandered about until she came to Delos, which was
then a floating island, but became stationary when she
touched it. Here Apollo and Diana were born. Latona
received from Niobe an affront which Apollo and Diana
severely revenged.
Latone. See LATONA.
Latouche or La Touche, de, deh li'toosh', (HvA-
CINTHE THABAUD,) a French poet and romancer, born
at La Chatre, in Berry, in 1785, was known by the name
of HENRI DE LATOUCHE. He edited the posthumous
poems of Andre Chenier about 1819. Among his best
works are the fictitious "Correspondence of Clement
XIV. and Carlin," (1827,) and several short poems.
Died in 1851.
See SAINTE-BEUVE, "Causeriesdu Lundi," tome iii. ; "Nouvelle
Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
La Touche-Treville, de, deh li toosh tRa'vel',
(Louis REN£ MADELEINE LE VASSOR,) a French admiral,
born at Rochefort in 1745. He was elected to the States-
General in 1789, and became a rear-admiral in 1792. He
commanded in a naval battle against Nelson in 1801.
Died in 1804.
Latour. See TOUR, DE LA.
Latour or La Tour, li'tooR', (DOMINIQUE,) a French
physician and medical writer, born in 1749, was chief
physician to Louis Bonaparte while he was King of
Holland. Died about 1820.
Latour, (JEAN RAIMOND JACQUES AMEDBE,) a French
medical writer, born at Toulouse in 1805. He founded
in 1847 tne " Union M^dicale," a journal. Died in 1882.
Latour, de, (CAGNIARD,) BARON. See CAGNIARD.
Latour, de, deh li'tooR', (Louis ANTOINE TENANT,)
a French poet and litterateur, born in Haute-Vienne in
1808, published "Far from the Fireside," ("Loin du
Foyer," 1841,) and other poems. Died in iS8l.
Latour, de, (MAURICE QUENTIN,) an eminent French
portrait-painter, born at Saint-Quentin in 1704. He
removed to Paris about 1727, and became a fashionable
; 9asj; gftarJ; gas/; G, u,M,gnttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in //<;>.
painter of portraits in pastel. In 1750 he received the
title of painter to the king. Among his works are por-
traits of Voltaire and Rousseau. Died in 1788.
Latour.vcm, fon IS'tooR', (KARL ANTON MAXIMILIAN
BAILLET,) COUNT, an Austrian general, born in 1737.
He obtained command of the army of the Lower Rhine
in 1796. In this campaign he was opposed to Moreau,
and, in concert with the Archduke Charles, fought seve-
ral battles, in which the Austrians were worsted. He
became president of the council of war, and died in 1806.
La Tour (or Latour) d'Auvergne, de, deh It'tooR'
do'v^Rf!', (THEOPHILE MALO CORRET,) a brave officer,
surnamed " the first grenadier of France," was born at
Carhaix in 1743. He was eminent for modesty and
generosity. Having become captain about 1789, he re-
fused further promotion ; but in 1793 he became com-
mander of a division of 8000 grenadiers, which formed
the vanguard of the army of the Pyrenees and was called
"the infernal column." By the rapidity of his move-
ments he usually decided the victory before the main
body of the army reached the field of battle. Napoleon
having presented him a sabre inscribed to "the first
grenadier of France," he answered, "Among us soldiers
there is no first nor last." He was killed at the battle of
Oberhausen, in 1800. He learned many languages, and
published " Researches into the Language, Origin, and
Antiquities of the Bretons," (1792.)
See BUHOT DE KERSERS, " Histoire de La Tour d'Auvergne,"
1841 ; CALOHAR, " Notice sur La Tour d'Auvergne," 1841 ; Roux
DE ROCHELLE. "Notice sur La Tour d'Auvergne," 1800; PRIOU,
" Notice sur T. M. de La Tour d'Auvergne," 1843 ; " Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Generate. "
La Tour d'Auvergue. See TURENNE, and BOUIL-
LON.
Latour du Pin Gouvernet, de, deh It'tooa' du
paN goo'veVn^', (JEAN FREDERIC,) Comte de Paulin,
a French general, born at Grenoble in 1727. He was
elected in 1789 to the States-General, and was minister
of war from August, 1789, to November, 1790. He was
executed in 1794.
Latour - Maubourg, de, deh li'tooR' mo'booR',
(MARIE CHARLES CESAR FAY,) COUNT, a French gene-
ral, born in 1758. He was one of the three commis-
saries who escorted the king from Varennes to Paris in
1791, after which he was marechal-de-camp in the army
of La Fayette. He escaped with La Fayette in 1792,
and shared his long captivity in Austria. Died in
1831.
Latour - Maubourg, (MARIE VICTOR DE FAY,)
MARQUIS, a general, brother of the preceding, was born
in 1766. Having become a general of division in 1807,
he distinguished himself in Spain and Russia, and lost a
leg at Leipsic, (1813.) He was minister of war about
two years, (1820-21.) Died in 1850.
See A. SALA, "Le General de Maubourg," Paris, 1850: "Nou
velle Biographic Ge'nerale. "
La Tourette. See TOUBFTTIJ, DE LA.
Latreille, IS'tRil' or li'tR^'ye, (PIERRE ANDR<,) an
eminent French naturalist, surnamed "the Prince of
Entomology," was born at Brives (La Correze) in 1762.
While a student in the college of Cardinal Lemoine,
Paris, he gained the favour of Abbe Haiiy. In 1786 he
retired to his native province, where he spent all his
leisure in the study of insects, having adopted the pro-
fession of a priest. In consequence of the revolutionary
troubles, he abandoned that profession, and applied him-
self to his favourite science as his chief business. He
published in 1796 a treatise " On the Generic Characters
of Insects." About 1798 he was employed to arrange
insects in the Museum of Paris, in which position he
remained nearly thirty years. In 1814 he was chosen a
member of the Institute, and in 1829 he succeeded La-
marck as professor of zoology. He had published " The
Natural History of Ants," (1802,) "The Natural History
of Reptiles," (1802,) "A Memoir on the Sacred Insects
of the Egyptians," and many other works. Latreille was
the author of the entomological part of Cuvier's " Regne
Animal," and of the portion of Buffon's and Sonnini's
work which treats of Crustacea and insects. His capital
work is " The Genera of Crustacea and Insects, arranged
according to the Natural Order," (" Genera Crustaceo-
Explanations, p. 23.)
LA TREMOUILLE
1498
LAUDERDALE
rum et Insectorum secundum Ordinem naturalem dis-
posita," 4 vols., 1806-09.) Died in 1833.
La TremouiUe. See TRIMOUILLE, DE LA.
La Trimouille, de, deh 1 J tRe'mool' or li tRe'moo'ye,
(CLAUDE,) Due, a French Protestant commander, born
in 1566, was a brother-in-law of the prince Henri de
Conde. He distinguished himself at Ivry. Died in 1604.
His son HENRI, born in 1599, became a general in the
service of Louis XIII. His mother was a daughter of
William the Silent, Prince of Orange. Died in 1674.
La'tro, (M. PORCIUS,) a Latin rhetorician, born about
50 B.C., was a friend of Seneca the elder. He had a high
reputation as a declaimer, and was master of a cele-
brated school in Rome, where Ovid was his pupil. He
was called by Quintilian "imprimis clari nominis pro-
fessor." Died in 4 B.C.
Latrobe, li'trob', (BENJAMIN HENRY,) an architect,
born in England in 1763. He emigrated to America in
1795, and was employed as engineer by the State of Vir-
ginia. He was architect of the United States Bank in
Philadelphia, and of the first Hall of Representatives at
Washington. Died in 1820.
Latrobe, li-trob', (Rev. CHRISTIAN IGNATIUS,) an
English musician and composer, bom at Fulnec, Leeds,
in 1758. He took orders in the Moravian Church, and
in 1795 was appointed secretary to the Unity of the
Brethren in England. He composed sacred music, and
edited " Moravian Hymn Tunes," and " A Selection of
Sacred Music from the Works of the Most Eminent
Composers of Germany and Italy," (6 vols., 1806-25.)
Died May 6, 1836.
Latrobe, (Jonx HAZLEHURST, ) lawyer, was born
at Philadelphia in 1803, a son of Benjamin H. Latrobe.
He was admitted to the bar of Baltimore in 1825, be-
came interested in telegraphy and in railroad work,
was active in forming the colony of Liberia, and in-
vented the " Baltimore heater." He originated the
park system of Baltimore, and was the author of numer-
ous works, including fiction, travel, biography, etc.
Died September II, 1891.
Lattaignant See ATTAICNANT, DE L'.
Lattanzio. See LACTANTIUS.
Lattre. See LASSO.
Latude. See MASERS.
Laub, lowp, (FERDINAND,) an Austrian violinist, born
at Prague, January 19, 1832. He distinguished himself
at an early age, and, alter making successful tours through
the principal European cities, he established himself at
Moscow in 1866 as head professor of the violin in the
Conservatorium, and first violin at the Musikgesellscha/t.
Died March 17, 1875.
Laube, low'beh, (HEINRICH,) a German poet and lit-
tfratfur, born in Silesia in 1806. His "Tales of Travel,"
("Reisenovellen,") published in 1834, resemble those
of Heine, and are by some critics preferred to them.
Among his other productions we may cite " The Countess
Chateaubriand," a romance, (1843,) "Prinz Friedrich,"
and other dramas, and an interesting work entitled "The
First German Parliament," (3 vols., 1849.) Died at
Vienna, August I, 1884.
See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'nu'e."
L'Aubespine. See AUBESPINE, DE L'.
Laud, lawd, (WILLIAM,) a celebrated Archbishop of
Canterbury, was born at Reading, in Berkshire, in 1573,
and was educated at Oxford. He became one of the chap-
lains of the king about 1615, Bishop of Saint David's in
1621, and Bishop of Bath and Wells in 1626. After the
accession of Charles I. he rose rapidly into great influ-
ence at court In 1628 he was translated to the see of
London, and became the chief minister or favourite of
the king. He took part in the persecution of the Puri-
tans, and was unjustly suspected of a bias in favour
of popery. In 1633 he was appointed Archbishop of
Canterbury. "Of all the prelates of the Anglican
Church," says Macaulay, "Laud had departed farthesi
from the principles of the Reformation and had drawn
nearest to Rome." "Of all men then living," says Gar-
diner, "he [Laud] was the least fitted to be intrusted
with political power. . . . His thorough belief in the
unbounded efficacy of external forms and institutions,
combined with his complete ignorance of human nature,
would be sufficient to goad to madness any nation which
might be subjected to his control." (" History of Eng-
land from 1603 to 1616," vol. ii. chap. x. p. 41.) In 1640
he was impeached by the Commons and committed to
the Tower. After he had been tried for treason, without
obtaining a judicial sentence, the Commons passed an
illegal and unjust ordinance for his execution, and he
was beheaded in 1645. "His zeal was unrelenting,"
says Hume, "in the cause of religion, — that is, in im-
posing by rigorous measures his own tenets and pious
ceremonies on the obstinate Puritans, who had profanely
dared to oppose him." Laud had many noble qualities
of head and heart ; but his great fault (and that of his
times) was the non-recognition of the right of private
judgment in a commonwealth nominally free. But in
his time not one writer or other authority, great or
obscure, seems to have recognized any such popular
right.
See "Life of Laud," by PRYNNE, 1644, HEYLIN, 1671, LAWSON,
1829, BAINES, 1855; WHARTON, "Troubles and Trial of W. Laud,
to which is prefixed the Diary of his own Life." 1794 ; HUME, " His-
tory of England," chap. Hi. ; "Retrospective Review," vol. vii., 1823.
Laudati, low-dl'tee, (GIOSEFKO,) an Italian painter
of the Roman school, born at Perugia in 1672, was a
favourite pupil of Carlo Maratta. Died after 1718.
Lau'der, (Sir JOHN,) Lord Fountainhall, an eminent
Scottish lawyer, born in Edinburgh in 1646. He became
a member of Parliament, and opposed the arbitrary
policy of James II. Died in 1722.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Lauder, (ROBERT SCOTT,) a Scottish painter, born
near Edinburgh in 1803. Among his best works are
"The Bride of Lammermuir," "Trial of Effie Deans,'
and other scenes from Scott. He worked mostly in
London and Edinburgh. Died April 21, 1869.
Lauder, (Sir THOMAS DICK,) a Scottish author, born
in 1784, inherited a baronetcy from his father, and lived
near Edinburgh. He was one of the early contributors
to "Blackwood's Magazine," and author of various
works, among which are " Lochandhu," a novel, " High-
land Rambles," (1837,) and a "Tour round the Coasts
of Scotland." Died in 1848.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Lauder, (WILLIAM,) a Scotchman, who gained no
toriety by literary impostures designed to prove that
Milton was a plagiarist In 1751 he published an "Es-
say on Milton's Use and Imitation of the Moderns in
his Paradise Lost," in which he charged Milton with
making too free use of the ideas of Grotius and others.
He was convicted of having interpolated in Grotius's
Latin drama "Adamus Exsul" several verses copied
from an obscure version of Milton's poem. He died in
Barbadoes in 1771.
Lau'der-dale', JAMES MAITLAND,) EARLOF, an able
Scottish Whig statesman, born in 1759, was the son of
the seventh Earl of Lauderdale, and was first styled
Lord Maitland. About 1781 he was elected to the
House of Commons, where he acted as the political
friend of Fox, and in 1787 was chosen one of the man-
agers of the impeachment of Hastings. He inherited the
title of earl in 1789, and was chosen one of the Scottish
representative peers in 1790. He favoured the French
republic, and opposed the war against the French which
began in 1793. In 1806 he became a peer of the United
Kingdom, and keeper of the seal of Scotland, and was
sent by Mr. Fox to Paris with full powers to negotiate
a peace, but without success. On the fall of the Whig
ministry in 1807 he gave up the seal of Scotland. He
died in 1839, leaving his title to his son James. He wrote
several treatises on finance and political economy.
Lauderdale, (JOHN MAITLAND,) DUKE OF, a British
courtier, born at Lethington in 1616, was a grandson
of John Lord Maitland, Chancellor of Scotland. His
father was first Earl of Lauderdale. He was conspicu-
ous among the Scottish insurgents of 1638, and began his
public career as a zealous supporter of the Covenant
After the restoration of 1660 he became the prime fa-
vourite of Charles II., and in 1670 was a member of that
a e, I o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; moon
LAUDIVIO
1499
LAURENBERG
corrupt cabinet called the Cabal. "Under the outward
•how of boisterous frankness," says Macaulay, " he was
perhaps the most dishonest man in the whole Cabal."
He was created duke in 1672. In 1678 he became min-
ister for Scottish affairs, which he managed in a violent
and arbitrary manner. "He had the fortune, beyond
any other minister," says Hume, "to maintain an ascend-
ant over Charles II. during the greater part of his reign."
(" History of England.") Died in 1682. As he left no
male issue, his brother inherited the earldom.
Laudivio, low-dee've-o, (ZACCARIA,) an Italian poet,
horn near Genoa, lived about 1470. He wrote " Letters
of the Grand Turk," ("Epistolae Magni Turci," 1473,)
often reprinted, and " On the Praises of Wisdom and
Virtue," ("De Laudibus Sapientiae et Virtutis.")
Laudon, von, fon low'don, written also Laudohn
and London, (GIDEON ERNST,) BARON, a famous field-
marshal of the Austrian army, was born in Livonia in
1716. He entered the service of Maria Theresa in 1743,
and for his exploits in several campaigns was rewarded
with the rank of general in 1757. The next year he was
made lieutenant-general, and contributed greatly to the
victory of Hochkirchen over the Prussians. In 1759 he
gained a complete victory at Kunersdorf, where Frederick
the Great commanded in person. He was raised to the
rank of field-marshal in 1778, gained several victories
over the Turks in 1788, and was chosen generalissimo
in 1789. Died in 1790.
Lauffer, lowf'fer, ( JAKOB, ) a Swiss historian and
Protestant divine, born at Zoffingen in 1688. He wrote,
in German, a " History of Helvetia," (or Switzerland,)
(" Helvetische Geschichte," 1736-38.) Died in 1734.
Laugel, lo'zhe1!', (ANTOINE AUGUSTE,) a French writer,
born at Strasbourg, January 20, 1830. He visited the
United States in 1864, and published "The United
States during the War," (1866,) "England, Political
and Social," (1873,) "Great Historical Figures," (1875,)
"Louise de Coligny," (1877,) "France, Political and
Social," (1877,) and other works.
Laugh'lin, (JAMES LAURENCE,) an American
economist, born at Deerfield, Ohio, in 1850. He
graduated at Harvard in 1873, and became professor
of political economy at Cornell in 1890 and at Chicago
in 1892. He published several works.
Laugier, 16'zhe-i', (ANDRft,) an able French chemist,
born in Paris in 1770. In 1809 he succeeded Fourcroy
as professor of chemistry in his native city. His lectures
were published with the title of " Cours de Chimie gene-
rale," (3 vols., 1828.) He excelled in chemical analysis,
and wrote numerous memoirs on the analysis of minerals.
Died in 1832.
See P. J. ROBIQL-ET, "Notice historique sur A. Laugier," 1833;
" Nouvelle Biographic Ge'Derale."
Laugier, (ERNEST,) an astronomer, a son of the
preceding, born in Paris in 1812, obtained in 1841 the
Lalande medal for the discovery of a comet and the cal-
culation of its orbit Died April 5, 1872.
Laugier, (JEAN NICOLAS,) a French engraver, born
at Toulon in 1785, worked in Paris. Among his works
are " Leonidas at Thermopylae," and " Trance of Saint
Paul," after Poussin. Died February 24, 1875.
Laugier, (MARC ANTOINE,) a French writer and
priest, born at Manosque in 1713. He preached in sev-
eral pulpits of Paris, and afterwards obtained the abbey
of Ribeaute in 1757. He published, besides other works,
a successful "Essay on Architecture," (1753-55,) and a
•'History of Venice," (12 vols., 1759-68,) which was the
best which had appeared until that of Daru was pub-
lished in 1819. Died in 1769.
Laugier, de, deh 16'zhe-A', (CESAR DE BELLECOUR,)
COUNT, a general, was born in the isle of Elba in 1789.
He is ranked among the best military writers of Italy.
In May, 1848, he obtained the chief command of the Tus-
can corps raised to fight against Austria. With about
5000 men he resisted 30,000 Austrians for six hours near
Mantua. He was minister of war under Leopold II. in
1850 and 1851. Among his works is " Annals and Vicis-
situdes of the Italian Peoples from 1801 to 1815," (13
vols., 1829-32.) Died at Florence, March 25, 1871.
Laujon, 16'zhoN', (PIERRE,) a French poet, born in
Paris in 1727. He composed admired songs and lyrical
dramas. In 1807 he was chosen a member of the Insti-
tute. Died in 1811.
Sec " Monthly Review," vol. bcviii., 1812, (Appendix.)
Lauman, law'man, (JACOB G.,) an American general,
born in Maryland in 1813. He commanded a brigade
at the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, 1862, and a divi-
sion at the siege of Vicksburg, June and July, 1863.
Died in Burlington, Iowa, in 1867.
Laumont, de, deh 16'm6N', (FRANC.OIS PIERRE NI-
COLAS GiUet — zhe'y^',) a French mineralogist, born in
Paris in 1747. He discovered several minerals, and
wrote memoirs which were printed in the "Annales des
Mines" and other journals. Died in 1834.
Launay, de, deh lo'nj', (FRANgois,) a French jurist,
born at Angers in 1612. He was professor of French
law at the College Royal, and published several legal
works. Died in 1693.
Launay, de, (PIERRE,) a French Protestant theo-
logian, born at Blois in 1573. He received the title of
counsellor to the king, and tnught Greek gratis at the
Academy of Saumur. He wrote a " Paraphrase on the
Epistles of Saint Paul," (2 vols., 1650,) and other com-
mentaries on Scripture, which were highly esteemed
Died in 1661.
Laxiney, de, deh I5'n&', (BERNARD RENE JOURDAN,)
the last governor of the Bastille, was born in Paris in
1740, and became governor in 1776. The storming of
that state prison by the populace, being the first violent
symptom of the Revolution, has rendered his name
historical. On the I4th of July, 1789, he repulsed the
insurgents for several hours with cannon and other
guns, and attempted to blow up the building by firing
the magazine, but was prevented. He was massacred
immediately after the capture of the place.
Launey, (EMMANUEL DE.) See ENTRAIGUES, D'.
Launitz, low'nits, (ROBERT EBERHARD,) a nephew of
the following, was born at Riga, in Russia, November 4,
1806. He was a pupil of Thorwaldsen. lie came to the
United States in 1828, and was for many years devoted
chiefly to monumental sculpture. Died in New York,
December 13, 1870.
Launitz, von, fon low'nits, (NIKOLAUS KARL EDUARD
SCHMIDT,) a German-Russian sculptor, born at Grobin,
in Courland, November 23, 1797. He was a pupil of
Thorwaldsen, and worked mostly at Frankfort-on-the-
Main, where he died, December 12, 1869.
Launoi or Lauuoius. See LAUNOY.
Launoy or Lauuoi, de, deh 15'nwa', [Lat. LAUNO'-
IUS,] (JEAN,) a French doctor of the Sorbonne, born near
Valogne in 1603, had a high reputation for learning. In
1643 he was chosen royal censor of books. He published,
besides many works on theology, a " History of the Col-
lege of Navarre," (1677,) and defended the liberties of
the Galilean Church against the pretensions of the court
of Rome. He was noted for his zeal and sagacity in
expunging the names of spurious saints from the calen-
dar, and was said to have dethroned more saints than
ten popes had canonized. Died in 1678.
See BAYLH, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" NIC^RON,
" Me"moires :" J. REISER, "J. Launoius Theologus," etc., 1685
Laura. See NOVES, DE, and PETRARCH.
Laura, (FiLippo.) See LAURI.
Lauraguais, de, deh lo'rt'gi', (Louis LEON FELI-
CITE,) COMTE, Due de Brancas, an eccentric French
nobleman, born at Versailles in 1733. He patronized
literature and science, and by his chemical experiments
associated his name with those of Lavoisier and Daicet
He wrote many political treatises. Died in 1824.
See "Nouvelle Biographie G^ne'rale."
Laurati. See LORENZETTI, (PIETRO.)
Laurati, low-ra'tee,(PlETRO,) an Italian fresco-paintei,
born at Sienna in 1282; died in 1340.
LaureL See LAURELIUS.
Laurelius, low-rfi'le-us, or Laurel, low'rel, (OLAUS,)
a Swedish theologian, born in West Gothland in 1585.
He became Bishop of Westeris in 1647. He published,
besides other works, a "System of Theology," (1641,)
which was esteemed a standard work. Died in 1670.
Laurenberg, low'ren-be'RG', or Lauremberg, low'-
rem-be'RG', (JoHANN,) a poet and philologist, born at
Rostock in 1590. He ranked high among the poets of
as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/,- G, H, Vi.guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
planations, p. 23. )
LAURENBERG
1500
LAUTREC
his time. Among his works are four poetical satires,
(1652-70,) and "Graecia Antiqua," a description of
ancient Greece, (1661.) Died in 1658.
Laurenberg, (PETER,) a botanist and anatomist, a
brother of the preceding, was born at Rostock about
1575. He became professor at Rostock in 1624, and
published several works on anatomy. Died in 1639.
Lau'rence or Law'rence, (Dr. FRENCH,) an eminent
English civilian and author, born at Bristol, graduated
at Oxford about 1780. "He was," says Lord Brougham,
" one of the most able, most learned, and most upright
men that ever adorned the legal profession. ... He
united in himself the indefatigable labour of a Dutch
commentator with the alternate playfulness and sharp-
ness of a Parisian wit." He was a member of Parlia-
ment about twenty years. About 1797 he was chosen
professor of civil law at Oxford. He was the intimate
friend and executor of Edmund Burke. He wrote some
of the " Probationary Odes," and contributed largely to
the epigrams and satires, in prose and verse, of •' The
Rolliad." Died in 1809.
Laurence, (RICHARD,) a brother of the preceding,
was born at Bath in 1760. He became professor of
Hebrew at Oxford in 1814, and Archbishop of Cashel
in 1822. Died in 1838. He was a great authority on
the Ethiopic language and literature, and translated
several of the sacred books found in that tongue.
Laurens. See Du LAURENS.
Lau'rena, (HENRY,) an American statesman, born at
Charleston, South Carolina, in 1724. Soon after the
breaking out of the Revolution he was elected a dele-
gate to the General Congress, of which he subsequently
became president, in November, 1777. While on his
voyage as ambassador to the Hague, in 1780, he was
taken by the British and imprisoned for fourteen months
in the Tower of London. In conjunction with Franklin
and Jay, he afterwards signed the preliminaries to a treaty
with England, November, 1782. Died in 1792.
See " National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans."
Laureus, (JOHN,) an American patriot and soldier,
born in South Carolina about 1756, was a son of the
preceding. He entered the army early in 1777, became
an aide-de-camp to Washington, and was wounded at
Germantown. It is stated that he distinguished him-
self in every action of the army which Washington
commanded. He was an intimate friend of General
Hamilton. In 1781 he was sent to France on a special
mission, for which he was selected by Washington. He
was successful, and returned in time to take part in
the victory at Yorktown, October, 1781. He was killed
in a battle on the Combahee River, South Carolina,
in August, 1782. Colonel Laurens is represented as
having been a man of rare endowments, as blending in
harmonious union the character of a gallant officer, a
fine scholar, and an accomplished gentleman
Laurent. See LAWRENCE, SAINT.
Laurent, (PAUL MARIE,) a French historian, born in
Ardeche in 1793. His principal work is a "History of
Napoleon," with 500 designs by Horace Vernet, (9 vols.,
1838-42.) Died at Versailles, August 7, 1877.
Laurent, (PIERRE,) a skilful French engraver, bom
at Marseilles in 1739, worked in Paris. He excelled in
landscapes and animals, and published engravings of
the master-pieces of the Louvre. Died in 1809.
Laurent, (PIERRE JOSEPH,) a skilful Flemish media
nician, born at Bordeaux in 1715. He was appointed
director of the canals of Flanders at the age of twenty-
one, and gained repL'ationby the junction of the Somme
with the Scheldt, lie was very skilful in the fabrication
of artificial limbs. Died in 1773.
Laurentie, 16'roN'te', (PIERRE SEBASTIEN,) a French
historical and political writer, born at Houga (Gers) in
1793. He edited several royalist journals in Paris, and
published "Studies, Literary and Moral, on the Latin
Historians," (2 vols., 1822.) and a "History of France,"
(1841-43.) Died at Paris, February 9, 1876.
Laurentius, JOANNES.) See LYDUS.
Laurentius, (LYDUS.) See LYDUS.
Laurentzen, low'rent-zen, or Lorentsen, lo'rent-
s?n, (JoHAN,) a Danish historical writer, born at Ribe.
He wrote on Danish history, and produced a Danish
version of the Bible, (1719.) Died about 1728.
Lauretti, low-ret'tee, or Lanreti, low-ra'tee, (ToM-
MASO,) an Italian painter, born at Palermo, worked at
Rome for Gregory XIII., and became president of the
Academy of Saint Luke. His pictures of" Brutus Judging
lis Sons" and " Horatius Codes Defending the Bridge"
were much admired. Died about 1600, aged eighty.
Lauri, low'ree, (BALTHASAR,) a Flemish landscape-
jainter, born at Antwerp about 1570; died at Rome in
1642.
Lauri or Laura, low'ra, (FlLiPPO,) an eminent painter
of history and landscapes, son of the preceding, was born
n Rome in 1623. Filippo painted in preference small
cabinet pictures which were remarkable for imagination
and spirit. He also painted figures for the landscapes
cf Claude Lorrain. His design and composition are
lighly commended by E. Breton in the " Nouvelle
Biographic Generate. " Died in 1694. His brother
FRANCESCO was a promising artist when he died in
1635, aged twenty-five.
Lauria. (ROGER DI.) See LORIA.
Laurier. (Sir WILFRED,) a Canadian statesman,
was born at St. Lin, Quebec, in 1841. He was edu-
cated at McGill University, entered the Quebec assem-
bly in 1871, the Dominion Parliament in 1874. He
became the leader of the Liberal party in 1891, and
in 1896 was made premier of Canada, being the first
French Canadian to hold that post. He was knighted
in 1897.
Lauriere, de, deh IS'r^-aiR', (EysEBE JACOB,) a pro-
found French jurist, bonTin Paris in 1659. He was
thoroughly versed in legal science, and attained great
proficiency in literature. Among his numerous works
are "The Origin of the Law of Amortizement," (1692,)
and " Library of Common Law," (" Bibliotheque des
Coutumes," 1699.) Died in 1728.
See " NouveJle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Laurillai d, lo're'yaV, (CHARLES LEOPOLD,) a French
naturalist and artist, born at Montbeliard in 1783, was a
pupil of Cuvier, who employed him in the execution of
his anatomical designs. He published "The Mammifera
and Human Races," (1849.) Died in 1853.
Laurimanus. See LAUWERMAN.
Lauriston, de, deh 15'res'toN', (JACQUES ALEXAN-
DRE BERNARD LAW,') MARQUIS, a marshal of France,
was born in India in 1768, and was great-nephew of
John Law, the famous projector. In 1800 he became
aide-de-camp to Bonaparte, and served at the battle of
Marengo. He was made a general of brigade in 1802,
general of division in 1805, and governor-general of
Venice in 1807. Having received the title of count,
as commander of the artillery of the imperial guard, he
took part in several victories over the Austrians in 1809.
He was sent as ambassador to Russia in 181 1, and com-
manded a corps in the campaign of 1813. He was created
a marquis in 1817, became minister of the royal house-
hold in 1821, received a marshal's baton in 1823, and
was appointed minister of state in 1824. Died in 1828.
Laus du Ferret See DUPERRET.
Lauterbach, low'ter-baK', (WOLFGANG ADAM,) a
German jurist, born in 1618, wrote a work on the Pan-
dects, (3 or 4 vols., 1600-1714-) Died in 1678.
Lauth, lot, (ALEXANDRE,) a skilful French anatomist,
born at Strasbourg in 1803. He published a "Manua
for the Anatomist," (1829,) and other able professional
works. Died in 1837.
Lautb, (FRANZ JOSEF,) a German Egyptologist,
born in 1822. He became a professor in the Univer-
sity of Munich in 1869. His published various works,
the most important being " Manetho und der Turiner
Kbnigspapyrus." Died February u, 1895.
Lautrec, 16'tuek', (ODET DE Foix,) MARSHAL, a
brave French general, was a cousin of Gaston de Foix.
He was wounded at Ravenna in 1512. Just after Con-
stable Bourbon had resigned the command, Francis I.
appointed Lautrec his lieutenant-genera! in Italy, (1516.)
He was defeated at Bicoque in 1522, and fought by th
side of Francis I. at Pavia in 1525. In 1527 he resumed
a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, 4, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, <?, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; not; good; moon
LAUWERMAN
1501
LA VEDA U
command of the army in Italy, and was besieging Naples,
when he died of fever in 1528.
See SISMONDI, " Histoire des Fran^ais."
Lauwerman.Iow'er-man'.ILat. LAURIMA'NUS.KCOR
NELIS,) a Dutch teacher and Latin poet, born at Utrecht
about 1520; died in 1573.
Lauzun, Due DE. See BIRON, (ARM AND Louis IE.)
Lauzun, de, cleh IO'ZUN', (ANTOINE NOMPAE DE
CAUMONT,} DUKE, a French courtier and general, whose
life presents remarkable vicissitudes, was born in Gascony
in 1632. He became a favourite of Louis XIV., who
gave him a high rank in the army before he had merited
it by services. In 1671 he commanded the army which
•ccompanied the king to Flanders. He was engaged to
^nna Maria, Duchess of Montpensier, a granddaughter
of Henry IV., but the match was broken off, and, having
incurred the enmity of Madame Montespan, he was im-
prisoned from 1671 to 1681, when his penalty was com-
muted into exile from court. It is supposed that he was
secretly married to the lady first above named. When
the throne and person of James II. of England were
menaced by revolution, (1688,) that king confided his
wife and son to Lauzun, who escorted them to Paris
and by that service regained the favour of Louis XIV.
He commanded the French army sent to Ireland to fight
lor James II., was defeated at the battle of the Boyne in
1690, and returned to France about the end of that year.
Died in 1723. "His life was like a romance," said La
Bruyere, "except that it lacked probability."
See LA BRUvfeRB, " Caracteres ;" SAINT-SIMON, " Me'moires ;"
DANGBAU, "Journal ;" " NouveTJe Biographic Ge'ne'rale ;" Dat-OBT,
"Histoire de la Detention de Fouquet, de Pellisson et de Lauzun,''
3 vols , 1829; "Quarterly Review" for January, 1822.
Laval, IfvSl', (ANNE ADRIEN PIERRE DE MONT-
MOKENCY,) Due de Laval, born in Paris in 1768, was
the son of the Due de Laval. He was sent as ambas-
sador to Spain in 1814, to Rome about 1820, and to
Vienna in 1828. In 1829 he was transferred to the court
of Saint James. Died in 1837.
Lavalette, de, deh IS'vS'le't', (Pere ANTOINE,) a
French Jesuit, born in 1707. He was chosen superior-
general of the missions of South America in 1754. He
engaged in mercantile speculations which resulted in a
disgraceful bankruptcy. This affair was one of the
causes or pretexts of the abolition of the order of Jesuits
in France in 1762 ; for the order refused to pay the debts
of Lavalette, as directed by the courts.
Lavalette, de, (CHARLES JEAN MARIE FELIX,) MAR-
QUIS, a French diplomatist, born at Senlis in 1806. He
was minister-plenipotentiary to the Sublime Porte from
1851 to 1853, and was raised to the dignity of senator in
the latter year. In 1865 he was appointed minister of
the interior. He became minister of foreign affairs in
December, 1868. Died May 2, 1881.
La Valette, de,(jEAN PARISOT.) See VALETTE, DE LA.
Lavalette, de, (MARIE CHAMANS,) COUNT, a favour-
ite officer and minister of Bonaparte, was born in Paris
in 1769. He entered the army in 1792, and obtained
the grade of captain at Arcola m 1796. Soon after this
date, Bonaparte employed him in important missions,
and gave him for his wife fimilie de Beauharnais, a
niece of Josephine. During the Egyptian campaign
(1798) he was one of Bonaparte's favourite attendants.
In 1800 he was called to preside over the post-office
department, first with the title of commissary, and soon
after with that of director-general. At the restoration
of 1814 he retired to private life, but on the return of
Napoleon from Elba he resumed his functions as post-
master-general on the 20th of March, 1815. In the same
year he was arrested by the agents of Louis XVIII. and
condemned to death. Just before the day of execution,
Madame Lavalette visited him in prison, and remained
in his place while he escaped disguised in her dress. By
the aid of Sir R. Wilson and other Englishmen, he
reached Flanders safely. He was pardoned by the king
in 1822, and died in 1830, leaving two volumes of me-
moirs of his life, (1831.) His wife was tried and acquitted,
but became permanently insane in consequence of the
exertion and excitement.
^ See LAVALKTTH, " Me'moires et Souvenir*," a vols., 1831, and
Node* biographique sur le Comte de La Valetta," Paris, 1830.
La Vallee, 13 vn&', (JOSEPH,) Marquis de Bois-Ro-
bert, a French writer, born at Dieppe in 1747. Aniong
his works is a piquant journal called " Semaines cri-
tiques," (4 vols., 1797.) Died in London in 1816.
See the "Monthly Review," vol. bunv., 1818, (Appendix.)
Lavallee, (THEOPHILE SEBASTIEN,) a French histo-
rian, born in Paris in 1804. He published a "History
of the French from the Time of the Gauls to 1830," (3
vols., 1839 ; loth edition, 1854,) and other works. He
died at Versailles, August 29, 1866.
La Valliere. See VALLIERE, DE LA.
Lavardin, de, deh It'viR'daN', MARSHAL, a French
general, whose proper name was JEAN DE BEAUMANOIR,
was born in Maine in 1551. He fought as second in
command of the Catholic army at Coutras in 1578, bat
entered the service of Henry IV. in 1595, and was
then made a marshal of France. He was riding in the
carriage with the king when the latter was assassinated
in 1610. Died in 1614.
Lavardin, de, (HENRI CHARLES DE BEAUMANOIR,)
MARQUIS, was a great-grandson of the preceding. In
1687 he was sent as ambassador to Rome, with a large
retinue of armed men, for the purpose of maintaining a
claim to certain privileges or franchises which the pope
refused to grant (See INNOCENT XI.) Livardin en-
tered Rome as a victor at the head of an army, but was
excommunicated, and returned to France in 1689. Died
in 1701.
Lavater, la'va-ter or IS'vS'taiR', (JOHN CASPAR,) a
celebrated Protestant minister and writer on physiog-
nomy, born at Zurich in 1741. He was educated for the
church, which profession was congenial to his character.
In 1763 he made a journey to Berlin with Henry Fuseli
the artist. He produced in 1767 his admirable " Swiss
Songs," and in 1768 an ingenious work entitled " Pros-
pects into Eternity," ("Aussichte in die Ewigkeit") He
was ordained a deacon in 1769, and a few years later
became pastor of a church in Zurich. His sermons
were much admired, and widely diffused by the press;
but he was censured by some for a tendency to paradox,
superstition, and mystical theology. In 1775-78 he pub-
lished, in German, his celebrated " Physiognomic Frag-
ments for the Promotion of the Knowledge and Love
of Mankind," ("Physiognomischen Fragmente zur Be-
fb'rderung der Menschenkenntniss und Menschenliebe,"
4 vols.) This is the result of multiplied and curious
observations generalized into an ingenious system. He
was the author of numerous religious and moral works
in prose and verse, among which are " Pontius Pilate,"
(1782,) and two poems, "The Messiah" (4 vols., 1783-86)
and "The Human Heart," (1789.) He was a friend of
Goethe, with whom he corresponded. In the commo-
tions which followed the French Revolution he displayed
courage and firmness in opposing the French party,
(though not with carnal weapons ;) and at the capture
of Zurich by Massena, in September, 1799, he was shot
in the street by a soldier. After suffering from the wound
more than a year, he died in 1801. His character was
eminently honest and noble. "Lavater's spirit," says
Goethe, in his Autobiography, "was altogether im-
posing. Near him, you could not resist his decided in-
fluence ; and I had to submit to observing brow and
nose, eyes and mouth, in detail, and to weighing their
relations and proportions to each other. . . . Many
times in my after-life I had occasion to think about this
man, who is one among the most excellent with whom I
have ever attained to so intimate a relation."
Lavater, (Louis,) a Swiss Protestant clergyman, born
in 1527. He lived in Zurich, and wrote many theological
and other works, among which is a curious treatise on
spectres, apparitions, etc., (1570.) Died in 1586.
Lavedau, ("HENRI LEON EMILE,) a French drama-
tist, born at Orleans in 1859. After publishing several
volumes of journalistic contributions, he took to the
drama, writing a brilliant comedy, "line Famille,"
'1890,) which was given a prize by the Academy.
Dlher plays are " Le Prince d'Auree," "Deux No-
blesses," and " Viveurs." He was elected a member
of the Academy in 1898.
«as*; <;zss; ^hard; gas/;G, H, Y., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasin//;w. (Jty^See Explanations, p.
LAVELEYE
1502
LAW
Laveleye, de, deh lfv'14', (£MILE Louis VICTOR,) a
Belgian economist, born at Bruges, April 5, 1822. He
was educated at Paris and Ghent, and in 1864 became
professor of political economy at the Liege University.
Among his works is a treatise on the Provencal litera-
ture, (1844.) " Histoire des Rois francs," (1847,) "La
Question de 1'Or," (1860,) "Questions contemporaines,"
(1863,) "Essai sur 1'ficonomie rurale," (1863,) "Etudes
d'Economie rurale," (1864,) " Essais sur les Formes du
Gouvernement," (1872,) " De la Propriete," (a work of
great merit, 1874,) and " Elements d'Economie publique,"
(1882.) Died at Namur, January 2, 1892.
Lavergne, de, deh It'v^Rn', (Louis GABRIEL LBONCB
Guilhaud — ge'16',j a French economist and writer, born
at Bergerac in 1809. Among his works are a "Memoir
on the Rural Economy of France," (1857,) and many
important articles in the "Revue des Deux Mondes"
on Spanish history, literature, etc. Died Jan. 18, 1880.
La-ver'na, [Fr. LAVERNE, li'vSRn',] in Roman my-
thology, was regarded as the patroness of thieves and
impostors.
Laverne. See LAVERNA.
La Verne, de, deh 13 veRn, (LEGER MARIE PHILIPPE
Tranchant — trox'shoN',) COMTE, a French tactician
and writer on the art of war, born near Vesoul in 1769.
Among his works is a " History of General Suwarow,"
(1809.) Died in 1815.
Laves, la'v?s, (GEORG LUDWIG FRIEDRICH,) an emi-
nent German architect, and chief director of buildings
for the kingdom of Hanover, was born at Uslar in 1789.
In 1852 he finished the new theatre at Hanover, which is
regarded as his best work. Died April 30, 1864.
Lavialle, It've-Jl', (PIERRE JOSEPH,) D.D., a bishop,
born at Lavialle, France, in 1820. He studied with the
Sulpitians at Paris, was ordained at Louisville, Ken-
tucky, in 1844, became in 1849 professor of theology in
Saint Thomas's Seminary, and in 1856 president of Saint
Mary's College. In 1865 he was consecrated Bishop of
Louisville. Died at Nazareth, near Bardstown, Ken-
tucky, May II, 1867.
Lavigerie, CARDINAL. See ALLEMAND-LAVIGERIE.
La Ville de Mirmont, de, deh IS v61 deh meR'mdN',
(AI.KXANDRE JEAN JOSEPH,) a French dramatic poet,
born at Versailles in 1782. His drama "Le Libere"
(1835) gained the Montyon prize of the French Acad-
em>. Died in 1845.
La Villemarque, de, deh li vel'mf R'ki', (THEODORE
CLAUDE HENRI Hersart — hSR'siR',) VICOM TE, a French
philologist, born at Quimperle in 1815. He published
"The Popular Songs of Bretagne," (1839,) with a French
version, and other works. Died in 1895.
Lav'ing-tpn, (GEORGE,) a learned English prelate,
born in Wiltshire in 1683. He became a canon of Saint
Paul's, London, in 1732, and Bishop of Exeter in 1747.
He published, besides sermons, " The Enthusiasm of the
Methodists and Papists Compared." Died in 1762.
La-viul-a, [Fr. LAVINIE, It've'ne',] a daughter of
Latinus, King of Latium, and his wife Amata, who
promised her to Turnus. She was married to jijneas
instead of Turnus because an oracle had declared that
she should be the wife of a foreign prince. She was the
mother of .tineas Sylvius.
Lavinie. See LAVINIA.
Lavisse'. (ERNEST,) a French historian, born at
Novion-en-Thierache, Aisne, in 1842. He was elected
a member of the French Academy in 1892.
Lavocat, li'vo'kS', (ANToiNE,) a French mechanician
and inventor, born near Nancy in 1707 ; died in 1788.
Lavoisier, li'vwa'ze-4', (ANTOINE LAURENT,) an
illustrious French chemTcal philosopher, and the chief
founder of modern chemistry, was born in Paris on the
26th of August, 1743. After leaving the College Maza-
rin, where he obtained high honours, he pursued with
zeal the study of astronomy, mathematics, and especially
chemistry. In 1766 he gained the prize offered by the
Academy of Sciences in 1763 for an improved method
of lighting the streets of Paris, and in 1768 was chosen
an associate of that institution. About this period he
entered the public service as farmer-general, in order to
obtain the funds required for his scientific researches,
to which he devoted the greater part of his time. He
acquired durable celebrity by the discovery of a new
chemical theory of combustion, (called the anti-phlo-
gistic,) which was partially developed in 1773 in a work
entitled "Physical and Chemical Essays," ("Opuscules
physiques et chimiques,") and which forms a great epoch
in the science of chemistry. In a memoir which he read
to the Academy in 1775, he announced that calcination
and combustion are the results of the union of a "highly
respirable gas" (oxygen) with combustible bodies, and
soon after proposed the theory that the heat produced
during combustion was disengaged from that respirable
air. "These two propositions," says Cuvier, "belong
to Lavoisier in his own right, and form the basis and
fundamental character of the new chemical theory." In
1776 he was appointed to superintend the fabrication of
saltpetre and gunpowder, of which he greatly improved
the quality. Co-operating with other French chemists, he
rendered an important service by reforming the chemical
nomenclature, and published in 1787 "Method of Chemi-
cal Nomenclature," ("Methode de Nomenclature chi-
mique,") in which a simple, systematic, and expressive
terminology was substituted for the absurd or fanciful
terms of the alchemists. He displayed his admirable
talent for explaining the truths which he had discovered
in his "Elementary Treatise on Chemistry," ("Traiti
dlementaire de Chimie," 2 vols., 1789.) He invented the
pneumatic cistern, the gasometer, and other chemical
apparatus. His glorious career was prematurely closed
by an unjust suspicion against the farmers of the revenue,
although in this service he had acquitted himself with
great honour and success. In the reign of terror La-
voisier and many of his colleagues were condemned to
death on frivolous charges, one of which was that they
moistened with water the tobacco of which they had the
monopoly. His request for a respite of a few days, in
order to finish some important experiments, was refused,
and he was executed in May, 1794. About that time he
had published two volumes of a large and important
work on chemical philosophy, entitled "Memoires de
Chimie," which remained unfinished.
See article on Lavoisier, by CUVIHR, in the " Biographic Univer-
selle ;" FOURCROY, " Notice sur Lavoisier," 1796; J. J. LH FRANCOIS
DH LALANDB, " Notice sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de Lavoisier,"
1796; DR. F. HOBFRR, article in the " Nouvelle Biographic Gene-
rale;" KiRta'SKY," HistoiredesLepslateurs-Chitnistes: Lavoisier,
Berthollet, H. Davy," 1845.
Law, (EDMUND,) D.D.,ar. eminent English metaphy-
sician, born in Lancashire in 1703, was the father of Lord
Ellenborough. He was educated at Cambridge, and,
while a student there, published a translation of King's
"Essay on the Origin of Evil," with notes, and an " En-
quiry into the Ideas of Space and Time." He became
rector of Graystock, Cumberland, in 1737, and arch-
deacon of Carlisle in 1743. Soon after this date appeared
his admired " Reflections on the Life and Character of
Christ." He was appointed master of Peter-House,
Cambridge, about 1755, professor of casuistry in 1764,
and prebendary of Durham in 1767. In 1769 he was
made Bishop of Carlisle. He published in 1777 an
edition of the works of Locke, with a life of the author,
of whom he was a disciple. He belonged to the rational
and liberal school of theology. Died in 1787.
Law, (EDWARD.) See ELLENBOROUGH.
Law, (JOHN,) of Lauriston, a famous Scottish pro-
jector and financier, was born at Edinburgh in 1671,
and inherited an estate called Lauriston. About 1694
he went to London, where, by means of his handsome
figure and graceful address, he gained admission into
fashionable society, and supported himself by gaming.
Having killed a man in a duel, he fled to the continent,
where he followed the trade of a gambler with great
success in Paris, Venice, Genoa, etc. About 1715 he
persuaded the Duke of Orleans, Regent of France, to
favour a scheme by which he promised to greatly im-
prove the financial condition of the kingdom. In 1716
he obtained a charter for a general bank of issue and
discount, under the name of Law & Company. In
connection with this bank he formed the Mississippi
Company, with a capital of one hundred million francs,
and with the exclusive right of the trade between France
and Louisiana, China, India, etc. The stock of these
a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, %, short: a, e, i, p, obscure; far, fall, fitt; mft; n8t; Rood; moon;
LAW
LA IVRENCE
companies was bought up with avidity, and the former
was soon erected into the Royal Bank, with the privilege
of coining gold and silver. The hope of enormous profits
infatuated the public so generally that the stock of the
company rose to twenty times its original value. In
January, 1720, Law was appointed contrttleur-gltUral of
finances, (i.e. prime minister.) The fall of his baseless
fabric was sudden and ruinous in 1720, when the public
confidence began to fail, and the notes of his bank fell
to one-tenth of the nominal value. Law was compelled
to leave France; and he died poor at Venice in 1729.
His system is often called the " South Sea Bubble."
See JOHN PHILIP WOOD, " Memoirs of John Law of Lauriston,"
1824 ; A. COCHUT, " Law, son Systeme et son fipoque," 1853 ; LE-
VASSEUR, " Recherches sur le Systeme de Law," 1857; THEODORE
VIAI., "J. Law et le Systeme du Papier-Monnaie de 1716," 1849,
Law, (WILLIAM,) a pious and mystical English au
thor, born at King's Cliff, Northamptonshire, in 1686.
He became a Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge,
but forfeited his fellowship by refusing to take the re-
quired oath at the accession of George I. in 1714. He
lived some years as tutor in the family of Gibbon, (father
of the historian,) to whom he was related, and was after-
wards chaplain to Miss Hester Gibbon at King's Cliff.
He adopted the mystical doctrines of Jacob Bohme, (or
Behmen,) which he inculcated in his "Way to Know-
ledge," "Spirit of Love," and "Letters." Mr. Law
published many other works, of which the most popular
is his "Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life," (1729.)
This was praised by Dr. Johnson and by Gibbon.
Died in 1761.
Law, ^WILLIAM ARTHUR,) an English dramatist,
born in 1844. He went on the stage as an actor in
1872, and began play-writing in 1881, producing more
than forty plays.
Lawes, lawz, (HENRY,) an eminent English composer,
born probably at Salisbury in 1600. He was one of the
gentlemen of the royal chapel, and clerk of the cheque
to Charles I., in whose service he continued until 1649.
He composed the music for Milton's "Comus," (per-
formed in 1634,) in which the poet compliments him as
one
" Whose artful strains have oft delayed
The huddling brook to hear his madrigal,
And sweetened every musk-rose of the dale."
In 1653 he published " Ayres and Dialogues," consisting
of songs, duets, and trios. " Milton probably took lessons
[in music] from him." (Masson.) Died in 1662.
Lawes, (Sir JOHN BENNETT,) BART., an English
agriculturist, born at Rothamsted, Herts, December 28,
1814. He was educated at Eton, and at Brasenose Col-
lege, Oxford. In 1834 he undertook (in connection,
after 1843, with Dr. J. H. Gilbert) that course of experi-
mental farming at Rothamsted which has made his name
everywhere famous. He has also conducted extensive
works for the manufacture of artificial fertilizers. The
published results of the labours of Lawes and Gilbert are
widely recognized as of very great importance to agri-
culture. Died in 1900.
Lawes, (WILLIAM), a brother of Henry Lawes, was
a skilful musician and composer, and was one of the
gentlemen of the royal chapel. He fought for the king
in the civil war, and was killed at Chester in 1645. He
composed music for Sandys's paraphrase of the Psalms,
and many other works.
Law'less, (EMILY,) a novelist, born in Ireland,
daughter of Baron Cloncurry. She published " Hur-
rish," (1886,) "Plain Francis Mowbray," (1889,)
"Grania," (1892,) " Maelcho," (1894,) also "The
Story of Ireland," "With Essex in Ireland," etc.
Lawless, (VALENTINE.) See CLONCURRY.
Law'rance, (JOHN,) a judge, born in Cornwall, Eng-
land, in 1750. He emigrated in 1767 to the city of New
York, where he practised law, and rose to distinction in
his profession. He was a delegate to the Congress of
the Confederation in 1785-87, and represented the city
of New York in the Congress of the United States from
1789 to 1793. In 1794 he was appointed a judge of the
district court for New York. He was elected a Senator
of the United States for New York in 1 796, and resigned
his seat in 1800. He was a Federalist, and a personal
(riend ol Alexander Hamilton. Died in New York in
November, 1810.
Law'rence, (ABBOTT,) an eminent American mer-
chant and philanthropist, born in Groton, Massachusetts,
in 1792. As the partner of his brother, Amos Law-
rence, he acquired a large fortune, a portion of which
was invested by them in the cotton-factories of Lowell,
which owes its prosperity chiefly to these enterprising
merchants. He was elected to Congress in 1839, and in
1843 was appointed one of the commissioners to settle
the northeast boundary question with Great Britain. He
was United States minister to England in 1849. He
died in 1855. Among his numerous and munificent do-
nations was that of $100,000 to Harvard University to
found the scientific school called by his name. He also
bequeathed the sum of $50,000 towards erecting mode)
lodging-houses.
See APPLETON, "Life of Abbott Lawrence;" HUNT, "Lives of
American Merchants."
Lawrence, (AMOS,) a distinguished philanthropist,
brother of the preceding, was born at Groton, Massa-
chusetts, in 1786. Having acquired an immense fortune
as a merchant, he spent a great part of it in various
charities and donations to public institutions ; and the
amount of his benefactions is estimated at $700,000.
Among the colleges to which he gave large sums were
Kenyon College, Ohio, Williams College, and the Theo-
logical Seminary at Bangor, Maine. He died in 1852,
and his "Life and Correspondence" was published by
his son in 1855.
Law'rence, (EDWARD ALEXANDER,) D.D., an Amer-
ican divine, born at Saint Johnsbury, Vermont, October
7, 1808. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1834,
and at Andover Seminary, was ordained to the Congre-
gationalist ministry in 1839, was a professor in the theo-
logical school at East Windsor, Connecticut, 1854-65,
and published various theological writings. Died at
Marblehead, Massachusetts, September 4, 1883.
Lawrence, (EUGENE,) an American author, born in
New York city, October 10, 1823, graduated at the New
York University in 1842, and studied at the Harvard
Law School. He wrote "Lives of British Historians,"
(1855,) "Historical Studies," (1873,) etc., and contrib-
uted largely to periodical literature. Died in 1894.
Lawrence, (GEORGE ALFRED,) an English novelist,
born in 1827. He was educated at Rugby, and at Ox-
ford, where he graduated with honours in 1848. Called
to the bar in 1852, he abandoned law for literature after
the success of his first novel, " Guy Livingstone." This
was published anonymously in 1857, and was followed
by "Sword and Gown," "Barren Honour," " Anteros,"
etc. He also published a volume of " Ballads." Died
September 23, 1876.
Law'rence, (Sir HENRY MONTGOMERY,) an English
officer, born in Ceylon in 1806, served with distinction
in the campaigns of the Sutlej. He was appointed presi-
dent of the board of government in the Punjaub about
1850, and chief commissioner of Oude in 1857. He
rendered important service by the defence of Lucknow
against the mutinous Sepoys, and was killed during the
siege of that city in July, 1857.
Lawrence, (JAMES,) an American naval officer, of
distinguished bravery, born at Burlington, New Jersey,
in 1781. He served under Commodore Decatur in the
Mediterranean, and was afterwards appointed succes-
sively to the command of the Vixen, the Wasp, the Argus,
and the Hornet. In 1813 he captured the Peacock from
the British after a short engagement, and was soon after
made post-captain, and commander of the frigate Ches-
apeake. On the ist of June, 1813, he encountered near
Boston the British frigate Shannon, and after a severe
contest, in which he was mortally wounded, his vessel
was boarded and taken by the English. It was on this
occasion that he uttered the memorable words, "Don't
jive up the ship." The remains of Captain Lawrence
were subsequently removed to Trinity church-yard,
where a munument has been erected to him. He left a
widow and two children. He had been in command of
:he Chesapeake only a few days, and was a stranger to
he crew, who were not well disciplined.
i; gzsj;G,H,K,gnftural; N, nasal: R, trilled; sasz; th as in this. (fl-j^Kee Explanations, p 23.)
LA WRENCE
i5°4
LAVA
Lawrence, (Sir JOHN LAIRD MAIR,) an Englisl
administrator of great ability, a brother of Sir Henry M
Lawrence, was born in 1810. He entered the civil service
of the East India Company about 1830, and became chiel
commissioner of the Punjaub soon after the conquest ol
that country. He was knighted for his services in the
suppression of the mutiny of 1857, and was appointet
Governor-General of India in November, 1863. In i86<
he was made a peer, with the title of Baron Lawrence oi
the Punjaub and Grately. Died June 27, 1879.
Law'rence, [Lat. LAUREN'TIUS; Fr. LAURENT, 16'-
roN'; It. LORENZO, lo-ren'zo ; Ger. LORENZ, lo'rents,
SAINT, a martyr, born in Rome in the third century
was in 257 appointed by Pope Sixtus treasurer of the
Church. In consequence of edicts issued against the
Christians by Valerian, he suffered martyrdom in 258.
I' is said he was burned to death on a gridiron.
Lawrence, (Sir THOMAS,) a celebrated English por-
trait-painter, born at Bristol in 1769. His artistic talents
were marvellously developed in early childhood, when
he was also remarkable for his memory, musical voice,
and personal beauty. It is stated that he drew with a
crayon accurate likenesses of eminent persons about the
age of six years. In 1782 he became a pupil of Prince
Hoare at Bath, and soon acquired the grace, inspiration,
and delicacy of manner which rendered him unrivalled
among contemporary English artists in the expression
of female beauty. He removed to London in 1787, and
was admitted as an associate of the Royal Academy in
1791. In 1792 he succeeded Sir Joshua Reynolds as
first painter to the king. From that time he was abun-
dantly patronized at the rate of one hundred guineas for
a full-length portrait. In 1797 he painted a portrait of
Mrs. Siddons, which is one of his master-pieces. Be-
tween 1814 and 1820 he painted, by order of the prince-
regent, the King of Prussia, the Emperor of Austria,
Pope Pius VII., Wellington, and many famous generals
and statesmen. He received the honour of knighthood
in 1815, and visited Vienna and Rome in 1819. On the
death of Benjamin West, in 1820, Sir Thomas was elected
president of the Royal Academy. Died in 1830. He
excelled in the art of imparting ideal beauty to his sub-
jects without departing from the reality. Among his
master-pieces are portraits of Benjamin West, John
Kemble, Curran, Lord Erskine, Lady Cowper, and the
Duchess of Sutherland.
Lawrence, (WILLIAM,) F.R.S., an English surgeon,
born about 1785. He became professor of anatomy
and surgery to the Royal College of Surgeons, London,
about 1816, and delivered "Lectures on the Physiology,
Zoology, and Natural History of Man," which attracted
much attention. Among his works are "Anatomico-
Chirurgical Descriptions and Views of the Nose, Mouth,
Larynx, and Fauces," a "Treatise on Ruptures," (5th
edition, 1838.) and a "Treatise on Diseases of the Eve."
Died in 1867.
Lawrence, (WILLIAM,) an American bishop, born
at Boston, May 30, 1850. He studied for the ministry
and was ordained in 1875. In 1884 he became pro-
fessor in the Episcopal Theological School at Cam-
bridge, and was preacher at Harvard University 1888-
93. In 1893 ne was made Bishop of Massachusetts.
Lawrence, (WILLIAM BEACH,) an American jurist
born in New York city, October 23, 1800. He graduated
at Columbia College. New York, in 1818, was admitted
to the bar in 1823, and was secretary of the United States
legation in London from 1826 to 1828. After 1832 he
took a very prominent position at the New York bar.
In 1850 he removed to Rhode Island, of which State he
was acting Governor in 1851. His principal works are a
translation ol Marbois's " History of Louisiana," (1830,)
" Law of Charitable Uses," (1845,) a very valuable anno-
tated edition of Wheaton's "International Law" (1855,)
a (French) " Coinmentaire sur les Elements du Utoit
international," (1868-73,) "Administration of Equity
Jurisprudence,'' (1874,) etc. Died March 26, 1881.
Law'spn, (CECIL GORDON,) an English landscape-
painter, burn at Chelsea in December, 1851. He ex-
hibited many paintings at the Grosvenor Gallery and the
Royal Academy. Died June 10, 1882,
Law'son, (GEORGE,) a learned Scottish divine, born
in West Linton in 1749; died in 1820. His memory
was so extraordinary that he knew nearly the whole
of the Bible by heart. It was his own belief that if the
Holy Scriptures should be destroyed he could restore
them all from his memory, with the exception of two or
three chapters in the Old Testament
See the " Sketch of Professor George Lawson" in the "Watch
man and Reflector," 1867.
Law'spn, (HENRY,) F.R.S., an English savant, born
at Greenwich in 1774. He erected an observatory at
Bath, and published a " History of the New Planets "
(1847.) Died in 1858.
Lawson, (Sir JOHN,) an English admiral, born at
Hull, became a captain before the end of the civil war.
He co-operated with Monk in the restoration of Charles
II., and was made rear-admiral. About 1664 he and De
Ruyter were sent with combined fleets into the Medi-
terranean in order to chastise the pirates of Harbary.
He was killed in a battle against the Dutch in 1665.
See CAMPBELL. "Lives of the British Admirals."
Lawson. (JOHN,) a native of Scotland, emigrated to
America, where he became surveyor-general of North
Carolina. He was captured and put to death by the
Indians in 1712. He published "A New Voyage to
Carolina," etc., (1709.)
Lawson, (Sir WILFRED,) an English temperance
advocate, was born at Aspatria, Cumberland, in 1829.
He early became interested in the temperance move-
ment, was elected to Parliament in 1859, and there
became a vigourous advocate of temperance legislation.
He carried a local option resolution in 1880 and again
in iSSi and 1883. He became an advanced radical,
favouring the disestablishment of the Church and the
abolition of the House of Lords and of standing armies.
Law'ton, (HENRY W.,) an American general,
born in Ohio, March 17, 1843. He entered the army
as a sergeant of volunteers in 1861, and was mustered
out in 1865 as brevet colonel. In 1866 he was made
second lieutenant in the regular army, advancing in
grade to lieutenant-colonel by 1889. He was appointed
brigadier-general of volunteers in 1898, took part in
the Santiago campaign, was made major-general, and
in January, 1899, was sent to the Philippines. Here
tie played a brilliant part, introducing against the
Filipinos the tactics he had previously employed against
the Indians, which led to their complete rout. He
was subsequently employed in clearing the country
around Manila of insurgents, and during a fight at
San Mateo was shot dead, December 19, 1899. Gen-
eral Lawton died poor, and his admiring countrymen
raised a fund of nearly $100,000 for his widow.
Lax, (Rev. WILLIAM,) an English astronomer, born in
1751. He became professor of astronomy and geometry
at Cambridge in 1795. Died in 1836.
Laxmann, IJks'man, (ADAM,) a Russian officer, who
n 1792 was sent by his government to Japan for the
jurpose of opening commercial intercourse with the
apanese. He failed in this object, and wrote a succinct
narrative of his journey.
Lay, (BENJAMIN,) an eccentric philanthropist, born in
England, became a resident of Abington, Pennsylvania,
le was one of the earliest and most zealous opponents
)f slavery in the United States, and the coadjutor of
rranklin and Benezet. He was a member of the Society
of Friends, in which he bore a faithful testimony against
he practice of slaveholding, then prevalent among them,
ie resolutely refused to partake of any food or wear any
-lothing which was wholly or in part produced by the
abour of slaves. Died in 1760.
Laya, li'yi", (ALEXANDRA) a French jurist and
writer, was born in Paris in 1806. He published a work
in English law, " Droit Anglais, ou Resume' de la L^gis-
ation Anglaise,"etc., (2 vols., 1845,) and "Studies on
he Life of M. Thiers," (2 vols., 1846.)
Laya, (JEAN Louis,) a French dramatist, father of
he preceding, was born in Paris in 1761. His comedy '
'The Friend of the Laws" was received with great
a, e, J, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, fi, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; met; n&t; good; moon;
LAYA
'5°5
LEACH
favour in 1793, but was proscribed by the terrorists.
He wrote various other works, and was chosen a mem-
ber of the French Academy in 1817. Died in 1833.
See ''Notice biographique sur J. L. Laya," Paris, 1833; "Nou-
velle biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Laya, (LEON,) a French dramatist, son of the pre-
ceding, was born in Paris in 1809. He produced many
popular comedies, among which are "Emma, or the
Guardian Angel," (1844,) and "An April Fool," ("Un
Poisson d'Avril," 1845.) Died September 5, 1872.
Lay'a-mon, or Law'e-man, an English priest of
Eruley, (now Arley Regis,) in Worcestershire, who in
the early part of the thirteenth century wrote the Old-
English chronicle of " Brut," an enlarged and free trans-
lation of Wace's " Brut d'Angleterre." This work is
important as the principal literary monument in the
English language of that period.
Lay'ard, (AUSTEN HENRY,) an Orientalist and anti-
quary, a grandson of the following, was born in Paris, of
English parents, in March, 1817. He visited Asia Minor,
Persia, etc. about 1840, and a few years later discovered
the ruins of Nineveh near Mosul. Under the auspice?
of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, and in conjunction with
M. Botta, he made extensive excavations at Nimroud,
where he found monuments marked with cuneiform
inscriptions, and colossal emblematic figures in the form
of winged bulls and lions, — memorials of a civilization
which existed before the commencement of profane his-
tory. These sculptures, bas-reliefs, etc. are now deposited
in the British Museum. Mr. Layard returned to England
in 1847, and published an account of his researches in
" Nineveh and its Remains," (2 vols., 1849.) He resumed
the enterprise in 1849, and published a second work,
entitled " Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Baby-
lon, with Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan, and the Desert,"
(1853.) In 1852 he was elected a member of Parliament.
He was under-secretary of state for foreign affairs from
August, 1861, to June, 1866. In December, 1868, as a
member of the Liberal party, he was appointed commis-
sioner of public works under Mr. Gladstone, and ambas-
sador to Spain in 1869. In 1877 he was sent as ambassa-
dor to Constantinople, and in 1878 received the order of
the Grand Cross of the Bath. Died July 5, 1894.
Layard, (CHARLES PETER,) an English divine, of
French descent, born about 1748, was grandfather of
the preceding. He obtained the Seatonian prize for
poetry at Cambridge about 1774. In 1800 he was
appointed Dean of Bristol. Died in 1803.
Layens, de, deh li'ens or li'yfiN', ( MATHIEU, ) a
Flemish architect of Louvain. He designed the Hotel-
de-Ville of Louvain, an excellent specimen of what is
termed ogival architecture. Died in 1484.
Laynez. See LAINEZ, (JAGO.)
Lays, or Lay, IS, (FRANC.OIS,) a French vocalist, born
at La Barthe de Nestes, in Gascony, February 14, 1758.
From 1780 to 1822 he was one of the principal singers
at the Grand Opera in Paris. Died March 30, 1831.
Lazare. See LAZARUS.
Laz'a-rus, [Gr. Aofapof ; Fr. LAZARE, irzfR' ; It. LAZ-
LARO, lat'sa-ro,] one of the personal friends of Christ, and
a brother of Mary and Martha. The Saviour wrought
one of his most memorable miracles by recalling Lazarus
to life after he had been dead four days.
See John xi. and rii.
Laz'a-rus, (EMMA,) an American poet, bom in New
York city, July 22, 1849, of a Hebrew family. Her prin-
cipal books are " Admetus, and other Poems," (1871,)
"Alide," a prose tale, (1874,) "Poems and Ballads from
Heine," (iSSi,) "Songs of a Semite," (1882.) D. 1887.
Lazarus, lat'sa-rus, (MoRiTZ,) a German (Jewish)
philosopher, born at Filehne, Prussian Poland, Septem-
ber 15, 1824. He was educated at Berlin, and in 1860
was elected to a professorship in the University of Berne,
of which in 1864 he became rector. In 1873 h^ was
appointed professor of philosophy in the University of
Berlin. His works include "The Life of the Soul," (2
rols., 1877,) "Ideal Problems," (1878,) "The Origin of
Morals," " Ideas in History," etc.
Lazeri,lad-za'ree, ? (PiETRO,) an Italian writer on eccle
siastical history, born at Sienna in 1710; died in 1789.
Lazius, llt'se-us, (WOLFGANG,) a German antiquary,
born at Vienna in 1514, practised medicine in that city.
About 1550 the emperor Ferdinand appointed him his
physician. He published, besides other works, " On
the Migrations of Nations and Origin of Languages,"
etc., (" De Gentium aliquot Migrationibus, Linguarumque
Initiis," etc., 1557.) Died in 1565.
See NlcifiON, "Me*moires;" SAX, "Onomasticon."
Lazzarelli, lat-sa-rel'lee, (GIOVANNI FRANCESCO,) an
Italian satirical poet, born at Gubbio in 1621. His
principal works are "La Cicceide," a personal satire,
and " Cosmopoli," (1691.) " He was," says Tiraboschi,
" among the small number of poets who did not follow
the bad taste of his age." Died in 1694.
Lazzarelli, (LuiGi,) a Latin poet, born at San Seve-
rino in 1450. He wrote " The Cup of Hermes," (" Crater
Hermetis,") and " Bombyx," a poem on silk-worms,
(1518.) Died in 1500.
Lazzarl See BRAMANTE, (DONATO LAZZARI.)
Lazzarini, (GIOVANNI ANDREA,) a skilful Italian
painter and elegant writer, was born at Pesaro in 1710,
and became a canon of the church. His master-piece
is a " Virgin with Saint Catherine," (at Gualda,) some
figures of which Lanzi pronounces " truly Raffaelesque."
He wrote a "Treatise on the Art of Painting," which
was often reprinted. Died in 1786, or, as others say, in
1801. " Lazzarini was perfectly master of good painting
as well as good writing," says Lanzi ; " easy, yet always
studied in every part ; at once noble and graceful, . .
yet free from affectation and parade."
Lazzarini, (GREGORIO,) an Italian painter of history,
born at Venice in 1655. He excelled in design and
colouring. His "S. Lorenzo Giustiniani" was greatly
admired. He was one of the best Venetian painters
of his time. Died in 1730 or 1740.
See LANZI, " History of Painting in Italy."
Lazzaro. See LAZARUS.
Lea, lee, (HENRY C.,) publisher and author, a son of
Isaac Lea, and a grandson of Mathew Carey, was born
in Philadelphia, September 19, 1825, and succeeded to the
business of the celebrated publishing-house of Mathew
Carey & Sons. Mr. Lea wrote " Superstition and Force
—Essays on the Wager of Law, the Wager of Battle, the
Ordeal and Torture," (1866,) "A Historical Sketch of
Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church," (1867,)
"Studies in Church History," etc., (1869,) and a " His-
tory of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages," (3 vols.,
1887-88.)
Lea, (ISAAC,) LL.D., an American naturalist, bora
at Wilmington, Delaware, in 1792. He became in 1821
the partner of his father-in-law, Mathew Carey, a promi-
nent publisher in Philadelphia. His " Observations on
the Genus Unio" came out in 1827, and was followed
by " Contributions to Geology," (1833.) He also pub-
ished "Fossil Footmarks in the Red Sandstones of
Pottsville," " Synopsis of the Family of Naiades," and
other scientific treatises. He was elected president of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, in 1858.
Mr. Lea's contributions on conchology to the "Trans-
actions" of the American Philosophical Society are
esteemed among the most valuable that have appeared
on that subject. Died December 8, 1886.
Lea, (MATTHEW CAREY,) an American chemist,
a son of the preceding, was born at Philadelphia in
1823. He became an expert in chemistry, and devoted
his life to investigation, particularly of photographic
chemistry. He made some important discoveries, the
chief being in 1889, that silver may exist in three
allotropic states. He was elected to the National
Academy of Sciences in 1892. Died March 15, 1897.
Leach, leech, (WILLIAM ELFORD,) an eminent Eng
lish naturalist and physician, born at Plymouth in 1790.
He took the degree of M.D. at Edinburgh about 1812,
and was appointed curator of the natural history depart-
ment of the British Museum in 1813. Thenceforth he
devoted his time to the study of natural history, espe-
cially zoology. In 1815 he published the first part of
his excellent " History of the British Crustacea," which
was never completed. He largely promoted the intro-
duction into England of the natural system which La-
e as k; <p as s; g hard; g as/,' G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as 2 ; th as in this.
95
Explanations, p. 23.)
LEAD
1506
LEBEA U
marck and Cuvier had adopted. About 1821 he resigned
the place of curator, on account of ill health. Died in
Italy in 1836.
Lead or Ledde, l?d, (JANE,) an English mystical
writer, born in 1623, was a disciple of Jacob Bbhmen.
She wrote a number of works, among which is "The
Wonders of the Creation in Eight Different Worlds, as
they were revealed to the Author," (1695.) Died in 1704.
See LEE, "Life of Jane Lead"
Lead'er, (BENJAMIN WILLIAMS,) an English painter,
oorn at Worcester, March 12, 1831. His pictures are
numerous and very popular, his principal subjects being
mountain-scenes.
Leake, leek, (Sir JOHN,) an English admiral, born in
Surrey in 1656, was the son of Captain Richard Leake,
noticed below. He served with distinction in the battle
of La Hogue, in 1692, and displayed skill as commander
at Gibraltar in 1705. He commanded the fleet which
took Alicante, Majorca, etc. in 1706. In 1707 he was
made an admiral and chosen commander-in-chief of the
fleet, and in 1709 became a lord of the admiralty. Died
in 1720.
See S. M. LEAKE, " Life of Sir John Leake," 1750.
Leake, (STEPHEN MARTIN,) a nephew of Sir John,
noticed above, was born in England in 1702. He ob-
tained a high office in the Heralds' College, and pub-
lished a " History of British Coins," (1726,) and a " Life
if Sir John Leake," (1750.) Died in 1774.
Leake, (Colonel WILLIAM MARTIN,) an English trav-
eller, distinguished by his researches in the antiquities
of Greece, was born in 1777. Having obtained the rank
of lieutenant-colonel in the army, he commenced about
1800 his travels in Asia Minor, the Morea, and other
parts of Greece. He returned to England in 1810, and
afterwards published a number of valuable works, — viz.,
"Researches in Greece,"(l8l4,)"Topography of Athens,"
(1821,) "Travels in the Morea," (1830,) "Travels in
Northern Greece," (1835,) and "Numismata Hellenica,"
a catalogue of Greek coins, (1854.) By his thorough
research and critical sagacity he has done more, probably,
than any other traveller to illustrate the history and
geography of ancient and modern Greece. Died in 1860.
See "Quarterly Review" for July, \&14.
Le-an'der, [Gr. Aeiovdpoc ; Fr. LftANDRE, 14'oNdR',]
a youth of Abydos, and a lover of Hero. He swam
across the Hellespont every night to visit Hero at Sestos.
As he was once attempting to cross in a storm, he was
drowned. (See HERO.)
Leander, [Fr. LEANDRE,] SAINT, Archbishop of Sev-
ille, in Spain, was a brother of Saint Isidore. He was
a zealous opponent of Arianism. He died about 600
A.D., leaving a work " De Institutione Virginum," ("On
the Education of Virgins.")
Leandre. See LEANDER.
Leang-Oo-Tee, (or -Ou-Ti,) la'ang7 oo'tee, Emperor
of China, and founder of the Leang dynasty, usurped the
throne about 502 A.D. Through devotion to the doc-
trines of Fo and the mysticism of the Bonzes, (priests
of Fo or Booddha,) he neglected the care of the empire.
He died in 549, soon after he had been dethroned by
one of his officers, Heoo-King.
Leao. See LEO.
Leao, la-owN', or Liao, do, do IC-OWN', (DUARTB
NUNEZ,) a Portuguese historian, born at Ev'ora in 1608.
Lea'ppr, (MARY,) an English poetess, born in North-
amptonshire in 1722, was the daughter of a gardener,
and received the usual education of the lower class. At
her death, in 1746, she gave her father several poems
which she had kept secret, and which have considerable
merit One of them is called "The Temple of Love."
Lear, ( EDWARD,) an English painter and author,
born in 1812. He painted many landscapes of Greece
and Italy, wrote works descriptive of those countries,
but is best known by his " Book of Nonsense," which
has delighted several generations of children. Died
January 30, 1888.
Lear, leer, (TOBIAS,) a diplomatist, born at Ports-
mouth, New Hampshire, about 1760. He became
private secretary to General Washington in 1785, and
negotiated a peace with Tripoli
1816.
in 1805. Died in
Le-ar'«hus, [Gr. Atapjoc; Fr. LEARQUE, la'tRk',] an
ancient Greek statuary of Rhegium, lived about 600 or
700 B.C. Pausanias states that he saw at Sparta a bronze
statue of Jupiter executed by Learchus.
Learque. See LEARCHUS.
Lease, (MARY ELIZABETH,) an American poli-
tician, was born at Ridgway, Pennsylvania, in 1853.
She was admitted to the bar in Kansas in 1885, be-
came a prominent political speaker, and was a can-
didate for United States Senator in 1893. She was
appointed president of the Kansas State Board of
Charities.
Leathes, (STANLEY,) D.D., an English divine, born
at Ellesborough, Bucks, March 21, 1830. He »as edu-
cated at Jesus College, Cambridge, graduating in 1852,
was ordained in 1856, and was appointed Hebrew pro-
fessor in King's College, London, in 1863. He has
written various theological and religious books, including
"The Witness of the Old Testament to Christ," (Boyle
Lectures, 1868,) "The Gospel its own Witness," (Hul-
sean Lectures, 1873,) " Religion of the Christ," (Bamp-
ton Lectures, 1877,) " Foundations of Morality,"
(1882,) "Christ and the Bible," (1885,) "Law in
the Prophets," (1891.)
Lebaillif, leh bi'yef , (ALEXANDRE CLAUDE MARTIN,)
a French natural philosopher, born at Saint-Fargeau in
1764. He constructed excellent micrometers and elec-
trometers, and invented a sideroscope. Died in 1831.
Lebailly, leh-bt'ye', (ANTOINE FRANC.OIS,) a French
fabulist, born at Caen in 1756. He published a collec-
tion of fables in 1784, and another in 1811. They ar«
praised for wit, imagination, style, and good morality.
He also wrote operas, etc. Died in 1832.
Lebarbier, leh-biR'be-i', (JEAN JACQUES FRANC.OIS,)
a French historical painter, born at Rouen in 1738,
worked in Paris. He was a member of the Royal
Academy. Died in 1826.
Lebaa or Le Bas, leh-ba', (JACQUES PHILIPPE,) an
eminent French engraver, born in Paris in 1707. He
was for a long time the most popular of French engravers.
In 1743 he was admitted into the Academy of Painting.
He engraved many works of Teniers, Wouwerman, and
Vernet, and some of his own designs, which are also
admired. In 1782 he received the title of engraver to
the king. Died in 1784.
See BASAN, " Dictionnaire des Graveurs."
Lebas, (PHILIPPE,) a French archaeologist, son of th«
succeeding, was born in Paris in 1794. He became in
1820 the preceptor of Louis Napoleon, (late emperor,)
returned to France in 1828, and in 1842 was sent on
a scientific mission to Greece and Asia Minor. The
results of this mission were published by order of the
government in his " Antiquarian Journey in Greece and
Asia Minor," (" Voyage archiologique en Grice et en
Asie Mineure," about 12 vols., 1847 et itq.) Died 1860.
Lebas, (PHTLIPPE FRANCOIS,) a French Jacobin, bom
near Arras in 1765. He became the devoted personal
friend and partisan of Robespierre, and voted for the
death of the king in the Convention. As the commis-
sary of the Convention in the departments of the Rhine,
he seconded Saint-Just in the direction of the army, and
arrested several generals. At his own request, he was
included in the decree against Robespierre on the gth
Thermidor, 1794, and killed himself on the same day.
See THIHRS, " History of the French Revolution."
Lebeau or Le Beau, leh-bo', (CHARLES,) a learned
French historian, born in Paris in 1701. He obtained
the chair of eloquence in the College of France in 1752,
and was chosen perpetual secretary of the Academy of
Inscriptions in 1755. r'e published Latin verses, ("Car-
mina," 3 vols., 1782,) and a "History of the Lower Em-
pire from the Time of Constantine the Great," (" Histoire
du Bas-Empire en commeii9ant a Constantin le Grand,"
22 vols. I2mo, 1757-79,) which is a judicious and accu-
rate resume^ of the Byzantine historians, but is faulty
in style. Having been left unfinished by Lebeau, it was
a, e, i, o, u, y, long: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fat; met; n6t; good; moon
LEBEA U
LEBRUN
completed by Ameilhon and published In twenty-seven
volumes. A revised edition was published by Saint-
Martin and Brosset, (21 vols., 1836.) Died in 1778.
See CHARLES F. DUPUIS, " filoge de C. LebeaL," 1779: " Nou-
velle Biographic Gtae'rale ;" " Monthly Review" for July and August,
1770.
Lcbeau, (JEAN Louis JOSEPH,) a Belgian minister of
state, born at Huy in 1794. He was minister of foreign
affairs from April, 1840, to April, 1841. Died in 1865.
See L. DE LoMiuiE, "M. Lebeau, parun Homme de Rien," 1844.
Lebedef, l?b'eh-dlf, (GUERASIM or HERASIM,) a
Russian traveller and Orientalist, born in 1749. He
passed some years at Madras and Calcutta, and pub-
lished a "Grammar of the Pure and Mixed East Indian
Dialects," (London, 1801.) Died after 1815.
Lebeed, Lebid, or Lebyd, leb-eed', a popular Ara-
bian poet, born about 530 A.D. He had acquired a great
reputation when, at the age of ninety, he was converted
to Islamism by Mohammed, whom he followed in his
flight to Medina. Under the reign of Omar he settled
at Koofah, where he died about 673 A.D., at the extra-
ordinary age of one hundred and forty-five. Another
account states that he died in 662, aged about ninety.
His poems are said to abound in original ideas.
See DE SACY, " Notice sur le Poete Lebyd ;" D'HCRBELOT,
" Bibliotheque Orientalc ;" CAUSSIN DB PERCEVAL, " Essai sur
PHistoire des Arabes."
Leberecht, von, fon la'beh-rjiu', (KARL,) a German
engraver of medals, born at Meiningen in 1749. He
settled in Saint Petersburg in 1775, and became in 1800
director of the Russian mint, or Cour des Monnaies.
Died in 1827.
Le Berriays, leh b^'re'4', <REN£,) a French horticul-
turist, born near Avranches in 1722, wrote a valuable
"Treatise on Gardens," (2 vols., 1775.) Died in 1807.
Lebert, leh'ber/, (HERMANN,) a celebrated patholo-
gist, born at Breslau, Silesia, June 9, 1813. He was
educated at Berlin and Zurich, where he graduated as
M.D. in 1834. During a large part of his career he
lived in Paris. He became professor of medicine at
Zurich in 1853, and was principal medical professor at
Breslau, 1859-74. Most of his writings are in French.
The best-known is"Traite" d'Anatomie pathologique,"
(1855-60.) Died at Bex, Switzerland, August I, 1878.
Lebeuf, leh-buP, (JEAN,) a French antiquary and
priest, born at Auxerre in 1687. In 1740 he was chosen
a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, for which he
wrote many memoirs. He published several dissertations
on French history. Died in 1760.
Lebid. See LEBEED.
Leblanc or Le Blanc, leh-bl6N', (FRANCOIS,) *
French numismatist, born in Dauphine" ; died in 1698.
Leblanc or Le Blanc, (JEAN BERNARD,) ABBE, a
mediocre French writer, born at Dijon in 1707. He
published various works, two of which had a transient
popularity, viz., "Abensaid," a tragedy, and " Letters
of a Frenchman on the English Nation," (3 vols., 1745.)
Died in 1781.
Leblanc, (Louis,) a French surgeon, born at Pon-
toise, practised at Orleans about 1770.
Le Blanc or Leblanc, (MARCEL,) a French Jesuit,
who was sent to Siam in the reign of Louis XIV. He
was taken prisoner by the English, and not released
until 1690. He wrote a " History of the Revolutions
of Siam," (1692.) Died at Mozambique in 1693.
Le Blanc, (NICOLAS,) a French chemist, born at
Issoudun in 1753, was attached as a surgeon to thtf
household of the Duke of Orleans. He discovered about
1790 a method of obtaining soda from sea-salt, and thus
rendered an important service to the industrial arts.
Died in 1806.
Le Blanc, (THOMAS,) a French author, born atVitry
in 1599, wrote many works for the promotion of religion
and morality. Died in 1669.
Leblanc de Castillon, leh-bloN' deh kts'te'yoN',
(JEAN FRANgois ANDRE,) a French magistrate, born at
Aix in 1719, was eminent for his legal knowledge and
eloquence. Died in 1800.
Leblanc de Quillet, leli-bloN' deh ge'yS', (ANTOINE
BLANC,) a French dramatist, born at Marseilles ir 1730.
He produced, besides other works, two tragedies," Manco
Capac," (1763,) and "The Druids," (1772.) Died in 1799.
Leblond, leh-bloN', (AuousTE SAVINIEN,) a French
naturalist and writer, born in Paris in 1760. Among his
works is a "Dictionary of Celebrated Men of Antiquity
and Modern Times," (2 vols., 1802.) Died in 1811.
Leblond or Le Blond, (GASPARD MICHEL,) a French
antiquary and ecclesiastic, born at Caen in 1738, lived
in Paris. He was keeper of the Mazarin Library, and
a member of the Institute, and wrote several treatises
on medals. Died in 1809.
Leblond, ( GUILLAUME, ) a French mathematician,
born in Paris M 1704. He was selected in 1751 by Louis
XV. to teach mathematics to the princes-royal. He
published " Elements of Fortification," " Elements of
Tactics," and other works. Died in 1781.
Leblond, (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French naturalist, born
at Toulongeon in 1747. He travelled in South America
many years between 1767 and 1802, and published
"Travels in the Antilles and South America," (1813.)
Died in 1815.
Lebceuf, leh-buf, (EDMOND,) a marshal of France,
born at Paris, November 5, 1809. He served in Al-
geria, in the Crimea, and in Italy, and became war-min-
ister in 1869, and a marshal in 1870. He was one of
the persons directly responsible for the Franco-German
war of 1870-71, and was both war-minister and chief of
staff in the earlier part of that war. As a corps-com-
mander under Bazaine, he behaved with great gallantry.
Died in 1888.
Lebon or Le Bon, leh-b6N', QEAN,) a French medi-
cal writer, born in Champagne, was physician to Charles
IX. He published numerous works, (1554-76.)
Lebon, (JOSEPH,) a French revolutionist, who ren-
dered his name infamous by his cruelties, was born af
Arras in 1765. He became a partisan of Robespierre
and a member of the Convention in 1793. He was
executed in 1795.
Lebon, (PHILIPPE,) a French chemist and engineer,
born near Joinville in 1769. He is said to have invented
the use of gas for illumination. Died in 1804.
Lebossu, leh-bo'sii', (REN*,) a French writer, born
in Paris in 1631. He joined the canons-regular of Saint
Genevieve in 1649, and taught the humanities in various
schools. He published a " Treatise on Epic Poetry,"
(l675.) which was praised by Boileau as one of the best
works on poetry that have appeared in the language.
Died in 1680.
Le Boucq, leh book, (SiMON,) a French antiquary,
born at Valenciennes in 1591. He wrote on the history
and antiquities of Valenciennes. Died in 1657.
Le Bouvier, leh-boo've-i', (GiLLES,) a French chroni-
cler, born at Bourges in~"i386, wrote a " History of
Charles VII. of France." Died about 1460.
Lebret, IS'bRe't or l;h-bR^', (JoHANN FRIEDRICH,)
born in Wiirtemberg in 1732, wrote a " History of Ger-
many," (1772,) and other works. Died in 1807.
Lebreton or Le Breton, leh-bReh-toN', (ANDR*
FRANCOIS,) a French bookseller, born in Paris in 1708.
He was the publisher of Diderot's "Encyclopedic,'
commenced in 1751, and took the liberty to suppress
or modify furtively some passages which were offensive
to the court and clergy. Diderot was extremely angry
when he detected the fact. Died in 1779.
Lebreton, (JOACHIM,) a French littirateur, born in
Bretagne in 1760; died at Rio Janeiro in 1819.
Lebreton, (THEODORE,) a French poet, born at Rouen
vrier," 1837.) Died December 12, 1883.
Lebrixa, (ANTONIO DE.) See NEBRISSENSIS.
Lebrun or Le Bran, leh-briiN', (ANNE CHARLES,)
Duke of Piacenza, (Plaisance,) a French general, born in
Paris in 1775, was the eldest son of the statesman C. V.
Lebrun. He was aide-de-camp of Desaix at Marengo,
(1800,) distinguished himself at Jena, (1806,) and became
a general of brigade in 1807. He was an aide to Napo-
leon at Eylau and Wagram in 1809, and was made a
general of division in 1812. During the Hundred Days
he took the field for Napoleon. He inherited the title
eas/f; 9 as*; gharJ; gasy; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in this. (£^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
LEBRUN
1508
LEG CHI
of duke in 1824. In 1852 he was appointed a senator.
Died in 1859.
See " Biographic des Membres du Senat, 1853.
Lebrun or Le Brim, (ANTOINE Louis,) a French
poet, born in Paris in 1680, wrote verses in Latin and
French. Among his best works is a collection of fables,
(1722.) Voltaire imputed to Lebrun the authorship
of the satire for which the former was confined in the
Bastille. Died in 1743.
Lebrun or Le Brun, (CHARLES,) a celebrated French
painter, born in Paris in March, 1619. He was a pupil
of Vouet in Paris, and afterwards studied six years with
Poussin at Rome. In 1648 he was admitted into the
Academy of Painting, and, having acquired a high repu-
tation he became first painter to Louis XIV. in or before
1662. He displayed his genius as a painter, and his ex-
traordinary powers of invention, in a series of pictures of
the battles of Alexander the Great, which are among his
most admired productions. " The Family of Darius" is
called his master-piece. He was appointed president
of the Royal Academy and director of the Gobelin
manufactory, and exercised a sort of dictatorship m
the arts for many years. He published a " Treatise on
Physiognomy." Died in 1690.
See F*LIBIEN, "Vies des Peintres;" CHARLES BLANC, " Hi»-
toire des Peintres;" BAYLB, "Historical and Critical Dictionary."
Lebrun or Le Brun, (CHARLES FRANCOIS,) Duke of
Piacenza, a French statesman and author, born in Nor-
mandy in 1739. He was versed in ancient and modern
languages. He composed many discourses and edicts
for his patron Maupeou during his contest with the par-
liaments. In 1776 he published an esteemed version
of Homer's " Iliad." Elected to the States-General in
1789, he acted with the moderate friends of reform.
Lebrun became one of the ablest members of the Coun-
cil of Elders in 1796, and was appointed Third Consul
by Bonaparte in 1799. He enjoyed the confidence of
the First Consul, (who afterwards designated him as one
of the best writers of France, and a man of strict probity.]
He was appointed chief treasurer in 1804, and made Duke
of Piacenza (Plaisance) in 1808. In 1810 he was chosen
Viceroy or Lieutenant-General of Holland, the throne of
which Louis Bonaparte had just resigned. The Dutch
were pleased with his modest temper and methodical
habits. From 1811 to 1813 inclusive he was Governor-
General of Holland. He published an admired version
of Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered," and other works.
Died in 1824.
• Biographii
Lebrun, (UENis,) a French jurist, became an advo
cate in the Parliament of Paris in 1659 ; died in 1706.
Lebrun, leh-bruN', (FRANCESCA, tut DANZI,) a Ger
man vocalist, born in Mannheim in 1756. As early as
1772 she was engaged in opera at Mannheim, and she
subsequently made the tour of the principal European
cities, achieving everywhere a brilliant success. Died ai
Berlin, May 14, 1791.
Lebrun, (JEAN BAPTISTE PIERRE,) a French picture
dealer, critic, and amateur, born in Paris in 1748. He is
said to have been the best connoisseur of paintings it
Europe. His wife, in her " Souvenirs," says he ruinec
her fortune by his passion for gaming and other vices
They lived separately many years. Died in 1813. He
published a " Gallery of Flemish, Dutch, and German
Painters," containing two hundred plates.
Lebrun, leh-bruN', (KARL AUGUST,) born at Halber
stadt, in Germany, in 1 792, acquired celebrity as an actor
and wrote several successful dramas. Died in 1842.
Lebrun, MADAME, (nit MARIE LOUISE ELISABETH
Vigee — ve'zhi',) a French lady, eminent for her beaur
and her skill as a portrait-painter, was born in 1755. In
1776 she was married to J. B. P. Lebrun, a painter am
dealer in pictures. She became a fashionable artist, am
was welcomed in aristocratic society as an accomplishe<
woman. Between 1779 and 1789 she painted severa
portraits of Marie Antoinette. Her soirees were throngec
with people of rank and celebrity. Alter her return tc
Paris, in 1801, she painted Lord Byron, Madame de Stael
tc. In 1835 she published well-written "Souvenirs"
f her life. The number of her portraits is over sii
undred. Died in 1842.
See the " Foreign Quarterly Review" for October. 1837.
Lebrun, ( PIERRE, ) a French theologian, born at
5rignolles in 1661, was professor in several colleges.
ie wrote, among other works, a "Critical History ol
iuperstitious Practices which have seduced the People,"
1702.) Died in 1729.
Lebrun, (PIERRE,) a French lawyer, born at Mon'-
>ellier in 1761. He wrote agreeable verses, and was
he author of the version of Horace's " Ars Poetica"
iublished by Count Daru, who was his brother-in-law.
)ied in 1810.
Lebruu, (PIERRE ANTOINE,) a popular French lyric
and dramatic poet, bjrn in Paris in 1785. In 1805 he
eceived a pension for his " Ode to the Grand Army."
-lis tragedy " Ulysses" was received with favour in 1814.
After the restoration he produced " Joan of Arc" and
ither odes, and a poem on the death of Napoleon,
,1821,) which was much admired. His drama " Marie
Jtuart" (1820) had a great success, and is called his
capital work. In 1828 he was elected to the French
Academy in place of Fran9ois de Neufchateau. Frorc
831 to 1848 he was director of the royal printing-estab-
ishment, and in 1839 he was admitted to the Chamber
of Peers. He became a senator in 1853, and a grand
officer of the legion of honour in 1868. Died May 37,
73-
Lebrun, (PIERRE HENRI HELENE MARIE TONDU.) a
French Girondist, born at Noyon in 1763. He was ap-
jointed minister of foreign affairs in August, 1792, and
was executed in 1793.
Lebrun, ( PONCE DENIS ECOUCHARD, ) a popular
French lyric poet, born in Paris in 1729, was called LE-
BRUN PINDARE, (paN'dtR',) or the French Pindar. In
early life he began a poem on Nature, which was never
inished. He composed a number of beautiful odes
Before the Revolution, and during the Republic favoured
the popular cause. He was patronized by the Conven-
tion, and afterwards by Napoleon, who in 1801 granted
dim a pension of 6000 francs. In 1803 he produced a
National Ode on the prospective invasion of England.
"Although he exctlled in epigram," says Marie J. Che-
nier, "and though he displayed remarkable beauties in
poems which he left unfinished, he will owe chiefly to
his odes his durable reputation, and will pass to pos-
terity as one of the three great French lyric poets."*
La Harpe judged him less favourably. He was a member
of the Institute. Died in 1807.
Lebrun de Charmettes, leh-bRu.N' d?h shiR'meY,
(PHILIPPE ALEXANDRE,) a French poet and historian,
born at Bordeaux in 1785. Among his works are a
"History of Joan of Arc," (4 vols., 1817.) and "L'Orle'-
anide," a poem, (2 vols., 1819.)
Lecamus. See CAMUS, LE, (ANTOINE and ETIENNE.)
Lecanu, l?h-kS'nii', (Louis RENK,) a French chemist,
born in 1800, published numerous works. Died 1871.
Lecat, l?h'ka", (CLAUDE NICOLAS,) an eminent French
surgeon, born in Picardy in 1700. He settled about 1733
at Rouen, where he lectured on anatomy and practised
with success. In 1744 he founded a Royal Academy at
Riuen. He was a skilful lithotomist, and published
several treatises on that branch of surgery. He wrote a
"Treatise on the Senses," (1740,) and other professional
works. Died in 1768.
See L. A. VALENTIN. " filoge de Lecat," 1769: MONFALCON, in
the "Biographic MMicale:" HALLKR, " Bibhotheca Chinirgica ;'
"Nouvelle Biographic Gene"rale."
Lecchi. lek'kee, (GIOVANNI ANTONIO,) an Italian
mathematician, born at Milan in 1702. He obtained in
1739 the chair of mathematics in Pavla, where he taught
with great success for twenty years. He was afterwards
appointed by Maria Theresa mathematician of the court
at Vienna. He published, besides other works, "Ele-
ments of Geometry," (i 753,) a " Theory of Light, including
Optics," (1759,) and a "Treatise on Hydrostatics," (1765.)
Died in 1776.
See TIPALDO, " Biografia degli Italian! Ulustri,"
• J. B. Rousseau and Malherbe being the other two.
a, e, i, 6, u, y, long: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; mfet; not; g6T>d, moon:
LECENE
1S°9
LECLUSE
Lecene, Ieh-s4n', (CHARLES,) a learned French Prot-
estant theologian, born at Caen about 1647. He retired
to Holland in 1685, and afterwards to London, where
he attempted to found an Arminian church, but failed,
because he was suspected of holding Socinian views.
He made a French translation of the Bible, (1741,)
which deviates too much from the literal sense, and
wrote several works on theology. Died in London in 1703.
Lechevalier ur Le Chevalier, leh sheh-vS'le-4',
(JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French traveller and savant, born
near Coutances in 1752. In 1784 he went to the Levant
as secretary of Choiseul-Gouffler, ambassador to the
Ottoman Porte, and made diligent researches in the
plain of Troy, which attest the accuracy of Homer's
descriptions. He published his " Voyage de la Troade,"
(1798 or 1800,) and a "Voyage to the Propontis and the
Euxine," (1800.) Died July 2, 1836.
Leck'y, (WILLIAM EDWARD HARTPOLE,) a British
philosopher, born near Dublin, March 26, 1838. He
graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1859. He pub-
lished in 1865 a "History of the Rise and Influence of
the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe," (London, 2 vols.)
"We closed them," says the "Edinburgh Review,"
(April, 1865,) "with the conviction that Mr. Lecky is
one of the most accomplished writers and one of the
most ingenious thinkers of the time." He also wrote
a " History of European Morals, from Augustus to
Charlemagne," (1869,) "The Leaders of Public Opinion
in Ireland," (1861,; "History of England in the
Eighteenth Century, (1878-90, new ed., 12 vols.,
1892,) "Poems," (1891,) "Democracy and Lib-
erty," (1896.) He was elected to Parliament for
Dublin University in 1895, and was made a privy
councillor in 1897.
Le Glair, leh-kleV, (JEAN MARIE,) a French violinist
and composer, born at Lyons in 1697. He began life as
a ballet-master, but was induced by the famous Somis
to take u-p the violin, and his compositions for that in-
strument enjoy a high reputation. He was assassinated
at Paris, October 22, 1764.
Le Clear, (THOMAS,) an American portrait-painter,
born in Oswego county, New York, March n, 1818.
He was chosen to the National Academy in 1863. Died
at Rutherford Park, New Jersey, November 26, 1882.
Leclerc or Le Clerc, leh-klaiR', (DANIEL,) a Swiss
physician, born at Geneva in 1652, was a brother of
Jean the eminent critic. He practised with distinction
in Geneva, became a counsellor of the republic, and
published, besides some other works, a "Complete
Surgery," (1695,) and a "History of Medicine," (1696,)
which was translated into English. Died in 1728.
Leclerc, (DAVID,) a skilful Swiss portrait-painter,
born at Berne in 1680, worked many years in Frankfort,
and painted portraits in oil and miniature of numerous
German princes. Died in 1738.
Leolerc, leh-klaiR', (GABRIEL,) a French physician,
practised in Paris. He became physician-in-ordinary to
Louis XIV., and published between 1694 and 1706 several
professional works, one of which is entitled " Convenient
Medicine," ("La Medecine aisee.")
Leclerc, [Lat. CLER'ICUS,] (JEAN,) an eminent Swiss
critic and divine, born at Geneva in 1657. He became
a champion of Arminianism, and removed to Holland in
1683. After preaching for a short time in the church of
the Remonstrants in Amsterdam, he obtained in that city
the chair of philosophy and Hebrew, which he retained
until his death. In 1686 he commenced the "Biblio-
theque Universelle," the first of those three celebrated
series of reviews to which he owes much of his fame,
and which was issued monthly until 1693. It was fol-
lowed by the " Bibliotheque Choisie," (1703-13,) and the
" Bibliotheque ancienne et moderne," (1714-27.) "These
journals," says Hallam, "enjoyed an extraordinary in-
fluence over Europe, and deserved to enjoy it ... He
is generally temperate and judicious, and displays a very
extensive erudition." ("Introduction to the Literature
of Europe.") He published many other valuable works,
among which are "Ars Critica," (2 vols., 1696,) "Par-
rhasiana," (2 vols., 1699-1701,) and a "Commentary on
the Bible." Died in 1736.
Leclerc, (JEAN BAPTISTK,) a French legislator and
writer, born at Angers in 1756. He was a member of
the Convention, (1792-95,) and of the Council of Five
Hundred, (1795-99.) He wrote "Pastoral Poems,"
(1786,) and other literary works. Died in 1826
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Leclerc, (JEAN Louis.) See BUFFON.
Leclerc, (JOSEPH VICTOR,) a French classical scholar,
was born in Paris in 1789. He obtained the chair of Latin
eloquence at the Faculty of Letters in 1824, and was ad-
mitted into the Academy of Inscriptions in 1834. He
published, besides some original works, "The Thoughts
of Plato," in Greek and French, (1818,) and "The Com-
plete Works of Cicero," with a French version, (30 vols.,
1821-25.) Died November 12, 1865.
Leclerc, (LAURENT,) a French priest, born in Paris in
1677, was a son of Srtastien Leclerc the engraver. He
published, besides other works, "A Critical Letter on
Bayle's Dictionary." Died in 1736.
Leclerc, (MICHEL,) a French poet and advocate,
born at Albi in 1622. His principal work is "Virginia
the Roman Girl," (" Virginie Romaine," a tragedy,
1645.) He was a member of the French Academy.
Died in 1691.
Leclerc, (NICOLAS GABRIEL.) See CLERC.
Leclerc, (OSCAR,) known as Leclerc Thoiiin, an
agriculturist, born in Paris in 1798, was a son of Jean
Baptiste, noticed above, and a nephew of Andre^ Thoiiin.
He published treatises on agriculture. Died in 1845.
Leclerc, (SEBASTIEN,) a skilful French designer and
engraver, born at Metz in 1637, removed to Paris in
1665. In 1672 he was chosen professor of perspective
in the Academy of Painting. His works were nearly
all designed by himself. Louis XIV. appointed him
engraver of his cabinet and professor in the ficole des
Gobelins. Leclerc published a "System of Vision,"
("Systeme sur la Vision," 1679,) and an esteemed treat-
ise on Architecture, (1714.) Died in 1714.
See VALLEMONT, " liloge de M. Leclerc Dessinateur," etc., 1715 ;
QU£RAKD, "La France LitteYaire."
Leclerc or Le Clerc, (SEBASTIEN,) a good his-
torical painter, born in Paris about 1684, was a son of
the preceding. He was chosen a member of the Royal
Academy about 1704. Died about 1765.
Leclerc or Le Clerc, (VICTOR EMMANUEL,) a French
general, born at Pontoise in 1772. He served at the
siege of Toulon, ( 1 793,) where he formed a friendship with
Bonaparte, and distinguished himself in the Italian cam-
paign of 1796. He followed Bonaparte to Egypt in 1798,
and promoted the success of the coup d'itat of :8th Bru-
maire, 1799. Soon after this event he married Pauline
Bonaparte, with the consent of her brother, the First
Consul, who in 1801 gave him command of a large
armament (35,000 men) sent to subjugate the revolted
negroes of Hayti. He obtained some successes, and
sent Toussaint L'Ouverture as a captive to France ; but
his army was wasted by the yellow fever, of which he
died in November, 1802.
See THIERS, "History of the French Revolution," and "His-
tory of the Consulate and the Empire;" "Nouvelle Biographia
Ge'ne'rale."
Leclerc dea Essarts, leh-klaiR' d& zJ'sjR', (Louis
NICOLAS MARIN,) a French general, brother of the pre-
ceding, was born at Pontoise in 1770. For his services
at Eckmuhl, Wagram, etc., in 1809, he received the title
of count. He commanded a division in Russia in 1812,
where he distinguished himself by his courage and skill.
Died in 1820.
See "Nouvelle Biographic GiSne'rale."
Leclercq or Le Clercq, leh-kliRk', (CHRETIEN,) a
French missionary, born in Artois about 1630. In 1655
he was sent to Canada, where he laboured many years.
After his return to France he published "The History
of the French Colonies in New France, and of Lasalle's
Expedition to Explore the Mississippi," (1691.)
Leclerq, (MICHEL THEODORE,) a French dramatist,
born in Paris in 1777. He published " Dramatic Pro-
verbs," (4 vols., 1823-26,) which were very popular.
Died in 1851.
Lecluae or L'ficluse, de, deh la'kliiz', written also
e as k; c as s: g hard: g as/; G, H, K,giittiiral; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. \ JtJf'See Explanations, p. 23.)
LECLUSE
1510
LECTIUS
Lliscluse, (CHARLES,) [Lat. CAR'OLUS CLU'SIUS,] a
savant, who made important contributions to the science
of botany, was born at Arras in 1526. He studied at
Louvain, Wittenberg, and Montpellier. At the last-named
place he graduated as physician in 1555. After travelling
many years in France, Spain, etc., for botanical informa-
tion, he was director of the emperor's garden at Vienna
from 1573 to 1587. He published, in Latin, a "Descrip-
tion of the Rare Plants of Spain," (1576,) and a "De-
scription of the Rare Plants of Austria," (1583,) both of
which were afterwards united in his " Rariorum Plan-
tarum Historia," ("History of the Rarer Plants," 1601,)
with figures. In 1593 he became professor of botany at
Leyden, where he died in 1609. He was endowed with
a great memory and a rare sagacity, and excelled in
description. He left a work on foreign animals and
plants, entitled " Exoticorum Libri Decem, quibus Ani-
malium, Plantarum, Aromatumque Historian describun-
tur," (1605.)
See HALLKR, " Bibliotheca Botanica ;" NIC^RON, " Me"moires;"
CLOY, " Dictionnaire de la Me'decine;" MORKBH, "A la Me'moire
de C. de L'Esduse, un des Peres de la Botanique," etc., Liege, 1853.
Lecluse, de, (FLEURY,) a French Hellenist, born in
Paris in 1774. Among his works is a " History of Greek
and Latin Literature," (2 vols., 1837.) Died in 1845.
Lecocq, leh-kok', (ALEXANDRE CHARLES,) a French
musical composer, born in Paris, June 3, 1832. In 1857
he entered a competition to produce the music for an
operetta, " Le Docteur Miracle," and was bracketed
with Bizet. Other operettas followed ; but his first
real success was gained in 1868 with " Fleur de The."
Since that time he has been one of the favourite French
composers of light, gay, and brilliant music, and has
produced a number of comic operas, the best known
of which are " La Fille de Madame Angot," (1872,)
"Girofle-Girofla," (1874,) and " L'Egyptienne,"
(1890.)
Lecointe. See COINTE, LE.
Lecointe-Fuiraveau, leh-kwaNt/ pu-e'rj'vo', (MI-
CHEL MATHIEU,) a French legislator, born at Saint-
Maixent about 1750, was an active member of the Con-
vention, (1792-95.) Died in 1825.
Leoointre, leh-kwaNtR', (LAURENT,) a French regi-
cide. He voted for the death of the king in the Con-
vention, and instigated the execution of the queen.
Died in 1805.
Lecomtc or Le Comte, leh-kiNt', (FSLIX.) a French
sculptor, born in Paris in 1737, was a pupil of Falconet.
He was received as Academician in 1771. By order of
the king, he executed statues of Fenelon and Rollin.
He is classed in the second rank of French sculptors.
Died in 1817.
Lecomte, (JULES,) an able French litterateur, born at
Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1814. He edited several journals,
and published "Letters on French Authors," (1837,) a
"History of the Revolution of 1848," (1850,) and "The
English Pontoons," (" Les Pontons Anglais," a maritime
novel, 5 vols., 1850-52.) Died in 1864.
Leconte, leh-k6Nt', [Lat CON'TIUS,] (ANTOINE,) a
French jurist, born at Noyon, was a cousin-german of
Calvin, but an opponent of his doctrines. He lectured
on law at Orleans and Bourges, and left several legal
works. Died in 1586.
Le Conte, le-kont, (JoHN,) an American naturalist,
and officer in the corps of United States engineers, was
born near Shrewsbury, New Jersey, in 1784. He pub-
lished " Descriptions of the Species of North American
Tortoises," " Monographs of the North American Spe-
cies of Utricularia," etc., and other works. Died in 1861.
Leconte, (!OHN L.,) M.D., a son of the preceding,
born in New York in 1825, was a distinguished entomol-
ogist He published numerous treatises, etc., on ento-
mology, among which is one " On the Classification of the
Carabidae of the United States." Died Nov. 15, 1883.
Leconte, (JOHN,) M.D., an American naturalist
and physician, born in Liberty county, Georgia, in
1818. He became in 1856 professor of natural and
mechanical philosophy in South Carolina College, in
1 869 professor in the University of California, in 1876
acting president, and in 1881 full president oi that
university. He was elected to the National Academy
of Sciences in 1876. Died in 1891.
Leconte, (JOSEPH,) M.D., brother of the pre-
ceding, was born in Liberty county, Georgia, in 1823.
From 1856 to 1869 he was professor of chemistry and
geology in South Carolina College, and in 1869 he be-
came professor of geology and natural history in the
University of California. Besides several works on
education and the fine arts, he wrote " The Mutual
Relations of Religion and Science," (1874,) "Ele-
ments of Geology," (1878,) "Sight," (1881,) "A
Compend of Geology," (1884,) "Evolution and its
Relation to Religious Thought," (1888,) and a large
number of important scientific papers.
Le Conte, (LEWIS,) M.D., an American scientist
born near Shrewsbury, N.J., August 4, 1782. He gradu-
ated at Columbia College in 1799, and became a resident
of Georgia. He was eminent as a chemist, zoologist
botanist, and mathematician. Died January 9, 1838.
Leconte de Lisle, (CHARLES MARIE,) a French
poet, born in the Isle of Bourbon in 1818. He pro-
duced " Poemes antiques," (1852,) "Poesies nou-
velles," (1854,) "Poemes barbares," (1862,) and
"Poemes tragiques," (1884,) and translated many
of the Greek authors. His beauties of style exer-
cised a profound influence on the younger poets. He
was elected to the French Academy in 1886. Died July
17, 1894.
Lecoq or Le Coq, leh-kok', (HENRI,) a French nat-
uralist, born at Avesnes (Nord) in 1802. He wrote
treatises on geology, chemistry, and botany. His most
important work is " Studies on the Botanical Geography
of Europe," (7 vols., 1854-57.) Died August 4, 1871.
Le Coq, (THOMAS,) a beneficed cleric of Falaise, ir
Normandy, who in 1580 produced "Cain," a play 01
mystery of unusual merits.
Lecoq de Boiabaudran, leh-kok' deh bwa'bo'dRON',
(PAUL EMILE FRANCOIS,) a French chemist, born al
Cognac, in 1838, of a Protestant family. Possessed ot
great wealth, he devoted himself to chemical researches.
He discovered the metal "gallium," and named it with
a double reference to his country (Latin "Gallia") and
to his own name, (Lecoq, in Latin " Callus.") He
published " Spectres lumineux, Spectres prismatiques,"
(1874,) etc.
Lecoq, von, fon leh-kok', (KARL CHRISTIAN ERD-
MANN EDLER,) an able German general, born at Torgvj
in 1767. He fought for the French at Wagram in 1809,
and commanded a division of Saxon troops in the Rus-
sian campaign of 1812. After 1815 he received the
chief command of the Saxon army. Died in 1830.
Le Courayer or Le Courrayer. See COURAYER, IB.
Lecourbe or Le Courbe, leh-kooRb', (CLAUDE
JOSEPH,) a French general, born at Lons-le-Saulnier in
1760. In 1799 he defeated the Austrians in Switzerland.
Having been selected by Moreau to command the right
wing of his army in 1800, he distinguished himself at
Hochstadt and other places. On account of his attach-
ment to Moreau, he was deprived of command in 1804.
Died in 1815.
Lecouvreur or Le Couvreur, leh-koov'rUR', (ADRi-
ENNE,) a popular French actress, born near Epernay
about 1690. She excelled in tragedy, and was a great
favourite in Paris from 1717 until her death. Voltaire
and other poets offered poetical homage to her talents.
Died in 1730.
See SAINTE-BEUVE, "Causeries du Lundi."
Lect, lekt, [Lat LEC'TIUS,] (JACQUES,) a learned
Swiss jurisconsult, born in 1560, at Geneva. He obtained
a chair of law in that city in 1583, and the next year was
chosen a member of the council of state. In the critical
times which followed he showed firmness and ability.
He wrote several legal works, an edition of" Poetse Grzc
veteres Carminis heroici Scriptores," (1606,) and shor
Latin poems, " Poemata Varia," (1609.) Died in 1611.
Lectius. See I.zcr.
u. y, l.mg: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, it, y, short: a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fat; met; n6t; good; moon;
LECURIEUX
LED YARD
Lecurieux, leh-ku're'uh',(jACQUES JOSEPH,) a French
historical painter, born at Dijon in 1801. Among his
works are " Saint Louis at Damietta," and " Mary of
Burgundy."
Le'da, [Gr. A^<!a,] the wife of Tyndareus, King of
Sparta, and mother of Castor, Pollux, Helen, and Cly-
temnestra. According to the popular legend, two of
these were the offspring of Jupiter, who, when he visited
Leda, assumed the form of a swan.
Le Dain, leh daN, (OuviER,) a Flemish barber, who
became a favourite of Louis XI. of France. He was
hung by Charles VIII. in 1484.
Ledebour, von, fon la'deh-booR',(KARL FRIEDRICH,)
an eminent German botanist, born at Stralsund in 1785.
He was professor of botany at Dorpat from 181 1 to 1836,
and, after a journey to the Altai Mountains, published
" Flora Altaica," (4 vols., 1829-34.) His " Flora Rossica"
(3 vols., 1842-51) is regarded as the best work that has
appeared on the flora of Russia. He also published
" Illustrations of New Russian Plants, in five hundred
coloured plates," (5 vols., 1829-34.) Died in 1851.
Ledebur, von, fon la'deh-booR', (LEOPOLD KARL
WILHELM AUGUST,) a German writer, born at Berlin
in 1799, published a number of geographical, historical,
and antiquarian works. Died November 17, 1877.
Ledeganck, la'deh-gink, (KAREL,) a Belgian poet of
remarkable talents, born in 1805 ; died in 1847.
Lederlin, leh-deVIaN', QEAN HENRI,) a French
philologist, born at Strasburg in 1672. He published
editions of the "Onomasticon," by Pollux, of Elian's
History, (1713,) and of other works. Died in 1737.
Ledermuller, la'der-mttl'ler, (MARTIN FROBENIUS,) •*
German, distinguished for his researches with the micro-
scope, was born at Nuremberg in 1719. He published
" Microscopic Studies," ( 1 759,) and " Microscopic Amuse-
ments," (" Mikroskopische Gemiiths- und Augenergbt-
zen," 3 vols., 1760-64,) often reprinted. Died in 1769.
Ledesma, de, da la-Des'ma, (ALONZO,) a Spanish
poet, born at Segovia in 1552. He was a disciple of
Gongora, and, notwithstanding the obscurity and othei
defects of his poetry, acquired a high reputation. Lope
de Vega, in his " Laurel d'Apollo," mentions him in
favourable terms. He published " Spiritual Thoughts,"
("Conceptos Espirituales," 1600-16,) and other poems.
Died in 1623.
See TICKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature ;" LONGFELLOW,
"Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Ledesma, de, (JosS,) a Spanish painter, born at Bur-
gos in 1630; died in 1670.
Ledieu, leh-de-uh', (FRANCOIS,) ABB*, a French
ecclesiastic, born at Peronne, was private secretary to
the celebrated Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux. He wrote
" Memoirs of the Life and Works of Bossuet," (4 vols.,
1856.) Died in 1713.
Ledochowski, le'd'g-Kov'ske, (MiECiSLAS HALKA,)
CARDINAL and COUNT, a Polish prelate, born of a noble
family at Cork, October 29, 1822. He studied at War-
saw, entered the Lazarist order, and finished his studies
at Vienna and Rome, where he became a domestic prel-
ate and prothonotary to Pius IX. and was attached to
several foreign nunciatures. In 1861 he was appointed
Archbishop of Thebes and nuncio to Belgium, and in 1866
became Archbishop of Gnesen and Posen and Primate
of Poland. For his strenuous resistance to the German
laws interfering with church liberty he was imprisoned,
1874-76, and was heavily fined, and then banished. In
1875 he was created a cardinal-priest. In 1892 he
was appointed prefect of the Propaganda.
Ledoux, leh-doo', (CLAUDE NICOLAS,) a French
architect, born at Dormans in 1736. The most remark-
able monuments of his invention are the Barrieres
of Paris. He published a "Treatise on Architecture."
Died in 1806.
Ledran, leh-dRoN', (HENRI FRANCOIS,) an eminent
French surgeon, born in Paris in 1685, became a Fellow
of the Royal Society of London. He wrote, besides other
professional works, a "Treatise on Lithotomy," (1730,)
"Observations on Surgery," (1731,) and "Practical Re-
flections on Gunshot Wounds," (1737.) Died in 1770.
Ledru, leh-dRu', (ANDRS PIERRE,) a French priest
and naturalist, born in Maine in 1761, was employed
as botanist in Baudin's expedition to the Canaries and
the Antilles in 1796. He wrote several works. Died
about 1825.
Ledru, (NICOLAS PHILIPPE,) a French experimentet
in natural philosophy, born in Paris in 1731, was a
grandfather of Ledru-Rollin. He made discoveries in
magnetism. Died in 1807.
Ledru-Rollin, le-dru' rol'lin or leh-dRu' ro'lSN',
(ALEXANDRE AUGUSTE,) a distinguished French socialist
and radical republican, born in Paris in 1808. His family
name was Ledru, to which he added that of Rollin. He
became an advocate about 1830, and was employed as
counsel for the defence in many political trials between
1832 and 1848. In 1841 he was elected to the Chamber
of Deputies by the voters of Mans, and became the chief
orator of the extreme gauche, or ultra-democrats. As a
tribune and popular agitator he was distinguished for his
audacity and vehemence, but had not much influence
in the Chamber. He founded " La ReTorme," a political
journal, and took a prominent part at the reform ban-
quets of 1847.
During the Revolution of February, 1848, he entered
the Chamber when the regency of the Duchess of Or-
leans was under discussion. By the exertion of great
physical force he occupied the tribune, and, amidst the
violent tumult, spoke against the regency. He was chosen
by acclamation as a member of the provisional govern-
ment, and became minister of the interior. (See LAMAR
FINE.) His measures in this capacity were not approved
by the majority of his colleagues. He was censured for
an attempt to proscribe the defeated party ; but he is said
to have saved the government from the violence of the
insurgents on the i6th of April. At the election of five
members of the executive commission by the Assembly
in May, he was the lowest of the successful candidates,
receiving four hundred and fifty-eight votes out of about
eight hundred. He owed this election to the influence
of Lamartine. He lost his popularity with the masses,
and retired from power in June, 1848, when Cavaignac
became dictator. In December, 1848, Ledru-Rollin re-
ceived only 370,119 votes for president, having failed to
obtain the support of the socialists. He was the chief
of the "Mountain" in the Assemblies of 1848 and 1849,
to the latter of which he was elected by five departments,
and made eloquent speeches against the government
In June, 1849, he demanded the impeachment of the
president, and, when this was refused, called on his
partisans to rise in arms. The few who obeyed this call
were quickly dispersed by the troops, and Ledru-Rollin
escaped to England, where he remained many years. In
his absence he was condemned to deportation. He pub
lished a book "On the Decline of England," (2 vols.,
1850,) and united with Kossuth and Mazzini to form a
revolutionary committee for the promotion of the demo-
cratic cause in Europe. Among his publications is
" French Jurisprudence," etc., (" Jurisprudence Fran-
caise, ou Repertoire du Journal du Palais," 8 vols.,
1843-48.) Availing himself of the general amnesty, he
returned to France in 1870. Died December 31, 1874.
See N.GALLOIS, " Vie politique de Ledru-Rollin," 1850; " Black-
wood's Magazine" for August, 1850 ; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'-
rale."
Lednc or Le Duo, leh-diik', (JAN,) a Dutch painter
and engraver, bom at the Hague about 1638, was a pupil
and skilful imitator of Paul Potter. He painted interiors,
guard-rooms, robbers, etc. About 1671 he entered the
army, in which he obtained the rank of captain, and
abandoned his art.
Led'wich, (EDWARD,) an Irish antiquary, born in
1739, became vicar of Aghaboe. He published a valu-
able work entitled "The Antiquities of Ireland," (1794,)
and a few other treatises. He offended many of his
countrymen by denying the truth of the legend of Saint
Patrick. Died in 1823.
Led'yard, (JOHN,) a celebrated American traveller,
born at Groton, in Connecticut, in 1751. At an early
age he took passage as a common sailor on a vessel
bound for Gibraltar, and thence repaired to London,
where in 1776 he set sail with Captain Cook on his third
voyage around the world. After his return, in 1780, he
easi; <;as s; %hard; gas/;G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: sasz; thasinM/j. (jft^F'See Explanations, p. 21. >
LED YARD
1512
LEE
published a journal of the voyage, including an account
of the circumstances attending the death of Captain
Cook. Having projected an expedition to the Arctic
regions, he set out in 1786, and, after a journey of great
hardships, he arrived at Irkootsk in January, 1787. Here
he was arrested as a spy by order of the empress, and
forbidden again to enter Russia. He next went to Lon-
don, where he was most kindly received by Sir Joseph
Banks, and in June, 1788, under the patronage of the
African Association, set out on a voyage of discovery
to Central Africa. He reached Cairo in August, but,
while making preparations for his journey, was attacked
by a fever, of which he died. The news of his death
was heard with deep regret by his friends in England,
who had formed the highest opinion of his qualifica-
tions for the arduous task of African exploration. He
was described by Mr. Beaufoy, secretary of the African
Association, as " adventurous beyond the conception of
ordinary men, yet wary and considerate, and appeared
to be formed by nature for achievements of hardihood
and peril."
for October, 1828; CLEVELAND, "Compendium of American Litera-
ture."
Ledyard, (WILLIAM,) COLONEL, an American officer,
born in Connecticut about 1750, commanded at Fort
Griswold during the attack made by the British in 1781.
He was brutally stabbed by the English commander,
Major Bromfield, after he had delivered up to him his
sword. He was an uncle of the distinguished traveller
John Ledyard.
Lee, (ALFRED,) an American theologian, born at
Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1807, was consecrated
Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Delaware in 1841. He
published a " Life of the Apostle Peter," and a " Life of
Saint John." In 1884 he became presiding bishop of
his church. Died April 12, 1887.
Lee, (ANNE,) founder of the sect called Shakers, was
born at Manchester, in England, in 1735. Having re-
moved to America, she settled near Albany, New York
where she gathered a number of proselytes around her
She taught many strange doctrines, — among others, that
all marriage is sinful, and is to be shunned under all
circumstances. She was usually styled by her fol-
lowers "Mother Anne." She died in 1784. Among
the principal settlements made by her followers are those
at New Lebanon, near Albany, and at Harvard, Massa-
chusetts.
See ALLEN'S "American Biographical Dictionary."
Lee, (ARTHUR,) an American statesman and revolu-
tionist, born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, in 1740,
was a brother of Richard Henry Lee. He studied medi-
cine in Edinburgh, and subsequently became a student
of law in London. He there published a number of
eloquent political essays, under the name of "Junius
Americanus," in which he advocated the cause of the
American people. He was sent as minister to France
in 1776; and, in conjunction with Franklin and Deane,
he negotiated a treaty with the French. He was recalled
in 1779. After his return he was elected to Congress
in 1782, and was subsequently made a counsellor of the
supreme court of the United States, and a member of
the board of treasury, (1784.) He was never married.
He was a good classical scholar, and an intimate friend of
Sir William Jones. Died in 1792.
See R. H. LEE, "Life of Arthur Lee," 2 vols., 1829; "North
American Review" for April, 1830 ; " Encyclopaedia Americana."
Lee, (CHARLES,) a distinguished officer in the American
Revolutionary war, was a native of Wales. Having served
for a time in the British army, he removed to America.
He was appointed major-general by Congress in June,
1775. In 1776 he was appointed to the chief command
of the Southern colonies. He was surprised and taken
frisoner by the English while marching through New
ersey to join Washington in Pennsylvania, (December,
1776;) but after the surrender of Burgoyne, in October,
1777, he was exchanged. Having disobeyed General
Washington's orders at the battle of Monmouth, in 1778,
he was tried by a court-martial, and suspended from
service for a year. Died in 1782. General Lee was the
author of several political works.
See " Encyclopaedia Americana."
Lee, (EDWARD,) an English prelate, born in Kent in
1482. He became chaplain of Henry VIII., who em-
ployed him in several diplomatic missions. In 1529
he was sent to Rome to negotiate for the divorce of the
Icing, and in 1531 was appointed Archbishop of York.
He opposed the doctrines of Luther, but favoured the
nnovations which Henrv VIII. made in the Church.
He wrote " Epicedia Clarorum Virorum," and other
works in Latin. Died in 1544.
Lee, ( ELIZA BUCKMINSTER, ) an American writer,
daughter of the Rev. Joseph Buckminster, was born at
Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Among her principal
works are " Sketches of a New England Village," and
"Naomi, or Boston Two Hundred Years Ago." She
translated several works from the German. Died in
1864.
Lee, (FiTZ-HuGH,) an American general, a nephew
of General Robert E. Lee, a grandson of Henry (" Light-
Horse Harry") Lee, of Revolutionary fame, and a great-
grandson (on his mother's side) of George Mason the
author of the Virginia Bill of Rights, was born in Vir-
ginia in 1835. He graduated at West Point in 1856,
and at the outbreak of the civil war became general
of cavalry in the Confederate army. He was elected
Governor of Virginia in 1885, and was United States
consul at Havana from 1893 till the war with Spain in
1898. He was then appointed major-general, com-
manding the Seventh Army Corps, and after the war
was made military governor of Havana province.
Lee, (FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT,) an American statesman
and patriot, born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, in
October, 1734, was a younger brother of Richard Henry
Lee. He inherited a large estate, and married a daugh-
ter of Colonel John Tayloe in 1772. He was elected to
the General Congress in 1 775, and signed the Declaration
of Independence in 1776. Having been re-elected, he
continued to serve in Congress until 1779. He was too
diffident to gain distinction as a debater, but took an
active part in legislative business. Died without issue,
at Richmond, in 1797. He was eminent for conversa-
tional powers, and was a general favourite in society.
Lee, (^REDBRICK GEORGE,) D.D., D.C.L., an English
divine, born at Thame, Oxfordshire, January 6, 1832.
He graduated at Saint Edmund's Hall, Oxford, with high
honours, studied divinity at Cuddesden College, and re-
ceived priest's orders in the Established Church in 1856.
He is a High Churchman of the extremest school. He
has published several volumes of religious poetry, and a
large number of devotional and theological books and
brochures.
Lee, (FREDERICK RICHARD,) a popular English land-
scape-painter, born at Barnstaple about 1800. He began
to exhibit at the Royal Academy about 1824, and was
chosen an Academician in 1838. He is most successful
in river-scenery and in landscapes where trees are promi-
nent objects. Among his works are "The Mill," "The
Storm on the Lake," " The Avenue of Shobrooke Park,"
" The Bay of Biscay," etc. Died at Cape Town, June 4,
1879-
Lee, (GEORGE ALEXANDER,) an English vocalist,
manager, and musical composer, born in London in
1802. In 1825 he appeared as a tenor-singer at the
Dublin Theatre, and in 1826 at the Haymarket Theatre
in London. He was successively manager of several
London theatres. He composed music lor many dra-
matic pieces, and also produced songs and ballads that
were popular in their day. Died in 1851.
Lee, (GEORGE WASHINGTON CUSTIS,) a son of General
Robert E. Lee, was born at Fortress Monroe, Virginia,
September 16, 1832. He graduated at West Point Mil-
itary Academy in 1854, served, 1854-61, in the United
States army, and, 1861-65, '" 'ne Confederate Army of
Northern Virginia, attaining the rank of general. He
was professor of military engineering at the Virginia
Military Institute 1865-71, and from 1871 to 1897
was president of Washington and Lee University.
I, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; not; go~6d; moon
LEE
1513
LEE
Lee, (HANNAH F.,) an American novelist and mis-
cellaneous writer, born at Newburyport, Massachusetts.
Her "Three Experimerts of Living," published in 1838,
passed through numerous editions both in America and
Europe. Among her works are "Grace Seymour,"
"Eleanor Fulton," "Luther and his Times," and a
"History of Sculpture and Sculptors." Died in 1865.
Lee, (HARRIET,) an English writer of fiction, was
born in London in 1756. In partnership with her sister
Sophia, she taught school for many years (1780-1803)
at Bath. After publishing "Clara Lennox" and other
novels, which are now neglected, she produced between
1797 and 1805 five volumes of the "Canterbury Tales,"
which were very successful. Died in 1851. Lord Byron,
referring to " Kruitzner" in Lee's " Canterbury Tales,"
(from which he took the subject of his " Werner,") says,
" I am not sure it ever was very popular ; . . . but I
have generally found that those who had read it agreed
with me in their estimate of the singular power of mind
and conception which it develops. . . . Amongst those
whose opinions agreed with mine upon this story I could
mention some very high names." (See Preface to the
tragedy of " Werner.")
Lee, (HENRY,) an eminent American general, born in
Westmoreland county, Virginia, in January, 1756. His
father, Henry Lee, was a first-cousin of Richard Henry
Lee. He became a captain of cavalry in 1776, joined
the main army in September, 1777, and performed several
daring exploits. He captured a British fort at Paulus
Hook in July, 1779. He was raised to the rank of lieu-
tenant-colonel about 1780, after which year he served in
the army of General Greene as an officer of cavalry. He
rendered important services at Guilford Court-House,
March, 1781, and at the attack on Fort Ninety-Six. His
legion of cavalry also contributed to the victory at Eutaw
Springs, September 8, 1781. He was appointed a dele-
gate to the General Congress in 1786, and was elected
Governor of Virginia in 1791 or 1792. He was again a
member of Congress in 1799, and was selected by Con-
gress to pronounce a eulogy on Washington, whom he
characterized as " first in war, first in peace, and first in
the hearts of his countrymen." He wrote about the yeat
1809 valuable " Memoirs of the War in the Southern
States." In 1814 he was severely injured by a Baltimore
mob, against which he fought to defend a printing-office
and editor. He never recovered from this injury, and
died in Georgia in March, 1818, leaving four sons, —
Henry, Charles C., Robert E., (the famous general,) and
Sidney Smith. He was often called LIGHT- HORSE
HARRY. In a letter to Henry Lee, General Greene
wrote, "Everybody knows I have the highest opinion ol
you as an officer. . . . No man in the progress of the
campaign had equal merit with yourself."
See DUYCKINCK, " Cyclopzdia of American Literature," vol.
" Encyclopaedia Americana."
Lee, (HENRY WASHINGTON,) D.D., LL.D., an Amer-
ican bishop, born at Hamden, Connecticut, July 24, 1815,
became a teacher, and took orders in the Episcopal
Church in 1839. In 1854 he was consecrated Bishop of
Iowa. Died at Davenport, Iowa, September 16, 1874.
Lee, (JESSE,) an American Methodist divine, born
in Virginia in 1758, was for many years a chaplain to
Congress. Died in 1816.
Lee, (JOHN,) D.D., a Scottish professor of divinity,
born about 1780. He became principal of the University
of Edinburgh about 1840, and afterwards professor of
divinity there. Died in 1859.
Lee, (LEROY MADISON,) D.D., an American clergy-
man of the Methodist Episcopal Church, born at Peters-
burg, Virginia, in 1808. He published several religious
works, and in 1836 became editor of the Richmond
"Christian Advocate." Died April 21, 1882.
Lee, (LUTHER,) D.D., an eminent American divine
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in Scho-
harie county, New York, in 1800. He was editor of the
"New England Christian Advocate" and "The True
Wesleyan," and from 1856 to 1867 was connected with
Adrian College. He published " Slavery Examined li-
the Light of the Bible," "The Immortality of the Soul,'
etc. Died December 13, 1889.
Lee, (MARY E.,) born at Charleston, South Carolina,
n 1813, was the author of "Tales from History," and
made a number of translations from the French, Italian.
and German. Died in 1849.
See GRISWOLD, "Female Poets of America."
Lee, (NATHANIEL,) an English dramatist, born about
1658. After he had appeared as an actor on the London
stage without success, he composed thirteen tragedies,
two of which — viz., "Alexander the Great" and "Theo-
dosius" — obtained public favour. He was confined in
Bedlam for insanity in 1684, and released about 1688.
Died in 1691. His imagination is extravagant, and in-
clined to bombast. " Among our modern English poets,"
says Addison, "there is none who was better turned for
tragedy than Lee, if, instead of favouring the impetuosity
of his genius, he had restrained it within proper bounds."
See "Retrospective Review,'* vol. i:i., 1821.
Lee, (RACHEL FANNY ANTONINA,) an eccentric Eng-
ish authoress, originally named DASHWOOD, was born
about 1770. She wrote an "Essay on Government,"
which was commended by Wordsworth. Died in 1829.
See DE QUINCEV, "Autobiographic Sketches," chap. iv.
Lee, (RICHARD HENRY,) an American statesman and
orator, and one of the signers of the Declaration of In-
dependence, was bom in the county of Westmoreland,
Virginia, in 1732. He was educated in England, and,
after his return, v/as elected about 1757 to the House of
Burgesses in Virginia. He married Miss Aylett in early
life. In 1765 he eloquently defended the resolutions
against the Stamp Act, introduced by Patrick Henry.
He was a delegate from Virginia in 1774 to the Conti-
nental Congress, and took a prominent part in the pro-
ceedings of that body. The memorial to the people of
British America, authorized by the Continental Congress,
is attributed to his pen. In June, 1776, he introduced
into Congress the measure declaring the colonies free
and independent States, which motion he supported by
a most eloquent and powerful speech. Mr. Lee was
again elected to Congress in 1778 ; he became president
of that body in 1784, and was elected a United States
Senator from Virginia in 1789. Like most other Vir-
ginians, he disapproved the Federal Constitution. Died
in 1794.
See GOODRICH, "Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of In-
pendence ;" " Memoirs of the Life of R. H. Lee," by his grand-
son, R. H. LEH, 2 vols., 1825 ; " North American Review" for April.
€ as k ; <; as s: g hard; g as ;'; G, H, Y.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
,
dependence ;" " Memoirs of the Life of R.
n, R. H. LEH, 2 vols., 1825 ; "
126, (by EDWARD EVERETT.)
Lee, (ROBERT,) D.D., a theologian, born at North Dur-
ham in 1804, was a minister of the Established Church of
Scotland. He became professor of biblical criticism in
the University of Edinburgh in 1846. Died in 1868.
Lee, (ROBERT EDWARD,) a distinguished American
general, a son of General Henry Lee, was born at
Stratford, Westmoreland county, Virginia, January 19,
1807. His mother's name was Anne Carter. He gradu-
ated at the head of his class at West Point in 1829,
and married in 1832 a daughter of George Washington
Parke Custis, who was the adopted son of General
Washington. He obtained the rank of captain in 1838,
and served in the Mexican war (1846-47) as chief engi-
neer of the army of General Scott, by whom his conduct
was highly commended. For his services in Mexico he
was raised to the rank of brevet colonel. He was
superintendent of the Academy at West Point from
September, 1852, to April, 1855. By his marriage he
became proprietor of the Arlington House, on the Poto-
mac, where his family resided when the civil war began.
He was appointed a colonel of cavalry in March, 1861.
On the 20th of April, 1861, he resigned his commission
by a letter to General Scott, to whom he wrote, " My
resignation would have been presented at once, but
for the struggle it has cost me to separate myself from
a service to which I have devoted all the best years of
my life."
About the 2ist of April he was appointed major-
general in command of all the forces of Virginia. In
July ensuing, his rank was fixed as brigadier-general in
the Confederate army, and he took command of a force
in Northwestern Virginia. He was opposed to General
Rosecrans in this campaign, the results of which wen-
e Explanations, p.
LEE
1514
LEECH
rather favourable to the Unionists ; though no impor-
tant battle was fought. About December, 1861, he was
ordered to take charge of the coast-defences of South
Carolina and Georgia. He returned to Richmond in
March, 1862, and on the 3d of June took the chief com-
mand of the army destined to defend the capital. On
the 26th of June he attacked the army of General
McClellan at Mechanicsville. The conflict was renewed
on the 27th at Gaines's Mill, where both armies suffered
heavy losses. Having been attacked at Savage's Sta-
tion on the 2gth, the Union army retired to Malvern
Hill, close to the James River. Lee's army was defeated
at Malvern Hill, July I, losing about 6500 killed and
wounded. General McClellan was, nevertheless, soon
after compelled to retreat, and to abandon the siege of
Richmond. The seat of war having been transferred
to the northern part of Virginia, General Lee gained a
victory over General Pope at Bull Run, or Manassas,
on the 2gth and 3Oth of August, and invaded Maryland
about the 4th of September. He commanded in person
at the great battle of Antietam, September 17, where he
had, according to Pollard, about 70,000 men. His loss
at South Mountain and Antietam rs reported to have
been 1842 killed and 9399 wounded, besides several
thousand prisoners. General Lee retired to Virginia on
the 1 8th, but was not pursued, and occupied a strongly-
fortified position at Fredericksburg, where General
Burnside attacked him on the 131(1 of December and
was repulsed with heavy loss. Or. the 2d and 3d of
May, Generals Lee and Hooker fought a great battle at
Chancellorsville, where the former had the advantage ;
but the losses were nearly equal, and the retiring Union
army was not pursued. Having been largely reinforced,
he assumed the offensive with an army of about 95,000
men, and crossed the Potomac on the 24th of June, 1863,
for the invasion of Pennsylvania. Marching against
Harrisburg, he was confronted at Gettysburg by the
Union army, commanded by General Meade and posted
on a range of hills. The Union army acted on the
defensive in the battle of Gettysburg, which began on
the 1st of July and was renewed on the 2d without a
decisive result. On the 3d, General Lee made several
desperate assaults, which were repulsed, and the Union
army was finally victorious. According to the report of
General Meade, the Federals took here 13,621 prisoners,
including the wounded. General Lee retired in the
night of the 4th of July, through the rain, and returned
to Virginia. His army was not engaged in any great
battles during the ensuing winter.
The campaign of 1864 was opened about the 4th of
May by General Grant, who crossed the Rapidan and
advanced towards Richmond. A severe and indecisive
battle ensued at the Wilderness on the 5th and 6th of
May. General Grant continued to approach his objective
point by a series of flank movements, alternating with
great battles at Spottsylvania Court-House, May 9-12,
at the North Anna River, May 23, and Cold Harbour,
June 3. In these battles General Lee acted mostly on
the defensive in fortified positions, and his losses were
probably less than those of Grant. General Grant, how-
ever, referring to those battles, says, " Bloody and terrible
as they were on our side, they were even more damaging
to the enemy." Having crossed the James River about
June 15, the Union army commenced the long siege of
Petersburg, near which several actions were fought in
July and August. (See GRANT, ULYSSES S.)
In February or March, 1865, General Lee was appointed
commander-in-chief of all the Confederate armies. During
the winter of 1864-65 the army of Virginia had been
mostly inactive, and greatly trammelled by the necessity
of defending Richmond ana Petersburg. About the 301(1
of March the armies operating against these cities began
to move, and to cut the Danville and Southside Railroads,
by which Lee's army received supplies. The right wing
of his army was defeated by General Sheridan at Five
Forks on the 1st of April, and General Grant made a
general and successful assault on the works at Peters-
burg on the 2d. General Lee evacuated Richmond and
Petersburg in the night of April 2, and retreated towards
Danville with about 35,000 men. He was pursued by
the cavalry under General Sheridan, who attacked him
on the 6th near the Appomattox River and took about
6000 prisoners. He received pacific overtures from
General Grant on the 7th, and surrendered his army at
Appomattox Court-House on the 9th of April, 1865. It
was then agreed by the contracting parties that " each
officer and man will be allowed to return to his home,
not to be disturbed by United States authority so long
as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where
they reside." Soon after the end of the war, General Lee
became president of Washington College, at Lexington,
Virginia. Speaking of the character of Lee as a general,
Mr. Greeley remarks that he knew how to make the
most of a good defensive position, " the single point in
which (but it is a vital one) his admirers can justify
their claim for him of a rare military genius." He
died, at Lexington, October 12, 1870.
Lee, (SAMUEL,) D.D., an eminent English Orientalist,
born at Longnor, in Shropshire, in 1783. He learned
the trade of a carpenter, which he followed for some
years, during which he studied Latin, Greek, Hebrew,
Syriac, Arabic, etc. About 1817 he took the degree of
B.A. a* Cambridge, and entered holy orders. He was
chosen professor of Arabic at Cambridge in 1819, and
professor of Hebrew about 1832, after which date he
obtained the rectory of Barley. He published a Hebrew
Grammar, (1830,) a "Hebrew, Chaldaic, and English
Lexicon," (1840,) an " Inquiry into the Nature, Progress,
and End of Prophecy," (1849,) and other works. Died
in 1852.
Lee, (SAMUEL P.,) an American naval officer, born in
Virginia, became a midshipman in 1825. He commanded
the Oneida in the battle against the forts below New
Orleans in April, 1862, and in 1863 commanded the
North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. He became com
modorein 1866 and rear-admiral in 1870. Died in 1897.
Lee, (SIDNEY,) an English biographer, bom at
London in 1859 and educated at Oxford. He became
assistant editor on the great " Dictionary of National
Biography" in 1883, and principal editor in 1891.
His published works include " A Life of William
Shakespeare," (1898.)
Lee, ( SOPHIA, ) an English dramatist and novelist,
born in London in 1750, was a sister of Harriet, noticed
above. She began her literary career in 1780 by the
" Chapter of Accidents," a comedy, which was success-
ful, and was followed by novels entitled "The Recess,"
(1785,) and "The Life of a Lover." In 1796 she com-
posed " Almeyda, Queen of Granada," a tragedy, of which
Mrs. Siddons performed the principal rtle with applause.
She wrote two of the "Canterbury Tales" published by
her sister, and other works. Died in 1824.
See BOADEN, " Life of Mrs. Siddons," chap. vi. p. 103.
Lee, (THOMAS,) a Virginian planter, distinguished for
his talents, was president of the Council of Virginia. He
was the father of Richard Henry, Francis Lightfoot, and
Arthur Lee. Died in 1750.
Lee, (THOMAS,) an American jurist, born at Charles-
ton, South Carolina, in 1769. He was appointed by
President Monroe judge of the United States district
court for South Carolina in 1823. Died in 1839.
Lee, (WILLIAM HENRY FITZHUGH,) an American
soldier, son of General Robert E. Lee, was born at
Arlington, Virginia, in 1837. He entered the army
in 1857, and became a Confederate cavalry leader in
the civil war, advancing from captain to major-general.
He was elected to the senate of Virginia in 1875, and
was in Congress from 1886 till his death, October 15,
1891.
Lee-Hamilton, (EUGENE JAMES,) an English
author, born at London in 1845, half-brother of the
authoress Violet Paget ( Vernon Lee). He was in the
diplomatic service 1869-75, and published "Poems
and Transcripts," (1878,) "Apollo and Maryas,"
(1884,) "The Fountain of Youth," (1891,) etc., and
translated Dante's " Inferno," (1898.)
Leeb, lap, (JoHANN,) a German sculptor, born at
Memmingen in 1790; died about 1856.
Leech, (JOHN,) an English artist and caricaturist,
born in London about 1816. He is chiefly known as the
S.e, i, o,u,y,/0«£va,e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, o, ii, y, short; 3.,e,\,Q,of>siurt; fir, fall, fat: mSt; n6t;good; moon
LEECH
1515
LEFEVRE
designer of the humorous figures which illustrate the
London " Punch." His sketches are excellent as works
of art, though drawn with rapidity and haste. He pub-
lished " Pictures of Life and Character," and " The
Rising Generation," (1848,) which display a rare percep-
tion of the varieties of character and the keenest sense
of the ludicrous. Died in 1864.
See the "North British Review" for March, 1865.
Leech, (SAMUEL V.,) D.D., a Methodist clergyman,
born at Albany, New York, March 17, 1837. He was
educated in the seminary at Cooperstown, New York,
and at Evanston, Illinois, graduating from his theological
course in 1857. He held important pastorates at Annap-
olis, Martinsburg, West Virginia, Baltimore, and Albany,
and did much work for denominational journals. Among
his writings are "The Drunkard," (1862,) " Round Lake
Letters," (1874,) a "Reply to Ingersoll," (1881,) etc.
Leech'man, (WILLIAM,) a learned Scottish theolo-
gian, born in'Lanarkshire in 1706. He was professor of
theology at Glasgow for seventeen years. His lectures
in defence of revealed religion against Voltaire and Hume
are commended. He published a collection of sermons,
and a work " On the Nature, Reasonableness, and Ad-
vantages of Prayer," (1743.) Died in 1785.
Leeds, DUKE OF. See DANBY, EARL OF.
Leemans, la'mans, (CoNRAD,) a Dutch archaeologist,
born at Zalt Boemel in 1809, published an extensive
work "On the Egyptian Monuments of the Museum of
Leyden," (1835-52.) Died October 14, 1893.
Leepe, van der, vin der la'peh, (JAN ANTOON,) a
' '---' born at Brussels in 1664,
His execution is easy, his
Among his works is
Flemish
rxcelled
landscape-painter,
marine views.
touch light, and his colour good,
a " Flight into Egypt." Died in
1720.
Lees, (EowiN,) an English botanist and author, born
at Worcester, May 12, 1800. Among his works are
" Affinities of Plants and Animals," " Pictures of Na-
ture," "The Botany of Worcestershire," (1868,) "The
Forest and Chace of Malvern," (1877,) "Scenery and
Thought," (1880,) etc. Died October 28, 1887.
Lees, (FREDERIC RICHARD,) an English total-absti-
nence writer and speaker, born near Leeds, March 15,
1815. He has published many volumes on religion, criti-
cism, health, and physiology, and especially on temper'
ance.
Lee'ser, (ISAAC,) a Jewish theologian and religious
writer, born in Westphalia in 1806, emigrated to Amer-
ica, and became in 1829 rabbi of the principal synagogue
of Philadelphia. Died in 1868.
Leeu, Leuw, or Leeuw, van der, vtn der 16 or luh,
(GABRIEL,) a Dutch painter of animals, born at Dort ir
1643. He worked at Amsterdam, Paris, Naples, anc
Rome with success, and adopted the Italian manner.
His touch was grand and decided. His works represent
flocks of sheep, herds of cattle, etc. Died in 1688.
Leeu or Leeuw, van der, (PiETER,) a painter of land-
scapes and cattle, a brother of the preceding, was born
about 1645. His style resembles that of Van der Velde.
He was a good colorist, and painted with facility. Diec
about 1705.
Leeuw or Leuw, van der, vtn der Ib or luh, (WiL
LEM,) a Flemish engraver, born at Antwerp in 1600
He engraved many works of Rubens, among which is
" Daniel in the Lions' Den," and several works of Rem
brandt, including " David Playing on the Harp." Died
about 1665.
Leeuwen, van, vin luh' wen or 16'wen, ( SIMON,) a
Dutch jurist, born at Leyden in 1625 ; died in 1682.
Leeuwenhoeck. See LEUWENHOEK.
Leeves, leevz, (Rev. WILLIAM,) an English composer,
born in 1749, was the author of the air of " Auld Robin
Gray." Died in 1828.
Lefebure, leh-fa'biiR',
litterateur, born in Paris
(Louis HENRI,) a
in 1754. He wrote a
French
prize
essay against lotteries, besides several treatises on music
and botany. Died in 1839.
Lefebure de Fourcy, leh-fa'buV deh fooR'se',
(Louis,) a French mathematician, born at Saint Do-
He succeeded Lacroix as professor in
scriptive Geometry," (4th edition, 1843,) and "AnalytU
Geometry," (1827.) Died March 12, 1869.
Lefebure-Wely, leh-fa'biiR' vi'le'. (Louis JAMES
ALFRED,) (real name Lefebvre,) a French musician
and composer, born in Paris, November 13, 1817. He
vas best known as an organist, but he was also a versa-
ile and prolific composer. Died December 31, iS6q.
Lefebvre. See LEFEVRE.
Lefebvre, leh-fJvR' or leh-feVR', (CHARLEMAGNK
THEOPHILE,) a 'French traveller, born at Nantes in
Si I , became an officer in the navy. He wrote " Travels
n Abyssinia," (6 vols., 1845-50,) a scientific work ol
much merit Died July 6, 1860.
Lefebvre, (FRANC.OIS JOSEPH,) Duke of Dantzic, a
Drench marshal, born at Ruffach, in Alsace, in 1755. He
was rapidly promoted in the war which began in 1 792, and
jecaine a general of division in January, 1794. He con-
ributed greatly to the victories of Fleurus (1794) and
Altenkirchen, (1796.) In August, 1799, he was appointed
jy the Directory commander of the military division of
which Paris was the head-quarters. On the i8th Bru-
maire he acted as lieutenant of Bonaparte, to whom he
rendered important services in that coup d'etat which
made him dictator. He was made a marshal of the
empire in 1804, commanded the foot-guards at the battle
of Jena, and was rewarded for his success at the siege
of Dantzic in 1807 by the title of Duke of Dantzic. In
the Austrian campaign of 1809 his skill and courage
were conspicuous at Eckmuhl and Wagram. He com-
manded the imperial guard in the Russian campaign of
1812, and defended France at Montmirail, etc. in 1814.
On the return of Bonaparte from Elba, Lefebvre ac-
cepted a place in his Chamber of Peers, and conse-
quently was excluded from that of Lonis XVIII. in
1816. He was reinstated in his military rank in 1819.
Died in 1820. He had the reputation of being one of
the best generals of the army, uniting great intrepidity
with superior judgment, and had the faculty of animating
his men as if by an electric influence. There have
been few men of higher military genius.
Lefebvre, (JULES JOSEPH,) a French painter,
born at Tournan in 1836. He became notable for
the painting of such subjects as "Psyche," "Lady
Godiva," etc., and was elected to the Academy of
Fine Arts in 1891.
Lefebvre or Lefevre, (VALENTIN.) See FEBRE, Lr
Lefebvre de Cheverus, (JEAN Louis ANNE MADM
LEINE.) See CHEVERUS.
Lefebvre - Desnouettes, leh-fivR' dj'noo Sr,
(CHARLES,) COUNT, a French general, born in Paris in
1773. He entered the army in 1792, and was chosen
one of Bonaparte's aides-de-camp in 1800. As colonel
he distinguished himself at Austerlitz in 1805. He be-
came a general of division in 1808, commanded the chas-
seurs of the emperor's guard in 1809, and was employed
near Napoleon's person in Russia, (1812.) At the first
restoration he was retained in his command by Louis
XVIII. ; but he joined the standard of Bonaparte in
March, 1815, and fought at Waterloo. Having been
condemned to death by a council of war, he escaped to
the United States in 1816. He perished in the wreck
of the Albion packet-ship, as he was returning to Europe,
in April, 1822.
Lefevre. See CAUMARTIN, DACIER, FEVRE, LE-
FEBVRE, and FABER, (JEAN.)
Lefevre, (CHARLES SHAW.) See EVERSLEY.
Lefevre or Lefebvre, (CLAUDE.) See FEVRE, Lt
Lefevre, leh-favR7, (JEAN,) a French astronomei,
born at Lisieux, became a member of the Academy of
Sciences in 1682. He edited the "Connaissances des
Temps" from 1684 to 1701. Died in 1706.
Lefevre, (JEAN JACQUES,) a liberal French publisher,
born at Neufchateau in 1779, settled in Paris in his
youth. He published excellent editions of many Greek,
Latin, and French classics, for some of which he wrote
notes. Died in 1858.
Lefevre, (NICOLAS,) an able French chemist, ei
grated to England in 1664 at the invitation of Charles
II., who gave him the direction of a laboratory in
m ngo in 1785. lie succeedea Lacroix as proiessor •-.-• ---- , i,v,nr,,nrv ;n hi.
the Facult^ of Sciences in Paris, and published "De- H-. "ho gave him the direcl
. as t. -5 as s: g hard: g as ,; G, H, K,g,.ttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: s as ,; %h as in M». <H®=See Explanations, p. 23. )
LEFEVRE
1516
LEGENDR&
palace. He wrote "Theoretical and Practical Chem-
istry," (1660.) Died in 1674.
Lefevre, (PIERRE FRANCOIS ALEXANDRA) a French
dramatist and poet, born in Paris in 1741, produced
tragedies entitled "Zuma," (1776,) and "Elisabeth de
France," (1783,) also "Gustavus Vasa," an epic poem.
Died in 1813.
Leffevre, (PIERRE PAUL,) a bishop, born April 30,
1804, at Roulers, Belgium. He was ordained a Catholic
priest in 1831 at Saint Louis, Missouri, and in 1841 was
consecrated Bishop of Zela and administrator of the
diocese of Detroit. Died at Detroit, March 4, 1869.
Leffevre, (ROBERT,) a French portrait-painter, born
it Bayeux, in Calvados, in 1756, removed to Paris in
1784. Having acquired a high reputation, he painted
portraits of Napoleon and Josephine, which were so
much admired that more than twenty copies were or-
dered by various cities, courts, and other parties. About
1815 he received the title of first painter to the king.
Died in 1830.
Lefevre or Lefebvre, leh-fivR', (TANNEGUI or TAN-
NEGUY, ttn'ge',) [Lat. TANAQUIL'LUS FA'BER,] an emi-
nent French scholar and critic, born at Caen in 1615, was
the father of the renowned Madame Dacier. He was
appointed by Cardinal Richelieu inspector of the royal
printing-establishment in Paris. After the death of
Richelieu he joined the Ptotestants, and was chosen a
professor in the Academy of Saumur about 1655. He
published annotated editions of Lucretius, (1662,) Lpn-
ginus, (1663,) Horace, (1671,) Virgil, and other classics,
and translated into French several Greek works. Died
in 1672.
See F. GRAVKROL, " Mi?moires pour servir 4 la Vie de T. Le-
fevre," 1686: NiciRON, "Me'moires;" MM. HAAG, "La France
Drotestante :" "Nouvelle Biographic G^n^rale."
Lefevre de la Boderie, leh-fivR' deh It bod're',
(Guv,) a French Orientalist, born near Falaise in 1541.
He co-operated with Arias Montanus in the Polyglot
Bible of Antwerp, for which he edited and translated
into Latin the Syriac version of the New Testament,
(1572.) He also wrote some poems. Died in 1598.
Lefevre d'E'taples, leh-ftvR' da'ttpl', [Lat. FA'BER
STAPULEN'SIS,] (JACQUES,) an eminent French scholar
and theologian, born at Staples about 1455. He was
condemned as a heretic by the Sorbonne, but was justi-
fied by Francis I., who employed him as preceptor to
his son. Lefevre produced the first complete French
version of the Bible, (1530.) His version is used in the
French Protestant churches. He wrote commentaries
on the works of Aristotle. Erasmus expressed veneration
for his character, (singularem vita sanctimoniam veneror.)
Died in 1537.
See C. H. GRAP, " Essai sur la Vie et les ficrits de J. Lefevre
d'Etaples," 1842; BAYLK, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;"
HAAG, " La France protestante ;" " Nouvelle Biographic Geflliale."
Lefevre de Saint-Remy, leh-fSvR' deh saN ra'me',
(JEAN,) a French chronicler, born near Abbeville about
1304 ; died in 1468.
' Lefevre-Deumier, leh-fJvR' duh'me-4', JULES,) a
French poet, born about 1804. He Became private
librarian of President Louis Napoleon in 1849, and
librarian at the Tuileries in 1852. Died in 1857.
Leflo, leh-flo', (ADOLPHE CHARLES EMMANUEL,) a
French general, born at Lesneven in 1804. He was sent
as ambassador to Russia in 1848, was banished in 1852,
but returned to France in 1859. He took an active part
in the defence of Paris in 1870, and was ambassador to
Russia from 1871 to 1879. Died November 16, 1887.
Lefort or Le Fort, leh-foR.', (FRANC.OIS,) a Swiss
general, was born at Geneva in 1656. He entered the
Russian service, and fought several campaigns against
the Turks before the peace of i6Sr. He rendered valu-
able service to the Czar Peter in his contest with Sophia,
his sister and rival ; and when that prince triumphed, in
1689, Lefort became his favourite and chief minister, a
dignity which he merited by his virtues and talents. He
gave wise counsels to the young autocrat, and was the
author of many of the reforms which marked that reign.
Lefort was appointed general-in-chief and admiral about
1693. Died in 1699.
Lefranc. See POMPIGNAN.
Lefranc, (MARTIN.) See FRANC, LE.
Lefranc, leh-fRON', (VICTOR,) a French advocate and
writer, born at Garsin in 1809; died in 1883.
Lefran9ais. See LALANDE.
Lefren, la'fRen or Ifi'fRln, (LARS ULOF,) a Swedish
Orientalist, born in 1722; died in 1803.
Lefuel, leh-fu-e'l', (MARTIN HECTOR,) a French archi-
tect, born at Versailles in 1810. In 1853 he succeeded
Visconti as architect of the structures by which the
Louvre is joined to the Tuileries. He designed the
fafades and distributed the interiors of this work, which
was finished in 1857. He designed the palace of the
Universal Exposition of 1855. Died January I, 1881.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'raJe."
Le Gallienne, ( RICHARD, ) an English author and
journalist, was born at Liverpool in 1866, and became
a journalist in London in 1891. He published several
volumes of poetry and prose, beginning with " My
Lady's Sonnets," (1887,) also translated in verse the
poems of Omar Khayyam.
Legalloi8 or Le Gallois, l?h-ga'lwa', (JuLiEN JEAN
CESAR,) a French physiologist, born near Dol, in Bre-
tagne, in 1770. In 1801 he took the degree of M.D.,
and wrote an able treatise entitled " Is the Blood iden-
tical in all the Vessels through which it passes ?" He
merited a high rank among physiologists and experi-
menters by his " Experiments on the Principle of Life,
especially on that of the Movements of the Heart and
on the Seat of this Principle," (1812.) Died in 1814.
Le Gallois, (PIERRE,) a French bibliographer,
born at Paris. He published " Academic Conversa-
tions," (1674,) and a "Treatise on the Finest Li-
braries of Europe," (1680.)
Legare, pronounced leh-gree', (HUGH SWINTON,) an
American statesman and scholar, of Huguenot descent,
was born at Charleston, South Carolina, January 2, 1797.
He graduated at the South Carolina College about 1815,
after which he pursued his studies in Paris and Edin-
burgh. He was well versed in Greek and other lan-
guages. He also studied law, and gave much attention
to juridical philosophy. In 1830 he was elected attorney-
general of South Carolina. He contributed many able
articles to the " Southern Review," and was an adherent
of the Union when nullification was agitated in his State.
Having served as charge-d'affaires at Brussels for about
three years, he returned home in 1836, and was elected
by the voters of Charleston a member of Congress, in
which he served one term, (1837-39.) As a lawyer he
stood high in his profession. In 1840 he advocated the
election of General Harrison to the Presidency by several
eloquent speeches in New York, Virginia, etc. He was
appointed in September, 1841, attorney-general of the
United States under President Tyler. He died at Boston
in June, 1843. Among his writings are an "Essay on
Classical Learning," an " Essay on Roman Literature,"
and "The Constitutional History of Greece."
Legare, (Bullen,) (MARY SWINTON,) sister of Hugh
S. Legare, noticed above, was born at Charleston, South
Carolina, about 1800. She has acquired distinction as an
artist
Legazpi, de, da 14-gath-pee', (MIGUEL LOPEZ,) a
Spanish commander, born at Zubarraja. He went to
Mexico in 1545, and commanded an expedition sent in
1 564 against the Philippine Isles, which he conquered
ab.iut 1565-70. Died in 1572.
Legendre or Le Gendre, leh-zh&NdR', (ADRIEN
MARIE,) an eminent French geometer, and one of the
most profound analysts of his time, was born at Tou-
louse in 1752. He was educated at Mazarin College,
Paris, and in early life obtained a chair of mathematics
in the Ecolc militaire of that city. Having written a
prize essay on the balistic problem, and a memoir on
the attraction of spheroids, (1782,) he was admitted into
the Academy of Sciences in 1783. He was associated
in 1787 with Cassini and Mechain in the operation to
connect the Observatories of Paris and Greenwich by a
series of triangles. In 1794 he published his admirable
" Elements of Geometry," which has been extensively
used as a text-book in various languages, and has done
more to popularize his name than any other work. He
was a member of the bureau of longitudes, and from
a. e. i. ••
<ig i. £. o, --.inie, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short: a, e, i, o, ol'scure: far. fill, fat; mft; ndtjgood; moon;
LEGENDRE
LEGOYT
1807 to 1815 an honorary councillor of the Imperial
University. In 1807 he produced an important work
called " Exercises on Integral Calculus," etc., ("Exer-
cices de Calcul integral sur divers Ordres de Transcen-
dantes," 3 vols.,) which contains his discoveries on the
subject of elliptic functions. This subject was more
fully developed in his "Traite des Fonctions elliptiques
et des Integrates Euleriennes," (3 vols., 1827.) He also
made valuable additions to the theory of numbers, on
which he published an essay. Died in 1833. Laplace,
Lagrange, and Legendre formed a mathematical trium-
virate, which the French consider entitled to 'pre-
eminence among European geometers of that age.
See "Nouvelle Biographic Gf'ne'rale;" " Memoir of Legendre"
in the " Report of the Smithsonian Institution" for 1867, translated
from the French of fiuE DB BEAUMONT; "North American Re-
view" for July, 1828.
Legendre, (Louis,) a French historian, born at
Rouen in 1655. He became a canon of the church of
Notre-Dame, Paris, and published, besides other works,
a " History of France, ending at the Death of Louis
XIII.," (3 vols., 1718.) Died in 1733.
Legendre, (Louis,) a subaltern demagogue of the
French Revolution, born in 1756. He was deputed in
1792 to the Convention, in which he voted with the
"Mountain." "He was," says Lamartine, "the most
courageous friend of Danton, and was by turns the
agitator and moderator of the people." The next day
after the arrest of Danton, Legendre openly defended
him in the Convention by a speech. Died in 1797.
Legendre, (NICOLAS,) a French sculptor, born at
Etampes in 1619, worked in Paris. His subjects are
chiefly religious. Died in 1671.
Le Gentil. See LA BARBINAIS.
Legentil de la Galaisiere, leh-zhoN'te' deh II gr-
14'ze-aiR', (GUILLAUME JOSEPH HYACINTHS JEAN BAP-
TISTET) a French astronomer and traveller, born at
Coutances in 1725. In 1769 he went to Pondicherry to
observe the transit of Venus, but failed, because the sun
was hidden by clouds. He published a "Voyage in the
Indian Seas," (1779,) which contains valuable observa-
tions on monsoons, currents, and tides, and information
respecting the manners, religion, and science of the
Hindoos. Died in 1792.
See JEAN DOMINIQUE CASSINI, " £loge de M. Ltgentil," 1810.
Leger, li'zha' or la'zhaiR', (ANTOINE,) a Protestant
divine, born in Savoy in 1594. He was professor of
theology and Oriental languages at Geneva from 1645
until his death, in 1661. He published a Greek edition
of the New Testament, (1638.)
Leger, (ANTOINE,) a son of the preceding, was born
in Geneva in 1652, and was ordained a minister. He
filled the chair of philosophy for twenty-four years at
Geneva with eminent success. He published several
scientific treatises and many sermons. Died in 1719.
Leger, QEAN,) a cousin of the preceding, was born
in Savoy in 1615. He was a pastor of a church of the
Waldenses, and, having escaped from the massacre of
1655, he went to France, and solicited the intervention
of the court for his countrymen. In 1663 he became
pastor of a Walloon church in Leyden. He wrote a
" History of the Churches of the Valleys of Piedmont,"
(the Waldenses, 1669.) Died about 1670.
See " Abre'ge' de la Vie de Jean LiSger, teite par lui-meme," ai
the end of his " History of the Waldenses."
Leger, SAINT. See SAINT-LEGER.
Legge, %, (GEORGE,) Lord Dartmouth, an English
admiral, born about 1648. He distinguished himself in
the war against the Dutch in 1671, was made Baron of
Dartmouth in 1682, and admiral in 1683. At the acces-
sion of James II., in 1685, he was appointed master ol
the horse and general of the ordnance. He commandec
the fleet in 1688, and made an ineffectual effort to pre
vent the landing of the Prince of Orange. After taking
the oath to William III., he joined a Jacobite conspirac;
in 1690. " He laid a plan," says Macaulay, " for betray
ing Portsmouth to the French." He was arrested foi
treason, and sent to the Tower, where, after a shor
confinement, he died of apoplexy in 1691.
Legge, (JAMES,) LL.D., an eminent British scholar
born at Huntly, in Scotland, December 20, 1815.
ie was educated at Aberdeen and London, went to
Halaccaand Hong-Kong as a missionary, and in 1876
was appointed professor of Chinese at Oxford. He
niblished annotated translations of several important
Chinese classics, and was author of " The Notions'of
he Chinese respecting God and Spirits," (1852,)
' Life of Confucius," and "The Religions of China,"
;i8So.) Died in 1897.
Leg'gett, (WILLIAM,) an American journalist and
niscellaneous writer, born in New York in 1802. In
1828 he founded in his native city a literary gazette en-
itled "The Critic," which was subsequently united with
'The Mirror." To these journals he contributed a num-
)er of spirited tales and sketches, afterwards published
under the titles of " Sketches of the Sea" and "Tales by
a Country Schoolmaster." He married Elmira Waring
n 1828, and became associated with Mr. Bryant as
editor of the " Evening Post" in 1829, and in 1836 estab-
ished "The Plaindealer," (issued weekly,) which soon
acquired a high reputation for its independent spirit and
he distinguished ability with which it was conducted.
He was appointed a diplomatic agent from the United
_tates to the republic of Guatemala in April, 1838, but,
while preparing for his departure, died suddenly, on
the 29th of May, 1838. Two volumes of his political
writings, with a Memoir, were published by his friend
Mr. Theodore Sedgwick, who says, in his preface, " It is
not the suggestion of a too fond affection, but the voice
of a calm judgment, which declares that, whatever public
career he had pursued, he must have raised to his
memory an imperishable monument."
See R. W. GRISWOLD, " Poets and Poetry of America ;" Duvc-
tlNCK, " Cyclopaedia of American Literature," vol. ii. ; " Quarterly
Review." 1828; "Democratic Review" for January, 1840, (with
portrait.)
Legillon, leh-zhe'ydN', (JEAN FRANCOIS,) a Flemish
painter, born at Bruges in 1739; died in Paris in 1797.
Legipont, leh-zhe'p6N', (OLIVER,) a learned monk
and writer, born at Soiron, in Limburg, in 1698; died
in 1758.
Le Glay, leh glj, (ANDRE JOSEPH GHISLAIN,) a
French historian, born at Arleux in 1785. Died in 1863.
Legnani, l§n-ya'nee or lin-ya'nee, (STEFANO,) an
Italian painter, also called Legnanino, born at Milan in
1640, was a pupil of Cignani and Carlo Maratta. H«
painted frescos at Milan. Died in 1715.
See E. CORAZZI, " Elogio storico di S. Legnani," 1720.
Legobien, leh-go'be^N', (CHARLES,) a French Jesuit,
born at Saint-Malo in 1653, became secretary of the
missions to China. He published, about 1702, a collec-
tion of letters from missionaries in China, etc., entitled
Lettres edifiantes et curieuses ecrites des Missions
e'trangeres." This interesting publication was continued
by Duhalde. Died in 1708.
Le Gonidec, leh go'ne'dek', (JEAN FRANCOIS MARIE,)
a French philologist, born at Conquet, in Bretagne, in
1775. He published a good " Dictionnaire Breton-
Fran9ais," (1821.) Died in 1838.
Legote, la-go'ta, (PABLO,) a Spanish painter, born
about 1600 ; died at Cadiz about 1670.
Legouv6, leh-goo'vi', (ERNEST WILFRID,) a French
poet and novelist, born in Paris in 1807. He obtained a
prize of the French Academy for his poem " On the In-
vention of Printing," (1829,) and produced several dramas.
He was admitted into the French Academy in 1855.
SeeQuBRARD, "La France Litte'raive."
Legouv6, (GABRIEL MARIE JEAN BAPTISTS,) a French
dramatic poet, father of the preceding, was born in Paris
in 1764. He produced "The Death of Abel," (1792,)
which was very successful, and other tragedies. He be-
came a member of the Institute in 1798. His tragedy
"Henry IV. of France" (1806) displays dramatic skill
and elegant diction. He composed several popular
poems, one of which is entitled "Female Merit," ("Me-
rite des Femmes," iSor.) Died in 1812.
Le Gouz. See Gouz.
Legoyt, leh-gwa', (ALFRED,) a French economist and
statistician, born at Clermont-Ferrand in 1815, became
€ as k: c as s : g AarJ: g asy; G, H, K. guttural; N, ntsal; R, trilled; s as *; th as in this. ( J®=See Explanations, p. 23.)
LE GRAIN
1518
LEIBNITZ
chief of the bureau of general statistics, and published
"La France statistique," (1843,) etc- D'e^ i" 1869.
Legrain or Legrin, leh-gsaN', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a
French historian, was born in Paris in 1565. He held
some office at the court of Henry IV., and was master
of requests of the queen Marie de Medicis. He
wrote a History of the Reign of Henry IV., (" Decade
contenant la Vie et les Gestes," etc., 1614,) and "The
History of Louis XIII. from 1610 to 1617," (1618.)
Died in 1642.
Legrand or Le Grand, leh-gRoN', (ANTOINE,) a
French writer and monk, born at Douay, lived about
1650-80. He was professor of philosophy and theology
in Douay, and was a disciple of the Cartesian philosophy,
on which he wrote several treatises. He published a
"Sacred History from the Creation to Constantine the
Great," (1685,) and other works.
Le Grand, (BAPTISTE ALEXIS VICTOR,) a meritorious
French engineer and administrator, born in Paris in
1791. He became engineer-in-chief of the first class,
and in 1834 was appointed director-general of bridges,
roads, and mines. He was elected to the Chamber of
Deputies five times. It is stated that no person con-
tributed more to the success of the vast plan conceived
in his time to increase the riches of France by facility of
transport His moral dignity, public spirit, and various
merits are highly commended by M. Villemain, who
calls him a true model of the able and zealous adminis-
trator. Died in 1848.
Legrand, (CLAUDE JUST ALEXANDRA) a French
general, born in the department of Oise in 1762. As
general of division, he commanded under Moreau at
Hohenlinden, (1800,) and served at Austerlitz, (1805.)
He maintained his reputation at Jena (1806) and at
Wagram, (1809.) He commanded the second corps-
d'armee at the Berezina, (1812.) Died in 1815.
Legrand, (JACQUES GUILLAUME,) an eminent French
architect, born in Paris in 1743, was a pupil of CMrisseau,
whose daughter he married. After he had travelled in
Italy and acquired a pure taste, he was employed as
architect of several public edifices in Paris, among which
are the Halle aux files, (Corn-Market, 1783,) Halle aim
Draps, (Cloth-Market, 1786,) and Theatre Feydeau,
(1790.) Molinos was associated with him in these works.
Legrand published a " Comparison between Ancient and
Modern Architecture," (1799,) and wrote an "Essay on
the History of Architecture," (1809.) Died in 1807.
Legrand, (JOACHIM,) a French historian and abbe\
born at Saint-Lo in 1653, was a person of great erudi-
tion. He was secretary of legation in Spain about 1702,
and was afterwards employed in the foreign office. He
published a " History of the Divorce of Henry VIII. of
England," (1688,) and a few other historical works.
Died in 1733.
Legrand, (Louis,) a French theologian, born in Bur-
gundy in 1711. He became professor or mattre des itudts
in the seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, and published,
besides other works, a " Treatise on the Incarnation of
th? Word," (1751.) He composed the censures which
the Faculty of Theology published against Rousseau's
"Emile" (1762) and Buffon's "fipoques de la Nature."
Died in 1780.
Legrand, (MARC ANTOINE,) a French dramatist and
actor, born in Paris in 1673. He composed a number
of popular comedies, among which are " The Blind
Clairvoyant," (1716,) and "Roi de Cocagne," 1719. Died
in 1728.
Legrand d'Aussy, leh-gRoN' do'se', (PIERRE JEAN
BAPTISTE,) a French littlratmr, born at Amiens in 1737.
He wrote, besides other works, " Fabliaux, or Tales of
the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries," (1779.) In 1795
he was chosen keeper of the French manuscripts of the
National Library. Died in 1800.
Legranzi, 15-gRan'zee, or Legrenzi, la-gRen'zee,
(GIOVANNI, ) an Italian composer, born near Bergamo
about 1625 ; died about 1690.
Legras, leh-gRa', (ANTOINE,) a French scholar and
writer, born in Paris about 1680. He published, besides
other works, "The Works of the Fathers who lived in
the Time of the Apostles, with Notes," (1717.) Died
in 1751.
Legraverend, leh-gRiv'RdN', (JEAN MARIE EMA-
NUEL,) a French jurist, born at Rennes in 1776, published
a "Treatise on Criminal Legislation in France," (1816,)
and other approved works. Died in 1827.
Legrenzi. See LEGRANZI.
Legrin. See LEGRAIN.
Legroing de la Maisonneuve, leh-gRwaN' deh
li mi'zo'nuv', (FRANCOISE THERESE ANTOINETTE,)
COUNTESS, a French authoress, born in Lorraine in 1 764.
She wrote " Zenobia," a novel, (1800,) an " Essay on the
Education of Women," (iSoi,) and a " History of the
Gauls and of France from the Earliest Times to the End
of the Reign of Hugh Capet," (1830.) Died in 1837.
Legros, lijh-gRo', (ALPHONSE,) a French painter,
born at Dijon in 1837. He resided in England after
1863, and in 1876 became Slade professor of art at
University College, London. He aided in the revival
of etching, and made bronze medallions of Darwin,
Tennyson, etc.
Legros or Le Gros, leh-gRo', (NICOLAS,) a French
Jansenist theologian, born at Rheims in 1675. He passed
the last twenty-five years of his life in Holland, to which
he retired for refuge from persecution. Among his works
are a French translation of the Bible, (1739,) which is
esteemed for fidelity, and a " Manual for the Christian,"
(1740.) Died in 1751.
Legros, (PIERRE,) a French sculptor, born in Paris
in 1666. He studied in Rome, where he executed many
admired works. His statue of Saint Dominic is reckoned
among the master-pieces of the Basilica of Saint Peter.
He also adorned the chateau of Versailles. He sacri-
ficed less to the depraved taste of the time than most
other French artists. Died in Rome in 1719.
Le Guaspre. See DUGHET.
Lehmann, la'min, (CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED WIL-
HELM,) a German scholar, born at Halberstadt in 1765.
He published a " Summary of the Natural History of
Man," (1799.) Died in 1823.
Lehmann, (HEINRICH,) a skilful German painter of
history and portraits, born at Kiel in 1814. He became
in youth a resident of Paris, where he obtained medals
of the first class in 1840, 1848, and 1855, and was em-
ployed by the emperor to adorn the palace of Luxem-
bourg. Died in April, 1882.
Lehmann, (JOHANN GEORG,) a German topographer
born in 1765, invented about 1793 a new method of sur
vexing, since called by his name. Died in 1811.
Lehmann, (JOHANN GEORG CHRISTOPH,) a German
botanist, born about 1794, was professor of botany at
Hamburg. He wrote monographs of several genera,
and other works. Died in 1861.
Lehmann, (JOHANN GOTTLOB,) a German philoso-
pher, who acquired a European reputation as a mine-
ralogist. In 1761 he removed from Berlin to St.
Petersburg, and received a professorship in the
Academy of that city. He published a work on min-
eralogy for the use of schools, (1759,) etc. Died in
1767.
Lehmann, (RUDOLF,) a painter, and a brother
of Heinrich, was born at Hamburg in 1819. He
worked mostly in Rome, and received medals at the
Salon of Paris. Many of his works represent the
manners, costumes, and scenery of Italy. He pub-
lished "An Artist's Reminiscences," (1894,) "Men
and Women of the Century," (1896,) etc.
Lehoc, leh-ok', (Louis GREGOIRE,) a French littfra-
(fur, bom in Paris in 1743. Among his works is "Pyr-
rhus," a tragedy, (1807.) Died in 1810.
Lehrberg, laR'biRG, (ARON CHRISTIAN,) a Russian
scholar, bom at Dorpat, in Livonia, in 1770. He re-
moved to Saint Petersburg, and wrote " Inquiries into
the Early History of Russia," (1814.) Died in 1813.
Le Huirou, leh hu-i'Roo', (JULIEN MARIE,) a French
historian, born at Prat in 1807. He wrote on the history
of the Franks, Gauls, etc. Died in 1843.
Leibnitz or Leibniz, von, fon lib'nlts or lip'nlts,
[Lat LEIBNITZ'IUS,] (GOTTFRIED WILHELM,) BARON, a
German philosopher and mathematician of the first
a, e, I, 6, u, y, /onf/a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, U, y, short; a, e, i, p, obscure; far, fall, fat; m5t; not; good; moon;
LEIBNITZ
1519
LEIDY
order, pre-eminent among the moderns as a universal
genius, was born at Leipsic on the 6th of July, 1646.
He was a son of Friedrich Leibnitz, professor of moral
philosophy at Leipsic. After learning Latin and Greek
at the school of Saint Nicholas, he entered the University
of Leipsic at the age of fifteen, and studied law, philoso-
phy, mathematics, etc. He acquired a profound know-
ledge of the works of Plato and Aristotle, whose systems
he endeavoured to harmonize. In 1666 he produced a
remarkable treatise on the combination of numbers and
ideas, " De Arte Combinatorial and took the degree of
doctor of laws at Altorf. He accepted in 1667 the office
of councillor of state at Frankfort, and published his
"New Method of Learning and Teaching Jurispru-
dence," ("Nova Methodus discendae docendaeque Juris-
prudentiae," 1668,) an ingen:ous and profound essay on
Roman law, which raised him to the first rank of philo-
sophic writers.
Attracted by a tendency to universality in science, he
meditated the plan of an encyclopaedia, which became
one of his favourite projects, and produced in rapid
succession works on politics, religion, and philosophy,
in Latin and French,— for he scarcely ever wrote in his
mother-tongue. He advanced new and bold theories of
motion in his "Theory of Concrete Motion" ("Theoria
Motus concreti") and "Theory of Abstract Motion,"
("Theoria Motus abstract)," 1671.) In 1672 he visited
Paris, where he met Cassini and Huyghens, and declined
to enter the Academy of Sciences with the condition that
he should abjure the Protestant religion. Proceeding
to London, he formed an acquaintance with Newton,
Boyle, and others, and was chosen a Fellow of the Royal
Society. In 1676 he removed to Hanover, having been
appointed by the Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg his coun-
sellor (He/rath) and librarian. About this time he made
the great discovery of the infinitesimal calculus, nearly
identical with Newton's method of fluxions. Many
years later an acrimonious controversy was carried on
between the friends of these two rivals, respecting the
priority of claim to this discovery. A committee of
the Royal Society of London (about 1705) decided in
favour of Newton ; but M. Biot maintains that Leibnitz
anticipated Newton in respect to publicity by a letter to
Oldenburg in 1676, and accords to both the honour of
the original invention. Leibnitz developed the power
of this calculus with a marvellous felicity in its applica-
tion to the theory of curves, to mechanical problems, etc.
In 1682 he became editor of the "Acta Eruditorum"
of Leipsic, a journal which he rendered celebrated. He
wrote in 1693 a treatise on geology, entitled "Protogaea,"
"which," says Hallam, "no one can read without per-
ceiving that of all the early geologists Leibnitz came
nearest to the theories which are most received in the
English school at this day." He was appointed presi-
dent of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin in 1702, with-
out being required to change his residence or to retire
from the service of the Elector of Brunswick. Charles
VI. of Germany gave him the titles of baron and of aulic
councillor, but could not prevail on him to enter his
service. Between 1690 and 1700 he was engaged in a
long epistolary negotiation with Bossuet in order to re-
store the unity of the Catholic and Protestant churches,
lie crowned his career as author by his great work
entitled " Essay of Theodicea on the Goodness of God,
the Liberty of Man, and the Origin of Evil," ("Essai de
The'odicee sur la Bontede Dieu, laLibertede 1'Homme,
et 1'Origine du Mai," 1710.) According to his system,
God is the supreme Reason of the universe, the first and
last term in the series of efficient causes, as in that
of final causes. In forming the world He has realized
the ideal models of truth, beauty, and perfection which
existed eternally in His mind. To the parallelism estab-
lished in the divine mind between the reign of efficient
causes and that of final causes, corresponds another har-
mony, of a superior order, between the kingdoms of nature
and of grace. From the infinite perfection of the divine
attributes he deduces the celebrated theory of Optimism,
— that among all possible plans of creation the Almighty
has chosen the best, the one which combines the greatest
variety with the greatest order, — in which matter, space,
and time are most wisely economized. He died at Hano-
ver, November 14, 1716. Among his important works
is one entitled " New Essays on the Human Understand-
ing," ("Nouveaux Essais sur 1'Entendement humain,"
about 1765,) in which he controverts the opinions of Locke.
Another of his works is called " Pre-Established Har-
mony," (" Harmonic pre-e'tablie.") His"Monadologie,"
(1714,) in which his metaphysical system is developed,
is one of the most remarkable monuments of his intel-
lectual power. "There was only one man in the world,"
says Hallam, "who could have left so noble a science as
philosophical jurisprudence for pursuits of a still more
exalted nature and for which he was still more fitted ;
and that man was Leibnitz himself." ("Introduction to
the Literature of Europe.") He was never married. His
disposition was cheerful, his manners were affable, and
his habits temperate. A complete edition of his works
has recently been published by Foucher de Careil, Paris.
See FONTENELLE, " E*loge de Leibnitz;" J. A. EBERHARD,
"Characteristik des Freiherrn von Leibnitz," 1817; LAMPRECHT,
"Leben des Freiherm G. W. von Leibnitz," 1740; HISSMANN,
"Versuch iiber das Leben des Freiherrn von Leibnitz." 1783: DB
JAUCOURT, " Vie de Leibnitz," 1734 ; GUHRAUER, " G. W. yon Leib-
nitz, Biographic," 2 vols., 1845 . G. SCHILLING, " Leibnitz als
Denker," 1846; JEAN SYLVAIN BAII.LY, " Eloge de Leibnitz," 1769 ;
JOHN M. MACKIH, " Life of G. W. Leibnitz," Boston, 1845 : EMJL
F. VOGEL, "G. W. von Leibnitz," Leipsic, 1846; DR. F. HOEFER,
article in the "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale;" BtOT, article in th«
"Biographie Universelle ;" "Edinburgh Review" for July, 1846
"Atlantic Monthly" for June, 1858.
Leibnitziua. See LEIBNITZ.
Leicester, EARL OF. See DUDLEY, (ROBERT,) and
MONTFOKT, DE, (SlMON.)
Leicester, les'ter, OF HOLKHAM, (THOMAS WILLIAM
COKE,) EARL OF, an eminent English agriculturist, was
the son of Wenman Roberts, of Norfolk, and was born
in 1752. His father assumed the name of Coke when
he inherited the estates of his uncle Thomas Coke, who
was Earl of Leicester and a descendant of Sir Edward
Coke. From 1776 to 1832 he represented the county of
Norfolk in Parliament, and was a constant supporter of
the Whig party. He owned a very large and highly-
cultivated estate at Holkham, and became distinguished
for his liberality and zeal in the improvement of agricul-
ture. After the death of the Duke of Bedford (1802) he
was reputed to hold the highest place among English
cultivators. In 1837 he was raised to the peerage, as
Earl of Leicester of Holkham. The last name of this
title was annexed to distinguish him from another Earl
of Leicester. Died in 1842.
Leich, UK, (JOHANN HEINRICH,) a German philolo-
gist, born at Leipsic in 1720, became professor of phi-
losophy at that city in 1748. He wrote the "Life and
Reign of Constantinus Porphyrogenitus," and several
other works. Died in 1750.
Leicbner, liK'ner, (ECCARD,) a German naturalist
and physician, born in Thuringia in 1612. He practised
at Erfurt, where he died in 1690.
Leicbner, (JOHANN GEORG HEINRICH,) a German
painter, born at Erfurt in 1684; died in 1769.
Leichhart, liK'haRt, (LUDWIG,) a German traveller,
born at Trebatsch, in Prussia, October 23, 1813. He
went to Australia in 1841, and there conducted several
important explorations. He was either murdered or
died of starvation on one of these journeys in 1848.
Leidy, li'de, (JOSEPH,) M.D., LL.D., a distinguished
American naturalist, of German extraction, bom in
Philadelphia, September 9, 1823. He graduated as M.D.
at the University of Pennsylvania in 1844, and the same
year commenced the practice of his profession, but soon
abandoned it for more congenial pursuits. In 1846 he
was chosen to the position of chairman of the curators
in the Academy of Natural Sciences. From 1846 to
1852 he gave private courses of lectures on anatomy and
physiology, and in 1853 he was elected professor of
anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania, which position
he held until his death. Besides anatomy, human and
comparative, he devoted much attention to natural his-
tory, more especially zoology and palaeontology. The
third volume of the " Catalogue of Scientific Papers,"
published by the Royal Society of London, gives a list
of one hundred and eleven of his published papers up
to 1860. Among the most important of these are the
" Flora and Fauna within Living Animals," and the
c as k: 9 as s; g ha<-d; g as <; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trillid; s as t; th as in this.
xplanations, p. 23. )
LEIGH
1520
LEJAY
" Ancient Fauna of Nebraska," both published by the
Smithsonian Institution. Subsequently, besides publish-
ing an " Elementary Treatise on Human Anatomy," he
largely added to his list of scientific papers, among the
most important of these being the " Cretaceous Reptiles
of the United States," published in the " Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowledge," (1865,) "The Extinct
Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska," (4to, with
30 plates,) published as the seventh volume of t.ie " Jour-
nal of the Academy of Natural Sciences" of Philadelphia,
and the " Fresh- Water Rhizopods of North America,"
(1879,) published under the auspices of the government.
In 1866 he received the degree of LL.D. from Harvard
University. In 1871 he became professor of natural
history at Swarthmore College, in 1884 director of the
department of biology at the University of Pennsyl-
vania, and in the same year president of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Died in 1891.
Leigh, lee, (CHARLES,) F.R.S., an English naturalist,
born in Lancashire about 1650. He practised medicine
in London and other cities, and published several works,
the most important of which is a " Natural History of
Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Peak of Derbyshire,"
(1700.)
Leigh, (Sir EDWARD,) an English writer and biblical
scholar, born in Leicestershire in 1602, was educated for
the law. In the civil war he favoured the popular causi,
and was a member of Parliament, from which he was
expelled in 1648 by the extreme opponents of the king.
He displayed much learning in his " Critica Sacra,
or the Hebrew Words of the Old and the Greek of the
New Testament," (1639,) and published a "Treatise of
Divinity," (1646,) and other esteemed religious works.
Died in 1671.
Leighton, la'ton, (ALEXANDER,) a Scottish clergy,
man, born at Edinburgh in 1568. He was professor of
moral philosophy in that city for several years prior to
1613, when he removed to London and obtained a lec-
tureship. For libellous or offensive expressions against
the king, queen, and the bishops in his book called
" Zion's Plea," (1629,) he was punished by the Star
Chamber with mutilation, the pillory, and long imprison-
ment. He was released in 1640, and died about 1646.
Laud appears to be responsible for the cruel treatment
of Leighton.
Leighton, (ALEXANDER,) a Scottish author, born at
Dundee in 1800. He is said to have written nearly all
" Wilson's Tales of the Borders," and published " Ro-
mance of the Old Town of Edinburgh," and several
volumes of sketches. Died December 24, 1874.
Leighton, la'tpn, (FREDERICK,) LORD, an Eng-
lish painter, born at Scarborough, December 3, 1830.
He was educated on the Continent, painting in Ger-
many, France, Italy, and the Netherlands. His
"Cimabue," the first of his pictures shown in Eng-
land, (1854,) is truly a great work of art. His
numerous pictures are often on classical, scriptural,
dramatic, or medieval subjects. In 1878 he was
knighted and made president of the Royal Academy,
was created a baronet in 1886, and raised to the peerage
as Lord Leighton of Stretton in 1896. Died in 1896.
Leighton, (JoHN,) an English artist, born in West-
minster, September 12, 1822. His reputation rests
largely upon his illustrative designs, and especially on
his work as an art-educator.
Leighton, (ROBERT), a British divine of eminent
merit, born in London about 1612, was the son of Alex-
ander Leighton, (1568-1646.) About 1641 he became
minister of the Presbyterian church at Newbottle, near
Edinburgh. Finding that his moderation was unaccept-
able to the contentious spirit and fierce zeal which then
prevailed, he retired from the pulpit, and was chosen
principal of the University of Edinburgh. When Charles
II. resolved to restore Episcopacy in Scotland, (about
1661,) Leighton was made Bishop of Dumblane. About
1670 he became Archbishop of Glasgow. His conduct
was more conciliatory than that of the other bishops.
He had a nigh reputation as a preacher, and published
sermons and other works, which are greatly esteemed.
His commentary on the first epistle of Peter was often
reprinted. In 1674 he resigned his archbishopric, prob-
ably from his abhorrence of the violent contest which
disturbed the Church and State. Died in 1684.
Leighton, (ROBERT,) a Scottish poet, born at Dundee,
February 20, 1822, entered upon a business life, residing
in his later years in Liverpool. His principal book was
"Rhymes and Poems," (1855.) His most famous poem
is " The Bapteesment of the Bairn," published in a later
collection, (1875.) Died May I o, 1869. His brother WIL-
LIAM (born at Dundee, February 3, 1841 ; died at Liver-
pool, April 22, 1869) was also a poet of much promise.
Leighton, (ROBERT,) a British journalist and
author, son of the preceding, was born at Ayr, Scot-
land, in 1859. He engaged in journalism in 1884,
and wrote novels of adventure, such as " The Golden
Galleon," (1897,) "The Splendid Stranger," (1898,)
etc. He married in 1889 the novelist Marie Connor,
and collaborated with her in writing " Convict 99,"
Michael Dred, Detective," and other popular
novels.
Leiningen, li'ning-en, [Fr. LINANGE,] a great
family of German princes and counts, having as
branches the families of Leiningen-Billigheim, Lei-
ningen-Neudenau, Alt-Leiningen-Westerburg, Neu-
Leiningen-Westerburg, etc.
Leisewitz, li'zeh-wits', (JoHANN ANTON,) a German
dramatist, born at Hanover in 1752, wrote a popular
tragedy, entitled "Julius von Tarent" Died in 1806.
Leialer, lis'ler, (JACOB,) an adventurer and revolu-
tionist, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, in Germany, emi-
grated to America in 1660, and became a resident of
Albany. He was appointed one of the commissioner!
of the court of admiralty in 1683. In 1689 he was the
leader of a mob which seized the fort and public funds
of New York, " for the preservation," as he said, " of the
Protestant religion." Having declared himself for the
Prince of Orange, he strengthened the fort, and was
proclaimed by his adherents commander-in-chief of the
province. Sloughter having been soon after appointed
Governor of the colony, Leisler was arrested, and exe-
cuted in 1691.
Leismann, lis'man, (JoHANN ANTON,) a German
painter, born at Salzburg in 1604. He settled in Venice,
painted landscapes and battles, and had a high reputa-
tion. His manner is said to resemble that of Salvator
Rosa. Died in 1698.
Leitner, lit'ner, (GOTTLIEB WILHELM,) .Ph.D., a
celebrated linguist, born at Pesth, in Hungary, October
14, 1840. He studied in Brusa, Constantinople, Malta,
and King's College, London. When fifteen years old, he
was a first-class interpreter in the British service in the
Crimea. In 1861 he was made professor of Arabic and
of Mohammedan law in King's College, London. He
afterwards was principal of the Lahore Government Col-
lege, the Lahore Oriental College, registrar of the Punjab
University, (which he founded,) etc. He published many
books on linguistic, archaeological, historical, and ethno-
logical subjects, mostly regarding Asia, and especially
the northwest of India. He was said to speak, write,
and read twenty-five languages. Died in 1899.
Leith, leeth, (Sir JAMES,) a British general, born in
Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in 1763. He served as major-
general under Sir John Moore in the Peninsula, and
took part in the battle of Corunna, in 1809. He was
appointed commander of the forces in the West Indies
in 1814. Died in 1816.
Lejay, leh-zh^', (GABRIEL FRANCOIS,) a French Jes-
uit, born iri Paris about 1660. He was eminent as a
professor of rhetoric in Paris, where Voltaire was hii
pupil. He published, besides other works in Latin,
"Bibliotheca Rhetorum," (" Library of Orators," 1725,)
which is said to be a valuable systematic treatise on
eloquence. Died in 1734.
Lejay or Le Jay, (Gui MICHEL,) a Frenchman, known
by the Polyglot Bible which bears his name, was born
in Paris in '1588. He expended the labour of seventeen
years and a large patrimony in the publication of his
i, e, T, o, u, y, long: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, ii, v. short; a, e. i, Q, obsc ure; fir, fall, fit; mil; not; good; mnnr
LEJEUNE
1521
LELUT
"Bible in Hebrew, Samaritan, Chaldee," etc., ("Biblia
Hebraica, Samaritana, Chaldaica, Graeca, Syriaca, Latina,
Arabica," 1645,) which is a master-piece of typography.
Lejay was assisted in editing this work by Morin, Gabriel
Sionita, and other learned men. He was made a privy
councillor. Died in 1674.
Lejeune, leh-zhun', (CLAUDE,) a famous French
musician and composer, born at Valenciennes about
1540. He received the title of composer to Henry IV.
Died about 1600.
Le Jeune, (HENRY,) painter, born in Flanders in
1819, studied at the British Museum, and in 1841
gained the gold medal of the Royal Academy for his
picture of "Samson bursting his Bonds." He was
curator of the painting school at the Royal Academy
1848-64.
lie Jeune, (JEAN.) See JEUNE, LE.
Lejeune or Le Jeune, (Louis FRANCOIS,) BARON,
a French general and painter, born at Strasburg in 1775.
For his conduct at Austerlitz he was made chef-de-batail-
lon in 1805. He obtained the rank of general of brigade
at Borodino in 1812, and is said to have saved the army
of Oudinot at Hoyerswerda. He painted, besides other
subjects, "The Battle of Marengo," (1801,) "The Battle
of Lodi," (1804,) and "The Battle of the Moskwa,"
(1824.) Died in 1850.
Lejeune, (PAUL,) a French missionary, born in 1592,
laboured in Canada for many years. He published a
descriptive work on Canada and its native tribes, (7
vols., 1640.) Died in 1664.
Lejeune-Dirichlet, (GUSTAV.) See DIRICHLET.
Lekain, leh-kaN', (HENRI Louis,) a famous French
actor, born in Paris in 1728. He was patronized by
Voltaire, who discerned in him the germ of great talent
while he was acting in a private troupe. He made his
dlbut in 1750, and attained a celebrity scarcely equalled
by that of any actor of modern times except Garrick.
Lekain was most successful in tragedy and in the ex-
pression of deep emotion. Voltaire designated him as
the only truly tragic actor. In the latter part of his
career he performed at Berlin, by request of Frederick
the Great Died in 1778.
Le Keux. leh-kooks, f (HENRY,) a skilful English
engraver, born in 1788. He engraved some works of
Turner and Prout, illustrations of Sir Walter Scott's
Poems, etc. Died in 1868.
Le Keux, (JOHN,) an English architectural engraver,
a brother of the preceding, was born in London in 1783
or 1784. He excelled in the engraving of Gothic ar-
chitecture, the principles and details of which he had
diligently studied. His works have contributed much
to the diffusion of a taste for the Gothic style in England.
He engraved part of Britton's " Cathedral Antiquities,"
and of Pugin's "Antiquities of Normandy" and "Gothic
Specimens," and other works. He died in 1846.
Le Laboureur, (JEAN.) See LABOUREUR, LE.
Le'land, (CHARLES GODFREY,) an American littera-
tear, born at Philadelphia in 1824. He published in
1855 "The Sketch-Book of Meister Karl" and "The
Poetry and Mystery of Dreams," a translation of Heine's
" Pictures of Travel," (" Reisebilder," 1856,) " Sun-
shine in Thought," (1862,) "Legends of Birds," (1864,)
"Hans Breitmann's Ballads," (1867-70,) "The Music-
Lessons of Confucius, and other Poems," (1870,) "Gau-
deamus," (1871,) "The Egyptian Sketch-Book," (1873,)
"The English Gypsies," (1873,) "English Gypsy Songs,"
(1875,) " The Minor Arts," (1880,)" The Gypsies," (1882,)
and "Heine's Complete Works," (1891 et sc-j.)
Lel'aud or Laylonde, la'lgnd, (JOHN,) an eminent
English antiquary and linguist, born in London soon
after 1500. He learned the ancient and modern lan-
guages at Oxford and Paris. Having entered into holy
orders, he became chaplain to Henry VIII., who em-
ployed him as librarian and in 1533 gave him the title
of his antiquary, with orders to explore the antiquities
of England. He spent about seven years in collecting
materials for history, and in 1545 compiled his "Account
of British Authors," (" Commentarii de Scriptoribus Bri-
tannicis.") He became insane in 1550, and died im552,
leaving many manuscripts.
Leland, (JoHN,) an English dissenting minister, born
in Lancashire in 1691. He became pastor of a Presby-
terian congregation in Dublin in 1716. In 1733 he pub-
lished an "Answer to Tindal's 'Christianity as Old as
the Creation.'" He wrote other approved treatises in
defence of Christianity, and in 1754 published his chief
work, a "View of the Principal Deistical Writers that
have appeared in England in the Last and Present Cen-
tury." Died in 1766.
See the " Monthly Review" for March, 1754, March, 1755, and
June, 1764.
Leland, (JOHN,) an American Baptist divine, born al
Grafton, Massachusetts, in 1754. He published nume-
rous sermons, and essays on various subjects. Died in
1841.
Leland, (THOMAS,) a classical scholar and historical
writer, was born in Dublin in 1722. He took orders, anc1
became eminent as a preacher. In 1756 he produced
the first volume of an excellent translation of Demos-
thenes' Orations, which was finished in 1770. He was
appointed professor of oratory in Trinity College in 1763,
His principal works, besides the above-named, are a
" History of the Life and Reign of Philip of Macedon,"
(1758,) a "Dissertation on the Principle of Human Elo-
quence," (1764,) and a "History of Ireland," (1773.)
Died in 1785.
See the " Monthly Review" for August, 1758. and September and
November, 1773.
Lelenz, leh-luh', (ADOLPHE, ) a popular French
painter of genre, born in Paris in 1812. Among his
works are " The Spanish Smugglers," and " The Return
from Market," (1847.) Died July 27, 1891.
Leleux, (ARMAND,) a painter of genre, etc., a brother
of the preceding, born in Paris in 1818; died in 1885.
Lelewel, la-la'vel, ? (JOACHIM,) one of the most emi-
nent Polish historians of modern times, was born at
Warsaw in 1786. He conspired with the insurgents at
Warsaw against Constantino of Russia in November,
1830, and was proposed for dictator; but Chlopicki was
preferred. Lelewel held several high offices in the new
government for a short time, until the victories of the
Russians drove him into exile in 1831. After 1833 he
resided at Brussels. Among his most popular works
are a " History of Poland," (1829,) a " History of Poland
under Stanislas Augustus," (1831,) and " Poland of the
Middle Ages," (1846-51.) He published (in French) an
important work on "Mediaeval Geography," (1852,) and
various other books. Died in 1861.
See L. CHODZKO, "Notice biographique sur J. Lelewel," 4tb
edition, 1834.
Lelli, lel'lee, (ERCOLE,) an Italian painter and modeller
of the Bolognese school, born in 1702. He excelled in
the art of anatomical preparations. Died in 1766.
Leloir, leh-lwjR', (Louis AUGUSTE,) a French painter,
born in Paris, March 15, 1843. He became one of the
most graceful and refined of recent French painters,
ranking very high as a draughtsman, a colourist, and a
designer. Died in 1884.
Lelong, leh-16N', JACQUES,) a French priest and
bibliographer of high reputation, bom in Paris in 1665,
was learned in languages and literary history. He be-
came librarian in the Maison Saint-Honore, at Paris.
Among his principal works are " Bibliotheca Sacra ; or,
Syllabus of nearly all Editions and Versions of the
Scriptures," (2 vols., 1709,) and "Bibliothequehistorique
de la France," (1719,) containing a catalogue of works
which treat on French history, with notes. An enlarged
edition of the latter was published by Fevret de Fon-
tette, (5 vols., 1768-78.) Died in 1721.
Le Lorrain, leh lo'rlN', (Louis JOSEPH,) a French
engraver and mediocre painter, born in Paris in I7'5J
died in Saint Petersburg in 1 760.
Lelorrain or Le Lorrain, (ROBERT,) a French sculp-
tor, born in Paris in 1666, was a pupil of Girardon. He
was chosen a member of the Royal Academy in 1701.
His works display good talents, but are censured for
mannerism. Died in 1743.
Lelut, la'lii', (Louis FRANCOIS,) a French physician,
born in Haute-Sa&ne in 1804. He wrote able treatise!
on psychology, insanity, etc. Died January 25, 1877.
€ as i; c as s; g hard; g as ;"; G, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as t; th as in this.
96
xplanations, p. 23.)
LELY
1522
LEMERY
Lelf, (Sir PETER,) or Van der Faes, v9n d?r (is, a
successful portrait-painter, of Dutch descent, was born
at Soest, in Westphalia, in 1617. He removed to Lon-
don in the reign of Charles I. He excelled in the repre-
sentation of female beauty, and became one of the most
fashionable artists of that time. After the restoration
in 1660, he received the title of first painter to Charles
II., the beauties of whose court were the subjects of
his master-pieces. His works are generally censured for
immodesty. Died in 1680.
Lemaire, leh-m5R', (HENRI,) a French novelist, born
at Nancy in 1756. He wrote, besides other works, "The
French Gil Bias, or Adventures of Henri Lan9on," (3
vols., 1792.) Died in 1808.
Lemaire, le>mSR', (JACQUES,) a Dutch navigator and
merchant, who was director-general of a company which
in 1615 sent an expedition to find a new route to the
Pacific Ocean. He discovered the strait which bears
his name and separates Staten Land from Terra del
Fuego, in 1616, doubled Cape Horn for the first time,
and sailed to the East Indies. He died at sea in 1616.
C. Schouten was captain of the ship which made this
voyage.
See A. G. CHOTIN, " Notice sur J. Lemaire, Navigateur."
Lemaire, (JEAN,) a Belgian poet and historian, born
in Hainault about 1473. He entered the service of
Margaret of Austria as librarian. His principal work
is entitled " Illustrations of the Gauls," (" Illustrations
des Gaules," 1512.) Died about 1548.
Lemaire, (JEANE MADELEINE,) a French artist,
maiden name Coll, born at Rossoline in 1850. She
exhibited a portrait at the Salon at the age of fifteen,
and continued a prolific painter and book illustrator,
her subjects embracing flowers, portraits, an& genre.
Lemaire, (NICOLAS ELOl,)a French classical scholar
and Latin poet, born at Triancourt (Meuse) in 1767. He
was chosen professor of Latin poetiy in the Faculty ol
Letters, Paris, in 1811. He composed Latin verses with
remarkable facility. Among his productions is a Latin
"Ode on the Birth of the King of Rome," (1812.) He
acquired reputation among classical literati by the pub-
lication of all the best Latin authors, in 154 vols. 8vo,
under the title of " Bibliotheca Classica Latina." This
is said to be the best collection of the classics that exists.
Died in 1832.
Lemaire, (PHILIPPE HENRI,) a French sculptor, a
member of the Institute, was born at Valenciennes in
1798. He gained the first prize in 1821, and studied in
Rome. His design for the fronton or pediment of the
church of Madeleine, Paris, was preferred in 1836. This
rast composition is called his capital work. Died 1880.
Lemaire, ( PIERRE AUGUSTE, ) a French classical
scholar, a nephew of Nicolas Eloi, noticed above, was
bom at Triancourt in 1802. He edited Lucan, Lucre-
tius, and other classic authors. Died in 1887.
Lemaistre, leh-m^tR', (ANTOINE,) a French advocate,
born in Paris in 1608, was a brother of Lemaistre de Sacy.
He acquired a great reputation by his eloquence, and
afterwards retired to the cloister of Port-Royal. He was
a friend of Pascal, and a nephew of Arnauld d'Andilly.
Referring to his published forensic speeches, Hallam
says, " Lemaistre is fervid and brilliant ; he hurries us
«ith him. Both Lemaistre and Patru do great honour
to the French bar." He was one of the translators of
the Port-Royal New Testament Died in 1658.
Lemaistre, (JEAN,) a French magistrate, who in 1591
was nominated first president of the Parliament of Paris
by the chiefs of the League. At a critical period in the
contest between the League and Henry IV. he procured
• decree of Parliament in favour of the latter, (1593.)
Died in 1596.
Lemaiatre de Saci or Sacy, leh-mitR' deh si'se',
(ISAAC Louis,) a French Jansenist theologian, born in
Paris in 1613, was a nephew of Antoine Arnauld le
Grand. He was ordained a priest in 1650, and became
confessor or principal director of the recluses of Port-
P.oyal. He was confined in the Bastille two years, (1666-
68,) during which he made a French translation of the
Old Testament. He was one of the translators of the
New Testament of Mons, (1667,) which was often re-
printed. In consequence of renewed persecution, he left
Port-Royal in 1679. He published French versions of
several works, among which were the fourth and sixth
books of the ".(Eneid." Died in 1684.
Lemal tie, leh-mitR',(FRED4Ric,) a celebrated French
actor, born at Havre in 1800, was called "the Talma of
the Boulevards." He was successful in tragedy and com-
edy, and excelled in the romantic drama. Died in 1876.
Lemaitre, (JULES,) a French critic and poet, born
at Vennecy in 1853. He became professor of rhetoric
at Havre in 1875, and of literature at Grenoble in
1884, subsequently devoted himself to literature, and
was made a member of the French Academy in 1895.
He became widely known for his ability as a dramatic
critic, and wrote " Les Contemporains," (1886,)
"Dix Contes," (1889,) "Les Bois," (1892.) etc.,
with a number of plays.
Le'man. (Rev. THOMAS,) an English antiquary,
born in 1751; died in 1827.
Le Ma out, or Lemaout, leh-mS'oo', (JEAN EMMA-
NUEL MARIE,) a French botanist, born at Guingamp, De-
cember 29, 1799. He published various works on botany,
and, with M. J. Decaisne, prepared a well-known "Gen-
eral Treatise on Botany," (1867.) Died June 23, 1877.
Le Marchant, leh maVshoN', (JACQUES,) a Flemish
historian, born at Furnes in 1537, wrote several works
on the history of Flanders. Died in 1609.
Lembke, ISmp'keh, (JOHANN PHILIPP,) a German
painter and engraver, born at Nuremberg in 1631, painted
battles, sieges, and hunting-scenes with success. He
was invited to the court of Sweden by Charles XI., whc
gave him the title of painter to the king. Died in 1721.
Lemchen. See LEMNIUS, (SiMON.)
Lemene, la-ma'ni, (FRANCESCO,) COUNT, an Italian
poet, born at Lodi in 1634. He composed many elegant
Latin verses, but his principal poen.s were written in the
Italian language. He had a rich and poetic imagination,
and contributed much to reform the poetry of his country.
Died in 1704.
Lemens, van, vjn la'mens, (BALTHASAR,) a Flemish
painter of history, born at Antwerp in 1637, worked in
London. Died in 1704.
Lemercier, leh-meVse^-i', (JACQUES,) a French archi-
tect, born at Pontoise about 1600. By order of Cardinal
Richelieu, he built about 1635 the church of the Sor
bonne at Paris, and the Chateau Richelieu. He obtained
the title of chief architect to the king. Among his most
admired works are the church of the Annonciade at
Tours, and that of Saint- Roch in Paris. Died in 1660.
See FONTENAY, " Dictionnaire des Artistes :" " Nouvelle Biogra-
phic Generate ;" QUATREMERK DE QUINCY, " Vies des plus ccflibro
Architectes."
Lemercier, (Louis JEAN NEPOMUCENE,) a popular
French poet and dramatist, born in Paris, April 21,
1771. He was a republican in the Revolution and
through all the changes which followed. His tragedy
of "Agamemnon," in verse, (1797,) procured for him
a triumph of which the annals of the theatre offer few
examples. lie afterwards produced "Ophis," "Louis
XI.," (1821,) and other successful tragedies. He was
chosen a member of the French Academy in 1810. He
wrote a poem entitled "The French Ages," (1803,) and
many other works. Talleyrand is reported to have said
that Lemercier conversed better than any other man in
France. Died in 1840.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Lemery, lam're', (Louis,) a skilful physician and
chemist, a son of Nicolas, noticed below, was born in
Paris in 1677. He was a member of the Academy of
Sciences, for which he wrote many memoirs. For thirty-
three years be was physician to the Hotel-Dieu, Paris.
Died in 1743.
Lemery, (NICOLAS,) M.D., a French chemist, born
at Rouen in 1645, was educated a Protestant In 1672
he settled in Paris, where he lectured on chemistry with
Mat, and published a "Course of Chemistry," ("Cours
de Chimie," 1675,) which was very successful. It was
often reprinted, and was translated into many languages.
After suffering much persecution for religion, he abjured
a, 4, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, o, u, J, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fit; mSt; not; good; moon-
LEMIERRE
1523
LEMOXNIER
Calvinism in 1686. He was received into the Academy scientist and historian, was born at Quebec in 1825,
jf Sciences in 1699. Died in 1715. appointed inspector of inland revenue in 1869, and
See PAUL ANTOINE CAP, "filoge de N. Le'mery," i8j8; J. TON- . knighted in 1897. He is the author of "Maple
NET, " Notice sur N. LeWry," 1844 : FONTENELLB, " Eloge de N. Leaves," (6 vols., 1863-94,) and numerous works on
Lfrnery," ,7,5 : " Nouvelle B.ograph.e Genera e.' omitho Ogy, archiology/history, etc.
Lemierre, leh-me-aiR', (ANTOINE MARIN.) a French &/'
Lemoine, (JEAN,) a French cardinal and canonist,
born at Crecy. He founded in Paris the college which
'ears his name. Died in 1313.
Lemoine, (JOSEPH,) brother of Charles, noticed above,
was born in Montreal in 1668. In 1719 he took Pen-
sacola from the Spaniards. Died in France in 1734.
Lemoine or Lemoyne, (PIERRE,) a French poet
and Jesuit, born at Chaumont, in Bassigny, in 1602. He
'" s'ee'pKRRiN " Notice de Lemierre," prefixed to an edition of hi, <ook Part jn th.e dispute between the Jesuits and Jan-
works Paris 3 vols iSio- "Nouvelle Biographie Generale." senists. His principal work is a bombastic epic poem en-
Lemiie, leh-meR' or leh-meeR', [ Lat. MIME'US,] titled " Saint> Louis, or the^Holy r
( AUBERT,) a Flemish compiler, born at Brussels in 1573. ™e Infcdels,
• T . .»•_ j e »i _i : i £.nn:n_ -,,,^1 u^.--,^-,.., ,•',. ir- the nunlic.
dramatic poet, was Corn in Paris in 1723. He produced
in 1758 " Hypermnestre," a tragedy, which was com- born at Cre
pletely successful. His tragedies " William Tell" (1766) bears his na
and "The Widow of Malabar" (1770) were often per-
formed with applause. He composed a poem on Painting,
(1769,) which contains several fine passages. He was
chosen a member of the French Academy in 1781. Died
which obtained little favour with
) a French engraver, born c of ^isiana in
il of Lebas. He engraved in d'ibervi
See
Lemire, l?h-
at Rouen in 1724, was a pup
landscapes, portraits, etc., and excelled in vignettes.
"The Partition of Poland" (designed and engraved by
him) is called his master-piece. Died in l8oi.
Lem'ly, (HENRY ROWAN,) an American soldier
Lemoine d'iberville.
Died in 1701.
See IBERVILLE, D'.
(JOHN EMILE,) a French
editor, born in London, October 17, 1815. For many
years he was chief director of the " Journal des Debats. '
"A West-Point Romance," etc. English Dictionary." Died in 1797.
Lemmens. See LEMNIUS. Lemon, (MARK,) an English dramatist, humorist,
LemniuB, leWne-us, or Lemmens, Um'mSns, (LIE- an(j editor, born in London in 1809. He produced a
VIN,) a Dutch physician and philosopher, born at Zierikzee large number of farces, melo-dramas, etc., among which
in 1505. He practised in his native place, and acquired are "The Serious Family" and "The Ladies' Club."
skill. He wrote, in elegant Several of his plays are quite popular. He became
Latin, " De occultis Naturae Miraculis," (" The Secret editor of the London " Punch" soon after its first pub-
a European reputation by his skil
Wondersof Nature," 1559,) and other scientific or moral lication, and literary editor of the "Illustrated London
works, which were very successful. Died in 1568. News." Died in May, 1870.
See HARDEHWIJCK. "Jets over L. Leronius," 1843; M. ADAM, Lemonnier, leh-mo'ne^i', (ANICET CHARLES GA-
"VUz Medicorum Germanonun." ; BRIEL.) a French painter, was born at Rouen in 1743-
Lemnius, l?m'ne-us, (SIMON,) a Swiss poet, whose Among his works are " Cleombrotus" and the "Death
proper name was Lemchen, (Ifm'Ken,) was born in the of Antony." Died in 1824.
Grisons. He studied at Wittenberg, whence he was Lemonnier, (CAMILLE,) a Belgian novelist, ultra-
banished by the influence of Luther or Melanchthon realistic in style, was bom near Brussels in 1835. For
about 1538, probably on account of his writings. He j^j u L'Enfant de Crapaud," (1889,) he was fined
published Latin epigrams and other verses. Died in 1550. £^o> an(j ;ts serial publication stopped.
Lemoine, leh-mwan', (ANTOINE,) a French officer, a Lemonnier, (GUILLAUME ANTOINE,) a French abbe1
brother of D'Iberville, was born at Montreal in 1683. He an(j uttfratfur, born in 1721, produced French trans-
became Governor of Cayenne, where he died about 1730. ]at;ons Of Terence and Perseus, and wrote a volume of
(See IBERVILLE, D'.) .. Fables and Tales." Died in 1797.
Lemoine or Lemoyne, leh-mwln', (CHARLES,) a i,emonnier or Le Monnier, (Louis GUILLAUME,)
Brother of the preceding, was born in 1656, at Montreal, a prench physician and botanist, born in 1717, was a
of which he afterwards became governor. Died in 1729. Brother of Pierre Charles, noticed below. He succeeded
Lemoine or Lemoyne, (ETIENNE,) a French Prot- Bernard fussieu as professor of botany in the Jardin du
estant. divine and Orientalist, born at Caen in 1624, RO; in ,7?7i ancj received the title of first physician to
wrote " Varia Sacra." Died in 1689. the king about 1780. He was for some time chief phy-
Lemoine, (FRANCOIS,) an eminent French historical sidan 0°f the army He rendered considerable service
painter, born in Paris in 1688, was a pupil of Galloche. (Q the sc;ence Of botany, and wrote several treatises
He was admitted into the Royal Academy in 1718, in wnich were inserted in the collection of the Academy
consideration of his " Hercules and Cacus." He made of sciences. Died in 1 799.
a short visit to Italy in 1723, and at his return was chosen SM CHALLAN_ •• Essai historique sur la Vie de L. G. Lemonnier,"
professor of painting in the Academy. His master- l8oc,
piece is "The Apotheosis of Hercules," (1736,) an oil- Le Monnier, (PIERRE,) a French astronomer, born
painting, which adorns a ceiling in the palace of Ver- m jsforrnan(jy in 1675. He was professor of philosophy
sailles, and is said to be the largest in Europe, (64 feet at ,ne College of Harcourt, and published a work called
by 54.) He excelled in composition, and had probably „ course of Philosophy," ("Cursus Philosophise," 6 vols.,
a higher reputation than any French painter of his time ; I7co.) Died in 1757.
but his design was incorrect In 1736 he became first Lemonnier or Le Monnier, (PIERRE CHARLES,) a
painter to the king, and in the next year committed Distinguished French astronomer, born in Paris in 1715,
suicide. wis a son of tne preceding. He was chosen a member
See BRYAN, " Dictionary of Painters." j of the Academy of Sciences in 1736, and assisted Mau-
LeMoine, (Sir JAMES MACPHERSON,) a Canadian | pertuis and Clairaut in measuring a degree of the me-
« as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as>; G, H, K,gvttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23.)
LEMONTEY
15-4
LENIENT
German
ridian at Tornel, within the polar circle, in 1 736-37. I" Len'bach, (FRANZ,) a distinguished
1746 he ascertained the inequalities of Saturn caused by portrait-painter, born in Bavaria m 1836. His pamt-
the attraction of Jupiter, and in 1748, during an eclipse, ings are based on the old masters, especially Rem-
measured the diameter of the moon on the disc of the brandt, and include portraits of Moltke, Bismarck,
sun He was for many years a professor of physics Wagner, Liszt, etc.
in the College of France. He published " Histoire ce- Leuclos or Lllnclos, de, deh lox'klo', (ANNE ;
leste," (1741,) "Astronomic Institutes," (" Insti.utions rommonly called NINON,) a French courtesan, celebrated
astro'nomiques," 1746,) a good elementary work on for her wit and beauty, was born in Paris in 1620. She
astronomy, "Nautical Astronomy," (1771,) and othei « as courted by many men of high rank and of eminent
treatises on astronomy, navigation, etc. Died in 1799. talents, with whom she formed liaisons. Among hei
SeeLALANDB,"Bibliographie;""NouvelleBiographieG^ne>ale.' female friends were Madame de Maintenon and Madame
Lemontey leh-m6N't£', (PIERRE EDOUARD.) an able de I,a Fayette. She was never married. It appears thai
'rench historical writer and lawyer, born at Lyons in venality was not one of her vices Her letters are
i the titrnteentn uentury. ne put jjcuci^ ic 1-113 , \L IM^,/ « * *• *->• ,.iot^4.«,., «^... ..
1818 an "Essay on the Monarchical System (gtatlisse- : Dijon, was devoted to the Prince of Conde during the
ment) of Louis XIV.," and was admitted into the French war of the Fronde. He wrote "Memoirs of the Civil
Academy in 1819. Died in 1826. In 1832 appeared his War which began in 1649," (2 vols., 1729.) Died in 1671.
" History of the Regency and the Minority of Louis Le Neve, leh-neev', (JOHN,) an English antiquary,
XV.," a part of his unfinished " History of France." born about 1679. He published " Fasti Ecclesiae Angh-
Lemos, (TOMAS,) a Spanish theologian, bom in "^ H « rp^ffia English antiquary, born in
Galicia, was professor at Valladolid e l66j> ^^^ Norroy king.at-arms. Died in 1729.
Thomists and Molimsi Lenfant, loN'foN', (ALEXANDRE CHARLES ANNE,) a
grace. He took a prominent part in favour o the prench Jesuit, eminent as a preacher, was born at Lyons
former, and wrote many works, one of which was en- jn ,^2o j^e preached in Paris and other cities, and
titled "Panoply of Grace," (" Panoplia Gratia;," was reputed one of the most eloquent pulpit orators of
1676.) Died in 1629. his time. He was one of the victims of the massacre
Lemot, (FRANCOIS FREDERIC,) a French sculptor, ;„ parjs jn September, 1792.
born at Lyons in 1773. Having gained the grand Lenfant, (JACQUES,) a French Protestant divine of
prize about 1790, he went to Rome with a pension, great merit, born at Bazoche in 1661. He was educated
He afterwards worked in Paris, and was chosen a mem- at Saumur and Geneva, and in 1689 removed to Berlin,
ber of the Institute. Among his admired works are where he preached forty years. About 1705 he became
statues of Henry IV., Lycurgus, Leonidas, Brutus, and chaplain to Frederick William of Prussia, and in 1724
Cicero. Died in 1827. was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences. He
See J S PASSSRON, " Notice »ur Lemot." was the author of many valuable works, among which
Lemoyne. See LEMOINK. are a " History of the Council of Constance," (2 vols ,
Lemoyne, leh-mwan', (CAMILLE ANDRE,) a French 1714,) a "Preventive against Reunion with the See of
poet, born at Saint-Jean-d'AngeMy in 1822. He studied Rome," (1723,) and a "History of the \\ars of the
law, but became a printer. He published " Stella Maris Hussites and of the Council of Basle, (2 vols., 1731.)
finish and refinement. ' His histories are admitted to be impartial and moderate.
Lemoyne, leh-mwin', (JEAN BAFTISTE,) a French Lengard. See LENNARD.
sculptor, born in Paris in 1704; died in 1778. Lengerke, von, fan leng'er-keh, (ALEXANDER,) a
Lemoyne, (JEAN BAFTISTE MOYNE,) a French com- celebrated agricultural writer, born at Hamburg in 1802.
poser,borninPerigordinl75l. He composed " Phedre," Among his principal works is the "Agricultural Con-
(1786,) and other successful operas. The poem of rersations-Lexicon," (4 vols., 1835-38.) Died in 1853.
• Phedre" was written by Hoffman. Died in 1796. Lengerke, von, (CASAR, ) a learned theologian,
L'Empereur. See EMPEREUR, L'. brother of the preceding, was born at Hamburg in 1803.
Lempriere, ISm'pre-er or lem-preer', (JOHN,) D.D., His principal works are "Commentaries on the Prophet
a teacher and classical scholar, born in the island of Daniel and the Psalms." Died in 1855.
Jersey about 1760. He published in 1788 an excellent Lenglet-Dufresnoy.loN'gli'du'fRi'nwa', (NICOLAS,)
classical dictionary, which has eni" fed a wide popularity a French abbi, noted as a voluminous and sarcastic writer,
and is still in extensive use. Aftei acting as master of was born at Beauvais (Oise) in 1674. He was several
the grammar-school at Exeter, he obtained the rectory times confined in the Bastille for his freedom or impru-
of Meeth, in Devonshire, about 1811. He also pub- dence as a writer. He displayed great erudition in his
cent, they were called Lares; and if malign, Larva, tory of the Hermetic Philosophy," (3 vols., 1742,)
Some authors, however, considered the Lemures and edited the works of various authors. Died in 1755.
Larvae as identical. To propitiate them or counteract Lengnich, Ung'niK, (GOTTFRIED,) a Prussian his
their influence, solemn rites were annually performed. torian and publicist, bom at Dantzic about 1690. He
Lenaln. See TILLEMONT. published a "History of Polish Prussia from 1526 to
Lenau, la'now, (NiKOLAUS,) an eminent poet, born 1748," (9 vols., 1723-48,) "The Public Law of Poland,"
in Hungary, August 15, 1802. His family name in full (1742,) and other works. Died in 1774.
was NIEMBSCH VON STREHLENAU, (neempsh fpn stRa'- Lengnich, (KARL BENJAMIN,) a German numismatisi
leh-now/.) After he left the University of Vienna he and antiquary, born at Dantzic in 1742 ; died in 1795.
studied law, medicine, and natural sciences, and visited Lenhossek, de, deh Un-hosh'lk, ? (MICHAEL,) a
the United States in 1832. He produced about 18323 Hungarian physician, born at Presburg in 1773. He
collection of lyric poems in German, which had great obtained the title of first physician of Hungary, and
among the first lyric poets of Germany. Died in 1850. | educated in the great schools of Paris and held profes
a,e, 1,6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, 6,1,6, u, y, short ;&,&, j, 9, obscure; fir, fall, fat; mSt; not; good; moon:
LENNARD
1525
LENOX
sorships of rhetoric and French poetry in the Ecole
normale. He wrote two admirable historical treatises
(1859, 1866) on " Satire in France."
Len'nard or Lengard, le'ng'gard, (SAMPSON,) an
English antiquary, who fought under Sir Philip Sidney
at Zutphen. He translated from the French Charron's
" La Sagesse," and other works. Died in 1633.
Lenne, 14'na', (PETER JOSEPH,) born at Bonn in 1789,
acquired a high reputation throughout Germany for his
skill and taste in landscape-gardening. Died in 1866.
Lennep, van, vin len'nep, (DAVID JACOB,) a Dutch
Coet and philologist, born at Amsterdam in 1774. He
ecame professor of eloquence at Leyden, and was
eminent as a classical scholar. He wrote philological
essays and elegant verses, and published editions of
Hesiod and of Ovid. Died in 1853.
See KOBNBN, " Lijkrede op D. J. van Lennep," 1853.
Len'nep, van, (HENRY JOHN,) D.D., an American
missionary, born at Smyrna, Asia Minor, March 8, 1815.
He graduated at Amherst College in 1837. From 1840
to 1859 he was chiefly engaged as a Congregationalist
missionary in Turkey. He published "Travels in Asia
Minor," "Bible Lands," "Ten Days among Greek Brig-
ands," etc. Died January n, 1889.
Lennep, van, (JACOB,) a celebrated novelist, a son of
D. J. van Lennep, was born at Amsterdam in 1802. He
chose the profession of the law, in which he attained
eminence. Among his early productions are poems
entitled "National Legends, (" Vaderlandsche Legen-
den.") In 1830 he produced "The Village on the
Frontier," a political farce, which had immense success.
He published many popular novels, among which are
"Our Forefathers,'' ("Onze Voorouders,") and "The
Rose of Dekama." He translated into Dutch some plays
of Shakspeare, and poems of Byron and Tennyson. He
died August 26, 1868.
Lennep, van, JAN DANIEL,) a Dutch linguist and
critic, born at Leeuwarden in 1724. He was professor of
Latin and Greek at Groningen from 1752 to 1768. He
gained a high reputation by a work "On the Analogy
of the Greek Language," and by his " Etymology of the
Greek Language," ("Etymologicum Linguae Graecae,")
(published by Scheide, 2 vols., 1790.) Died in 1771.
See SAX, " Onomasticon."
Lenngren, leVgR? n,(ANNA MARIA,) a Swedish writer,
originally named Malms tedt, (malm'stit,) born at Upsal
in 1 754, was the author of poems of a humorous character.
Died in 1817.
See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Len'nox, (CHARLOTTE,) an ingenious authoress, born
at New York in 1720, was the daughter of Colonel Ram-
say, lieutenant-governor of that place. She went to Eng-
land in her youth, and appears to have been dependent
on her literary talents for support before and after her
marriage with Mr. Lennox. She wrote "The Female
Quixote," (1752,)" Henrietta," a successful novel, ( 1 758,)
and other works of fiction. In 1753 she published
"Shakspeare Illustrated," a collection of tales on which
the plays of that dramatist are founded, translated from
various languages. She enjoyed the friendship of Dr.
Johnson, who expressed a high opinion of her works.
Died in 1804.
Lennox, (Lord WILLIAM PITT,) an English novelist
and writer on sporting matters, born in 1799. He was
a younger son of the fourth Earl of Richmond. Among
his numerous works are "Compton Audley," (1841,)
"The Tuft-Hunter," (1843,) "The Story of my Life,"
(1857,) "Merrie England, its Sports and Pastimes,"
(1857,) "Drafts on my Memory," (1865,) etc. Died
February 18, 1881.
Lenoble, leh-nobl', (EusTACHE,) a French litterateur,
born at Troyes in 1643. He wrote many works in prison,
where he was confined for forgery, and acquired some
popularity as a gay, sprightly writer. Among his works
are "Political Dialogues," (1690,) and "The School of the
World." Died in 1711.
Lenoir, leh-nwaR', (ALEXANDRE,) a French antiquary
and artist, born in Paris in 1761. In the Revolution he
saved from destruction many monuments and works of
art found in convents and churches. He was chosen
keeper (administrateur) of the Museum of French Monu-
ments in 1801. He published, besides other works, a
"History of Painting on Glass," (1804,) and a "History
of the Arts in France proved by Monuments," (iSio,)
Died in 1839.
Lenoir, (ALEXANDRE ALBERT,) an architect, a son
of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1801. He was
architect of the museum formed by the union of the
Palais des Thermes with the H&tel de Cluny, and a
member of the Academic des Beaux-Arts. Died in 1891.
Lenoir, (£TIENNE,) a Frenchman distinguished for
his skill in the fabrication of astronomical and mathe-
matical instruments, was born at Mer in 1744. He fur-
nished the instruments for the expeditions of La Pe'rouse
and Baudin, and those used by the savants whom Bona-
parte took to Egypt in 1798. Died in 1832.
Lenoir, (NICOLAS,) called LE ROMAIN, a French
architect, born in Paris in 1726. He was employed as an
architect by Voltaire at Ferney. Died in 1810.
Lenormand, leh-noR'moN', (MARIE ANNE ADE-
LAIDE,) a French fortune-teller, born at Alenjon in 1772.
She wrote, besides other works, " Memoirs of the Em-
press Josephine," (1829,) which has been translated into
English. Died in 1843.
See F. GIRAULT, " Mademoiselle Le Normand, sa Biographie, flea
Predictions," etc., 1843.
Lenormant, leh-noR'mftN', (CHARLES,) a French
antiquary, born in Paris in 1802. He accompanied
Champollion to Egypt in 1828, and was chosen a substi-
tute of Guizot as professor of history in Paris in 1835.
He wrote an " Introduction to Oriental History," (1838,)
and other works. Died November 24, 1859.
Lenormant, (FRANC.OIS,) an eminent French archae-
ologist, a son of the preceding, was born in Paris, Jan-
uary 17, 1837. He began his archaeologistic studies
when very young. In 1874 he was made professor of
archaeology in the National Library. Among his works
are " Lettres assyriologiques et epigraphiques," (4 vols.,
1871-72,) " Les premieres Civilisations," (1874,) " Etudes
accadiennes," (1875,) "E'ude sur quelques Parties des
Syllabaires cune'iformes," (1877,) " Les Origines de 1'His-
toire d'apres la Bible," etc. Died December 9, 1883.
Len6tre, leh-notR', (ANDRE,) a French architect and
designer of the royal gardens, was born in Paris in 1613.
He displayed his inventive genius in adorning the park
and garden of Versailles for Louis XIV., and designed
or embellished other royal gardens at Chantilly, Saint-
Cloud, and the Tuileries. In 1675 the king granted
him letters of nobility. Died in 1700. "The gardens
of the Tuileries and of Versailles," says the " Biographie
Universelle," " will always be the master-pieces of the
style invented by Lenotre."
See, also, MORBRI, " Dictionnaire Historique :" " Nouvelle Bio-
graphie Ge'ne'rale."
Lenourry, leh-noo're', (DENIS NICOLAS,) a learned
French monk, born at Dieppe in 1647. He devoted
many years to a work entitled "Apparatus ad Bibliothe-
cam maximam Patrum Veterum,"etc., (2 vols., 1694-97,)
which contains critical dissertations on the works of the
Fathers. Died in 1724.
Len'pz, (JAMES,) the founder of the Lenox Library in
New York, was born about 1800. He was the son of a
wealthy merchant of New York, of Scottish birth. James
Lenox made a splendid collection of rare books. In
1870 this collection was turned over to a corporation
and was made the nucleus of a free library. Mr. Lenox
also built for the library a handsome building, worth,
with the land it occupies, one million two hundred thou-
sand dollars. The building was finished in 1877. Mr.
Lenox died in 1880.
LSn'pr, (MATTHEW STUART,) EARL OF, a Scottish
nobleman, was the father of Lord Darnley. In 1544 he
was driven out of Scotland by the hostility of the regent
Arran, and went to the court of Henry VIII., who gave
him his niece Margaret Douglas in marriage. He was
invited to return to Scotland with his son in 1564. In
1570 he was chosen Regent of Scotland by the party
which was hostile to Queen Mary. Her partisans sur-
prised him at Stirling in 1572, and, perceiving that his
friends were likely to rescue him, instantly put him to
death.
<• as k; c as s; g hard; g as/; G, H. K. guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as *; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23.)
LENS
1526
LEO
Lens, lens or UN, (ANDREAS CORNELJS,) a Flemish
painter, born at Antwerp in 1739. He worked in Brus-
sels, and painted history and portraits. He excelled in
design, colouring, and chiaroscuro. Died in 1822.
See Ds STASSART, "A. C. Lens," 1846.
Lens, (BERNARD,) a Belgian painter and engraver,
excelled in miniature. He became court painter to
George II. of England. Died in 1741.
Lenstrom or Lenstroem, len'strbm, (KARL JULIUS,)
a Swedish writer, born at Gefle in 1811. He became
professor of philosophy at his native place, and pub-
lished, besides other works, a " History of the Theories
of Art," (2'vols., 1839,) and a "History of Swedish
Poetry," (1840.) Died April 6, 1893.
Lenthal or Lenthall, lent'al, ? (WILLIAM,) an English
statesman and lawyer, born in Oxfordshire in 1591. He
was returned to Parliament in 1639, and in 1640 was
chosen Speaker of the Commons by the popular or re-
publican party. When the king attempted to arrest
Hampden, and four other members, in the House, and
asked Lenthal if they were present, he prudently re-
plied, " I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak
in this place, but as the House, whose servant I am, is
pleased to direct me." In 1653 he ceased to be Speaker,
the Parliament having been violently dissolved by Crom-
well, but was elected by the new House to the same
office m 1654. He also acted as Speaker for a short
time in 1660, before Charles II. was restored. Died in
1682, or, according to some authorities, in 1662.
See HUME, "History of England:" CLARENDON, "History of
the Rebellion."
monarch. Having gained a victory over the Huno, he
sent an expedition against Genseric in Africa, which was
unsuccessful. He is represented as an able ruler. He
died in 474 A.D., having named as his successor his
grandson, Leo, an infant, who died after a nominal reign
of a few months. Zeno, the father of Leo II., then began
to reign.
See GIBBON, " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ;" LB BR> o,
" Histoire du Bas- Empire," edited by SAINT-MARTIN.
Leo II., born about 470 A.D., succeeded Leo I. in 474,
and died the same year.
Leo UL, called ISAU'RICUS, one of the most able
emperors of the East, was born in Isauria, of obscure
parentage. In the army of Justinian II. he rose to the
highest rank. When Anastasius II. was dethroned, in
716 A.D., Leo and Theodosius aspired to succeed ; and
the former prevailed in 717. The first important event
of his reign was his great victory over the Saracens, who
had besieged Constantinople for two years, (718-19.)
The prosperity of his reign was soon blasted by a dis-
pute about the use of images, which Leo prohibited
in 727, and which the Greek patriarch and the pope
defended. Thus began the schism of the Iconoclasts,
which convulsed the empire with persecutions, revolts,
and great calamities to the end of his reign, and caused
the final separation of the Latin from the Greek Church.
He died in 741 A.D., and was succeeded by his son,
Constantine Copronymus.
See GIBBON, "Declin
Histoire du Bas-E
Biographic GiSneVale.
Jineand Fall of the Roman Empire;" LK BRAD,
Histoire du Bas-Empire ;" THBOPHANES, "History;" u Nouvell*
iographie Ge"ndrale."
Len'tu-lus, the name of a noble Roman family, a Le° ^ EmPe™r of Constantinople, born in 751
-im-K nf »UD .„ r* i:_ L- L _ • A. D. . WaS the SOn OI (,onsrailtinp Pnnrrinvmnc orlinm Vin
branch of the gens Cornelia, which produced severa
distinguished men. PUBLICS CORNELIUS LENTULUS
SURA, a man of corrupt character but popular manners
was chosen consul in 73 B.C., and was afterwards ex-
pelled from the senate for some misconduct. He was
an accomplice in Catiline's conspiracy, and was per-
suaded by the soothsayers that he was the third member
of the Cornelia gens destined by the fates to have the
chief power in Rome. By the orders of Cicero and the
senate, he was put to death in 62 B.C.
P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS SPINTHER was consul in
57 B.C., when he promoted the recall of Cicero. In the
civil war he took arms for Pompey, was made prisoner
and liberated by Caesar, but fought for Pompey at Phar-
salia, and fled to Rhodes. Nothing further is known
respecting him.
Lentulus, len'too-lus, (CYRIACUS,) a German publi-
cist, born at Elbingen about 1620. He published, in Latin,
" Arcana of Kingdoms and Republics," (1653,) and " The
Absolute Prince," (1663,) which, with his other works,
form an ample commentary on Tacitus. Died in 1678
Lenz, lents, (HEINRICH FRIEDRICH EMIL,) a German
physician, born at Dorpat in 1804. He was chosen a
member of the Academy of Sciences at Saint Peters-
burg in 1834, and was afterwards professor of medicine
at the university in that city, and numbered among h«s
pupils the imperial princes. Died February 10, 1865
Leuz, (JAKOB MICHAEL REINHOLD,) a German poet
and intimate friend of Goethe, born in Livonia in 1750.
He became insane in consequence of an unrequited
passion for Frederica Brion, who has been celebrated
by Goethe. He wrote several comedies. Died in 1792.
heirn5"*8ST8BKHl "Def Dichter Lcnl wi Friederike TOD Sesen-
Lenz, (KARL GOTTHOLD,) a German philologist and
writer, born at Gera in 1763 ; died at Gotha in 1809.
Leuz, (OsKAK,) an Austrian geologist, born in 1848.
Since 1874 he has made extensive explorations in West
Africa.
Lenz, (SAMUEL,) a German historian, born at Stenckl
in 1686; died about 1760.
See HUCH, "S. Lenz's Leben," 1758.
Le'o [Fr. LEON, 14'oN'] I, Pla'vl-us, Emperoi 01
Constantinople, was a native of Thrace. At the death of
Marcianus, in 457 A.D., he held a high rank in the army,
by which he was proclaimed emperor through the influ-
ence of Aspar, who designed to make him only a nominal
A.D., was the son of Constantine Copronymus, whom he
succeeded in 775. His wife was the ambitious Irene.
He was a zealous Iconoclast, and is charged with perse-
cuting the orthodox or image-worshippers. He died in
780, leaving the throne to his minor son, Constantine VI.
See CKDRBNUS " History."
Leo V, Emperor of the East, is called THE ARMENIAN,
because his father was a native of Armenia. Supported
bj the army, which he had corrupted, he rebelled against
Michael Rangabe1, and usurped the throne, in 813 A.D.
He defeated the Bulgarians, who invaded his dominions,
in 814. He was a zealous Iconoclast, and violently per-
secuted the image-worshippers, who appear to have been
the majority. He was assassinated in 820 A.D., and
Michael the Stammerer became emperor.
Leo VT, surnamed THE PHILOSOPHER, Emperor of
the East, born in 865 A.D., was the son of Basilius the
Macedonian, whom he succeeded in 886. He exiled the
patriarch Photius. His empire was invaded by the Sara-
cens, who gained several victories. After a weak and
inglorious reign, he died in 911, and was succeeded by
his son, Constantine Porphyrogenitus. Leo was more
successful as an author than as a ruler. He wrote an
esteemed treatise on Tactics, a poem on the desolation
of Greece, moral discourses, and other works.
See GIBBON, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:"
BEAU, " Histoire du Bas-Empire ;" FABRICIUS," Bibliotheca Gra<
1 H
'6u'; It. LEONE, 14-o'na; Sp. LEON,
, 14-owN'] 1, POPE, called THE
Le'o[Fr. LEON, 14'6N
i-dn'; Port LEAo, 1;
3REAT, an ambitious and able pontiff, was a native of
Rome, and was chosen bishop of that see in 440 A.D., as
successor to Sixtus III. His talents and learning had
5een approved in several important missions. In 445
ic reversed the decision of Hilaire, (Hilarius,) a French
nishop, on a question of discipline. It was the con-
stant aim of his policy to promote the supremacy of the
Bishops of Rome. He pronounced against the heresy
of Eutyches, which was condemned in the (Ecumenic
Council of Chalcedon in 451. Tradition informs us that
4ttila, marching against Rome in 452, was persuaded
iy the prayers of Leo to spare that city. He failed
o prevent the pillage of Rome by the Vandal king
Genseric in 455. He died in 461 A.D., leaving many
sermons and epistles, which are valuable for the light
hey throw on the history of the age. Hilarius L was
his successor.
See P. DH MORNAY, " Histoire pontificate, " 1612 : P. DUMOOLIM
'Vie et Religion de deux bons Papes, Le'on I et Gre'goire I," 1650.
i, e, I, 6, u, y, long; 4, k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscurt; far, fall, fat; met; not; good; moon.
LEO
15*7
LEO
Leo II., POPE, a native of Sicily, succeeded Agathon
in 682 A.D. He is praised for virtues and learning by
Catholic writers. He died in May, 684, and was suc-
ceeded by Benedict II.
Leo TIT,, a Roman by birth, was chosen pope in 795
A.D., in place of Adrian I. His first act was the recog-
nition of his subjection or allegiance to Charlemagne, to
whom he sent the keys of Saint Peter's. In 799 he was
attacked by a band of conspirators, and escaped with
several wounds. Charlemagne visited Rome in 800, and
was crowned by the pope as Emperor of the Romans,
with the title of Augustus. Thus the Western Empire
was restored, after it had been subverted three hundred
and twenty-five years. Leo died in 816 A.D., and was
succeeded by Stephen IV.
See J. G. FABER, "Dissertatio de Leone III. Papa Romano,"
1748.
Leo IV., a native of Rome, was chosen pope in 847
A.D., in place of Sergius II. He bravely defended Rome
against the Saracens, who, however, pillaged the basilica
of Saint Peter. He built a suburb of his capital, which
was named Leonina. His character is said to have been
good. He died in 855, and was succeeded by Benedict
III. The fabulous female pope Joan was supposed by
some writers to have been the successor of Leo IV.
See BARONIUS, "Annales."
Leo V., a native of Ardea, was elected pope in 903
A.D., after the death of Benedict IV. About two months
after his election he was deposed by his rival Christopher,
and died in prison, according to one account, in 903.
Leo VI. succeeded John X. in 928 A.D., when the
Church was in a deplorable state and Italy was filled
with disorder. After a reign of seven months, he died,
in 929, and was succeeded by Stephen VII.
Leo VII. was chosen pope after the death of John
XI., in 937 A.D. He has the reputation of a wise and
pious pontiff His reign was not marked by important
events. He died in 939, and Stephen VIII. then became
pope.
Leo VllJL was elected pope in 963 A.D., in place of
John XII., who had been deposed by a council. John
returned, expelled Leo from Rome, and held the place
until his death, in 964. The Romans then elected Bene-
dict V. ; but Leo was restored by the emperor Otho. He
died in 965, and was succeded by John XIII.
See PLATINA, "Vitz Pontificura Romanorum."
Leo IX., originally Bruno, bRoo'no, was born in
Alsace in 1002, and was a cousin-german of the emperor
Conrad the Salic. He was noted for learning, and be-
came Bishop of Toul. In 1049 he succeeded Damasus
II. He held frequent councils, and laboured zealously
to reform the morals of the clergy Having raised an
army to oppose the Normans, he was defeated by them
and made prisoner, but was at last released. He died in
1054, and was succeeded by Victor II.
See F. X. HUNKLHR, "Leo IX. und seine Zeit,"i85i; MURA-
TORI, "Rerum Italicarum Scriptores," vol. Hi,, 1733.
Leo X., (Cardinal GIOVANNI de' Medici — da mid'-
ee-chee,) celebrated as a munificent patron of literature
and the arts, the second son of Lorenzo de' Medici, (the
Magnificent,) was born at Florence in 1475. He was
created a cardinal at the age of thirteen. In 1512 he
was made prisoner by the French at Ravenna, but soon
regained his liberty. Julius II. having died, Cardinal de'
Medici was elected pope, March II, 1513, and assumed
the name of Leo X. He announced his patronage of
literature by choosing two eminent authors, Bembo and
Sadolet, as his apostolical secretaries. The pontificate of
Leo is a memorable epoch in religion, politics, and the fine
arts. In 1515 he negotiated and signed, with Francis I. of
France, an important concordat, which remained in force
nearly three centuries and gave to the king the right of
nominating bishops in his own dominions. One of the
most momentous acts of his administration was the im-
mense issue and sale of indulgences, which were authorized
in 1517, (ostensibly for the completion of the cathedral
of Saint Peter's,) and which impelled Luther to denounce
the corruptions and defy the power of the Church of
Rome. (See LUTHER.) He is censured by many Catho-
lics for his lenity towards Luther. By violence and craft
he annexed Urbino and Perugia to the Papal State. In
1521 he made a treaty with Charles V., and became the
ally of that prince in a war against Francis I. The
capture of Milan had just been achieved by the allies,
when Leo died in December, 1521, not without suspicion
of poison. He was succeeded by Adrian VI. It is
generally admitted that Leo was rather worldly and
luxurious as the head of the Church. His fondness for
buffoonery gave much offence to the stricter Catholics.
As a temporal ruler he is considered more meritorious.
Under his auspices Michael Angelo obtained celebrity
at Florence and the splendid works of Raphael were
completed in the Vatican. He restored its alienated
revenues to the Roman University, in which one hundred
professors received salaries, founded a Greek college at
Rome, and liberally patronized poets, scholars, and
artists. The part of the sixteenth century in which learn-
ing and art flourished most remarkably is generally
designated as the " age of Leo the Tenth."
See W. ROSCOE, " Life of Leo X.," 3d edition, 1840; A. FABRONI.
" VitaLeonisX.," 1797 : AUDIN, " Histoirede Le'onX," 1844 : PAULO
Giovio, "Vita Leonis X.," 1651 ; ARTAUD DE MONTOR, " Histoire
des souverains Pontifes," vol. iv. : BAVLE, " Historical and Critical
Dictionary;" GUICCIARDINI, "Istoria d'ltalia;" RANKK, "History
of the Popes;" "Edinburgh Review" for January, 1806; "Monthly
Review" for October and November, 1806.
Leo XL, (Cardinal ALESSANDRO de' Medici— dl
med'e-chee,) was advanced in years when he succeeded
Clement VIII. on the 1st of April, 1605. He died on
the 27th of the same month, probably from the fatigue
of the coronation. He had been legate to France under
Clement VIII., and had the reputation of a virtuous and
moderate prelate. Paul V. was his successor.
Leo XII., (Cardinal ANNIBALE della Genga — del'lS
jen'ga,) was born in the district of Spoleto in 1760. Having
acted for some years as nuncio in Germany and France,
he became a cardinal in 1816. In September, 1823, he
succeeded Pope Pius VII. He proclaimed a jubilee in
1825, and made reforms in the civil administration. His
biographers give him credit for political prudence. In
a circular letter of 1825 he denounced the Bible Socie-
ties. He died in February, 1829, and was succeeded by
Pius VIII.
See P. RUDONI, "Leone XII. e Pio VIII.," 1829: C. SCHMID,
"Trauerrede auf Leo XII," 1829: ARTAUD DE MONTOR, "Histoire
du Pape L&m XII.," 2 vols., 1843 : CARDINAL WISEMAN, "Recol-
lections of the Last Four Popes."
Leo yiTT POPE, (GIOACCHINO Pecci,) was born
March 2, 1810, at Carpineto, in Central Italy. He was
descended from an old patrician family, and studied at
Viterbo and at the Collegio Romano. He graduated
in law and theology, and acquired a strong enthusiasm
for the philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas. He was
named by Gregory XVI. one of his chaplains in 1837,
became Bishop of Damietta in 1843, was nuncio to Bel-
gium from 1843 to 1846, was made Archbishop and Bishop
of Perugia, 1846, was created a cardinal-priest in 1853 by
Pius IX., became papal camerlengo in 1877, and was
chosen pope February 21, 1878. He had been a friend
and favourite of Gregory XVI., who is said to have re-
served him for the cardinalate. Though a strong advo-
cate of the papal claims to temporal dominion, Leo is
looked upon as a man opposed to radical measures and
extreme views. By the bull "./Eterni Patris" he estab-
lished and defined the authority of the philosophical and
theological writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas. He also
authorized the publication of a great part of the records
of the papal court. This publication began in 1884, and
promises to afford matter of great value to the writers
and students of history.
Leo, an astronomer, who lived at Constantinople.
He was invited to Bagdad by the caliph Al-Mamoon,
but the emperor refused to part with him. He was ap-
pointed Archbishop of Thessalonica, but was deprived
of that office, for his opposition to image-worship, in
849 A.D.
Leo [Gr. Aeuv] OF BYZANTIUM, [Fr. L£ON DE BY-
ZANCE, IVAN' deh be'zoNss',] a philosopher, who lived
about 350 B.C., was a disciple of Plato. He was sent as
ambassador to Philip of Macedon. His writings have
not come down to us.
Leo OF MODENA, a celebrated Jewish rabbi, whose
proper name was Juda Ari4 or Arje, (aR'yi,) was born
eas£; 9asj; gAard; gas/; G, H. K, ruttural- N nasal- R. trilled- §asz.- tbasinMw. (J^=See Explanations, p.
LEO
1528
LEONI
it Venice about 1572, and lived mostly in that city. He
wrote verses in Hebrew and Italian, and published, be-
sides other works, a Hebrew dictionary, and an " Ac-
count of the Rites and Customs of the Jews," (1637.)
Died about 1650.
See WOLF, " Bibliotheca Hebraica."
Leo OF ORVIETO, [Lat. LEO URBEVETA'NUS,] an
Italian chronicler, who flourished about 1320. He wrote,
in barbarous Latin, a chronicle of the emperors, ending
in 1308, and a chronicle of the popes, ending in 1314.
Leo, la'o, (HEINRICH,) an eminent German historian,
born at Rudolstadt in 1799. He obtained about 1828
the chair of history at Halle, which he rilled for twenty-
five years or more. In 1830 he published a " Manual of
Medieval History" and a "History of the Italian States,"
(5 vols.,) which were received with favour. He was an
adversary of the Liberal or radical party in politics.
Among his other works is a "Guide to Universal His-
tory," (" Leitfaden der Universal-Geschichte," 1838-40.)
He died at Halle, April 24, 1878.
Leo, la'o, (JUAN,) surnamed AFRICA'NUS, a Moorish
geographer, born at Granada, was a child when his pa-
rents, flying from the victorious Spaniards, took him to
Africa in 1491. He travelled extensively in Africa and
Asia, was taken captive by Christian corsairs, and pre-
sented to Pope Leo X. about 1517. He abjured Islam-
ism, and wrote, in Arabic, a " Description of Africa,"
(1526,) which was published by Ramusio in 1550 and
was for a long time the best work on that subject
See CASIRI, " Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana."
Leo, la'o, (LEONARDO,) an eminent Italian composer,
born in Naples in 1694, was a pupil of Scarlatti. He
composed admired Italian operas, but acquired a more
durable reputation by his " Miserere," " Dixit Dominus,"
and other pieces of sacred music, in which a grand effect
is produced by means comparatively simple. He was
the master of Piccini and of other excellent composers.
His death is variously dated 1742, 1745, or 1755.
See Fins, " Biographic UniverseUe des Musicians;" " Nouvelle
Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Leo Allatius. See ALLATIUS.
Le'o Di-ac'o-nus, a Byzantine historian, was born at
Caloe, in Ionia, about 950 A.D., and became a lesident
of Constantinople. He wrote a narrative of events from
959 to 975, which is called a valuable supplement to the
Byzantine history.
Leo the Grammarian, one of the Byzantine his-
torians. He wrote about 1013 (as a continuation of
Theophanes) a history of Leo V. and seven succeeding
emperors, entitled "Chronographia Res a recentioribus
Imperatoribus gestas complectens," from 813 to 929.
Leo the Great See LEO I., POP«.
Leo Jndae. See JUDA, (LKON.)
Leo Pi-la'tua or Leon'tius (le-on'she-us) Pila'tus
[Fr. LBONCE PILATE, 14'dNss' pe'lSt',] a Greek scholar,
who taught Greek at Florence, and is said to have been
the first who translated Homer into Italian or Latin. He
was killed by lightning at sea about 1364.
See HODIUS, "De Grzcis illustribus ;" PBTRARCH, "Epistolz,"
T. and vi.
Leo Urbevetanus. See LEO OF ORVIETO.
Le-oeh'a-rea, [Aeuxapji;,] an excellent Greek sculp-
tor, flourished at Athens in the fourth century before
Christ. His master-pieces were the " Rape of Gany-
mede," a statue of Apollo wearing a diadem, and one
of Jupiter Tonans, which was placed in the Capitol of
Rome. He executed, in gold and ivory, portrait-statues
of King Philip and Alexander the Great. Died after
338 B.C.
Le-od'a-mas, [Aeuidfux,] an Athenian orator of high
reputation, was a disciple of Isocrates, and flourished
about 400-350 B.C.
Leon, the French for LEO, which see.
Leon, li-on', (DlEGO,) a Spanish general, born in
1804. In the civil war which began in 1833 he fought
for the queen against Don Carlos. He was reputed the
best general of cavalry in Spain. In 1840 he became a
partisan of Christina in her contest with Espartero, and
was appointed by her captain-general of Madrid. He
conspired against Espartero, was made prisoner, and
executed in 1841.
Leon, (PONCE DE.) See PONCE DE LEON.
Leon de Saint-Jean, la'oN' deh siN zhoN, or Leo
of Saint John, a French theologian, born at Rennes
in 1600. He wrote "Studium Sapientiae universalis."
Died in 1671.
Leonard, la'o'nJV, (NICOLAS GERMAIN,) a French
poet, born at Guadeloupe in 1744, came to France in
early youth. He wrote a poem on the seasons, and
several idyls, (1766.) Died at Nantes in 1793.
Leonard de Limousin, la'o'nSR' deh le'moo'zaN',
or Limosin, le'mo'zaN', a French painter and enamel-
ler, born at Limoges about 1500. He was director of a
manufactory of enamels which Francis I. founded at
Limoges. His works are admirable in design and colour.
He copied the master-pieces of Raphael, Giulio Romano,
and other Italian painters. Died about 1580.
Leonard!, li-o-naR'dee, or Leonardoni, la-o-naR-
do'nee, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian painter, born at Venice
in 1654, excelled in portraits. Died at Madrid in 1711.
Leonardo, la-o-naR'do, ( AUGUSTIN, ) a Spanish
painter and friar, born at Valencia about 1580. He
painted history and portraits with success in Seville and
Madrid. Died about 1640.
Leonardo (or Lionardo, le-o-naR'do) da Pisa, la-
o-naR'do da pee'si, called also Lionardo Piaano
(pe-sa'no) and Leonardo Bonacci (bo-nlt'chee) or
Fibonacci, (fe-bo-nlt'chee,) an Italian mathematician,
who flourished about 1200. He was probably the first
who introduced into Europe the Arabic numeration and
the knowledge of algebra, which he derived from the
Saracens. He wrote in 1202 an arithmetic called " Liber
Abaci," which was published in 1857.
See GUGLIBLMINI, " Elogio di Lionardo Pisano," 1813.
Leonardo da Vinci. See VINCI.
Leon.u ducci, la-o-naR-doot'chee, (GASPARE,) an Ital-
ian poet, born at Venice in 1685. His principal poem is
" Providence," ("La Providenza," 1739.) Died in 1752
Leonatus. See LEONNATOS.
Leonbruno, li-on-bRoo'no, (LORENZO,) a painter ol
the Mantuan school, born in 1489; died about 1537.
See PRANDI, " Notizie spettanli la Vita di L. Leonbruno," 1835.
Leonce. See LEONTIUS.
Leonce Pilate. See LEO PILATUS.
Leone. See LEO.
Leonelli, 14-o-nel'lee, (ZECCHINI,) an Italian mathe-
matician and architect, born at Cremona in 1776; died
in 1847.
Leonhard, von, fon la'on-haRf, (KARL CAESAR,) an
eminent German geologist, born near Hanau in 1779.
He studied at Gbttingen, and in 1818 was appointed
professor of geology at Heidelberg. Among his numerous
works we may name his "Topographical Mineralogy,"
(3 vols., 1805-09,) and "Geology, or Natural History of
the Earth," (8 vols., 1836-45,) which have been trans-
lated into English, French, and Dutch. Died in 1862.
Leonhardi, 14-on-haR'dee, (JpHANN GOTTFRIED,) a
German physician, born at Leipsic in 1746. He became
physician to the Elector of Saxony. Died in 1823.
Leonhardt, la'on-haRt, (GERHARD ADOLPH \VIL-
HELM,) a German jurist, born at Neustadt, Hanover, June
6, 1815. He studied at Gottingen and Berlin, and was
made minister of justice for Hanover in 1865, and chief
justice of Hanover (under the Prussian rigimt) in 1867.
Soon after this he was made minister of justice for Prus-
sia. As head of the committee on justice in the council
of the federal empire, he made a new criminal code foi
Germany. Died at Hanover, May 7, 1880.
Leoni, li-o'nee, (GlACOMO,) a Venetian architect, who
removed to England. Died about 1746.
Leoni, ( LEONE,) a skilful sculptor and engraver of
medals, born at Arezzo, in Tuscany. He was patronized
by Charles V., for whom he worked at Brussels and
Madrid. He made marble statues of Charles and his
empress, and a colossal bronze statue of the former at
Madrid. Died about 1592. His son POMPEIO was also
skilful in the same arts, and was enriched by the favours
of Philip II. of Spain. Pompeio died at Milan in 1660.
See CICOGNARA, "Storia della Scultura."
Leoni, (LuiGl,) an Italian painter, sculptor, and en-
graver, surnamed PADOVANO, was born at Padua in
a, e, 1, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 8, u, J, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fall, fit; met; nftt; good; moon.
LEONI
'5*9
LEOPOLD
1531. He practised his three arts at Rome with nearly
equal success. His paintings are landscapes and his-
torical pieces. Died in 1606.
Leoni, (OTTAVIO,) surnamed IL PADOVANO or PADO-
VANINO, the son and pupil of the preceding, was born in
Rome about 1576, and became one of the most famous
portrait-painters of his time. He was chosen principal
~>l the Academy of Fine Arts in Rome. Died about 1630.
See LANZI, " History of Painting in Italy."
Leoniceno, la-o-ne-cha'no, [LaLLEONiCE'NUS,](Nic-
coi.6,) an eminent Italian physician, born at Lonigo, in
the Vicentine, in 1428. He was professor of medicine
or philosophy at Ferrara, and gained a high reputation
by his writings. He was the first who translated Galen's
work into Latin. Among his works is a treatise "On
Syphilis," ("De Morbo Gallico," 1497.) Died in 1524.
Leonicenus. See LEONICENO.
Le-on-I-ce'nus Om-nl-bo'nus, [It. OGNIBU6NO DI
LONIGO, on-ye-boo-o'no de Io-nee'go,] an eminent Ital-
ian grammarian, born at Lonigo about 1420. He lived
in Venice, where it is supposed he taught rhetoric. He
published a Latin "Treatise on Grammar," (1473,) and
Commentaries on Lucan, Cicero, and other classics.
Le-onl-das, [ Aeuviiaf, ] a heroic king of Sparta,
renowned for his invincible courage, patriotic devotion,
and noble and tragical end, was the son of Anaxandrides.
He succeeded his brother, Cleomenes I., in 492 B.C. When
Xerxes invaded Greece with his countless myriads, in
480, the Greek Congress resolved to defend the pass of
Thermopylae, and Leonidas commanded the small band
to which that task was confided. With about 4000 men,
he resisted the Persian army for several days, until a
treacherous Greek guided 10,000 of the enemy through
a secret path over the mountain. Leonidas, perceiving
that his position was turned, dismissed all his men ex-
cept 300 Spartans and about 1000 other Greeks. The
Spartans maintained their post until they were all slain.
The Persians are said to have lost there 20,000 men. The
monument raised on the grave of the Spartans bore this
inscription : "Go, traveller, and tell at Lacedasmon that
we fell here in obedience to her laws." He left a son,
Pleistarchus, who became king.
See HERODOTUS, books v. and Tii. ; GROTE, " History of Greece. "
Leonidas IL, King of Sparta, the son of Cleonymus,
ascended the throne in 256 B.C. He factiously opposed
the reforms of Agis IV., his colleague, who wished to
restore the regulations of Lycurgus. After having been
deposed for a short time, he regained his power in 240,
and procured the death of Agis. In 236 B.C. he died,
and was succeeded by his son, Cleomenes III.
Leonidas OF TARENTUM, a Greek poet, born at
Tarentum, flourished about 275 B.C. He wrote about
one hundred epigrams, which are preserved in the Greek
Anthology and are much admired.
See FABRICIUS, "Bibliotheca Gneca."
Leonio, li-o'ne-o, (VlNCENZO,) an Italian poet, born
at Spoleto in 1650. He was one of the founders of the
Academy of Arcades, and contributed by his precepts
and example to reform Italian poetry. Died in 1720.
Leonrjat. See LEONNATUS.
Le-on-na'tUB or Le-o-na'tua, [Gr. Aeowarof ; Fr.
LEONNAT, la'o'nf',] a Macedonian general of Pella, ac-
companied Alexander the Great in his invasion of Persia
in 334 B.C. He was one of the officers employed about
that king's person and on occasions requiring entire
confidence. In the attack on Malli the life of Alexander
was saved by the personal bravery of Leonnatus and
Peucestas. At the death of his chief he obtained the
satrapy of Phrygia Minor, and was soon urged by An-
tipater to aid him against the revolted Greeks. For
this purpose he marched with an army into Thessaly,
where he was killed in battle in 322 B.C.
Leono'wens, (ANNA HARIETTE CRAWFORD,) an
author, born at Caernarvon, Wales, in 1834. She
married Thomas Leonowens, who died in India, and
was afterwards governess in the family of the King of
Siam 1863-67. Subsequently she founded a school
for the training of kindergarten teachers in New York.
She published " An English Governess at the Court
of Siam," " Romance of the Harem," etc.
Le-on-tl'a-<3e§, [Gr. Afoi/TiMijr.J a leader of the oil
garchical party which, aided by the Spartan army, ob-
tained the mastery at Thebes about 382 B.C. He was
killed in his own house by Pelopidas in 379 B.C.
Leontief or Leontiew, la-on'te-e'f', (ALEXIS LEON-
TIEVITCH,) a Russian savant, who obtained in 1779 the
title of aulic councillor, and held other high offices. He
was deeply versed in the Chinese literature, and trans-
lated into Russian several Chinese works on history,
geography, etc. Died in 1786.
Leontium, Ie-on'she-um, [Gr. Aeotwtov,] an Athenian
courtesan, the disciple and mistress of Epicurus. She
acquired some distinction as a philosopher, and com
posed in answer to Theophrastus a work on philosophy,
the style of which is praised by Cicero as written "scito
quidem sermone et Attico."* Among her various lovers
was Metrodorus, the disciple and intimate friend of Epi-
curus.
Leontiua, le-on'she-us, [Gr. AEOVTOJC; Fr. LEONCE,
la'dNss',] Emperor of tEe East, was born about 650 A.D.
He became a general, and gained several victories. In
605 A.D. he rebelled against Justinian II., and usurped
the throne. He was deposed by Apsimerus in 698,
and in 705 A.D. was put to death by Justinian, who had
recovered his power.
See GIBBON, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire."
Leontius OF BYZANTIUM, called SCHOLAS'TICUS, an
ecclesiastical writer, lived about the end of the sixth
century. He wrote " De Sectis," and other works.
Leontius Pilatua. See LEO PILATUS.
Leopardi, li-o-paR'dee, (ALESSANDRO,) an excellent
Italian sculptor and architect, born at Venice. Among
his works are the mausoleum of Doge Andrea Vendra-
mini, (Venice,) and the three bronze columns in the
Piazza di San Marco, on which the standards of the re-
public were suspended. The elegance and proportions
of these are equally admirable. Died in 1515.
See CICOGNARA, "Storia della Scultura;" Ticozzi, " Dizionario."
Leopardi, (GiACOMO,) COUNT, an eminent Italian
poet and philologist, born at Recanati, in the Papal
States, in June, 1798. Between 1818 and 1820 he won a
place among the first lyric poets of Italy by canzoni "To
Italy," and "On the Monument which Florence was
about to erect to Dante." In 1822 he removed to
Rome, where he produced an excellent criticism on the
publication of the "Chronicon" of Eusebius by Mai
and Zohrab, (1823.) His poems, published collectively
under the title of "Canti," (1831,) contain passages of
great eloquence and pathos. His prose essays, " Operette
morali, " (1827,) are esteemed among the finest models of
Italian prose which the present century has produced.
Died in Naples in 1837. " We believe," says the " Quar-
terly Review" for April, 1850, "it may be said without
exaggeration that he was one of the most extraordinary
men whom this century has produced, both in his powers
and likewise in his performances, achieved as they were
under singular disadvantages. For not only did he die
at thirty-eight, almost ntl mezzo del cammin di nostra
vita, but likewise ' Heaven's unimpeached decrees,' in
his case, nearly
1 Made that shortened span one long disease. '
With a life thus limited, . . . Count Giacomo Leopardi
amassed great stores of deep and varied learning, proved
nimself to be possessed of profound literary judgment,
exquisite taste, and a powerful imagination, and earned
in his own country the character summed up in the words
of one of his editors, as sommo filologo, sommo peeta i
;ommo filosofo." Leopardi sympathized with the efforts
to liberate Italy from foreign domination.
See MONTANARI, " Biografia del Conte Leopardi," 1838 ; SAINTB-
BBUVE, " Portraits contemporains,"tomeiii. ; " Nouvelle Biographic-
Ge"ne>ale;" "Encyclopedia Britannica;" " Eraser's Magazine" for
December, 1848.
Le'o-pold [It. LEOPOLDO, la-o-pol'do] L, often called
Leopold the Great, [Ger. LEOPOLD DER GROSSE, la
o-polt d£R gRos'seh ; Lat. LEOPOL'DUS MAG'NUS,] Em-
peror of Germany, of the house of Austria, the second son
of Ferdinand III. and of Maria Anna of Spain, was born
in June, 1640. He became King of Hungary in 1655,
* I.e. "In a skilful and elegant style."
9as.t;
; gas/;G, H, K., guttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in //5/j. (J^=-See Explanations, p. 23.)
LEOPOLD
'53°
LEOPOLD
and King of Bohemia in 1657. After the death of his
father, and a competition with Louis XIV. of France,
Leopold was elected emperor on the i8th of July, 1658.
The Turks, having invaded Hungary with a large army,
were defeated at Saint Gothard in 1664, and Leopold
then made with them a truce of twenty years. In 1674
he commenced war against Louis XIV., which, after
indecisive campaigns on the Rhine, was ended by the
treaty of Nymwegen in 1678. The Hungarians, driven
by his despotic measures to revolt, chose Tekeli as their
leader in 1682, and were aided by a Turkish army of
200,000 men, which besieged Vienna in July, 1683. So-
bieski, King of Poland, saved the capital by a decisive
victory over the Turks in September of that year. The
Austnans, commanded by Prince Eugene, finished the war
by a victory at Zenta in 1697, in which year also a second
war against France was ended by the peace of Ryswick.
The claim of his family to the throne of Spain, vacated
by the death of Charles II. in 1700, involved Leopold
in another war with Louis XIV. He renewed his alli-
ance with England and Holland in 1701. His army,
commanded by Prince Eugene, gained several victories
in Italy in 1701-02, and shared the triumph of the allies
at Blenheim in 1704. Before the termination of this
long war of the Spanish succession, he died, in May,
1705, and was succeeded by his son, Joseph I. He had
had three wives, the first of whom was a Spanish prin-
cess, Margarita Theresa. His prosperity is ascribed to
the merit of his ministers and generals, rather than to
his own abilities. Among the important events of his
reign was the recognition of Ernest Augustus of Hanover,
in 1692, as an Elector of the empire.
See "Life of Leopold I.," London, 1706; MENCKB, " Leben
Leopolds I.," 1707 ; WAGNER, " Historia Leopold! Magni," 1719-31 ;
RINCK, " Leben und Thaten Leopolds des Grossen," 1708 : REINA.
*' Vita ed Imperio di Leopoldo I.," 17:0; " Nouvelle Biographic
General e,"
Leopold H. OF GERMANY, the second son of the
empress Maria Theresa, was born May 5, 1747. At the
death of his father, Francis I., in 1765, he inherited the
grand duchy of Tuscany, which he ruled twenty-five
-'ears in a wise and liberal spirit During this period
le made many reforms in the administration. He sup-
pressed the Inquisition, abolished the penalty of death,
and co-operated with Ricci, Bishop of Pistoia, in the
reformation of monastic discipline, which caused an
angry contest between him and the court of Rome. On
the death of his brother, Joseph II., February 20, 1790,
Leopold became heir of the Austrian monarchy, which
was then not in a prosperous condition. The Low Coun-
tries were in revolt, Hungary was discontented, Turkey
and Prussia were hostile, and France was estranged from
Austria by the Revolution. He quickly reduced the
Low Countries to obedience by an army, and pacified
his other subjects by a conciliatory policy. In 1791 he
concluded peace with Turkey at Sistova, and was elected
Emperor of Germany. The alarming progress of the
French Revolution induced him to form an alliance with
Prussia at Pilnitz, in 1791, for the restoration of Louis
XVI. Hostilities were about to begin, when he died
suddenly on the 1st of March, 1792, leaving the repu-
tation of an able and just ruler. His wife was Maria
Louisa, daughter of Charles III. of Spain. He was
succeeded by his son, Francis II., (of Germany,) who
in reference to Austria is styled Francis I.
See "Leben Leopolds II.," Prague, 1701 ; FOUCAULT. "Histoire
de Leopold II," 1791; ALXINGER, " Ueber Leopold II.," 1792;
SARTORI, " Leopoldinische Annalen," 2 vols., 1792; J. B. SCHELS.
41 Leopold II.," 1837.
Leopold L, King of Belgium, Duke of Saxony, and
Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, was born at Coburg in
1790. He was a son of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saal-
feld, was a brother of the Duchess of Kent, and uncle of
the British queen Victoria. In May, 1816, he married
the princess Charlotte, daughter of George IV. and heir-
apparent to the throne of Great Britain, who died in
childbirth before the end of that year. He refused the
crown of Greece, offered to him in 1830. On the 4th of
June, 1831, he was elected King of the Belgians, who
were separated from Holland by the revolution of 1830.
Hostilities were renewed by the Dutch, and a French
army came to the aid of the Belgians. In 1832 Leopold
I
married Louise Marie The>ese. a daughter of King Louis
Philippe. He was quite popular among his subjects,
towards whom his policy was marked by liberality and
a scrupulous regard for their constitutional rights. He
died in December, 1865, and was succeeded by his son,
Leopold II.
See L. HVMANS, " Histoire du Regne de Leopold I." 186* : RAS-
TOUL DB MONGEOT, " Leopold I. Roi des Beiges, sa Vie miiitaire et
politique," i£so; THEODORE JUSTB, "Leopold, Roi des Beiges,"
:863; "Nouvelle Biographic GeneYale ;" "Quarterly Review" fol
April, 1869; "Gentleman's Magazine" for May, 1866.
Leopold II, King of the Belgians, son and successor
of Leopold I., was born at Brussels, April 9, 1835. He
is a grandson of Louis Philippe, King of France, and a
near relative of the reigning families of Great Britain
and Coburg-Gotha. As Duke of Brabant, he was an
active legislator before his succession (in 1865) to the
throne. He is head of the Congo International Asso-
ciation, and takes great interest in the development
of the Congo Free State. His wife, Queen Charlotte,
is a niece of Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria. His
children consist of two daughters, who are ineligible
to the throne under the Belgian constitution.
Leopold L, Duke of Austria, was born in 1157. He
served under Richard I. of England at the siege of Acre.
In 1193, to gratify his avarice and to revenge an insult
he fancied he had received from Richard, he arrested
him at Vienna on his homeward journey and threw him
into prison. He received a large sum of money for the
transfer of the royal captive to the emperor Henry VI.
Died in 1194.
Leopold LT., Duke of Austria, born in 1292, was the
third son of Albert I., Emperor of Germany, who was
killed in 1308, leaving his dominions in joint-tenancy to
his sons. Leopold ruled Suabia, Alsace, and Switzer-
land. His brothers, Frederick and Louis of Bavaria,
were competitors for the imperial throne. In 1315 Leo-
pold attacked the Swiss, (who favoured the cause of
Louis of Bavaria,) and was defeated at Morgarten. In
1325 a treaty was made between the two parties, and it
was agreed that Louis and Frederick should reign jointly
Leopold died about 1326.
See LICHNOWSKY, "Geschichte Hauses Habsburg."
Leopold HL, Duke of Austria, the son of Albert II.,
was born about 1350. He became ruler over Suabia,
Tyrol, etc. War having broken out between him and
the Swiss cantons, he was defeated and killed in 1386 al
the famous battle of Sempach, where Arnold of Win-
kelried decided the victory by throwing himself on th"
Austrian spears and breaking the phalanx.
Leopold I OF TUSCANY. See LEOPOLD II., (Em-
peror.)
Leopold H., Grand Duke of Tuscany, was bom at
Florence in 1797, and was a son of Ferdinand III., whom
he succeeded in 1824. He conceded a constitution to
Tuscany in 1847. In consequence of the triumph of
the democratic party, he retired from Florence, but was
restored by the Austrian army in July, 1849. He was
forced to abdicate by the revolutionary movements of
the spring of 1859, and Tuscany was annexed to Sardinia.
He published a fine edition of the works of Lorenzo de'
Medici, (4 vols., 1825.) Died in 1870.
Leopold OF ANHALT-DESSAU. See ANHALT-DESSAU.
Leopold OF LORRAINE. See LORRAINE.
Leopold, la'o-pold', (CARL GUSTAF,) an eminent
Swedish poet, born at Stockholm in 1756. In 1778 he
composed an "Ode on the Birth of the Prince-Royal
Gustavus Adolphus," and in 1788 he became private
secretary of Gustavus III., who treated him with much
favour and confidence. He produced two successful
tragedies, "Odin" (1790) and "Virginia," and sang the
martial exploits of the Swedes in several admired odes.
He was appointed secretary of state in 1818. Died in 1829.
FELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Leopold Friedrich, la'o-polt' fReed'riK, Duke of
Anhalt-Dessau, was born in 1794. On the death of his
grandfather, in 1817, he succeeded to the government,
and in 1853 to that of Anhalt-Kothen. Died in 1871.
a, e, i, 6, ii, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, V, obscure; far, fall, fat; mJt; not; good; moon;
LEOPOLD
'S3!
LEPIDUS
Leopold Friedrich Franz, la'o-polt' fReed'riK
fRints, Duke of Dessau, born in 1740. In 1758 he
assumed the government, and distinguished himself by
his able administration and his patronage of learning
and the arts. He died in 1817, and was succeeded by
his grandson, the subject of the preceding article.
Leopoldo. See LEOPOLD I., Emperor of Germany.
Leosthene. See LEOSTHENES.
Le-os'the-nes, [Gr. AeuofteinK ; Fr. LEOSTHENE, la'-
os'tin',] an Athenian general, who makes his first ap-
pearance in history about the time of the death of Alex-
ander the Great, 324 B.C. He was attached to the party
of Demosthenes, and seems to have had a high repu-
tation, as he was chosen commander of the combined
Greek army in the Lamian war, the object of which was
to liberate Greece from the Macedonian yoke. He de-
feated Antipater in Thessaly, and be'sieged him in Lamia.
At this siege Leosthenes was killed, in 323 B.C., after
which success deserted the Athenian arms.
See GROTE, "History of Greece;" THIRLWALL, "History of
Greece."
Leotaud, 14'o'to', (VINCENT,) an able French geome
ter, born in the diocese of Embrun in 1595. He was a
professor at the College of Dole. Among his works
are "Elements of Practical Geometry," ("Geometrical
practicas Elementa," 1631,) and " Cyclomathia," etc.,
(1663.) Died in 1672.
Le-o-tychl-dei, [Gr. AcunxiiTK; Fr. LEOTYCHIDE,
la'o'te'ked',] a Spartan king, the son of Menares, suc-
ceeded Demaratus, who was deposed about 491 B.C.
Leonidas I. was his colleague in the government. He
obtained command of the Greek fleet, and shared with
Xanthippus the honour of the signal victory over the
Persians at Mycale in 479 B.C. Having been accused of
receiving a bribe from some Thessalians, he was banished
In 469, and died in exile at Tegea.
See HERODOTUS, *' History," books vi., viii., and ix.
Leowitz, la'o-wits', [Lat. LEOVI'TIUS,] (CYPRIAN,)
i Bohemian astronomer, born near Hradisch in 1524;
died in 1574.
lie Paige, leh-pjzh', (THOMAS,) a French religious
writer, born in Lorraine in 1597 ; died in 1658.
Lepaute, leh-pot', (JEAN ANDRE,) a French clock-
maker, born at Montme'dy in 1709. He lived in Paris,
and was celebrated for the perfection of his works. He
made time-pieces for many public edifices of Paris, and
for the most of the observatories of Europe. He pub-
lished a "Treatise on Clockwork," ( Horlogeric, ) Died
in 1789.
His wife, nil NICOLE REINE fitable de Labriere —
a'tSb'l' deh liTjRe'aiR', born in Paris in 1723, acquired
distinction as an astronomer. She was a friend of Clai-
raut and Lalande, whom she assisted in the calcula-
tions on the return of Halley's comet, (1757.) She was
the author of " Observations" inserted in the "Connais-
sances des Temps," of " Tables of the Sun, Moon, and
Planets," and of several memoirs on astronomy. Died
in 1788.
Lepautre or Lepotre, leh-potR', (ANTOINE,) a French
architect, born in Paris in 1614. He was first architect
of Louis XIV. In 1652 he published an esteemed work
entitled "The Architecture of A. Lepautre." He had
an excellent talent for decoration, and abounded in new
inventions. The church of Port-Royal, in a suburb of
Paris, was designed by him. Died in 1691.
See MORBKI, " Dictionnaire Historique."
Lepautre, (JEAN,) a brother of the preceding, born
in Paris in 1617, was a skilful designer and engraver.
He designed and etched many subjects which are ad-
mirable models for architects and other artists. Died
in 1682.
Lepautre, (PIERRE,) a French sculptor, born in Paris
in 1660, was a son of Antoine, noticed above. He studied
and worked in Rome for fifteen years, and then returned
to Paris, where he obtained success, though his works
are defective in taste. His chief production is the group
of tineas and Anchises, at the Tuileries. Died in 1744.
Lepaux. See LAREVEILLERE.
lie Pays de, deh leh p|'e', ( RENE, ) Sieur Plessis-
Vilieneuve, a gay and witty French versifier, born at
Nantes or Fougeres in 1636. He was lor many years
director-general of the salt-tax (gabclle) in Dauphini and
Provence. He was noted for his bom mots. His "Friend-
ships, Loves, and Little Loves" ("Amities, Amours et
Amourettes," 1664) had a great success. He published
many letters, sonnets, etc. Died in 1690.
See BAYLK, " Historical and Critical Dictionary ;" MORBRL
Dictionnaire Historique."
Lepee, (ABBE.) See £P£E, DE L'.
Lepekhin or Lepechin, Up-eh-Keen' or ISp-eh-Kin',
(IVAN IVANOWITCH,) a Russian naturalist, born about
1740. He was charged by Catherine II. to explore
Russia, and published the results in a " Journal of
Travels through the Various Provinces of the Russian
Empire," (3 vols., 1771-80.) Died in 1802.
Lepelletier, leh-peTtg-i', (CLAUDE,) a French theolo-
gian, born in Franche-Comte' about 1670, became canon
of Rheims. He wrote polemical treatises against the
Jansenists, and many religious works. Died in 1743.
Lepelletier or Le Pelletier, JEAN,) a French an-
tiquary and merchant, born at Rouen in 1633. He wrote,
besides other works, a " Treatise on Noah's Ark," ( 1 704.)
Died in 1711.
Lepelletier (or Le Peletier, leh peh-leh-te-a') de
Saint-Fargeau, leh-peTte-a' deh saN'faVzrio', (Louis
MICHEL,) a French revolutionist, born in Paris in 1760,
was president a mortier of the Parliament of Paris, and
was the owner of an immense fortune. He became a
partisan of the new regime, and in 1792 was an influen-
tial member of the Convention. It appears that he had
given the royalists reason to expect he would favour
lenity in the king's trial, but was impelled by the ter-
rorism of the Jacobins to vote for death. For this act
he was assassinated by Paris, a royalist, in January, 1793.
See THIERS, " History of the French Revolution ;" Fitix LB-
PELLETIER, "Vie de M. Lepelletier," 1793.
Le Pere, leh paiR, (JEAN BAPTISTS,) a French archi-
tect, born in Paris in 1761. He accompanied the expe-
dition to Egypt in 1798, and was directed by Bonaparte
to draw up a plan for the restoration of the canal across
the Isthmus of Suez. Died in 1844.
Lepicie, li'pe'se-4',(BERNARD,) a skilful French en-
graver and painter,*~was born in Paris in 1698. He went
to England, and engraved Raphael's Cartoons at Hamp-
ton Court. He afterwards worked in Paris, and became
secretary of the Academy in 1740. His manner is broad
and mellow, and his design correct. Died in 1755.
Lepicie, (NICOLAS BERNARD,) a French historical
painter, son of the preceding, was born in Paris in
1735. He was a pupil of C. Vanloo, became professor
in the Royal Academy, and received the title of painter
to the king. His works are marred by the faults which
prevailed in the French school at that time. Died
:n 1784.
Lepl-da Do-mi'H-a, (do-mish'e-a,) a Roman lady
of great personal beauty but infamous character. She
was the daughter of Drusus. and aunt of the emperor
Nero.
Lepl-dus, the name of a celebrated Roman family
of the patrician gens /Emilia. MARCUS /EMILIUS LEPI-
DUS was elected consul in 187 B.C., pontifex maximus
n 180, and censor in 179. He was six times chosen by
the censors princeps Senatus. Died about 152 B.C. The
triumvir of the same name was his lineal descendant.
Lepidus, (MARCUS /EMILIUS,) a Roman orator, a
grandson of the preceding, was consul in 137 B.C. In
:he next year he commanded in several battles in Spain,
and was defeated. Cicero represents him as the greatest
orator of his age.
Lepidus, (MARCUS /'EMILIUS,) the father of the tri-
umvir, was prastor in Sicily in 81 B.C. In 79 he was
chosen consul by the partisans of Marius, and attempted
to nullify or repeal the measures of Sulla, who had just
died. A violent contest ensued between the factions. In
77 Lepidus was declared by the senate a public enemy,
and was defeated in battle by Pompey near Rome. He
died about 76 B.C.
Lepidus, (MARCUS /EMILIUS,) THE TRIUMVIR, was
praetor when the civil war broke out between Pompey
and Csesar, in 49 B.C. He joined the party of Caesar,
who, at his departure for Spain, left Lepidus in charge
« as k; { as s ; g hard; g as;'; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as i; th as in this. ( jjy See Explanations, p. 23. )
LEPIDUS
'S32
LERMA
of the capital. In 48 he obtained the province of Nearer
Spain, with the title of proconsul, and in 46 became the
colleague of Cassar in the consulship. He was master
of the horse when Caesar was killed, in 44 B.C. When
the senate and Antony came to an open rupture, Lepidus
joined the latter with an army, and in October, 43, he
united with Antony and Octavian to form the famous
triumvirate. He put his own brother on the list of the
proscribed who were sacrificed by this coalition. In
the division of provinces, Spain and Narbonese Gaul
were allotted to Lepidus, who remained in Italy, while
the other two led their army against Brutus. After their
victory at Philippi, Octavius and Antony ceased to treat
him as their equal, and deprived him of his provinces
in 42, but gave him a command in Africa. When the
triumvirate was renewed, however, (37 B.C.,) he was
nominally included in it In 36 he failed in an attempt
to recover power, and, being deserted by his troops, sur-
rendered to Octavius, who spared his life but banished
him from Rome. He died in 13 B.C.
See DION CASSIUS, "History of Rome:" APPIAK, " Beltum
Civile;" MERIVAUS, "The Romans under the Emperors."
Lepidus, (MARCUS ^EMILIUS,) a son of the preceding,
formed a conspiracy, in 30 B.C., to kill Augustus on his
return to Rome after the battle of Actium. Maecenas
detected the plot, and sent Lepidus to Augustus, who
put him to death.
Lepidus, (PAULUS ^MILIUS,) a brother of the tri-
umvir, became aedile about 55 B.C., praetor in 53, and
consul in 50. After the death of Caesar, 44 B.C., he acted
with the aristocratic party in opposition to the triumvirs.
Died about 40 B.C.
Leplat, leh-plS', (JossE,) a Belgian jurist and canonist,
born at Malines in 1732 ; died in 1810.
Lepois. See Pois, LE.
Le Poittevin, leh pwat'vaN', a successful French
painter of landscapes, genre, and marine pieces, was
born in Paris in 1806. His proper name is EDMONDE
MODESTE EUGENE POIDEVIN. He gained a medal of
the first class in 1836. Died August 6, 1870.
Le Frevost d'Iray, leh pRa'vo' de'r^', (CHRETIEN
SIMEON,) a French poet and antiquary, born in Nor-
mandy in 1768. Among his works is a "History of
Egypt under the Romans," (1816.) Died in 1849.
Leprince or Le Prince, leh pRaNss, JEAN,) a French
painter, born at Metz in 1733. He worked several years
in Saint Petersburg, where he adorned the imperial
palace. He returned to France many years before his
death, which occurred in 1781.
Le Prince de Beaumont, leh priNss d?h bo"m6N',
(MARIE,) a sister of the preceding, was born at Rouen
in 1711. She was divorced from M. Beaumont in 1745,
and removed to London, where she was employed as
governess or teacher for many years. She published
many useful and successful juvenile books, moral tales,
etc. Her " Magazine for Children" (" Magasin des En-
fants," 1757) was often reprinted and translated. She
was author of a popular " Magazine for Young Ladies,"
"The Modern Mentor," (1772,) "Complete Education,"
etc. About 1764 she went to reside at Annecy, in Savoy.
Died in 1780.
Lepsius, ISp'se-us, (KARL PETER,) a German anti-
quary, born at Naumburg, on the Saale, in 1775, was the
father of Karl Richard, noticed below. He studied law,
and obtained several civil offices under the Saxon and
Prussian governments. He published a "Treatise on
the Mediaeval Architectural Monuments of Saxony and
Thuringia," and a few other works. Died in 1853.
Lepsius, (KARL RICHARD,) a German philologist and
antiquary, highly distinguished for his Egyptian re-
searches, was a son of the preceding. He was born
at Naumburg, in Prussian Saxony, December 20, 1813,
and received his first instruction from his father. He
pursued his studies in the Universities of Leipsic and
Gbttingen, giving special attention to languages and phi-
lology. In 1834 he published " Palaeography as an Aid
to Philology," which obtained a prize from the French
Institute, and was followed by an " Essay on the Affinity
of the Semitic, Indian, Ancient Persian, Egyptian, and
Ethiopian Languages," (1835.) In 1836 he visited Rome,
where he formed an intimate friendship with Bunsen,
and wrote a " Letter to Rosellini on the Hieroglyphic
Alphabet," (1837,) which attracted great attention. He
visited England in 1838, and afterwards became a resi-
dent of Berlin. He produced a treatise on the " Etrurian
and Oscan Dialects," (1841,) and " Obituary of the Egyp-
tians," (" Das Todtenbuch der Aegypter," 1842.) Lep-
sius having projected a great historical and antiquarian
work on Egypt, the King of Prussia was induced by
Bunsen and Humboldt to send to Egypt an expedition
under his direction. Assisted by artists of various
sorts, he investigated the antiquities of that country from
[842 until 1846. On his return he was chosen a pro-
essor in the University of Berlin, and in 1849 produced
:he first volume of his "Chronology of the Egyptians."
He published the interesting and important results of
lis late expedition in a splendid work entitled "The
Monuments of Egypt and Ethiopia," (" Denkmaler aus
Aegypten und Aethiopien," 1849-59.) Among his prin-
cipal works are " Letters on Egypt, Ethiopia, and the
Peninsula of Sinai," (1852.) " Universal Linguistical
Alphabet," (1855,) "The Assyrian Eponymes," (1869,)
and " The Babylonian Tables of Senkereh," (1877.) Died
'in London, July 12, 1884.
Lep'U-neB, [Gr. ACTTJJTK-; Fr. LEPTINE, ISp'ten',] a
Syracusan commander, was a brother of Dionysius the
Elder. He contributed greatly to the defeat of the
Carthaginians at Syracuse about 396 B.C. He was killed
at the battle of Cronium, in 383 B.C.
Le Queux, (WILLIAM,) an English novelist, bom
at London in 1864. He studied art, was a journalist
until 1895, after which he wrote many novels of ad-
venture, etc.
Lequien, leh-ke-iN', (MICHEL,) a learned French
monk, born at Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1661. Among his
works are a "Defence of the Hebrew Text, and of the
Vulgate," (1690,) and^"Oriens Christianus," (3 vols.,
1740,) an account of the churches, patriarchs, etc. of
the East, which is commended. Died in 1733.
Lequien de la Neuville, leh-ke-iN' deh la nuh'vel',
(JACQUES,) a French historian, born in Paris in 1647. He
accompanied the French ambassador to Lisbon in 1713,
and there composed his principal work, a " History of
Portugal," (2 vols., 1700-20.) Died in 1728.
Leray, leh-Rj', (FRANCIS XAVIER,) D.D., an arch-
bishop, born at Chateaugiron, France, April 20, 1825.
He removed when eighteen to the United States, was
educated at Rennes and at Baltimore, in 1852 was or-
dained a Catholic priest, served chiefly in Mississippi, and
held professorships in the colleges at Vincennes, Spring
Hill, and Baltimore. In 1877 ne was consecrated Bishop
of Natchitoches, was appointed coadjutor of New Or-
leans in 1879, and in 1883 succeeded Dr. Perch^ as
archbishop of that see.
Leray, leh-rj', (THftoDORE CONSTANT,) a French
admiral, born at Brest in 1795 ; died in 1849.
Lerche, leVKeh, (JoHANN JAKOB,) a German natu-
ralist, born at Potsdam in 1703; died at Saint Peters-
burg in 1780.
Lerchenfeld, leVKen-felt', (MAXIMILIAN,) BARON
OF, a German statesman of liberal opinions, born at
Munich in 1779 ; died in 1843.
Lerdo de Tejada, leR'do da, ta-Ha'Di, (SEBASTIAN,)
a Mexican president, born at Jalapa, April 25, 1825. He
studied at Puebla, and at the College of San Ildefonso,
Mexico. He became an advocate in 1853, was a judge of
the high court, 1855-57, became foreign minister and
elected president in 1872. He was re-elected in 1876,
but was soon after exiled. Died April 21, 1889.
Lerebours, leh-reh'booR', (NOEL JEAN,) a French
optician, born in Normandy in 1762. He made tele-
scopes of superior quality, and other optical instruments.
Died in 1840.
Leri, de, deh leh-re', (JEAN,) a French Protestant
minister, born in 1534. He laboured in Brazil about two
years, (1556-58,) and published "An Account of his
Voyage to Brazil," (1577.) Died in 1611.
Lerma, de, di leR'ma, (FRANCISCO DE ROXAS (01
ROJAS) DE SANDOVAL,) DUKE, a Spanish statesman of
a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; moon;
LERMINIER
'533
LEROY
moderate ability. He was equerry to Don Philip, who
in 1598 became king as Philip III. and appointed the
subject of this article prime minister. He was then
created Duke of Lerma, having previously been called
Marquis of Denia. He equipped a large fleet which
was ordered to cruise on the English coast, but was i
destroyed by a storm, after which he made a peace on
terms favourable to England. For twenty years he
retained the favour of the king, and had entire control
of the government. His policy was mild, pacific, and
prudent in some respects, but was not successful in
relation to finances. He was supplanted in 1618 by his
son, the Duke of Uzeda. Died in 1625.
Lerminler, leVme'ne-i', (JEAN Louis EUGENE,) a
French publicist and lawyer, born in Paris in 1803. He
obtained in 1831 a chair of legislation in the College of
France, where his eloquent lectures were much admired
by the ardent youth. Among his works are "The Phi-
losophy of Law," (2 vols., 1831,) and a "History of the
Legislators and Constitutions of Ancient Greece," (2
Tols., 1852.) He wrote the article "Guizot" in the "Nou-
velle Biographie Generale." He was remarkable for
animation of style, vigour of images, and nobleness of
expression. Died in 1857.
See "Nouvelle Biographie Ge'ne'rale."
Lerminier, (THEODORIC NEI.AMOND,) a French phy-
sician, born at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme in 1770. In
1808 he was appointed physician par quartitr for the
service of the imperial household. He attended Na-
poleon in the campaigns of Spain, Russia, (1812,) and
Saxony, and gave proof of great professional talent
and courage. Died in Paris in 1836.
L'Ermite. See ERMITE, L'.
Lermontof.Lermontov, or Lermontow, leVinon-
tof, (MIKHAIL IVANOVITCH,) a popular Russian poet,
born in 1811, became an officer in the guards. In 1837,
by a poem "On the Death of Pushkin," he offended the
emperor, who ordered him to join the army of the Cau-
casus. While serving there in the army, he wrote "The
Circassian Boy," and other popular poems, and a suc-
cessful novel, called "A Hero of our Own Time," (1840.)
He was killed in a duel in 1841. Like Byron, he ex-
presses his own character and feelings in his writings,
and is the principal person in the tales or pictures which
his imagination produces.
See SAINT-REN* TAILLANDIER, " Le Poete du Caucase," in the
"Revue des Deux Mondes" for February i, 1855; "Nouvelle Bio-
graphie G^neVale. "
Lernaean Hydra. See HYDRA.
Lernout, l^R'noo', (JEAN,) [ Lat. JA'NUS LERNU'TIUS,]
a Latin poet, born at Bruges in 1545. He was made
prisoner by the English in 1587, and detained five years.
His "Carmina," odes, epigrams, etc., published in 1579,
are said to have considerable merit. Died in 1619.
Lernutius. See LERNOUT.
Leroi. See LEROY.
Le Roux (HENRY,) a French author, born at
Havre in 1 86 1. lie is the author of numerous novels
and works of travel and belles-lettres.
Leioux. (PIERRE,) a French socialist, born in Paris in
1798. He founded, in partnership with Madame George
Sand, the "Revue Inde'pendante." His principal work
is "On Humanity: its Principle and its Prospects,"
("De 1'Humanite : de son Principe et de son Avenir,"
2 vols., 1840.) Died April 12, 1871.
Leroy, leh-Rwa', (CHARLES,) a French physician, born
in Paris in 1726, was a son of Julien, noticed below. He
published two valuable works, viz. : "Memoirs and Ob-
servations on Medicine," and " Melanges of Philosophy,
Chemistry," etc., (1771.) Died in 1779.
Leroy, (}EAN BAPTISTE,) a natural philosopher, born
in Paris, was a son of Julien, noticed below. He became
a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1751, and wrote
several memoirs on electricity. Died in 1800.
Leroy, (JEAN BAPTISTE ONESIME,) a French dramatic
writer, born at Valenciennes in 1788. He produced suc-
cessful comedies. Died February 18, 1875.
Leroy or Le Roy, (JULIEN,) a French watchmaker,
born at Tours in 1686. He settled in Paris, and ac-
quired a European reputation by the excellence of his
workmanship. He obviated the changes of temperature
by a mechanism of compensation, invented horizontal
clocks, and made many improvements in the art. In
[739 he received the title of horlcger to the king. Died
in 1759. His sons CHARLES, JEAN BAPTISTE, JULIEN
DAVID, and PIERRE are noticed in this work.
Leroy or Leroi, (JULIEN DAVID,) a French architect,
son of the preceding, was born in Paris about 1726.
Having visited and studied the ancient models in Greece,
he published in 1758 an excellent work entitled "Ruins
of the Finest Monuments of Greece," which contributed
greatly to reform the vitiated taste that prevailed in
France before its appearance. The lectures which he
gave for forty years as professor of architecture finished
:he revolution which that book commenced. He wrote,
also, " Observations on the Edifices of Ancient Nations,"
[1767,) and other works. Died in 1803.
See GABET, " Dictionnaire des Artistes."
Leroy orLe Roy,[Lat. RE'GIUS,|(LOUIS,) an excellent
French classical scholar, born at Coutances. He trav-
elled much in his youth, and on his return home gained
distinction by translations of Demosthenes' " Philippics"
and of some works of Plato. He was an old man when
he obtained the chair of Greek in the College Royal in
1572. Among his works are a "Life of Budaeus," in
elegant Latin, (1540,) "The Origin and Excellence of
the Art of Government," (TArt politique,) (1567,) and
"The Vicissitude and Variety of Things," (1576.) He
is reputed one of the first French writers who attained
harmony in prose. Died in 1577.
See NlCERON. "Me'moires;" TEISSIER, "filoges."
Leroy, (PIERRE,) a French satirical writer, who lived
about 1590, was a canon of the cathedral of Rouen. He
was one of the principal authors of a very popular satire
and master-piece of pleasantry, entitled "Menippean
Satire on the Virtue of the Spanish Catholicon," (" Satyre
Menipp^e de la Vertu du Catholicon d'Espagne," 1593,)
" which," said Voltaire, " was as profitable to the cause
of Henry IV. as the battle of Ivry."
Leroy, (PiERRE,) a skilful watchmaker, born in Paris
in 1717, was the son of Julien, noticed above. He was
chiefly noted for the perfection he attained in marine
time-pieces, and received a prize from the Academy for
the best method of measuring time at sea. He has the
credit of discovering the isochronism of spiral springs.
He published several remarkable treatises on his art,
— one called " Etrennes chronometriques pour 1'Ann^e
1760." Died in 1785.
Leroy-Beaulieu, leh-Rwa' b5'le-uh', (PIERRE PAUL,)
a French economist, born at Saumur, December 9, 1843.
He was educated at the Lyce'e Bonaparte, and at Rome,
Bonn, and Berlin. In 1878 he entered the Chamber of
Deputies. His essay " On the influence of the moral
and intellectual condition oflabourers upon their wages"
(1867) received great attention. He is the author of many
papers on politics, taxation, colonization, free trade,
(which he defends,) finance, labour, etc. In 1878 he was
chosen to the French Institute.
Leroy d'Etiollea, leh-Rwa' dl'te'ol', (JEAN JACQUES
JOSEPH,) a French surgeon, born in Paris in 1798, is
distinguished as the inventor of instruments used in
lithotrity. This invention was also claimed by M. Ci-
viale ; but a committee of the Academy of Sciences
awarded a prize to Leroy d'Etiolles "for having first
made known [in 1822] the instruments which he had
invented." He died August 25, 1860.
Leroy de la Corbinaye, leh-RwJ' deh li koR'be'nl',
• (CHARLES,) a French lexicographer, born at Saint-Brieuc
in 1690. He published a valuable "Treatise on French
j Orthography, in the Form of a Dictionary," ( 1 739,) which
is praised for accuracy, method, etc. Died in 1739.
Leroy de Saint- Arnaud, leh-Rwa' deh saNt f R'no',
(ARNAUD JACQUES,) a French' general, born in Paris
about 1800. He distinguished himself in Algeria, and
obtained the rank of marechal-de-camp in 1847, and that
of general of division in 1851, as a reward for his suc-
cessful operations against the Kabyle tribes. Having
become minister of war in October, 1851, he promoted
the coup (Tltat of December 2, and was made a marshal
of France in December, 1852. He obtained the chief
command in the Crimean war, which began in 1854.
€ as *; c as /; g hard; g as>; G, H, K.gvttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; & as i; th as in this. (ft^See Explanations, p. 23.)
LERY
1534
LESCOT
and, although suffering severely from disease, displayed
his usual energy and skill at the battle of the Alma,
September 20, 1854. He was obliged by the state of his
health to resign the command, and he died on the 29th
of September, 1854.
See DUPERREL SAINTS-MARIE, "M. le Ge'ne'ral Leroy de Saint-
Arnaud," 1852; CHARRAS, " Les trois Marechaux MM. de Samt-
Araaud, Magnan et Castellane," 1851.
Liry, li're', or L£ri, (JEAN,) a French Protestant and
traveller, born at Margelle in 1534. He went as a mis-
sionary to Brazil in 1556, and returned in 1558. He
published, in French and in Latin, " A Narrative of a
Voyage to Brazil," with a good description of that re
gion, (1578.) Died in 1611.
Le Sage or Lesage, leh sfzh, (ALAIN RENE,) a cele-
brated French romancer and dramatist, born at Sarzeau,
near Vannes, (Morbihan,) May 8, 1668. He was the son
of a lawyer, was educated at the College of Vannes, and
is supposed to have been employed several years in the
collection of taxes. In 1692 he went to Paris to study
law and philosophy. There his handsome figure and his
intelligence and fine literary taste procured for him free
access to the most polished and aristocratic society. In
1694 he married Mademoiselle Huyard, of Paris, and was
admitted as advocate of the Parliament, but soon relin-
quished all other pursuits that he might devote himself
to literature. He studied Spanish, and improved his
Maitre" ("Crispin the Rival of his Master") was per
formed with brilliant success in 1707. In the same year he
produced "Le Diable boiteux," (i.e. "The Lame Devil,"
popularly called in English "The Devil on Two Sticks,"
and sometimes "Asmodeus,") a romance, the idea and
name of whii_h he derived from a work of Luis Velez de
Guevara. By its satire on all conditions, its nervous
style, and its truthful portraits, this book attained great
popularity. He increased his reputation by an original
prose play called "Turcaret," which exposed the iniqui-
ties of the traitants and other agents of the revenue.
These parties offered him one hundred thousand francs
to suppress the piece ; but he refused the bribe, and it
was performed with immense applause in 1709. It is
superior to any play which he imitated from the Spanish.
In 1715 Le Sage published two volumes of his most
celebrated work, "Gil Bias de Santillane," which is
perhaps a more universal favourite than any other novel,
and owes its success to its admirable and natural pictures
of human life in all its conditions and all its phases.
It has been translated into all the languages of Europe.
Voltaire and others attempted, without success, to
convict him of borrowing or purloining the story from
some Spanish writer. Their charges have been refuted
by Fran9ois de Neufchateau. He employed the period
between 1713 and 1738 chiefly in writing comic operas
and other pieces, which were exhibited at the fair of
Saint-Germain and were extremely popular. He pub-
'ished "Roland 1'Amoureux," (1717-21,) an imitation of
"Orlando Innamorato," and "The Adventures of Guz-
man d'Alfarache," (1732,) an amusing novel, superior
to the Spanish work of which it is a version or imitation.
In 1735 he produced a dialogue full of witty, wise, and
original thoughts, entitled " A Day of the Parcae," (" U ne
Journe'e des Parques,") and finished the last volume of
" Gil Bias." After composing several other works and
enjoying a large share of domestic happiness, he died at
Boulogne in November, 1747. He had the reputation
of a high-minded and honourable man. His eldest son,
who assumed the name of MONTMENIL, became a famous
play-actor.
See AUDIFFRKT, " Notice sur A. R. Lesage," 1822 : SIR WALTER
SCOTT, "Biographical Notice of Le Sage," (in his Miscellaneous
Works;) MALITOURNE, " E"logede Le Sage," 1822 : SAINTH-BEUVE.
"Causeriesdu Lundi,"tomeii. ; HENRI PATIN, " filoge de Lesage,"
1822; TICKNOR, "History of Spanish Literature;" VILLEMAIN,
'* LiUe"rature Franchise du dix-huitieme Siecle," tome i. ; SAINT-
MARC GIRARDIN, "filoge de Lesage," 1822; " Nouvelle Biographic
Gene"rale;" " Edinburgh Review" for April, 1807.
Le Sage or Lesage, (BERNARD MARIE,) a French
revolutionist, was a member of the Convention in 1792,
»nd voted for the death of the king. As a Girondist he
was proscribed and outlawed in 1793, but escaped by
flight. Died in 1796.
Le Sage or Lesage, (GEORGE Louis,) a Swiss phi-
losopher, born at Geneva in 1724. He studied medicine,
but did not practise it. His favourite studies were natural
philosophy, mathematics, and mechanics. In 1750 he be-
came a teacher of mathematics at Geneva. He published
an "Essay on Mechanical Chemistry," (1758,) an inge-
nious treatise called " Newtonian Lucretius," (" Lucrece
Newtonien," 1782,) and "Fragments on Final Causes,"
and left many works in manuscript. He was a Fellow
of the Royal Society of London, and corresponded with
D'Alembert and other eminent savants. Died in 1803.
See P. PREVOST, " Notice sur la Vie de G. L. Lesage," 1805 ;
Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale-"
Le Sage (or Lesage) de Montminil, leh slzh deh
moN'mi'nel', (RENE ANDRE,) a son of the author of " Gil
Bias," was born in Paris in 1695. He made his dibuton.
the stage in 1726, and performed various rftlcs in comedy
with success. He soon became one of the most cele-
brated French actors of that time. His private character
is said to have been noble. Died in 1743.
Les-bo'nax, [\ea6uvaf,] a Greek sophist and rheto-
rician of Mitylene, who lived in the first century B.C., in
the time of Augustus. He was the father of Polemon,
the preceptor of Tiberius. His philosophic works have
not come down to us ; but we have two orations of some
merit, which are ascribed to him. Another Lesbonax, a
Greek grammarian, is supposed to have lived in a later
period. He was author of a small work on grammatical
figures, Hepl Zxrifiarav, which is extant.
See SUIDAS, " Lesbonax."
LescaiUe, 14'kST or l&'ki'ye, (CATHERINE,) a Dutch
poetess, born at Amsterdam in 1649, was called "the
Sappho of Holland." She wrote tragedies,—" Genseric,"
" Cassandra," " Herod and Mariamne," etc. Died in 1711.
See MURERI, " Dictiotmaire Historique."
Lescaille, (JACQUES,) a Flemish or Dutch poet and
publisher, born in 1610, was the father of the preceding.
Died in 1677.
Lescale. See SCALIGER.
Lescallier, l&TcS'leJi' or 14'kll'yi', (DANIEL,) a
French officer of the marine, born at Lyons in 1743. He
wrote a " French-English Vocabulary of Marine Terms,"
(1777,) and "Travels in England, Russia," etc., (1800.)
Died in 1822.
Lescarbot, la'kaVbo', (MARC,) a French writer and
lawyer, born at Vervins. He contributed to form the
first French colony in Canada, and, having returned to
France, published in 1609 a " History of New France."
Lescene-DeBmaisonB,l£'s4n'd&'m|'zoN', (JACQUES,)
a French historical writer, born at Granville in 1750.
He published in 1781 a " History of the Last Revolution
in Sweden," and in 1789 a "Political History of the
French Revolution." Died in 1808.
LeschaBsier, 14'shrse-a', (JACQUES,) a French jurist,
born in Paris in 1550; died in 1625.
Leschenault de La Tour, l^sh'nS' d?h 13 toon,
(JEAN BAPTISTE Louis CLAUDE THEODORE,) a French
naturalist and traveller, born at Chalons-sur-Sa6ne in
1773. He travelled in Hindostan about five years, (1816-
21.) Among his works is a "Treatise on the Vegetation
of New Holland." Died in 1826.
Lfis'-ekei [\eaxm] or LeVcheus, [Ato-jojf,] a Greek
poet, born in the island of Lesbos, lived about 700 01
600 B.C. He is the reputed author of a poem called
"The Little Iliad," ('IX«i( /uxpa.)
L'Escluse. See L'£CI.USE.
Lesconvel, de, deh IJ'kdN'vel', (PIERRE,) a French
writer of fiction, born about 1650 ; died in Paris in 1722.
Lescot, les'ko', (PIERRE,) an eminent French archi-
tect, born in Paris about 1510. Little is known of his
life, except that he was abbe1 of Clagny. He designed
the Louvre, which was begun about 1541. The part of
this palace called the Facade de 1'Horloge is considered
a master-piece. Another specimen of his good taste is the
: greatest :
See QUATREMERE DE QuiNCV, " Vies des plus illustres Archi
ties :"^' Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
i, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, fl, y, short; ^, e, i, <j, obscure; fir, fill, lit; met; not; good; moon.
LESCUN
'535
LESLIE
Lescun, de, deh les'kuN', (THOMAS DE Foix,) SEI-
GNEUR, a French general, was a younger brother of
Lautrec. He was made a marshal of France in 1521.
After fighting the armies of Charles V. at several places
in Italy, he was mortally wounded at Pavia in 1525.
Lescure, de, de.h 1& kuV, (Louis MARIE,) MARQUIS.
a French royalist and Vendean chief, was born in 1766,
and was a cousin of Larochejaquelein. He was the most
scientific officer in the Vendean army, and was noted for
his cool bravery. He distinguished himself at Fontenay
and Torfou, and was mortally wounded at Tremblaye
in October, 1793. "His humanity," says Alison, "was
angelic. Alone of all the chiefs in that memorable
struggle, it could be said with truth that his glory was
unstained by human blood." (" History of Europe.")
See MADAMB DH LA ROCHHJAQUHLEIH, "Me'moires."
Lescuiel, de, deh la'kii'rel', (JEHANNOT,) a French
poet, who probably lived in the earlier part of the four-
teenth century. Nothing is known of his life. His ex-
tant ballades and rondeaux are of singular grace and
elegance.
Lesdiguieres, de, deh li'de'ge-aiR', ( FRANCOIS DE
BONNE,) DUKE, a distinguished French marshal, born in
Dauphine in 1543. He fought for the Protestants in
the civil war which began about 1562, and obtained the
chief command of the Protestant army in 1575. He was
one of those who most effectually aided Henry IV. in
obtaining the throne. In 1608 he was rewarded with the
rank of marshal and a dukedom, and about 1610 com-
manded the army in Italy, where he defeated the Span-
iards. He was accused by some writers of conspiring
with other Protestant leaders to form a republic after
the death of Henry IV. ; but he refused to fight against
the court in the civil war that began about 1620. In
1622 he abjured Calvinism, and was appointed Con-
stable of France. Died in 1626. Henry IV. once said
he would acknowledge his own inferiority to no captain
in Europe except Lesdiguieres.
See Louis VIDEL, "Vie du Marshal de Lesdiguieres," 1638:
BRANT&MH, " Vies des grands Capitaines :" DH THOU, " Historia sui
Temporis;" J. C. MARTIN. "Histoire abre'ge'e de la Vie de F. de
Bonne," 1802: " Nouvelle Biographic G^ne"rale."
' Leseur, leh-zUR', (J EAN HAPTISTE CICERON,) a French
architect, born near Kambouillet, October 5, 1794. His
principal books are "History and Theory of Architec-
ture," and a valued " Chronology of the Kings of Egypt "
Died in 1883.
Leseur, leh-zUR', (THOMAS,) an able French geometer,
born at Rethel in 1703. He became a professor of ma-
thematics in the College of Sapienza, in Rome. There
he formed an intimacy with F. Jacquier, whom he as-
sisted in two works, viz., a "Commentary on Newton's
Principia" and "Elements of the Integral Calculus,"
(1748) Died in 1 770.
Leske, leVkeh, (NATHANIEL GOTTFRIED,) a German
naturalist, born at Muskau in 1757 ; died in 1786.
Lesley. See LESLIE, (ALEXANDER.)
LEsley, (JOHN,) Bishop of Ross, a Scottish Catholic
prelate, chiefly noted for his zeal and fidelity in the
service of Mary Queen of Scots, was born in 1527. He
escorted Mary from France to Scotland in 1561, and was
soon after appointed Bishop of Ross. When Queen
Mary was detained as a prisoner in England, and com-
missioners were ordered to examine her cause in 1568,
Lesley was one of the commissioners whom she chose
to defend her. Having taken part in the matrimonial
intrigue between Mary and the Duke of Norfolk, he was
imprisoned in the Tower in 1571, and released in 1573.
He passed the remainder of his life in exile. He wrote a
Latin work " On the Origin, Customs, and Achievements
of the Scotch," (1578,) eloquent arguments in defence of
Queen Mary, and other works. Died in 1596.
See ROBERTSON, "History of Scotland:" LAING, "History of
Scotland;" BURTON. "History of Scotland," vol. iv. chap. xli. ;
FROUDH, "History of England;" CHAMBBKS, "Biographical Dic-
bonary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Lgs'ley, (J. PETER,) an American geologist, born in
Philadelphia, September 19, 1819, graduated at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1838, and at the Princeton
Theological Seminary in 1844. He was engaged upon
the geological survey of Pennsylvania, 1839-41, became
pastor of a church near Milton, Massachusetts, in 1847,
but in 1850 devoted himself to the profession of a geolo-
gist. In 1873 he was appointed professor of geology in
the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1874 was put in
Geological Survey of Pennsylvania," (1875,) etc. He
was an original member of the National Academy of
Sciences, was secretary and librarian of the American
Philosophical Society 1858-85, and president of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1883-85.
Lea'lie (Us'le) or Lesley, (ALEXANDER,) Earl of
Leven, an eminent Scottish general. He served some
years under Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, who pro-
moted him to the rank of field-marshal. In 1628 he
defended Stralsund with success. Having returned
home in 1639, when the Covenanters were preparing to
resist Charles I., he was chosen general-in-chief of their
army ; but before any battle was fought a treaty of peace
was made. War was renewed in 1640. Leslie defeated
the king's army at Newburn, and another treaty followed.
He commanded the large Scottish army which, in Jan-
uary, 1644, marched to assist the English Parliament.
Having effected a junction with the army of Fairfax, he
led a division at Marston Moor, (1644,) where he was
driven off the field, though his allies gained the victory.
In May, 1646, Charles I. delivered himself up to the
army of Leslie, then encamped at Newark. On account
of his great age, he resigned his command in 1650. Died
in 1661.
Leslie, (CHARLES,) a British polemical writer on
politics and religion, was born in Ireland about 1650.
He took orders about 1680 in the Anglican Church, and
gained distinction as a disputant against the Catholics.
In the Revolution, however, (1688,) he was a staunch
Jacobite and nonjuror, at the sacrifice of his preferment
in the church. He wrote several controversial works
against the Jews, Deists, Socinians, and other sects. In
his " Snake in the Grass" he attacked the Society of
Friends. After the death of James II., Leslie joined the
court of the Pretender in France. He died in Ireland
in 1722. His most esteemed work is a "Short and
Easy Method with the Deists," (1694.) Dr. Johnson
pronounced him the only one of the nonjurors that
could reason.
See BURKKT, "History of his Own Time;" MORE>I, "Diction-
uire Historique."
Leslie, (CHARLES ROBERT,) an eminent English his-
torical painter, born of American parents in London in
1794, was a brother of Eliza Leslie the authoress. After
passing twelve years in Philadelphia with his parents,
he removed in 1813 to London, where he was instructed
in the study of art by West and Allston. Among his
first successful works was " Sir Roger de Coverley going
to Church," (1820.) He was elected an Associate of the
Royal Academy in 1821, and Royal Academician in 1826.
His subjects are mostly of a homely and familiar char-
acter, illustrative of the works of Shakspeare, Moliere,
Cervantes, and other humorous writers. Among his
most admired productions are his illustrations of "Don
Quixote." He was also successful in portraits. In 1847
he was chosen professor of painting in the Royal Acad-
emy. He published a "Life of John Constable," (1843.)
and a "Hand-Book for Young Painters," (1855.) Died
in 1859. "The more I learn of art," says Ruskin, "the
more respect I feel for Mr. Leslie's painting as such
Given a certain quantity of oil-colour to be laid with one
touch of the pencil so as to produce at once the subtlest
and largest expressional result possible, and there is no
man now living who seems to me to come at all near Mr.
Leslie, his work being in places equal to Hogarth for
decision."
See RUSKIN, "Modem Painters;" C. R. LESLIE, "Autobio
graphic Recollections," edited by TOM TAYLOR, Boston, 1865
"Quarterly Review" for April, i8So: "North American Review
fur January, 1861.
Leslie or Lesley, (DAVID,) an able Scottish general
After serving with distinction under Gustavus Adolphus
fiat; 9 as*; ghard; gas/; G, H, K, guttural; N,nasa/; R, trilled; last; th as in MM. (J^T*See Explanations, p. 23.
LESLIE
'536
LESSER
of Sweden, he returned to Scotland about 1642. He
had obtained the rank of major-general when he fought
against Charles I. at Marston Moor in 1644. The suc-
cess of this action was ascribed chiefly to Cromwell and
Leslie. In 1646 he defeated Montrose at Philiphaugh.
On the resignation of the Earl of Leven, (1650,) Leslie
was chosen commander-in-chief of the Scottish army
raised to restore Charles II. He intrenched his army
between Edinburgh and Leith, and prudently declined
Cromwell's offer of battle. Leslie followed the English
army to Dunbar, where they were reduced to extremi-
ties for want of provisions. Against his own judgment,
he was induced by the clergy to descend from his ad-
vantageous position and offer battle. The result was a
signal defeat of the Scotch, September 3, 1650. Leslie
was second or third in command at Worcester in 1651.
In the retreat from this battle he was made prisoner, and
was confined in the Tower until 1660. He received the
title of Lord Newark in 1661. Died in 1682.
Leslie, (ELIZA,) an American writer, sister of Charles
Robert, noticed above, was born in Philadelphia in 1787-
She was the author of numerous tales and sketches,
which display uncommon powers of humour and satire
and acquired extensive popularity. Among the principal
of these are "Pencil Sketches, or Outlines of Character
and Manners," (1833,) " Atlantic Tales," " The American
Girl's Book," and "Althea Vernon," (1841.) She also
published "The Domestic Cookery Hook," the "Beha-
viour Book," and other similar works. Died in 1858.
Leslie, (FRANK,) pen-name of Peter Carter, born
at Ipswich, England, in 1821. He joined the staff of
the " Illustrated London News," went to the United
States in 1848, and founded " Frank Leslie's Illus-
trated Newspaper" in New York in 1855. He founded
several other newspapers. On his death, in 1880, his
wife assumed the name of Frank Leslie and continued
to publish the " Weekly" and other periodicals.
Leslie, (GEORGE DUNLOP,) an English painter, a son
of C. R. Leslie, noticed above, was born in London, July
2, 1835. He became a Royal Academician in 1876. His
pictures are mostly of a cheerful and domestic kind.
Leslie, (HENRY DAVID,) an English musician and
composer, born in London, June 18, 1822. In 1856 he
founded the Choral Society in London which bears his
name. His compositions are numerous and varied in
nature. Died February 4, 1896.
Leslie, (JOHN,) born in Scotland about 1570, was the
father of Charles Leslie, (1650-1722.) He spoke Latin
and several modern languages. He was appointed
Bishop of Raphoe in 1633, and built a strong* castle,
which he defended against Cromwell in the civil war.
He is said to have been the last in Ireland to submit
to the victor. In 1661 he became Bishop of Clogher.
Died in 1671.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Leslie, (Sir JOHN,) an eminent Scottish geometer and
natural philosopher, born at Largo, in Fifeshire, in 1766.
He was educated at Saint Andrew's and Edinburgh, and
became a resident of London in 1790. In 1793 he pro-
duced a translation of Buffon's " Natural History of
Birds," which was very favourably received. About
1795 he invented the Differential Thermometer. He
published in 1804 his ingenious "Experimental Inquiry
into the Nature and Propagation of Heat," for which
the Royal Society awarded him the Rumford medal. In
1805 he was elected professor of mathematics in the
University of Edinburgh, although the clergy formally
protested against his election, because he had com-
mended Hume's " Theory of Causation." He succeeded
Playfair as professor of natural philosophy in Edinburgh
in 1819, and contributed much to the perfection of the
apparatus and experiments of that department. He
wrote many scientific articles for the " Encyclopaedia
Britannica" and "Edinburgh Review." Among his
separate publications were "Elements of Geometry,"
etc., (1809,) and " Elements of Natural Philosophy,"
(1823.) He wrote an interesting and excellent "Dis-
course on the Progress of Mathematical and Physical
Sciences during the Eighteenth Century," which is one
of the preliminary dissertations in the first volume of
the new edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica." His
treatise on " Heat," above noticed, indicates a remarka-
ble original genius, and constitutes an era in the history
of that branch of science. Died in 1832.
Leslie, (THOMAS EDWARD CLIFFE,) an able econo-
mist, born in the county of Wexford, Ireland, probably
in 1827. He was called to the English bar, and in
1853 was appointed professor of jurisprudence and
political economy in the Queen's College, Belfast, but
he lived chiefly in London and on the Continent. His
principal works are "The Land System of France,"
(2d edition, 1870,) "Essays in Political and Moral
Philosophy," (1879,) and a volume on "Land Sys-
tems." Died in 1882.
Leapinaase. See ESPINASSE, DE L'.
Lespinasse, les'pe'nis', ( AUGUSTIN, ) COUNT, a
French general, born at Preuilly in 1737. In 1796 he
fought under Bonaparte in Italy, and directed the artil-
lery at Mantua, Castiglione, and Arcola with great skill,
and obtained the rank of general of division. Died in 1816,
Lesquereux, IJ'keh-RUh', (CHARLES Lfio,) a Swiss-
American botanist, born at Fleurier, near Neufchatel,
November 18, 1806. He was educated at the College
of Neufchatel, was a professor at Eisenach, and later the
head of a college at Chauz de Fonds. When twenty-
five years old, he became totally deaf. He was director
of the exploitation of the peat-bogs of Neufchatel. In
1848 he was brought to the United States by Prof.
Agassiz. Besides two volumes on peat-bogs, (in French,
1844, 1845,) he published " Musci American!," (with W.
S. Sullivant, 1856, 1865,) " Manual of the Mosses of
North America," (with T. L. James, 1884,) and a large
number of monographs and reports on the fossil botany
of North America, chiefly published in connection with
the various State and United States surveys. D. 1889.
Lessart, de, deh l&'sSR', (ANTOINE DE VALDEC,) a
French minister of state, born in Guienne in 1742. H«
was appointed minister of the interior about January I,
1791, and minister of foreign affairs in December of that
year. His policy offended the dominant party, which
impeached him in March, 1792. He was imprisoned,
and perished in the massacre of September, 1792.
See I IIIKRS, "History of the French Revolution."
Lesaeps, de, deh 14'sSp', (FERDINAND,) a French
diplomatist, born at Versailles in 1805. He became
onsul at Cairo about 1833, and in 1842 was appointed
consul at Barcelona. During the bombardment of this
city by Espartero, Lesseps performed perilous acts of
humanity, for which he received testimonials of honour
from several governments. He was minister at Madrid
from April, 1848, to February, 1849. In May, 1849, he
was sent to Rome to negotiate a peace between the
popular party and the French army. He was recalled
in disgrace in June of that year, because he was too
favourable to the Roman republic. He projected the
ship-canal across the Isthmus of Suez, which, under his
superintendence, was completed, at a cost of nearly sixty
millions of dollars, and opened in November, 1869. Sub-
sequently (1873-1880) he perfected a plan for the con-
struction of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, but,
after the expenditure of over $120,000,000, the company
was forced into liquidation. In 1892-93 the manage-
ment was charged with breach of trust, and five direc-
tors were condemned, he being sentenced to a fine and
five years' imprisonment. He was too ill to be taken
from his house, and died December 7, 1894.
Lesseps, de, (JEAN BAPTISTE BARTHELEMI,) a French
traveller and civil officer, born at Cette in 1766. As
interpreter he accompanied La Perouse's expedition in
1785, and on their arrival at Kamtchatka (1787) was
sent home by land with despatches, etc. He published
a Tournal of his Travels from Kamtchatka to France,
(1790.) Died in 1834.
Lesser, les'ser, (FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN,) a German
naturalist and theologian, born at Nordhausen in 1692.
He became pastor of a church in Nordhausen in 1739.
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fall, fit; met; not; good; moon;
LESSER
'537
LESTOILE
His most popular work is the "Theology of Insects,"
(1738.) "The plan of this work is excellent," says
Walckenaer; "but the art of describing with precision
and narrating with elegance is not found in it." He also
wrote the "Theology of Stones," (1735.) Died in 1754.
See J. P. F. LESSER, " Nachricht von dem Leben und den
Schrilten F. C. Lessers," 1755 ; MEOSHL, "Gelehrtes Deutschland."
Lesser, de, (A. CREUZE.) See CREUZE DE LESSER.
Leasing, ISs'sing, (GoTTHOLD EPHRAIM,) an eminent
author, regarded as the father of the new era of German
literature, was born at Kamentz, in Upper Lusatia, in
1729. When twelve years old, he was sent to the high
school at Meissen, where he distinguished himself by
his application and his rapid acquisition ol knowledge.
Being destined by his parents to the ministry, he entered,
at the age of seventeen, the university at Leipsic. While
here, his taste for general literature and his fondness for
the theatre caused him to neglect, and ultimately to
abandon, the study of theology, that he might devote
himself wholly to his favourite pursuits. Not to mention
several dramas of minor importance, Lessing brought
out in 1755 "Miss Sarah Sampson," a tragedy, which
was received by the German public with extraordinary
favour, and was translated into other languages. In
1757 he commenced, in concert with Mendelssohn and
Nicolai, the publication of the " Bibliothek der schonen
Wissenschaften," (literally, the " Library of the Beautiful
Sciences,") — a literary journal of great merit. He pub-
lished in 1766 his "Laocoon, or the Limits of Poetry
and Painting." This work has exerted a great and per-
manent influence on the science of criticism in Germany,
both in literature and art. In 1768 appeared the " Dra-
maturgie," — another critical work, in which Lessing
opposes the French and defends the English drama.
He completed in 1772 his "Emilia Galotti," which has
been styled " the master-piece of German tragedy, as
the ' Laocoon' is the master-piece of German criticism ;"
and in 1775 he brought out his " Minna von Barnhelm,"
regarded as the most perfect of his comedies. His
last important work was "Nathan the Wise," ("Nathan
der Weise,") — a sort of controversial drama in iambic
verse, directed against religious intolerance. Our limits
will scarcely permit us to do more than allude to his
various minor productions, nearly all of which, in a
greater or less degree, bear the decided impress of an
earnest, independent, and original mind. We may,
however, mention his " Letters on Literature," (" Lite-
raturbriefe,") his " Education of the Human Race,"
("Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts,") and especially
his " Fables," so rich in wit and original thought : many
of these have a literary application.
One of the great objects for which Lessing earnestly
laboured was to build up a national literature. The
Germans had previously, to a great extent, neglected
or despised the rich native resources of their own
tongue. Lessing sought by precept and example to re-
call his countrymen from the almost exclusive study of
the French, recommending in preference the English
dramatic models, as superior in themselves and better
adapted to the genius of the German people.
In 1760 Lessing was made a member of the Royal
Academy of Sciences at Berlin, and soon after accom-
panied General Tauenzien, Governor of Silesia, as his
secretary, to Breslau, where he resided five years. During
this period he became addicted to gambling ; but this
vice does not appear to have materially interfered with
his application to literature. In 1770 he obtained the
oCce of head librarian of the Wolfenbiittel Library.
Soon after, he discovered and published the famous
" Wolfenbiittel Fragments," (on the discrepancies of the
gospel narratives,) by Reimarus, who, however, at that
time was not known as the author. This publication
brought upon Lessing much censure and reproach : he
was accused of a deliberate design to undermine Chris-
tianity. If, however, we may believe his friend Herder,
he gave those "Fragments" to the public " purely for
the interests of truth, for the sake of freer inquiry and
of examination and confirmation on all sides." A candid
Examination of Lessing's own writings will, we are per-
suaded, go far to justify, if not fully to confirm, Herder's
opinion. The extraordinary activ:ty and incessant appli
cation of Lessing's mind at length wore out his physicaj
constitution. He died at Brunswick 1781, aged fifty-two.
See E. P. EVANS, " Life and Works of G. E. Lessing," from the Ger-
man of ADOLP W. T. STAHR, 2 vols., 1867 ; DANZEL, " G. E. Lessing,
sein Leben und seine Werke," 1850 ; C. G. LSSSING, " G. E. Lessing'i
Leben," etc., 3 vols., 1793; D6RING, "G. E. Lessing's Biographic,'
1853; DILLER, " Erinnerungen an G. E. Lessing," 1841; SCHINK,
" Characterislik G. E. Lessing's," 1825: GROSSMANN, "Lessin^'t
Denkmal," 1791: A. TOLHAUSEN, " Klopstock, Lessing, and Wie-
land," London, 1848 ; H. G. GRAEVH, " G. E. Lessing's Lebensge-
schichte," etc., 1829; F. SCHLSGEL, " Characteristics and Criticisms"
(" Ch.iracteristiken und Kritiken") on Lessing,'' 1801 ; "Charac-
teristics of Men of Genius," by E. P. WHIPPLE, 1840; "Black-
wood's Magazine" for November, 1826, (by DE QUINCEV :) HEDGE,
" Prose Writers of Germany," 1847 • " Biographic Universelle."
Lessing, (KARL FRIEDRICH,) an eminent Germin
painter, and grand-nephew of the celebrated critic, was
born at Wartenberg in 1808. He studied architecture
for a time, but soon yielded to his stronger attraction
for painting. In 1825 he finished his picture of "The
Church- Yard," which excited great admiration. He
soon after studied historical painting under Schadow at
Dusseldorf. In this department he produced in 1829
"The Battle of Iconium," and completed other illustra-
tions of the life of Frederick Barbarossa, left unfinished
by Cornelius. His next productions, representing scenes
from Burger's "Lenore" and Uhland's "Royal Mourn
ers," display great originality and poetic fancy. Among
his master-pieces we may also name " Huss before the
Council of Constance," "The Robber and his Child,"
and a "Scene in the Eifel," with several other exqui-
site landscapes. Lessing, while retaining many of the
peculiar excellencies of the ideal or romantic school,
avoided the formality of style into which it has sometimes
degenerated. Died June 5, 1880.
See NAGLER, "Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon."
Lessing, (KARL GOTTHELF,) a German dramatist,
born in 1740, was a brother of the great author. He
published several comedies, and a " Life of Gotthold
Ephraim Lessing."
Leasius, les'se-us, (LEONARD,) a Flemish Jesuit, born
at Brechtan, in Brabant, in 1554. He lectured on the-
ology with iclat at Louvain from 1585 until 1623. He
wrote several popular works, among which are one
"On Justice and other Cardinal Virtues," (1621,) and
another "On the Power of the Pope." He was charged
with favouring semi-Pelagianism. Died in 1623.
Lessmann, leVman, (DANIEL,) a German litterateur,
born at Soldin in 1794. He wrote lyric poems, and
a number of novels and tales. He died in 1831, it is
supposed by suicide.
Lesson, li'siN', (REN£ PRIMEVERE,) a French natu
ralist, born at Rochefort in 1794. Among his numerous
works are a "Manual of Ornithology," (2 vols., 1828,)
and a "Supplement to the Works of Buffon," ("Com-
plement des CEuvres de Buffon," 10 vols., 1828 et seq.)
Died in 1849.
See AMEois LspivRE, "filoge historique de R. P. Lesson,"
1850.
Lfis'ter, (CHARLES EDWARDS,) an American littfra-
teur, born in New London county, Connecticut, in 1815.
He published the "Life and Voyages of Americus
Vespucius," "Artists of America," and various other
works, and made several translations from the Italian.
Died January 29, 1890.
Lestiboudoia, leVteTwo'dwa', (JEAN BAPTISTS,) a
French botanist, born at Douay in 1715; died in 1804.
His grandson, THEMISTOCLES, born at Lille in 1797, was
a physician and writer on botany, etc. Died in 1876.
Lestocq or Leatoq, ISs'tok', (JOHANN HERMAN,)
a surgeon, born of French parents in Hanover about
1695. He removed in 1713 to Saint Petersburg, and
became surgeon to Peter the Great. In 1725 he was
appointed surgeon to the princess Elizabeth. He was
the master-spirit of the plot or revolution which made
her empress in 1741. For some years afterwards he
was treated with much favour, and took an influential
part in affairs of state; but in 1750 he was disgraced
and exiled. He was recalled by Peter III. in 1762.
Died in 1767.
Lestoile or L^toile. See ETOILE, DE L'.
€ as k; 9 as s; g hard: g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: s as t; th as in this.
97
Explanations, p. 23.)
L'ESTRAiVGE
LETTE
L'Estrange, ISs-tranj', (Sir ROGER,) an English par-
tisan writer, born in Norfolk in 1616, was a zealous
royalist in the civil war. Having been detected in a plot
to surprise Lynn, he was sentenced to death as a spy in
1644, but obtained a respite, and escaped in 1648. After
passing a few years in exile, he returned in 1653 and
obtained from Cromwell a release from the sentence. In
the reign of Charles II. he was censor of the press. He
translated the works of Josephus, Seneca's "Morals,"
and >Esop's Fables, and wrote many popular political
tracts. His style is censured for vulgarity, and his works
abound in slang. After the restoration he edited several
1704.
See " Biographia Brilannica."
Lesueur or Le Sueur, leh-sii'UR', (CHARLES ALEX-
ANDRE,) a French naturalist and designer, born at Havre
in 1778. He explored with Peron the coasts of Aus-
tralia, and wrote many memoirs on mollusca, etc. Died
in 1846.
Lesueur, (CiCERON JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French archi-
tect, born near Rambouillet in 1794, became a membei
of the Institute. He published a "Chronology of the
Kings of Egypt," (1848-50.) D;ed December 26, 1883.
Lesueur, (EuSTACHE,) an excellent painter of history,
surnamed " the French Raphael," was born in Paris in
1617. He was a pupil of Vouet. He excelled in com-
position, expression, and chiaroscuro. Among his works
are "Saint Paul Preaching at Ephesus," "The Annun-
ciation," "The Life of Saint Bruno," (in 22 pictures,)
and "The Death of Tabitha." The first is called a
master-piece of invention and style. He died prema-
turely in 1655.
See CHARLES BLANC, " Vies des Peinrres Francais," and " Etude
sur E. Lesueur," 1845; Louis VITHT, " E. Lesueur, sa Vie et ses
CEuvres," 1853; L. DUSSIEUX, "Nouvelles Recherches sur la Vie
d'E. Lesueur." 1852.
Lesueur, (JEAN,) a French historian and Protestant
minister. He wrote a " History of the Church and Em-
pire from the Birth of Christ," (1672.) Died in 1681.
Lesueur or Le Sueur, (JEAN FRANCOIS,) a cele-
brated French composer, born near Abbeville about
1760. Having gained reputation by his motets and
masses, he was chosen chapel-master of Notre-Dame,
Paris, in 1786. His opera "La Caverne" (1792) was
very successful. In 1804 he became chapel-master of
Napoleon, and produced "The Bards," (" Les Bardes,")
an opera, which was greatly applauded. He was chosen
a member of the Institute in 1815. He composed other
operas, an " Essay on Sacred Music," and a " Treatise
on Ancient Music," which are highly commended- Died
in 1837.
See Ftfns " P.iographie Universelle des Musiciens;" "Nouvelle
Biographic Gene'rale."
Le Sueur, (NICOLAS,) a French philologist, born in
Paris about 1540, became president of the Chamber of
Inquests in the Parliament of Paris. He made a good
translation of Pindar's Odes into Latin verse, (1575.)
Died in 1594.
Lesueur, (NICOLAS,) a French engraver of cameos,
born in Paris in 1690; died in 1764. His uncle PIERRE,
born at Rouen in 1636, was one of the best engravers on
wood of his time. Died in 1716.
Leszczinski. See STANISLAS.
Letanduere, de, deh la'toN'dii'aiR', (HENRI FRAN-
gois DESHERBIERS,) MARQUIS, an able French nnval
officer, born at Angers in 1682. He was made chef fes-
cadre in 1745. In that year he captured four English
frigates near Brest. Died in 1750.
Letellier. See Louvois, COURTANVAUX, DE, and
ESTREFR, n', (Louis CESAR.)
Letellier, leh-ti'le-a', a French painter, born at Rouen
in 1614, was a nephew and pupil of the celebrated
Poussin. His favourite subjects were devotional. He
excelled in expression and linear perspective. Among
his best works are a " Holy Family," an " Ascension,"
and an "Annunciation." Died in 1676.
Letellier or Le Tellier, (MiCHEL,) a French states-
man, born in 1603. By the patronage of Mazarin, he
was appointed secretary of state for the war department
soon after 1642. During the troubles of the Fronde he
was an adherent of Mazarin. The latter having with-
drawn from France about 1651, Letellier was employed
as minister by the queen-regent during the short period
of his absence. In 1677 he was appointed chancellor
of France. He sealed with alacrity the fatal edict against
the Protestants which in 1685 revoked the edict of Nantes.
Died in 1685. Ix^uvois, the minister of Louis XIV., was
his son.
Letellier, (MICHEL,) a French Jesuit, born at Vire,
in Normandy, in 1643. He edited Quintus Curtius for
the use of the dauphin (in umm Delphmi) in 1678, and
wrote against Jansenism. In 1709 he became confessor
to Louis XIV., with the privilege of presenting subjects
for benefices. D'Alembert and others accuse him of
giving the king perfidious counsels. At the death of
Louis XIV. (1715) he was exiled. Died in 1719.
Letb/bridge, (Sir ROPER,) an English author,
born in Devonshire in 1840. He graduated at Oxford,
entered the educational service in India, became a bar-
rister in London 1880, and was in Parliament 1885-92.
He wrote "The Golden Book of India," " High Edu-
cation in India," historical works on India, etc.
Le'the, [A^,] a Greek word signifying "forgetful-
ness" or " oblivion," and forming the name of one of
the streams of Hades. See PLUTO.
Lethiere, leh-te-aiR', (GUILLAUME GUILLON, ) an
eminent French landscape- and historical painter, was
born in Guadeloupe in 1760. He studied in Rome, and
worked in Paris with success. Among his works are
"The Death of Caesar," "The Judgment of Paris," and
"Homer reciting his Poems." Died in 1832.
Ler.nington. See MAITLAND, (WILLIAM.)
Leti, la'tee, (GREGORIO,) an Italian historical writer,
born at Milan in 1630. He went to Geneva, turned
Protestant, and opened a school in 1660. In 1669 he
published a "Life of Sixtus V.," which is his most
popular work. His satirical humour involved him in
difficulties, which compelled him to leave Geneva in
1679. He passed some time at the court of Charles
II. of England, and was ordered to quit that kingdom
in 1682. He died in Amsterdam in 1701, leaving many
histories and biographies, which are unreliable.
See NicdRoN, " Me"moires."
Leto. See LATONA.
Leto, (PoMPONio.) See POMPONIUS L^TUS.
Letourneur, leh-tooR'nuR', (CHARLES Louis FRAN-
COIS HONORE,) a Director of the French republic, was
born in Basse-Normandie in 1751. He was deputed to
the Convention in 1792, and voted with the Girondists
for the death of the king. He was one of the members
of the Executive Directory elected in October, 1795 or
1796. He was exiled as a regicide in 1816, and died
in 1817.
See THIHRS. " History of the French Revolution."
Le Tourneur, (PIERRE.) See TOURNEUR, LE.
Letronne, leh-tRon', (JEAN A.NTOINE,) an eminent
French antiquary and critic, born in Paris in 1787, was
remarkable for sagacity, mental activity, and variety of
acquirements. After returning from his travels in Italy
and other countries, he was chosen a member of the
Academy of Inscriptions in 1816. In 1823 he published
a "Historical Essay on Egypt during the Domination
of the Greeks and Romans." He wrote able articles
for the " Biographic Universelle" and " Revue des Deux
Mondes." He was appointed professor of history in the
College of France about 1831, and keeper of the archives
of France in 1840. Among his principal works is "A
Collection of the Greek and Latin Inscriptions of Egypt,"
(2 vols. 410, 1842-48.) He proved that the zodiac of
Denderah belonged to the time of the Roman emperors,
thus exploding the theory of Dupuis. Died in 1848.
Letrosne, leh-tRon', (GUILLAUME FRANCOIS,) a
French advocate and economist, born at Orleans in 1728.
He published a treatise in favour of free trade in grain,
and other works on political economy. Died in 1780.
Lette, let'teh, (\VILHELM ADOLPH,) a Prussian econ-
i, e, i, o, u, y, long; A, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; mJt; nfit; good; moon:
LETTER IS
LEUWENHOEK
omist and liberal politician, born at Kienitz in 1799.
He was elected to the legislative assembly of Prussia
several times between 1850 and 1856. Died in 1868.
Letteris, ISt-tA'ris, (MAXIMILIAN,) a Polish poet, born
at Ziolkiev, September 13, 1800, of a Jewish family. He
was educated at the University of Vienna, where he was
for many years a proof-reader. He published some
translations from Racine, besides lyric poems, chiefly in
Hebrew and German. His masterpiece is" Ken Abuyah."
He died in great poverty at Vienna, June 4, 1871.
Lettice, let'tiss, (JOHN,) an English poet and clergy-
man, born in Northamptonshire in 1737. His poem on
the conversion of Saint Paul gained a prize at Cam-
bridge in 1764. He attained eminence as a pulpit orator.
In 1785 he was presented to the living of Peasemarsh,
Sussex. He was author of " Fables for the Fireside,"
(1812,) "Strictures on Elocution," (1821,) sermons, and
other works. Died in 1832.
Lett'spm, (JOHN COAKLEY,) an English physician,
born in the West Indies, near Tortola, about 1744. His
parents were members of the Society of Friends. He
studied in Edinburgh, Paris, and Leyden, and in 1769
settled in London, where, through the influence of Dr.
Fothergill, he obtained a large practice. He acquired an
txtensive scientific reputation, and was elected Fellow
of the Royal Society in 1771. Besides several profes-
sional treatises, he published "The Natural History of
the Tea-Tree," (1772,) the "Naturalist's and Traveller's
Companion," (1774,) and a "Life of Dr. Fothergill,"
(1783.) Died in 1815.
See "Memoirs of }. C. Lettsom," by T. J. PETTIGSEW, 1817:
DBSGBNRTTES, in the " Biographic Mtidicale."
Leu, loi, [Fr. pron. luh,] (JOHANN JAKOB,) a Swiss
writer, born at Zurich in 1689. His most important
work is a " Universal Dictionary of Switzerland," (20
vols., 1746-63,) which treats of the civil, religious,
literary, and natural history of that country. Died in
1768.
Leuchtenberg, DUKE OF. See BEAUHARNAIS, DE,
(EUGENE.)
Leuchtenberg, de, deh loiK'ten-be'RG', (KARL AU-
GUST NAPOLEON,) PRINCE, the eldest son of Eugene de
Beauharnais, Viceroy of Italy, was born at Milan in
1810. His mother was Augusta Amelia, daughter of the
King of Bavaria. He passed his youth in Bavaria.
About 1834 he was made the first peer of Bavaria by
his uncle, Louis I. He married Maria, Queen of Por-
tugal, in January, 1835, and was created Duke of Santa
Cruz, but died before the end of the year.
Leucippe. See LEUCIPPUS.
Leu-cip'pUB, |Gr. AriwraTroc; Fr. LEUCIPPE, luh'sep',1
d famous Greek philosopher, who is generally reputed
the author of the atomic philosophy. He was a disciple
of Zeno of Elea. The time and place of his birth are
unknown ; but, as he was the teacher of Democritus, he
probably lived earlier than 450 B.C. Different accounts
state that he was born at Elea, Abdera, or Miletus. His
works, if indeed he left any, have not come down to us.
His doctrines are supposed to have been similar to those
of Democritus.
See RITTER. " History of Philosophy;" DIOGENES LAERTIUS.
Leuckart, loik'aiu, (KARL GEORG FRIEDRICH RU-
DOLPH,) a German naturalist, born at Helmstedt, Octo-
ber 7, 1823. He was educated at Gottingen. He was
professor of comparative anatomy at Giessen, 1855-70,
and in 1870 was called to a similar chair at Leipsic. He
published numerous works, mostly on helminthology.
Died in 1898.
Leuckfeld, loik'f?lt, (JoHANN GEORG,) a Germai.
historian, born in Thuringia in 1668; died in 1726.
Leu'oon, \\eiinuv,] an Athenian poet of the old
comedy, was a contemporary and rival of Aristophanes.
Leu-coth'e-a, (or lu-ko'the-a,) [Gr. \evno8ia; Fr.
LEUCOTHEE, luh'ko'ta',] i.e. "White Goddess," a name
given to INO, which see.
Leucothee. See LEUCOTHEA.
Leunclavius, loin-kla've-us, (JoHANN,) an excelleu
German scholar, whose proper name was LO'WENKLAU
or LOEWENKLAU, (16'<ven-kl6w',) was born at Amel-
bauern, in Westphalia, in 1533. He was well versed in
Greek, Latin, and public law. A large part of his life wa«
passed at the courts of the Duke of Savoy and of other
princes. He published editions with Latin versions of
Xenophon, (1569,) Dion Cassius, Zosimus, (1579,) Pro-
copius, and other Greek authors. Scaliger, Bayle, and
others praise him highly as a translator. He wrote a
few original works, among which was a " History of
the Moslems," ("Musulmanicae Historian Libri XVIII.,"
1595.) Died at Vienna in 1593.
See BAYLK, " Historical and Critical Dictionary :" NlotRow,
" Me"mojres ;" M. ADAM, "Vita Philosophorum Germanorum."
Leupold, loi'polt, (JAKOB,) an ingenious Saxon
mechanician, born at Planitz in 1674. He excelled in
the fabrication of mathematical and philosophical instru-
ments. The Elector of Saxony appointed him a membei
of the Council of Mines. He published in 1723-27 an
important work called "Theatre of Machines," ("Thea-
trum Machinarum,") which treats of machines, statics,
hydrostatics, mechanical sciences, etc. Died in 1727.
See TETTELBACH. " Lebensbeschreibung J. Leupolds," 1735.
Leupoldt, loi'polt, (JoHANN MICHAEL,) a German
physician, born at Weissenstadt, Bavaria, in 1794. He
published a number of treatises on pathology, physi-
ology, and hygiene, and a " General History of Medi-
cine," (1825.) Died August 21, 1874.
Leuret, luh'rj', ( FRANQOIS,) a French physician,
born at Nancy in 1797. Having given special attention
to mental maladies, he acquired distinction by his " Psy-
chological Fragments on Insanity," (1834,) and othei
works, among which is one " On the Moral Treatment
of Insanity," (1840.) He became chief physician of the
Bicetre in Paris. Died in 1851.
See U. TRELAT, " Notice sur F. Leuret," 1851 : CHARLES HB-
3UET, " Notice biographique sur la Vie du Docteur Leuret," 1852.
Leusden, lus'den, [Lat. LEUSDE'NIUS,] (JAN,) a
Dutch philologist, eminent as a Hebrew scholar, was
born in 1624, at Utrecht. He studied the Oriental lan-
guages in that city and Amsterdam. In 1649 ne obtained
the chair of Hebrew at Utrecht, which he held until his
death. He explained many curious Biblical questions
in three works, entitled "Hebrew Philologist," ("Philo-
logus Hebraeus," 1656,) "Philologus Hebraeo-Mixtus,"
(1663,) and " Hebrew-Greek Philologist," ("Philologus
Ilebraeo-Graecus," 1670.) Among his other works are
"Scholia Syriaca," "Compendium Biblicum," (1674,)
and a Greek edition of the New Testament, (1675.)
Died in 1699.
See NlciRON, " Me'moires ;" BURMANN, " Trajectum Eruditum ;"
G. DE VRIES, "Oratio in Obitum J. Leusdenii," 1699.
Leusdenius. See LEUSDEN.
Leutholf. See LUDOLPHUS.
Leutinger, loi'ting-er, (NiKOLAUS,) a German his-
torian, born in Brandenburg in 1547. He published
about 1587 a "History of Brandenburg." Died in 1612.
Leutze, loit'seh, (£MANUEL,) a distinguished his-
torical painter, born at Gmund, in Wurtemberg, in
1816. At an early age he accompanied his father to
Philadelphia, where his talents attracted the notice of
Mr. Carey, by whose assistance he was enabled to visit
Europe. He studied at Dusseldorf under Lessing, and
xbout 1842 produced his "Columbus before the Council
at Salamanca," which gave him a high reputation.
Among his pictures, many of which illustrate American
history, we may mention "The Landing of the North-
men," "Washington Crossing the Delaware," " John
Knox and Mary Stuart," " Washington at Princeton,"
and "Columbus before the Queen." Died at Washing-
ton in July, 1868.
See H. T. TUCKERMAN, "American Artist Life," 1867, and
' Book of the Artists."
Leuwenhoek, van, vin luh'wen-hook', (ANTOON,)
sometimes written Leeuwenhoek or Leeuwenhoeck,
a celebrated Dutch naturalist, born at Delft in 1632.
lie first acquirej reputation by his skill in the fabrica
tion of microscopes. By his successful use of the micro-
scope in researches into the intimate structure of the
human system and the composition of animal fluids, he
afterwards obtained celebrity as an anatomist and physi-
ologist. He communicated many of his discoveries to
the Royal Society of London, of which he was chosen a
Fellow in 1680. He discovered the so-called animalcules
; casj; ghard; gas/.- G, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; R,trilltd; sasz; th as in //&;>. (J^p^See Explanations, p. 23. ^
LEVA
154°
LEVESQUE
in the spermatic fluid in 1677. About 1690 he proved
the continuity of the arteries with the veins, and success-
fully combated the prevalent hypothesis of the fermen-
tation of the blood. He described with accuracy the
structure of the lamina which compose the crystalline
lens of the eye. In 1698, Peter the Great, passing
through Delft, requested the favour of seeing Leuwen-
hoek and his microscopes, which was accorded. Died
in 1723. Leiiwenhoek's works were printed in the
"Philosophical Transactions," (London.) Four vol-
umes of his collected works were published at Leyden
in 1724, under the title of "Opera Omnia."
dac
«ert
Leva. See LEYVA.
Le Vacher de Charnoia. See CHARNOIS, DE.
Le Vaillant. See VAILLANT, LE.
Leval, leh-vSl', (JEAN FRANCOIS,) a French general,
born in Paris in 1761. As general of division, he ob-
tained success at Philipsburg in 1799. He took part in
the battle of Jena, in 1806. Died in 1834.
Levasseur, leh-vJ'sUR', a French anatomist, who
wrote about 1540. "He appears," says Hallam, "to
have known the circulation of the blood through the
lungs, as well as the valves of the arteries and veins,
and their direction and its purpose,— treading closely
on an anticipation of Harvey."
Levasseur, (JEAN CHARLES,) a French engraver,
born at Abbeville in 1734. He engraved some works
of Boucher, Lemoine, Vanloo, etc. Died about 1810.
Levasseur de la Sarthe, leh-vt'sUR' deh la sSRt,
(RENE,) a French Jacobin, born in Maine in 1747, voted
in the Convention of 1792 for the death of the king, and
was a violent enemy of the Girondists. Died in 1834.
Sec ACHILLB ROCHB, "Mimoires de R. Levasseur," 2 vols., 1829
Levassor, leh-vt'soR', (MICHEL,) a French historian
and priest, born at Orleans. About 1675 he became a
Protestant, and emigrated to Holland. He afterwards
removed to England, and published a " History of Eu
rope in the Reign of Louis XIII.," (lovols., 1700-11.
Voltaire calls him " un d^clamateur odieux," (" an odioui
declaimer,") and says he was thought to be erroneous in
nearly all his judgments. Died in 1718.
Levati, la-va'tee, (CARLO AMHROGIO,) an Italian
writer, born at Biassono in 1790. Among his works is
a "Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Women of al'
Ages and Nations," (3 vols., 1822.) Died in 1841.
Levau or Leveau, leh-vo', (Louis,) a French archi-
tect, born in 1612. He built the Hotel Lambert anc
H6tel Colbert, at Paris. He obtained the title of first
architect to Louis XIV., by whose order he added to the
chateau of the Tuileries the Pavilions de Flore and de
Marsan. Died in 1670.
See QUATREMKRB DE QUINCY, " Vies des phis illustres Archi
tectes."
Levavasseur, leh'vfvt'suR', (Louis GUSTAVE,) a
French poet, born at Argentan, November 9, 1819
Among his writings are "Poesies fugitives," (1846,!
"Farces et Moralites," (1850,) "Etudes d'apres Na
ture," (1864,) "Dans les Herbages," (1876.) etc. Some
of his best work is in the old Norman manner.
Le Vayer. See MOTHE, LA.
Leven, EARL OF. See LESLIE, (ALEXANDER.)
L6v§que, li'veV, (PIERRE,) an able French mathe
matician, born at Nantes in 1746. To a sound judgmen
he added extensive acquirements in various sciences anc
languages. He published "The Navigator's Guide,
(1779,) which was praised by Lalande, and other nautica
works. He was elected to the Institute in 1801. Die
in 1814.
See DELAMBRK, " filoge de LeVeque," 1816; "Nouvelle Bia
graphic Ge"nerale."
Le'ver, (Sir ASHTON,) an English naturalist, bor
near Manchester. He formed a museum of natural his
tory. Died in 1788.
Le'ver, (CHARLES JAMES,) a popular Irish npvelis
was born in Dublin in 1806. He practised medicine
few years, but abandoned that profession when he be
came editor of the " Dublin University Magazine," abov
1842. He wrote a multitude of novels, among whic
re "Harry Lorrequer," (1840,) "Charles O'Malley,
841,) "Tom Burke of Ours," (1844,) "The Daltons,"
852,) "The Knight of Gwynne," (1854,) and " Daven-
ort Dunn," (1859.) After 1845 he resided for many
ears at Florence. In 1858 he was appointed vice-consul
t Spezzia, and was transferred to Trieste in 1867. He
ied at Trieste, June I, 1872.
Lever, (THOMAS,) an eloquent English divine, born
n Lancashire. He was ordained a Protestant minister
n 1550. On the accession of Mary (1553) he retired to
le continent. He afterwards dissented from the Angli-
.an Church, from a partiality to Calvinism. He pub-
shed sermons, and other religious works. Died in 1577.
LSv'e-rett, (FREDERICK PERCIVAL,) an American
cholar, born at Boston in 1803. He published a " Lexi-
on of the Latin Language," an edition of Caesar's "Com-
mentaries," and other educational works. Died in 1836.
Leverett, (Sir JOHN,) born in England in 1616,
migrated to America, where he was elected in 1673
Governor of Massachusetts. He was made a baronet
y Charles II. Died in 1679.
Leverett, (JOHN,) grandson of the preceding, born in
Boston in 1662, became president of Harvard University
n 1708. He was a distinguished jurist and scholar, and
Fellow of the Royal Society. Died in 1724.
Lev'e-ridge, (RICHARD,) an English singer, song
writer, and musical composer, was born about 1670. He
published two volumes of his own songs, and composed
he music for many of Purcell's songs. Died in 1758.
Leverrier or Le Verrier, leh vi're-4', (URHAIN
BAN JOSEPH,) an eminent French astronomer, born at
->aint-L6 (La Manche) in March, 1811. He entered the
Polytechnic School about 1830, and after leaving it de-
voted himself with success to chemistry and mathematics.
ie became a tutor (rtpttiteur) in the Polytechnic School,
and in 1839 wrote two treatises on astronomy, which pro
cured for'him the friendship of Arago. In January, 1846,
he was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences.
Before that date he had undertaken to rectify the tables
if Uranus, the orbit of which was subject to perturba-
ions from an unknown cause. Conjecturing this cause
o be a planet, he calculated its orbit, mass, and position,
and announced the results in a memoir to the Academy
of Sciences in June, 1846. The planet was observed by
elescope near the place indicated, by Galle, of Berlin, in
September of that year, and received the name of Nep-
une. Leverrier acquired a just celebrity by this great
discovery and was appointed professor of astronomy in
the Faculty of Sciences, Paris. In 1849 he was elected
to the Legislative Assembly. Having supported Louis
Napoleon's policy, he was chosen a senator in 1852. He
succeeded Arago in 1853 as astronomer to the bureau
of longitudes and director of the Imperial Observatory.
He published, besides other works, " Annales de 1 Ob
servatoire de Paris," (1856.) About 1860 he presented to
the Institute an interesting memoir on Mercury. He ob-
served a movement of the perihelion of that planet which
suggested the existence of a small planet between Mer-
cury and the sun. In 1870 he was removed from the posi-
tion of director of the Observatory. Died Sept. 23, 1877.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Gene'rale ;" " Biographic des Membret
du Serial," 1852.
Le Vert, leh vert, (OcTAViA WALTON,) an American
writer, born in Georgia about 1820. She published
" Souvenirs of Travel," (1857,) and contributed to Eng-
lish and American periodicals. Died March 13, 1877.
Levesque, li'vlk', (PIERRE CHARLES,) a French his-
torian and translator, born in Paris in 1736. He became
professor of belles-lettres in Saint Petersburg in 1773.
In 1780 he returned to Paris, and published his "His-
tory of Russia," (" Histoire de Russie," 6 vols., 1782,)
which is esteemed a classic work. He afterwards was
chosen a professor in the Royal College and a member
of the Institute. In 1795 he produced a successful trans-
lation of Thucydides. He wrote other historical works,
and translated some of the writings of Plutarch and
Xenophon. Died in 1812.
See DACIER, " Elo^e de Lfvesque ;" " Nouvelle Biographic
G<*nerale ;" " Monthly Review," vol. liv., 1807 tt set)., (Appendix.)
Levesque de Burigny. See BURIGNY, DE.
Levesque de la Ravaliere, li'vSk' deh IS rfvf-
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; not; good; moon:
LEVESQUE
LE IVIS
Ie-aiR', (PIERRE ALF.XANDRE,) a French writer, born at
Troyes in 1697. He was chiefly known by his edition
of the poems of Thibault de Champagne, King of Na-
varre, (1742,) which was accompanied by an "Essay or
the Revolutions of the French Language from Charle-
magne to Saint Louis." Died in 1762.
L^vesque de Pouilly, li'vik' deh poo'ye', (Louis
JEAN,) a French littlrattur, born at Rheims in 1691. He
was admitted into the Academy of Inscriptions in 1722.
He corresponded with Fontenelle, Voltaire, and Lord
Bolingbroke. His principal work is the "Theory re-
specting the Agreeable Sentiments," ("Theorie des
Sentiments agre'ables," 1747,) revised and enlarged in
1749. Died in 1750.
His son, JEAN SIMON, (1734-1820,) wrote a "Life
of Chancellor L'Hopital," (1764,) and a work called
"Theory of the Imagination," (1803.)
Le'vi, [Heb. '17 ; Gr. A™,] a Hebrew patriarch, a
son of Jacob and Leah, was born in Mesopotamia about
1750 B.C. He died in Egypt, aged one hundred and
thirty-seven, leaving three sons, one of whom was the
grandfather of Moses.
See Genesis xxix., xxxiv., xlix., and Exodus vi. 16.
Levi, (DAVID,) a learned Jew, born in London in 1740.
He published, besides other works, " Lingua Sacra, or a
Grammar and Dictionary of the Hebrew, Chaldee, and
Talmudic Dialects," (3 vols., 1789.) Died in 1799.
Levi, la'vee, (LEONE,) a writer on commerce and
commercial law, born of Jewish parents at Ancona, July
6, 1821. He became in 1852 professor of commercial
law in King's College, London. Among his works is an
important treatise on "The Commercial Law of the
World," (4 vols., 1850-52,) also a " History of British
Commerce," (1872,) etc. Died May 8, 1888.
Levieil, leh-ve-II', (PIERRE,) a French painter on
glass, was born in Paris in 1708. He restored the
painted windows of Notre-Dame, and wrote a com-
plete technical " Treatise on Painting on Glass." Died
in 1772.
Levieux, leh-ve-uh', (RENAUD,) a French painter ol
history, born at Nismes about 1630. By correctness of
design and brilliancy of colour he merited a place
among artists of the second order.
LSv'ing-ston, (TAMES,) Earl of Callendar, a Scottish
officer, fought for Charles I. in the civil war. Died in
1672.
Levis, de, deh li've' or li'vess', (FRANCOIS,) Due,
marshal of France, was born in Languedoc in 1720. He
succeeded Montcalm, who was killed at Quebec in 1759,
and took up his winter-quarters at Montreal. He de-
fended Canada several months ; but he was forced by
want of stores to capitulate to the English about 1760.
He was made a marshal in 1783. Died in 1787.
Levis, de, (PIERRE MARC GASTON,) Due, a son of
the preceding, was born about 1760. In 1789 he was de-
puted to the Constituent Assembly, in which he favoured
moderate reforms. He emigrated in 1792 to England,
and returned in 1800. He acquired literary distinction
by his "Maxims and Reflections" (1808) and "Souve-
nirs and Portraits," (1813,) and wrote several other
works. In 1816 he became a member of the French
Academy and of the privy council. Died in 1830.
See LE BAS, " Dictionnaire encyclope"dique de la France."
Levita. See ELIAS LEVITA.
Levitschnigg, la'vit-shnik', (HEINRICH,) a popular
Austrian poet, born at Vienna in 1810, was the author of
a number of lyric and romantic poems. Died in 1862.
Levizac, de, deh leh-ve'ztk', (JEAN PONS VICTOR
LECOUTZ,) ABB*, a French grammarian, born in Langue-
doc. Having been driven into exile by the Revolution,
he emigrated to London, where he taught French. He
published in 1797 a "Grammar of the French Lan-
guage," which was extensively used by persons to whom
the French is a foreign tongue. He wrote other educa-
tional works. Died in 1813.
Levret, leh-vR^', (ANDRE,) a French surgeon, born in
Paris in 1703, had a high reputation for skill in accouche-
ments. He was called to court to attend the dauphiness,
mother of Louis XVI. He wrote excellent works on
obstetrics, among which is "The Accoucheur's Art
demonstrated by Physical and Mechanical Principles,"
(" L'Art des Accouchements de'montre par des Principes
de Physique et Me"camque," 1753.) Died in 1780.
Levy, la'vee, (JuUus,) a German (Jewish) novelist,
poet, journalist, and ethnographer, born at Rodenberg,
July 6, 1831. His pseudonym is JULIUS RODENBERG.
His most successful works are feuilletons and light
romances.
Lewald, la'ftalt, (FANNY,) a popular authoress, and
a relative of the writer noticed below, was born at
Konigsberg in 1811. Her principal works are novels,
tales, and sketches of travel. She was married to Adolf
Stahr, the author, about 1854. Died in 1889.
Lewald, (JOHANN KARL AUGUST,) a German littfra-
trtir, born at Konigsberg in 1792. He produced a number
of dramatic works, novels, and tales, and in 1835 founded
a journal entitled " Europe, or Chronicle of the Educated
World." Died at Munich, March 10, 1871.
See " Aquarelle aus dem Leben," 4 vols., 1837.
Lewenhaupt. See LOWENHAUPT.
Lewes, lu'iss, (GEORGE HENRY,) a popular English
author, distinguished for his learning and versatility, was
born in London in 1817. He studied medicine, but soon
exchanged that profession for literature, in which his
labours have been very abundant and diversified. He
contributed many literary, historical, scientific, and phi-
losophical essays to the " Edinburgh," " Westminster,"
and other quarterly reviews. He also wrote articles for
Blackwood's and Eraser's Magazines and the " Penny
Cyclopaedia." Among his principal separate works we
may mention " Biographical History of Philosophy,"
(1845,) " Rose, Blanche, and Violet," a novel, (1848,)
"Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences," (1853,) "The
Life and Works of Goethe," (1855,) which is one of
his most popular productions, and "Sea-Side Studies,"
(1858.) He is the author of a successful tragedy, "The
Noble Heart," (1850,) and of other dramas. In 1865
he became for a short time the chief editor of the
" Fortnightly Review." Died November 30, 1878.
See " British Quarterly Review" for July and October, 1864.
Lewis or Ludwig, lood'wio, (KARL AUGUST,) 1, King
of Bavaria, born in August, 1786, was the son of King
Maximilian Joseph. He married in 1810 the princess
ThereseofSaxe-Hildburghausen. Before his accession he
built the Glyptothek, a splendid museum for the master-
pieces of sculpture. He became king in 1825, and made
economical reforms in the government. His reign is
remarkable for the great impulse given by his liberality
and taste to the fine arts, especially architecture. He
assembled in his capital many scholars and artists, and
adorned Munich with numerous fine edifices, among
which are the Odeon, the Pinakothek, the royal palace,
university, and several churches. He built the famous
Walhalla at Ratisbon, (Regensburg,) and made a canal
which bears his name. In 1829 he published a collection
of poems. The latter part of his reign did not correspond
with the beginning. He excited disaffection by restoring
convents and restricting the political and religious liber-
ties of his subjects. The influence of Lola Montez over
the king was another cause of offence. Stimulated by
the revolution in France, (1848,) the Bavarians revolted,
demanding reforms, in consequence of which he abdi-
cated in March, 1848, in favour of his son, Maximilian
II. Otho, ex-King of Greece, was his second son. Died
at Nice in February, 1868.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Lewis II., (OTHO FRIEDRICH WILHELM,) King of
Bavaria, was born at Nymphenburg, August 25, 1845.
In 1864 he succeeded his father, Maximilian II. His
mother was of the royal house of Prussia. The king in
1866 took part with Austria in the war against Prussia,
but after the defeat of his armies he took the Prussian
side. He was ostensibly the first to propose the new
German empire with William of Prussia at its head. In
that em piie Bavaria was merged, but retained a nearly
autonomous position. The king, becoming insane, com-
mitted suicide June 14, 1886.
Lewis, (Kings of France.) See Louis.
Lew'is or Louis, loo'is, [Ger. LUDWIG, lood'wiG;
.- casj; g/iard; gas/; G, H, K., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in this. ((Jj^'See Explanations, p. 23.)
LEWIS
1542
LEWIS
Lat. LDDOVI'CUS,] L, King of Germany, styled LE GER-
MANIQUE, (or GERMAN'ICUS,) the third son of Louis le
Debonnaire, was born in 806, and became King of Ba-
varia in 817 A.D., when his father divided his dominions
among his three sons. Having revolted against his
father, he seized Saxony, and assumed the title of King
of Germany. In alliance with Charles the Bald, he
defeated his brother, Lothaire I., at Fontenoy in 841.
He died in 876 A.D., leaving three sons, Carloman,
Lewis, and Charles.
See H. LUDKN, "Geschichte des Deutschen Volkes," 11 vols.,
1825-37 ; " Nouvelle Biograpliie G^neVale."
Lewis (Ludwig) IL or HL of Germany was the
second son of the preceding, whom he succeeded in 876.
The same year he defeated his uncle, Charles the Bald,
who had invaded his kingdom. He died at Frankfort
in 882, while waging war with the Normans.
Lewis (Ludwig) IH. or IV., called THE INFANT,
(DAS KIND,) born in 893 A.D., was the son of the
emperor Arnulph, and became King of Germany in
900. He died in 912, and was the last prince of the
race of Charlemagne in Germany.
Lewis IV. or V., Emperor of Germany, born in 1286,
was the son of Lewis, Duke of Bavaria, and Matilda,
who was a daughter of the emperor Rudolph of Haps-
' with Bonaparte. Having obtained the rank of lieuten-
ant-general, he engaged a superior force under Lannei
at Saalfeld, October 10, 1806, when he was defeated and
killed, preferring to die rather than to surrender.
Lew'is, (ANDREW,) born in Ireland about 1730, emi-
grated to Virginia, and served with distinction in the
war of the Revolution, being made brigadier-general
about 1775. His statue occupies a place near Washing-
ton's Monument at Richmond. Died in 1780. His three
brothers, THOMAS, WILLIAM, and CHARLES, were also
noted as patriots and soldiers.
Lewis, (ANGELO, ) an English author, born at
London in 1839 Under the pen-name of Professor
Hoffn ann he wrote " Modern Magic" and other books
on card games and conjuring tricks.
Lewis (CHARLES B.,) an American humourist,
| born in Ohio in 1842. Under the pen-name of M. Quad
he produced several humourous works, and was a pro-
lific newspaper writer.
Lewis, (Uio,) an American physician, born at Auburn,
j New York, March 3, 1823. He was educated in the
' medical schools of Hoston and Buffalo, published many
books mi health and kindred subjects, and wrote largely
on educational topics, especially on gymnastics as an
element of education. Died May 21, 1886.
and
war
Ghibelines fought for Lewis and the Guelphs for Frede-
rick, who was taken prisoner in 1322. Lewis released
him after he had signed an act of renunciation of the
empire, and was crowned at Rome in 1328. About
this time he was excommunicated by Pope John XXII.,
against whom he retorted the charge of heresy. In 1346
Clement VI. issued a bull against Lewis, and attempted
to transfer the crown to Charles IV. ; but Lewis defended
himself until his death, in 1347.
See CONRAD MANNBBT, "Kaiser Ludwig IV.," 1812: N. BUR-
GUNDUS, " Historia Havarica, sive Ludovicus IV.," etc., 1636; J.
SCHLKTT, " Biographic von Kaiser Ludwig dem Bayer," 1822 ; KOT-
ZEBUB, "Geschichte Kaiser Ludwigs IV., ' 1812.
Lewis I., surnamed THE GREAT, King of Hungary
and Poland, born in 1326, was the son of Charobert,
whom he succeeded on the throne of Hungary in 1342.
He waged successful wars against the Venetians and
against Joan, Queen of Naples. After the death of his
uncle Casimir, in 1370, he was elected King of Poland.
He died in 1382, leaving three daughters, one of whom
was married to Sigismund, Emperor of Germany. He
is said to have been a just and wise ruler.
Lewis n. of Hungary and Bohemia was born in
1506, and succeeded his father, Ladislaus VI., in 1516.
Owing to his youth and the factious conduct of the
nobles, his power was only nominal. In 1521 he mar-
ried Mary, a sister of the emperor Charles V. Hii
kingdom was invaded by the Turks, and his army com-
pletely defeated at Mohacs, where Lewis was killed ip
1526. He left no issue, and Ferdinand I. of Austria
became master of Hungary.
Lewis, (Kings of Italy and Spain.) See Louis.
Lewis [Sp. Luis, loo-ess'] L of Spain, the eldest son
of Philip V., was born in 1707. Philip V., having fallen
into a melancholy mood, retired to the solitude of Saint
Ildefonso, and resigned the crown to Lewis, who was
proclaimed in January, 1724. A few months after his
accession he died of smallpox, and Philip V. resumed
the cares of royalty.
Lewis [Ger. LUDWIG, lood'wic] L, Grand Duke of
Hesse-Darmstadt, born in 1753, succeeded his father in
1790. He joined the alliance against Napoleon in 1813.
Died in 1830.
See STBINER, " Ludwig I. von Hessen-Darmstadt," 1842.
Lewis (Ludwig) H, a son of the preceding, was born
in 1777, and became grand duke in 1830. Died in 1848.
Lewis, (Ludwig,) Prince of Prussia, often called
Ludwig Ferdinand, was a nephew of Frederick the
Great, and was born in 1772. He was a son of Prince
August Ferdinand. He served in the campaign against
the French in 1792. In 1806 he was the head of the
war-party which urged the king into a disastrous contest
on first
Shaw.
Lewis, (ELLIS,) LL.D., an able American jurist, boru
in York county, Pennsylvania, in 1798. He rose through
various offices to be chief justice of the supreme court
of Pennsylvania in 1854. Died in 1871.
Lewia, (ENOCH,) a distinguished American mathema-
tician, born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, in 1776.
He became teacher of mathematics in the Friends' Acad-
emy, Philadelphia, in 1799, and subsequently at the West-
town Boarding-School, established by the Society of
Friends. He was the author of treatises on algebra,
trigonometry, etc., a " Life of William Penn," and other
valuable works. In 1847 he became editor of the
"Friends' Review," Philadelphia. Died in 1856.
Lewis, (EsiELLE ANNA ROBINSON,) an American
poetess, born in Maryland about 1825. published " Rec-
ords of the Heart," (1844,) "Myths of the Minstrels,"
(1852,) "The King's Stratagem," (1873,) "Sappho, a
Tragedy," (1875,) and made numerous contributions to
American and European journals. Died Nov. 24, 1880.
Lewis, (FRANCIS,) one of the signers of the Declara-
tion of American Independence, born in Wales in 1713,
emigrated to New York in 1735. lie was elected to the
Continental Congress in 1775. Died in 1803.
Lew'is, (Sir GEORGE CORNEWALL,) Bart., an eminent
English statesman and author, born in London in Octo-
ber, 1806, was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Frankland
Lewis. He graduated with high honours in the classics
at Oxford, and was called to the bar in 1831, but never
practised law. In 1844 he married a sister of the Earl
of Clarendon. In 1847 he was elected by the Liberal
party member of Parliament for Herefordshire, and was
appointed secretary to the board of control. He became
under-secretary for the home department in 1848, and
secretary of t le treasury in 1850. He resigned this office
when Lord John Russell ceased to be premier, in March,
1852. In this year he published a "Treatise on the
Method of Observing and Reasoning in Politics." He
became editor of the "Edinburgh Review" in 1854, but
retired from that post in the early part of the next year.
From February, 1855, until February, 1858, he was
chancellor of the exchequer in Palmerston's cabinet.
On the formation of a new Liberal ministry under Pal-
merston, in June, 1859, Sir George was appointed home
secretary. He succeeded Lord Herbert as secretary of
war in July, 1861. He wrote several able political and
philosophical works, among which is an " Inquiry into
the Credibility of Early Roman History," and. with
the Right Hon. H. Tufnel, made a translation of K. O,
M tiller's "Die Dorier," ("The Dorians," 2 vols., 1830.)
Died in 1863.
a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, snort; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit ; met; n6t; gouJ; moon;
LEWIS
1543
LEYSER
Lewis, (JOHN,) an English theologian and antiquary,
born at Bristol in 1675. He became curate of Margate
»nd rector of Saltwood and Eastbridge. Besides many
works on theology, he published a "History of John
Wickliff," (1720,) and a "Life of Caxton," (1737.) Died
in 1746.
Lewis, (JOHN FREDERICK,) an excellent English
painter, born in London in 1805, received instruction
from his father, F. C. Lewis, a landscape-painter. After
a visit to Spain, he produced about 1835 several admired
pictures in water-colours of Spanish scenes, among which
was a " Bull-Fight in Seville." Between 1840 and 1850
he worked and travelled in Egypt, Asia Minor, and other
parts of the Levant. After his return he increased his
Painters in Water-Colours in 1855, and became an asso-
ciate of the Royal Academy in 1859. Died in 1876.
Lewis, (Lady MARIA THERESA,) an English author,
born in 1803, was a sister of the Earl of Clarendon. She
was married to Thomas Henry Lister in 1830, and to
Sir George Cornewall Lewis in 1844. She edited Miss
Eden's stories " The Semi-Detached House" and " The
Semi-Attached Couple," and was credited with their
authorship. Died in 1865.
Lewis, (MATTHEW GREGORY,) a successful English
novelist and dramatist, often called Monk Lewis, was
born in London in 1775. He inherited from his father
an ample fortune, which consisted partly in an estate
and slaves in Jamaica. About the age of twenty he
produced " The Monk," a novel which, by an artful com-
bination of mysterious horrors and voluptuous images,
obtained a large circulation, but was stigmatized as per-
nicious by the stricter moralists. He composed several
successful dramas, among which were "The Castle
Spectre," " Adelgitha," a tragedy, and " Timour the
Tartar," (1812.) He also wrote other romances and a
few poetical pieces. He died at sea, on a voyage from
Jamaica to England, in 1818.
See " Life and Correspondence of M. G. Lewis," London, 1839;
" Edinburgh Review" for January, 1803, (by SYDNEY SMITH.)
Lewis, ( MERIWETHER, ) an enterprising American
traveller, born in Virginia in 1774. He became private
secretary to President Jefferson about 1801, and was
soon after employed by the United States government,
conjointly with Captain Clarke, to explore the northwest
part of the American continent They gave the names
of Jefferson, Gallatin, and Madison to the three streams
which form the Missouri. They also explored the Co-
lumbia River to its mouth. After his return, in 1806,
Captain Lewis was made Governor of Missouri Territory.
He committed suicide in 1809, in a fit of temporary in-
sanity. One of the principal affluents of the Columbia
River was named in his honour. A " Memoir" of Cap-
tain Lewis was written by Jefferson.
See "Quarterly Review" for January, 1815 : " Edinburgh Review"
i r February, 1815; "Monthly Review" for July, August, and Sep-
tember. 1815.
Lewis, (MORGAN,) an American general and Gov-
ernor, born in the city of New York in 1754, was a son
of Francis, noticed above. He served with distinction
in the Revolutionary war, at the end of which he had
the rank of colonel. In 1801 he became chief justice
of the supreme court of New York. He was Governor
of that State from 1805 to 1807, and commanded the
forces in New York in 1814, with the rank of major-
general. Died in 1844.
See " National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans,"
vol. iii.
Lewis, (SAMUEL,) an American philanthropist, born
at Falmouth, Massachusetts, in 1799, settled in Ohio,
where he distinguished himself by his zeal in promoting
education and other reforms. Died in 1854.
Lewis, (TAYLER,) LL.D., a distinguished American
scholar and author, born in Saratoga county. New York,
in 1802, became professor of Greek in Union College
in 1849. He wrote critical and theological works evincing
much learning and ability. Died May n, 1877.
See ALLIBONE, "Dictionary of Authors."
Lewis, (WILLIAM,) an English chemist and physician,
who practised at Kingston, Surrey. He was a Fellow
of the Royal Society, and was employed to read lectures
on chemistry to the Prince of Wales at Kew. He pub-
lished " An Experimental History of the Materia Medica,"
(1760,) and other works. Died in 1781.
Lewis, (WILLIAM DRAPER,) an American edu-
cator, born at Philadelphia in 1867. He graduated at
the University of Pennsylvania in 1891, became in-
structor in the Wharton School of that institution and
lecturer on economics at Haverford College, and was
appointed dean of the law school of the University of
Pennsylvania in 1896. He edited a number of legal
works, and wrote considerably on legal and other
subjects.
Ley or Leigh, lee, (Sir JAMES,) an English lawyer,
born in Wiltshire in 1552. He was appointed chief
justice of the court of king's bench in 1621, and lord
high treasurer in 1625. He was afterwards created Earl
of Marlborough. Died in 1628. His "Reports of
Cases in the Courts of Westminster" were published.
Leyba, de, di la^e-Ba, ( FRANCISCO, ) a Spanish
dramatic poet of the "seventeenth century. His works
are highly commended.
Leybourn, la'burn, ? (WILLIAM,) an English mathe-
matician, who was in his youth a printer in London.
He edited the works of Gunter, and published, besides
other works, " The Complete Surveyor," " Mathematical
Course," ("Cursus Mathematicus, 1690,) and "The
Trader's Guide," (1693.) He died about 1690.
Leydecker, U'dSk'er, (MELCHIOR,) a learned Dutch
Calvinist theologian, born at Middelburg in 1642. He
became professor of theology at Utrecht in 1678, and
published (in Latin) several esteemed works, among
which are a "History of the African Church," (1690,)
"On the Hebrew Republic," (1704,) and a treatise
against the philosophy of Descartes, called "The Torch
of Truth," ("Fax Veritatis.") Died in 1721.
Ley den, li'den, (JOHN,) M.D., a Scottish poet and
antiquary, eminent as an Oriental scholar, was born at
Denholm, on the Teviot, in 1775. At a college of Edin-
burgh he studied the principal ancient and modern
languages. He afterwards studied medicine, and in
1802 went to Madras as an assistant surgeon in the
service of the East India Company. There he learned
Sanscrit, Persian, Hindostanee, and other Asiatic lan-
guages. About 1806 he was appointed professor of
Hindostanee at Calcutta. He became assay-master of
the Calcutta Mint in 1810. He contributed to Scott's
" Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border," wrote other poetical
pieces, and published a treatise "On the Languages and
Literature of the Indo-Chinese Nations." Died in Java
j in 1811.
Leyden, (JOHN OF.) See JOHN OF LEYDEN.
Leyden, van, vfn li'den, (LUCAS,) |Fr. LUCAS L>H
LEYDE, lu'kas' deh ljd,| or LUCAS Dammesz, a cele-
brated Dutch painter and engraver, born at Leyden in
1494. He received his first lessons in design from his
father, Hugh Jacobs or Jacobze, and at the age of twelve
painted in distemper a picture of Saint Hubert, which
was gieatly admired. He painted, with equal success,
landscapes and portraits. As an engraver he excelled
in aerial perspective and chiaroscuro, and, according to
Vasari, surpassed Albert Durer in composition. " As a
painter," says the " Biographic Universelle," "he passes
j for the greatest artist of the Flemish school in his time."
j Among his master-pieces are a painting of the " Last
Judgment," an "Ecce Homo," dated 1510, an engraving
" Mary Magdalene Dancing," and another called " Eu-
lenspiegel," of which, it is said, only five or six proofs
are extant. He was an intimate friend of Albert Durer.
Died in 1533.
Leys, lis or li, JEAN AUGUSTE HENRI,) an eminent
Belgian historical painter, born at Antwerp in 1815. He
obtained one of the grand medals at the Exposition of
Paris in 1855, when he exhibited "The New Year in
Flanders," and other pictures. Died August 25, 1869.
Leyser, vou, fon li'zer, (AUGUSTIN,) an eminent
€ as k; c as j; | hard; g as /'; G, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as z: th as in this.
iee Explanations, p. 23.)
LEYSER
1544
L'HOPITAL
German jurist, born at Wittenberg in 1683. He pub-
lished many legal works, the most important of which
Is "Thoughts on the Pandects," (" Meditationes ad Pan-
dectas," II vols., 1717-47.) Died in 1752.
Leyser, vcm, written also Lyser, [LaL LYSE'RUS,]
(PoLYCARP,) a German Lutheran divine, was born in
Wiirteniberg in 1552. He was appointed professor of
theology at Wittenberg in 1576. From 1594 until his
death he was the first preacher at the court of Dresden.
He published, besides other works, a continuation of
Chemnitz's "Harmonia Evangelica." Died in 1610.
Leyssena, lls'sens, (NICOLAAS,) a Flemish painter,
born at Antwerp about 1660, worked with success in his
native city. Died in 1720.
Leyva, de, di laVva, or Leva, la'va, (ANTONIO,)
one of the ablest generals of the emperor Charles V.,
was born in Navarre about 1480. He fought at Ravenna
in 1512, and distinguished himself at Rebec in 1524.
He commanded in Pavla when it was besieged by Francis
I. His obstinate defence occasioned the battle of Pavia,
(1525,) during which he made a sortie, and, falling upon
the rear of the French, decided the fate of the day. In
1532 he was chosen generalissimo of the Italian league
against Francis I. He accompanied Charles V. in his
expedition against Tunis in 1535, and had the chief
direction of the army which invaded Provence in 1536.
He died of an epidemic in the same year.
See ROBERTSON, " History of Charles V."
Leyva, de, ()AGO,) a Spanish painter, born about
1580. He studied at Rome, and worked at Burgos.
Died in 1637.
Lezardiere, de, deh la'zSR'dejiiR', (MARIE CHAR-
LOTTE PAULINE ROBERT,) a French female publicist,
born in La Vendee in 1754. She produced in 1791 a
work of some merit, entitled "Theory of the Political
Laws of the French Monarchy," reprinted in 4 vols.,
1844. Died in 1835.
Lezay-Marnesia, de, deh leh-zji' mjRn'ze^' , (Ar>
RIEN,) COUNT, a French publicist, born near Orgelet
in 1770. He published a tract against the Constitution
of 1795, a work "On the Causes of the Revolution,"
(1797,) and other political treatises. He was prefect of
Strasbourg when he died, in 1814.
Lezay-Marnesia, de, (CLAUDE FRANCOIS ADRIEN,)
MARQUIS, the father of the preceding, was born at
Metz in 1735. He was a liberal member of the States-
General in 1789. He published, besides several prose
works, a poem of some merit, called "Essays on Rural
Nature," ("Essais sur la Nature champetre," 1787.)
Died in 1800.
L'Heritier de Brutelle, ll're'tg-i' deh bRu'tel',
(CHARLES Louis,) a French botanist, was born in Paris
in 1746. He was admitted into the court of aids in 1775.
After the Revolution he was twice appointed a judge
of the civil tribunal of Paris. His principal works are
" New or Rare Plants," (" Stirpes novae aut minus cog-
nitae," 1784,) and " Sertum Anglicum," (1788,) a descrip-
tion of plants in the royal garden of Kew, in England.
"His works," says Cuvier, "are prized throughout
Europe for the exactitude of the descriptions and the
finish of the plates." He left in manuscript a "Flora of
Peru," which he compiled from the notes and herbal of
Dombey. He was assassinated near bis house in 1800.
Neither the author nor the motive of this crime was tvei
discovered.
See CUVIER, " filoge de L'He'rilier," in the " Mimoires de Pins-
titut;" " Nouvelle Biographic G^ne'rale."
L'Heritier de Villandon, la're'te-i' deh ve'lftN -
d6N', (MARIE JEANNE,) a French authoress, born in
Paris in 1664, wrote in prose and verse. Died in 1734.
L'Heritier de Villandon, ( NICOLAS, ) a French
dramatic poet, father of the preceding, was born in Paris
about 1613; died in 1680.
L'Hermite, l^R'met', (FRANCOIS,) a popular French
poet and dramatist, known under the name of TRISTAN,
was born in La Marche in 1601. He was admitted into
the French Academy in 1649. Died in 1655.
L'Homoud or Lhomond, lo'rnoN', (CHARLES FRAN-
COIS,) a French teacher, born at Chaulnes in 1727, was
a professor in the University of Paris. He was a friend
of the eminent Haiiy, whose first scientific efforts he
directed. He published two elementary works which
are used in many schools of France, England, and
America, viz., "Viri Romae," and "Epitome of Sacred
History," ("Epitome Historiae Sacrae.") Died in 1794.
See QUERARD, " La France Litteraire,"
L'Hdpital, de, deh lo'pe'tfl', (FRANCOIS,) Comte ae
Rosnay, a marshal of France, born in 1583, was a brothel
of Marshal de Vitry. As lieutenant-general, he com-
manded in Lorraine, where he gained several victories
between 1638 and 1642. He received a marshal's baton
in 1643, and was selected to advise the young Prince of
Conde, who had just taken command of the army in
Flanders. Against the orders of the ministry and the
advice of L'Hopital, Conde risked a battle at Rocroy
in 1643, and gained a victory over the Spaniards. Died
in 1660.
See DE COURCELLES, " Dictionnaire des Gc'ne'raux Francais."
L'Hdpital or L'Hospital, de, (GuiLLAUME FRANCOIS
ANTOINE,) Marquis de Saint-Mesme and Count d'En-
tremont, a distinguished French geometer, was born in
Paris in 1661. At the age of fifteen he is said to have
been a profound mathematician. In early life he was
forced to renounce the military profession by the weak-
ness of his sight. In 1692 he learned from John Ber-
noulli the new geometry which Leibnitz had discovered.
He was admitted into the Academy of Sciences about
1694. In 1696 Bernoulli challenged the geometers of
Europe to a trial of skill in the problem of the brachys-
tochron, — i.e. line or curve of quickest descent. At the
expiration of the stated time (ten months) solutions were
furnished by only four persons, — Newton, Leibnitz
being the first work adapted to initiate students in the
mysteries of the infinitesimal calculus of Leibnitz, was
received with great eagerness and marked the epoch of
a revolution in the science. Hedied in 1704. His post-
humous work, " Analytic Treatise on Conic Sections,"
(1707,) had a high reputation.
See FONTENELLB, " filoge du Marquis de L'Hopital ;" MON-
T-UCLA, "Histoiredes Math^matiques ;" "Acta Eruditorum," 1721.
L'Hdpital or L'Hospital, de, (MICHEL,) Chancellor
of France, an illustrious legislator and statesman, was
born at Aigueperse, in Auvergne, in 1505. His father,
Jean, was physician to Constable Bourbon, to whom he
adhered in his defection from the service of Francis I.
to that of Charles V. He studied law at Padua for six
years, and about 1534 settled in Paris. Three years later,
Morin, lieutenant-criminel, gave him his daughter, and the
office of counsellor to the Parliament as her dowry. His
promotion was hindered by the connection of his father
with the defection of Bourbon, and by his own modesty ;
but he at last found a patron in Chancellor Olivier, and
was appointed ambassador to the Council of Trent in
1547. About 1554 he was chosen by Henry II. superin-
tendent of the finances, in the management of which he
made important reforms. In 1560 the regent Catherine
de Media's appointed him chancellor of France. On his
arrival at court he found that the chiefs of the house of
Guise had resolved to establish the Inquisition and to
ruin the Protestants. He defeated the first project, and
opposed the other with partial success. He caused tha
States-General to be convoked at Orleans in December,
1560, and obtained edicts favourable to liberty or tolera-
tion. But, in spite of his mediatorial efforts, the war
between Catholics and Protestants began in 1562. His
advice was no longer listened to at court, and he was
removed from office in 1568. He was at his country-
seat at Vignay during the Massacre of Saint Bartholo-
mew, and his life was spared through the mediation of a
lady at court. He died in 1573, leaving a name greatly
venerated for wisdom and integrity. As a statesman
and legislator he holds a high rank. His political prin-
ciples are announced in a Latin poem, (composed on
occasion of the coronation of Francis II.,) which was
much admired. He wrote other elegant Latin poems
and discourses, which have been published.
See M. VILLEMAIN, "Vie de L'Hopital," in his " Etudes d'His-
\oire moderne ;" LHVESQUE DK POUILLV, "Vie de Michel de L'Hospi-
tal," 1764; CHARLKS BUTUER, " Essay on ilie Life of M. de L'Hopi
a. e, T, o, f:, y,loug; a., e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fall, fat; nift; not; good; moon:
L'HOPITAL
1545
LIBERTAS
tal," 1814: BAVLH, " Historical and Critical Dictionary;" DE THOU,
" Historia sui Temporis;" M. CRESSON, " filoge historique de M.
de L'Hopital," 1850; TAILLANDIBR'S article in the " Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Ge'ne'rale."
L'Hflpital, de, (MICHEL HURAULT,) Seigneur de
Belesbat, was a grandson of the preceding. He was
chancellor of Henry of Navarre before the latter became
King of France, (1589.) He was also employed by Henry
as ambassador to Holland and Germany, and wrote two
able political treatises "On the State of France," (1588-
93.) Died in 1592.
L'Hote or Lhdte, 15t, (NESTOR,) an artist and anti-
quary, born of French parents at Cologne in 1804. He
was a member of the commission sent in 1828 to ex-
plore Egypt under the direction of Champollion, who
employed him as draughtsman. In 1838 he made fur-
ther explorations and illustrations of Egypt, for the
purpose of rendering more complete Champollion's
posthumous work on the monuments of that country.
Died in Paris in 1842.
Lhoyd, loid, written also Lhuyd and Llwyd,
(HUMPHRY,) a learned British antiquary, was born at
Denbigh, in Wales. He wrote a " History of Cambria
from Caradoc," " On Mona, the Island of the Druids,"
(" De Mona Druidum Insult,") and other works. Died
about 1570.
See WOOD. " Athens Oxoniensea."
Iihuyd, commonly pronounced loid, (EDWARD,) an
eminent Welsh antiquary, born in Carmarthenshire
about 1665. He became keeper of the Ashmolean Mu-
seum in 1690. He published a catalogue of the figured
fossils of the Ashmolean Museum, called " Lythophylacii
Britannici Iconographia," (1699,) and a treatise on
British antiquities, " Archsologia Britannica," (1707.)
Died in 1709.
iiadieres, Ie'i'de-a,iR', (PIERRE CHARLES,) a French
litttrateur, born at Pan in 1792. He composed several
dramas, and other mediocre works in prose and verse.
Died in 1858.
Liais, le'£', (EMMANUEL,) a French astronomer, born
at Cherbourg in 1826. He was appointed an assistant
in the Observatory of Paris in 1852, but removed to
Brazil, where he was appointed director of the Imperial
Observatory. Besides valuable reports and papers on
mathematics and astronomy, he published several vol-
umes on Brazil and its resources.
Liancourt, de, deh le'ON'kooR', (JEANNE DE SCHOM-
BERG,) DUCHESS, a French lady, distinguished for her
talents and piety, born in 1600, was the daughter of
Henri de Schomberg, marshal of France. She became
the wife of the Due de Liancourt. Her house was
frequented by Pascal, Arnauld, and other recluses of
Port-Royal. Died in 1674.
See J. J. BOILEAU, " Vie de Madame de Liancourt," 1698.
Liano, da, da le-a'no, (TEODORO FELIPE.) a Spanish
painter, born at Madrid in 1575, excelled in miniatures,
and was surnamed THE LITTLE TITIAN. He was a
friend of Lope de Vega. Died in 1625.
Liard, le'SR', an eminent French engineer, born in
Lorraine in 1747. His principal work is the important
canal which connects the Rhine with the Rhone. It was
commenced about 1805 and completed in 1832. Died
in 1832.
Liban, lee'ban, [Lat. LIJA'NIUS,] (GEORGE,) a Polish
classical scholar, born at Liegnitz in 1490. He taught
Greek at Cracow. Died in 1550.
Liban in--. See LIBAN.
Li-ba'nI-us, [ Gr. AiSovioc, J a celebrated heathen
sophist and rhetorician, born at Antioch in 314 A.D. He
studied with Diophantes of Athens and others. After
ae had taught rhetoric for several years at Constanti-
nople and Athens with success, he settled in 354 at An-
tioch, where he opened a school, which became very
celebrated. Among his pupils were Saint Basil and
Saint Chrysostom. He accepted the office of quaestor
from the emperor Julian, who was his friend and ad-
mirer. He died probably about 390 A.D., leaving many
works, which are still extant, and display a brilliant
imagination. They consist chiefly of declamations on
events of Greek history, and have been designated b)
Giboon as " the vain and idle compositions of an orator
who cultivated the science of words." But this is re-
garded by other eminent critics as too harsh a judgment
See his Autobiography, entitled Bios q Ao-yos jrepi TTJS eaurok
rvx*J? • EuNAPlt'S, "Vitae Sophistarum ;" FABRICIUS, " Bibliotheca
Graeca:" J. G. BERGHR, " De Libanio Disputationes sex," 1696:
C. PETHRSEN, " Commentatio de Libanio Sophista," 1827 ; " Nou-
velle Biographic G^ne>ale."
Libavius, le-ba've-us, (ANDREAS,) a German physi-
cian and chemist, born at Halle. He was chosen rector
of the gymnasium of Coburg in 1605. He gained repu-
tation by works on chemistry, in \vhich he endeavoured
to refute the reveries of Paracelsus. His "Alchymia
recognita emendata et aucta" (1597) was the best manual
of chemistry which had appeared at that time. Died
in 1616.
See FRHHER, "Theatrum Eruditorum ;" "-INDEN, "De Scriptori-
bus Medicis."
Libelt, lee'belt, (KAROL,) an able Polish writer on
philosophy and politics, was born at Posen in 1806. He
fought with distinction against the Russians in the Polish
insurrection which began in 1830. For his share in a
democratic conspiracy he was imprisoned at Berlin in
1846, but was leleased by the revolution of 1848. Soon
after his release he was chosen a member of the Slavonic
congress of Prague. While a prisoner in Berlin in 1847
he wrote "The Maid of Orleans." Among his works
are excellent philosophical and critical essays, "Filo-
zofia i Krytyka," (1845-50.) Died June 9, 1875.
See BROCKHAUS, "Conversations-Lexikoii."
Libber, a name applied by the Romans to the b»
chus or Dionysus of the Greek mythology. Liber was
an ancient Italian divinity. See BACCHUS.
Lib'e-ra, in the Roman mythology, was the wife of
Liber, and' was supposed to preside over the culti-
vation of the vine. She was sometimes identified with
Proserpine.
Liberate da Verona, le-ba-ra'li da va-ro'na, a
painter of the Venetian school, born at Verona in 1451.
He was one of the most excellent artists of his country
at that time. His painting of the " Epiphany" is said
to be still visible at Verona. Died in 1536.
Lib-er-a'tus, a deacon of the Church of Carthage.
He was sent to Rome about 535 by a council of African
bishops.
Libere. See LIHERIUS.
Liberi, lee'ba-ree, (PlETRo,) CAVALIERE, an eminent
Italian painter, surnamed LIBERTINO, (le-bfR-tee'no,)
born at Padua in 1605, was a pupil of Padovanino. He
pursued his studies in Rome, Parma, Venice, etc., and
formed a style in which the characteristics of several
schools were' united. " He was regarded," says the " Bio-
graphic Universelle," "as the most skilful draftsman of
the Venetian school." Among his master-pieces are
the " Massacre of the Innocents," at Venice, " The Gene-
ral Deluge," " Noah coming out of the Ark," " The Judg-
ment of Paris," and several pictures of Venus nude. His
style was sometimes grand and sometimes graceful. It
is said that when he worked for connoisseurs his manner
was bold and free, but for other patrons he finished his
work with much care and precision. Died in 1687.
See GUALDO PRIORATO, "Vita d«l Cavaliere P. Liberi," 1818,
RIDOLFI, "Vite dei Pittori Veneti ;" WINCKBLMANN, " Neuei
M abler- Lexikon."
Iil-be'rI-us, [Fr. LIBERE, leTjaiR' ; It LIBERIO, 1e-
ba're-o,] a native of Rome, was elected pope in 352
or 353 A.D., and succeeded Julius I. He favoured the
orthodox in the controversy with the Arians ; and, the
Council of Milan having condemned Athanasius in 355,
he refused \» sanction that act. For this cause he was
banished by the emperor Constantius to Beroea. After
an exile of two years, he recovered his see in 358,
by signing the formula of Sirmium, a modification of
Arianism. He refused to subscribe the confession of
the Council of Rimini, (359,) where the Arians again
prevailed. He died in 366 A.D., and was succeeded
by Damasus I.
See BARONIUS, "Annales;" LARROQUK, " Dissertatio de Liberio
Romano," 1670.
Lib'er-tas, [Fr. LIBERTE, le'beR'ti',] the goddess of
liberty worshipped by the ancient Romans. She was
<• as k; c as s; g hard: g as^; G, H, ^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: s as z; th as in this. (S^=See Explanations, p. 23.;
LIBERTE
1546
LICINIANUS
represented as a matron, holding in one hand a broken
sceptre and in the other a pike surmounted by a cap,
(pilau.)
Liberte. See LIBERTAS.
Libertine. See LIBERT.
Libes. leb, (ANTOINE,) a French savant, born at
Beziers in 1752. For many years he taught the physi-
cal sciences in the College Charlemagne, Paris. He
discovered that pressure is one of the elements of the
intensity of electric tension developed by contact, and
published, besides other works, "The Physical and
the Moral World," (1815.) Died in 1832.
Li-beth'rf-dea, [Gr. Afi6r/8pifa(;,] a name of the Muses,
which they derived from Mount Libethrius, or from a
well called Libethra, in Thrace. (See Mus^.)
Lib-I-ti'na, [Fr. LIBITINE, leTje'ten',] a Roman god-
dess, supposed to preside over funerals. All things
needful for funerals were kept for sale in her temple.
The business of an undertaker was also called libitina.
Libitine. See LIBITINA.
Li'bon or Li'bo, |Gr. AiSuv,] a Greek architect, a
native of Elis, flourished about 450 B.C. He built near
Pisa or Olympia, in the Doric style, the magnificent
temple of Olympian Jove, 245 feet long by 100 wide. In
the vicinity of this the Olympic games were celebrated,
and the master-pieces of art were accumulated for many
ages. It contained a celebrated statue of Jupiter by
Phidias.
See QUATREMBRE DE QuiNcv, " Jupiter Olympien."
Libri, dai, da-e lee'bRee, (GlROLAMO,) a Venetian
painter and illuminator, born at Verona in 1472, was one
of the mnst skilful artists of his time. Among his works
are a " Deposition from the Cross," and " The Expulsion
of Adam and F,ve from Eden." He painted many books
for the Church, and excelled in miniature. Died in 1555.
His son FRANCESCO was a promising painter, who
died young.
Libri-Carrucci, lee'bRee kar-root'chee, (GuiLLAUME
BRUTUS ICILIUS TIMOLEON,) COUNT, an Italian mathe-
matician, born at Florence in 1803. He became a pro-
fessor of mathematics at Pisa in 1823, and emigrated to
France in 1830. Having been naturalized as a French
citizen, he was admitted into the Institute in 1833, and
was appointed inspector-general of the libraries of
France. On a false charge of purloining books of great
value from the public libraries, he was condemned in
1850 to imprisonment for ten years ; but he had pre-
viously escaped to London. His principal work is a
" History of Mathematical Sciences in Italy," (4 vols.,
1838-41,) which is highly commended. Died in 1869.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Liburnio. le-book'ne-o, (Niccoi.6,) an Italian gram-
marian, born at Venice in 1474, became a canon of San
Marco, in that city. Died in 1557.
Liceti, le-cha'tee, or Liceto, le-cha'to, (FORTUNIO,)
an Italian physician and professor, famous in his time
as a Peripatetic philosopher, was born at Rapallo, near
G:noa, in 1577. He became professor of philosophy at
Padua in 1609, and professor of medicine in 1645. He
published a treatise on the nature of monsters, (1616,)
and other works, the majority of which are now justly
neglected. lie had more erudition than judgment.
Died in 1657.
See BAVLE, " Historical and Critical Dictionary ;" NlciRON,
"Memoires."
Lichnowsky, von, fon liK-nov'skee, (EDUARD MA-
RIA,) PRINCE, a German historian, born in 1789. He
wrote a "History of the House of Hapsburg," (4 vols.,
1835-44,) which is commended. Died in 1845.
Lichnowsky, von. (FELIX,) PRINCE, a Prussian
general, son of the preceding, was born in 1814. He
fought for Don Carlos in Spain about 1839. In German
politics he was a conservative or absolutist. He was
killed by a mob at Frankfort in 1848.
See KOSTLIN, " Auersuald und Lichnowsky,'* 1853.
Lichtenau, von, fon liK'teh-now', ( WILHELMINE
ENKE,) COUNTESS, born at Potsdam in 1754, was the
daughter of a poor musician. She became the mistress
of the crown -prince of Prussia, Frederick William.
After his accession to the throne, in 1786, she was a
powerful and influential person until the death of the
king. Died in 1820.
Sec her "Autobiographic Memoirs," 1808.
Lichteuberg, liK'ten-be'Rc', (GEORG CHRisrorH,) a
German savant atid witty author, born near Darmstadt
in July, 1742. He studied at Gottingen, and made great
progress in nearly all departments of knowledge. In
1 770 he was appointed professor of philosophy and exact
sciences at Gottingen. He visited England, where he
associated with the most eminent literati. He wrote
excellent scientific articles for two periodicals of Gottin-
gen,— "The Magazine of Science and Literature," (1780-
85,) and "The Almanac," (1778-99,) which owed their
great success chiefly to him. The charms of his style
contributed greatly to the diffusion of a taste for the
sciences. He particularly excelled in what in English
is called "humour." Among his most popular works is
his "Ample Commentary on the Engravings of Hogarth,"
which he began to publish in 1794, and left unfinished
at his death. It abounds in wit and satire, and displays
much insight into human nature. His autobiography is
said to be the most candid and piquant ever written.
Died at Gottingen in 1799. " He is," says Stapfer, "gay
without the least trace of levity, versatile and profound
without ceasing to be solid and clear." (" Biographic
Universelle.")
See his Autobiography, in an edition of his works, Gottingen, 9
vols., 1800-1806: " Elogjum Lichtenbergii," by KASTNHR, 1799:
" Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale ;" HEINRICH DURING, " Lebeos-
umrisse von Karl August von Sachsen-Weimar, J. D. Falk, Lich-
tenberg," etc., 1840: "Edinburgh Review" for January, 1804;
"Foreign Quarterly Review" for January, 1836.
Lichtenstein, liK'ten-stin', ( MARTIN HEINRICH
KARL.) a German physician and naturalist, born at
Hamburg in 1780. About 1802 he became physician
to the Governor of Cape Colony, Africa, and in 1810
published "Travels in Southern Africa," (2 vols.,) a
valuable contribution to natural history. In 1813 he
was appointed director of the Zoological Museum of
Berlin, which, under his care, became one of the largest
in Europe. His favourite pursuit was ornithology. Died
in 1857.
See CALLISKN, "Medicinisches Schriftsteller-Lexikon," (Supple-
ment.)
Lichtenstein, von, fon liK'ten-stln', (JoHANN JO-
SEPH,) PRINCE, a general, the head of one of the most
noble families of Austria, was born in Vienna in 1760.
After serving in several campaigns against the French,
he negotiated the conditions of peace at Presburg in
1805. He distinguished himself at Essling and Wagram
in 1809. Died in 1836.
Liechtenstein, von, JOSEPH WENZEL,) PRINCE, an
Austrian general, born in Vienna in 1696. His services
in the campaigns of 1733 and 1734 were rewarded with
the rank of lieutenant-general. Having been made field-
marshal, he commanded the army in Italy in 1746, and
gained a victory at Piacenza. He was afterwards em-
ployed with success in diplomatic affairs. Died in 1772.
Lichtenstein, von, (ULRIC,) one of the early Ger-
man poets, was born about 1199. His principal poem,
entitled " Frauendienst," though possessing no great
literary merit, is a valuable monument of the manners
of that time. Hied about 1275.
Lichtwer, HKt'wer, (MAGNUS GOTTFRIED,) one ot
the most popular German fabulists, was born at Wurzen
in 1719. He published the first edition of his " Fables"
in 1748, and in the next year removed from Wittenberg
to Halberstadt, where he obtained a canonicate. In
1758 he produced another edition of the "Fables." The
jermin critics rank him as a fabulist with Lessing and
Gellert, whom perhaps he surpasses in piquancy of
style and talent for narration. Died in 1783.
Sec EICHHOI.Z, "Lichtwer's Leben," 1784: HIRSCIIING. " His-
tonsch-Iiterarisclies Handbuch."
Iii-cinl-a, (or li-sin'e-a,) the name of the wife ul C.
Gracchus. Also the name of the wift »f Maecenas, said
to have been distinguished for her conjugal tenderness.
Li-cin-I-a'nus Gra'nI-us, a Roman historian, who
lived
Pertz,
probably in the first century B.C. In 1853 Mr.
of Berlin, discovered a portion of his " Annals"
a,e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, o, \\, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fat;mSt; not; good; moon,
LICINIO
1547
L1EBIG
among some Syriac manuscripts brought from the desert
nf Nitria in 1847.
Ljcinio, le-chee'ne-o, (BERNARDINO,) a painter of the
Venetian school, born at Pordenone, was one of the best
pupils of Pordenone, who was his relative. He painted
portraits and Madonnas. He was living in 1540.
Licinio, (GIOVANNI ANTONIO.) See PORDENONE.
Licinio, (GiuLio,) called IL ROMANO, (41 ro-ml'no,)
an Italian painter, born about 1500, was a nephew of
Pordenone. Died at Augsburg in 1561.
Ll-ciu'I-us, (or le-sin'e-us,) (FLAVIUS VALERIUS,)
(called by some writers Pub'lius Fla'viua Gale'riua
Valeria'nus Licinia'nus,) a Roman emperor, born in
Dacia about 263 A.D., was originallya peasant. He rose
to the rank of general in the army, and gained the favour
of Galerius, who in 307 made him a partner in the
empire, with the title of Augustus. In 313 he married
Constantia, sister of Constantine the Great, and, having
defeated Maximin, became master of all the Eastern
provinces. A war soon ensued between him and Con-
stantine, which ended in the complete defeat of Licinius
at Chalcedon, near Byzantium, in 323. He was put to
death by order of the victor in 324 A.D. He was noto-
rious for cruelty and other vices.
See GIBBON, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire."
Li-cml-us Cal'vus, (CAIUS,) an eminent Roman
orator and poet, son of C. Licinius Macer, was born in
82 B.C. Cicero thought his style was too laboured, but
admitted that he had wit, judgment, and much learning.
His style was eulogized by Quintilian as grave, chaste,
and sometimes vehement. As a poet he was usually
ranked with Catullus, and was very popular. His works
are all lost except fragments of his poems, which con-
sisted of elegies and epigrams or lampoons. He died
about the age of thirty-five.
See WEICHERT. " De C. Licinio Calvo Oratore et Poeta," 1825;
PLINY, " Natural History," vii. and xxxiv.
Licinius Macer. See MACER.
Li-cin'I-us Sto'lo, or, more fully, Ca'ius Licln'ius
Cal'vus Sto'lo, a Roman legislator, of plebeian family,
who effected important changes in the constitution of
Rome. In 375 B.C., he and his friend L. Sextius La-
teranus were chosen tribunes of the people, and pro-
posed the enactment of these laws : 1st. That in future
one of the two consuls chosen annually should be a ple-
beian, and that no more military tribunes should be
appointed ; 2d. That no citizen should possess more
than five hundred acres (jugtra) of public land. These
innovations were strenuously resisted by the patricians
for about ten years, a period of anarchy, during which
Camillus was chosen dictator. The land in question
had been acquired by conquest, and had been appro-
priated by the patricians. The laws above named were
passed in 366, and Licinius was elected consul in 364
B.C. He was re-elected in 360, and was fined ten thou-
sand asses in 356 for the violation of his own agrarian
law.
See NIEBUHR, " History of Rome :" LIVY, " History of Rome,"
books vi. and vii. ; "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Li-ci'nus Por'cius, (por'she-us,) a Roman poet, men-
tioned by Aulus Gellius, lived about 120 B.C.
Lick, (JAMES,) an American business-man, born at
Fredericksburg, Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, August
25, 1796. He went to South America in 1821, and to
California in 1847, where he acquired great wealth. He
died at San Francisco, California, October i, 1876, leaving
by will some five million dollars to various public uses,
chiefly educational. He founded the Lick Observatory.
Licquet, leT<4', (FRANC.OIS ISIDORE,) a French littl-
ratfur, born at Caudebec, Normandy, in 1787. He wrote,
besides several dramas, a " History of Normandy," (2
vols., 1835,) a work of merit, which was completed by
Depping. Died in 1835.
Lid'del, (DUNCAN,) a Scottish physician and mathe-
matician, born at Aberdeen in 1561. He became pro-
fessor of mathematics at Helmstedt in 1591, after which
he was first physician at the court of Brunswick. Having
returned to Scotland in 1607, he founded a professorship
at Aberdeen. He was author of several medical works,
one of which is called " Ars Medica," (1607.) Died in
1613.
Lid'dell, (Rev. HENRY GEORGE,) an English scholar,
born in 1812. He became chaplain to the prince-consort
about 1845, ar>d Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, in
1855, resigning in 1891. He produced, in conjunc-
tion with Mr. Scott, an excellent " Greek- English
Lexicon," (1843,) based on the Greek-German Lexi-
con of Passow, and wrote a " History of Rome." Died
January 18, 1898.
Liddell, (Sir JOHN,) F.R.S., a British physician, born
at Dumblane in 1794. He served as surgeon in the royal
navy, was knighted in 1850, and was appointed director-
general of the medical department of the royal navy
about 1854. In 1859 he became honorary physician to
Queen Victoria. Died May 28, 1868.
Lid'don, (HENRY PARRY,) D.D., an English clergy-
man, born in 1829. He graduated in 1850 at Christ
Church, Oxford. In 1864 he became a prebendary of
Salisbury, and in 1870 canon residentiary of Saint Paul's.
He was professor of exegesis at Oxford, 1870-82, and
was noted as one of the first pulpit orators of his time.
He published "The Divinity of our Lord," (Bampton
Lectures for 1866,) "Some Elements of Religion." and
other works. Died September 9, 1890.
laden, le-dnn', (JoHAN HENRIK,) a Swedish writer,
born at Linkbping in 1741, was struck in the prime of
life with palsy, which deprived him of the use of his
limbs. He composed a " History of Swedish Poets,"
and several literary memoirs. Died in 1793.
See WALUN, " Aminnelse-Tal ofver J. H. Lid^n," 1797.
Lidner, lid'ner, (BENGT,) a Swedish poet, born In
1759, resided some time in Paris. His chief work, " The
Countess Spastara," is commended for eloquence and
pathos. Died in 1793.
Lidskialf, (Hlidskialf.) See ODIN.
Lie, lee, (JONAS LAURITS IDEMIL,) a Norwegian poet
and novelist, born at Ecker, near Drammen, November
6, 1833, the son of a lawyer. He studied at the Uni-
versity of Christiania, and was admitted to practise
law at the higher courts. He published " Digte,"
(" Poems," 1864,) various novels, " Den Fremsyne,"
("The Clairvoyant," 1870,) "The Pilot and his
Wife," (1874,) " Rutland," (iSSi,) " Life's Slaves,"
(1883,) the comedies " Grabow's Cat," (1880,) and
" Lystige Kmer," (1894,) and other works.
Liebe, lee'beh, (CHRISTIAN SIGISMOND,) a German
numismatist, born in Misnia in 1687. He was a large
contributor to the " Acta Eruditorum." Died in 1736.
Lieber, lee'ber, (FRANCIS,) a German historical and
political writer of distinguished ability, born at Berlin,
March 18, 1800. He served against the French in 1815,
and was present at the battles of Ligny and Waterloo.
Being imprisoned some years after for his liberal opinions,
he was released through the influence of Niebuhr, and
sought refuge in 1827 in the United States. In 1829 he
edited the " Encyclopaedia Americana," (13 vols-,) taking
for its basis Brockhaus's " Conversations-Lexikon." (pub-
lished at Leipsic, in Germany.) Among his numerous
and popular works are " Reminiscences of Niebuhr the
Historian," (1835,) "Manual of Political Ethics," (1838,)
" Laws of Property : Essays on Property and Labour,"
(1842,) and "Civil Liberty and Self-Government," (2
vols., 1853; 2d ed., enlarged, 1859; 3d ed., 1874.) He
was professor of history and political economy in the
University of South Carolina from 1838 to 1856, and in
1857 was elected professor of history and political science
in Columbia College, New York. Died October 2, 1872.
See ALLIBONE, " Dictionary of Authors ;" DUYCKINCK, " Cyclo
pzdia of American Literature," vol. ii. ; " North American Review
for January, 1832.
Lieber, (THOMAS.) See ERASTUS.
Lieberkuhn, lee'ber-koon', (JOHANN NATHANIEL,) a
German anatomist, born at Berlin in 1711, practised ir>
that city. He was very skilful in the art of injections.
He was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society of Lon-
don. Died in 1756.
Liebhard. See CAMERARIUS, (JOACHIM.)
Liebig, von, fon lee'bic, (JUSTUS,) BARON, one of the
greatest chemists of the present century, was born at
Darmstadt, in Germany, in May, 1803. He e itered the
€ as Jt; 5 as s; g hard; g as /; o, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (J^'See Explanations, p. 23.)
LIEBKNECHT
1548
LIGNE
tTniversity of Bonn in 1819, and in 1822 went to Paris, ;
where he became acquainted with Humboldt and Gay-
Lussac. Favoured by the influence of Humboldt, Liebig
-ibtained in 1824 the appointment of professor of chem-
istry in the University of Giessen. He founded there
the first model laboratory of Germany, which became
very celebrated and made that university the central
point of attraction to the chemical students of Europe.
Although his services have been great in every depart-
ment of chemical science, he owes his celebrity chiefly
to his discoveries in organic chemistry. He produced
in 1840 an important work entitled "Organic Chem-
istry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology,"
("Die organische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf
Agricultur und Physiologic.") His principal works,
besides the above, are "Animal Chemistry, or Chemistry
in its Application to Physiology and Pathology," (1842,)
"Researches on the Chemistry of Food," (1849,) and
a "Dictionary of Chemistry," (5 vols., 1837-51,) in
which he was assisted by Wohler. He received the title
of baron in 1845, and accepted the chair of chemistry
at Munich in 1852. In 1848 Liebig and Professor
Kopp began to issue an annual report on the progress
of chemistry. His " Familiar Letters on Chemistry"
(1844) are much admired, and are well adapted to
render the science popular. His principal works above
named have been translated into English and French.
Died April 18, 1873.
Liebknecht, ({OHANX GEORG,) a German anti-
quary, born at Wassungen about 1680, wrote, besides
other works, "Discourse on the Great Deluge,"
(" Discursus de Diluvio Maximo," 1704.) Died in
1749.
Liebknecht, (WILHELM,) a German socialist,
was born at Giessen in 1826. He took part in the
Polish revolution and the French revolution of 1848,
was subsequently imprisoned in Germany, and then
exiled. He was elected to the German Reichstag in
1867, and became the editor of "Vorwarts," the
leading socialist daily. In 1895 he was imprisoned
for four months for Ifst-maji'ste. Died in 1900.
Liebrecht, (KF.l.ix,) a German folk-lorist, born
at Namslau, Silesia, in 1812, and professor of German
at Liege 1849-67. He wrote many articles on the
origin and diffusion of folk-tales, and translated vari-
ous works. Died in 1890.
Liemaecker or Liemaker, lee'ml'ker, (NIKOLAAS,)
a skilful Flemish painter, surnamed ROOSE, was born at
Ghent in 1575, and was a friend of Rubens. Among his
works, which are mostly of large dimensions, are "The
Last Judgment," and "The Transfiguration." Died in
1646.
Lieoo- (or Lieou-) Pang, le-oo' ping, a Chinese
emperor, the founder of the dynasty of Han, was born
about 250 B.C. He was proclaimed emperor in 202.
One of his generals, named King-Poo, having revolted,
a battle was fought, in which Lieoo-Pang gained the vic-
tory, but received a wound of which he died in 195 B.C.
Lieutaud, le-uh'to', (JOSEPH,) a skilful French physi-
cian, born in 1703, at Aix, in Provence. He was elected
to the Academy of Sciences in 1752. In 1774 he was
appointed first physician to Louis XVI. He published,
besides other professional works, " Synopsis of Univer-
sal Medical Practice," (" Synopsis Universae Praxeos
Medicae," 1765,) a work of much merit Died in 1780.
Lieven, de, deh lee'ven, (DOROTHEA,) PRINCESS, a
Russian lady, of German extraction, celebrated for her
diplomatic talents and political intrigues, was born in
1784. Her maiden name was BENKENDORF. She went
to London about 1812 with her husband, who was
Russian ambassador at that court, and acquired much
influence by her conversational powers. After 1838
she resided in Paris, where her salon was frequented by
many diplomatists, statesmen, etc. She was often called
the " Egeria of Guizot." Died in 1857.
Lievens or Livens, (JAN,) an eminent Dutch painter
and engraver, born* at Leyden in 1607. Abmit 1630 he
went to England, and painted portraits of the royal
family. He afterwards worked at Antwerp, chiefly on
historical subjects, and acquired a high reputation. As
an engraver he is said to rival Rembrandt. Died in
1663.
Liezen-Mayer, von, (ALEXANDER,) a German
painter, born at Raab, Hungary, in 1839. He studied
at Vienna and Munich, won the Munich 'Academy
prize in 1865, and in the same year produced his
celebrated painting on the beatification of St. Eliza-
beth. He subsequently painted many notable scenes
from history and from Shakespeare and "Faust."
Died February 19, 1898.
Ligario, le-ga're-o, (PiETRO,) an Italian painter, born
in the Valtellina in 1686; died in 1752.
Li-ga'rI-us, (QuiNTUS,) a Roman officer, who fought
for Pompey in the civil war, and after the battle of Phar-
salia renewed the war against Caesar in Africa. He was
pardoned by the victor, but was forbidden to enter Italy.
When his friends made efforts to restore him to citizen-
ship, they were opposed by Tubero, who became his
public accuser in a trial before the dictator, in 45 or 46
B.C. On this occasion Cicero pronounced his admirable
oration "Pro Ligario." Plutarch informs us that Caesar
had resolved to condemn Ligarius, but that in the
course of the speech his colour often changed, his frame
trembled, and a verdict of acquittal was obtained from
him through the transcendent powers of the orator.
Light'foot, (JOHN,) an English divine, eminent as a
biblical commentator, was born in Staffordshire in 1602.
He was an excellent Hebrew scholar. In 1630 he be-
came rector of Ashley, and in 1642 obtained the living ot
Saint Bartholomew, in London. He was identified with
the Presbyterians during the civil war. About 1644
he was chosen master of Catherine Hall, Cambridge,
and was presented to the living of Great Munden. In
Rabbinical literature he had few, if any, superiors. He
published " Horae Hebraicae et Talmudicas," (1658,) and
many Latin commentaries on the Scriptures, one of
which is called " Harmony of the Four Evangelists,"
(1644-50.) Died in 1675.
Sec " Brevis Descriptio Vitae J. Lightfooti," 1699; NIC*«ON,
" Me'moires."
Lightfoot, (JpHN.) F.R.S., an English botanist, bom
in Gloucestershire in 1735. He was educated for the
church, became chaplain to the Duchess of Portland,
and obtained the livings of Sheldon and Gotham. In
company with Pennant, he explored the Hebrides about
1772, and published in 1777 a valuable "Flora of Scot-
land," (" Flora Scotica," 2 vols.,) with excellent figures.
His herbal was purchased by the king, and was after-
wards consulted with profit by Sir J. E. Smith. Died
in 1788.
See PBNNANT, " Life of J. Lightfoot"
Lightfoot, (JOSEPH BARBER, )D.D., an English bishop
and eminent Biblical scholar and critic, was born in
Liverpool in 1828. He graduated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, in 1851, took orders in 1854, became a pro-
fessor of divinity at Cambridge in 1867, canon of Saint
Paul's in 1871, Margaret professor at Cambridge in 1875,
Bishop of Durham in 1879. He has published revised
texts, with notes, etc., of Saint Paul's Epistle to the
Galatians, (1869; 4th edition, 1874,) Philippians, (1870;
3d edition, 1873,) and Colossians, (1875,) and of Saint
Clement's Epistles to the Corinthians, (1869,) an essay
on New Testament Revision, (1871,) and other works of
high value. As a scholar Dr. Lightfoot (to use the lan-
guage of the late Dr. Ezra Abbot) " has no superior
among the Germans in breadth of learning or thorough-
ness of research." [Died December 21, 1889.]
Ligne, de, deh len, (KARL JOSEPH,) PRINCE, an able
Austrian general and witty author, born at Brussels,
May 12, 1735, was the son of a field-marshal in the Aus-
trian service. He served with distinction in the Seven
Years' war, (1755-62,) and was made a general-major in
1765. In 1782 he was ambassador to Russia, and was
highly favoured by Catherine II. He commanded a
corps at the capture of Belgrade in 1789. He obtained
the rank of field-marshal in 1808. His generous and
chivalrous character rendered him the idol of his army.
He died at Vienna in 1814, leaving interesting memoirs,
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, sliarl; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m?t; not; good; moon;
LIGONIER
'549
LILLY
letters, and other works, {in French,) which contain
curious anecdotes and piquant passages. Madame de
Stael published in 1809 a volume of "Letters and
Thoughts of Prince de Ligne." He had published
"Military, Literary, and Sentimental Miscellanies,"
("Melanges militaires, litteraires et sentimentaires,"
34 vols., 1795-1811.) According to Madame de Stael,
" he was the only foreigner that became a model in the
French style, instead of an imitator."
Ligonier, lig'o-neer', (JOHN,) EARL, an eminent gene-
ral of the British army, was born of Protestant parents in
France in 1678, and emigrated to England in early youth.
He fought at Blenheim, (i 704,) Ramillies, and Malplaquet,
(1709.) and commanded the infantry at Fontenoy, (1745.)
In 1746 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the
British forces in Flanders. He displayed great skill and
cour«0^- at Laffeldt in 1747, but was there made prisoner.
He became an English peer, with the title of Earl Ligo-
nier, in 1766, and was a field-marshal and privy coun-
cillor at his death, in 1770.
See MM. HAAG, "La France protestante."
Ligorio, le-go're-o, (PiRRO,) an Italian architect,
painter, and antiquary, born in Naples about 1530, or,
as others say, 1498. He was appointed by Paul IV.
architect of the Vatican and of Saint Peter's Church,
which Michael Angelo had previously superintended.
The latter left Rome about that time. Ligorio, having
deviated from the plan of Michael Angelo, which he was
ordered to follow, was discharged in 1568. lie then was
employed as architect by Alphonso, Duke of Ferrara.
He died about 1580, leaving in manuscript voluminous
writings on antiquities and architecture, which are
praised by Muratori.
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters," etc. ; LANZI, " History of
Painting in Italy;" " Nouvclle Biographic Gin^rale."
Ligozzi, le-got'see, (jACoro,) an eminent Italian
painter of history, born at Verona in 1543, was a pupil
of Paul Veronese. He painted both in fresco and in oil.
Having acquired a high reputation at Verona, he re-
moved to Florence, where he received the title of painter
to the grand duke Ferdinand. Among his master-pieces
are "The Four Crowned Saints," at Imola, and the
" Martyrdom of Saint Dorothea," at Pescia. His smaller
pictures are highly finished. Died in 1627.
Li Hsi, King of Korea, came to the throne in
1864. He was weak and vacillating in character, and
fell largely under the control of the Russian agent
residing at Seoul.
Li Hung Chang, an eminent Chinese statesman,
was born February 16, 1823, and took the Hanlin
degree in 1849. He was a secretary in the army
during the Taiping rebellion, later a provincial judge,
and in 1 86 1 governor of Kiangsu, from which he
aided "Chinese" Gordon to drive the rebels in
1863. This service was rewarded with the Yellow
Jacket and the Peacock's Feather and the third class •
of nobility. He was made governor-general of ,
Kiang province in 1864, and of the imperial province I
of Chihli in 1872, where he became active in founding
the Chinese navy. He was made commander-in-
chief of army and navy in the war of 1894 with Japan,
but was thwarted by the incompetency of his subor- :
dinates. In consequence of the defeats he was de-
prived of his honours, but they were soon restored, >
and he negotiated a treaty of peace in 1895. In 1896
he visited Europe and America. On his return he
was made foreign secretary of the empire, and after
the Boxer troubles of 1900 was appointed commis-
sioner to deal with the foreign powers. He is recog-
nized as the most enlightened and progressive of the
statesmen of China.
Lil'burne, (JOHN,) an English Puritan enthusiast ana
radical agitator, was born in Durham in 1618. He was
accused before the Star Chamber in 1637 of distributing
seditious pamphlets, and was condemned to be whipped
and imprisoned. He was released in 1640, and obtained
£2000 damages. In 1644 he fought bravely against the
ting at Marston Moor, where he led a regiment He
afterwards attacked Prynne, Lenthal, and others in pam-
phlets, for which he was committed to Newgate. He
was one of the master-spirits of the " Levellers," and
' a stubborn opponent of Cromwell's authority. In 1651
he was tried for treason and acquitted by the jury. He
became a Quaker a few years before his death, which
occurred in 1657. Hume designates him as "the most
turbulent, but the most upright and courageous, of human
kind." (" History of England.")
Lilienkrantz or Liljenkrantz, lee'le-en-kRants', or
Liliecrantz, lee'le-eh-kRants', (JoHANN,) COUNT DE, a
Swedish financier, born about 1730. On the accession
of Gustavus III. (1771) he was appointed minister of
finances, which he managed with success for many years
Died in 1815.
See GEVER, " Histoire de la Suede."
Lilienthal, lee'Ie-en-tll', (MICHAEL,) a learned Prus-
sian philologist, born at Liebstadt in 1686. He was
for many years professor of theology in the University
of Kbnigsberg. He was the* principal editor of the
"Erlautertes Preussen," (1724-28,) a highly-esteemed
literary journal, and published, besides other works,
"Historical and Literary Selections," ("Selecta His-
torica et Literaria," 1711-19.) Died in 1750.
Lilieuthal, (THEODOR CHRISTIAN,) a German theo-
logian and writer, a son of the preceding, was born at
Kbnigsberg in 1717; died in 1782.
Lilio, lee'le-o, or Lilli, lel'lee, (ANDREA,) an Italian
painter, born at Ancona in 1555. He worked at Rome
for Sixtus V., and at Ancona. Died in 1610.
_ Lilip, (Luici,) [Lat. ALOY'SIUS LIL'IUS,] an Italian
physician and astronomer, born in Calabria. He is
remembered only for the part he had in the reform of
the calendar under the auspices of Gregory XIII. He
applied the epacts to' the cycle of nineteen years, and,
by adding one day to the end of each cycle, he arrived
at an approximative equation of the solar and lunar
years. He died in 1576, just after he had finished the
work. His method was approved by the pope in m82
Lilio Giraldi. See GIRALDI.
Liliuokalani, (LYDIA KAMEKEHA,) ex-Queen of
Hawaii, born at Honolulu, December 2, 1838. She
was proclaimed queen January 29, 1891, on the death
of King Kalakaua. Her attempts to abolish consti-
tutional government and rule as an absolute monarch
led to a revolt of the American inhabitants and her
dethronement in 1892. An attempt to regain her
power failed and she sought the United States, but
returned to Hawaii in August, 1898, after its annex-
ation by the United States government.
Lilius. See LILIO.
Liljenblad. See LILIEBLAD.
Liljenkrantz. See LILIENKRANTZ.
Lillie, (LuCY CECIL,) an American author, born
(\Vhite) at New York city in 1855. She wrote " Mil-
dred's Bargain," "The Colonel's Money," "The
Story of English Literature," etc.
Lil'lo, (GEORGE,) a successful English dramatist, born
in 1693, became a jeweller of London. He holds a high
rank among English dramatists of the second order.
"The Fatal Curiosity," a tragedy, (1737,) is called his
master-piece, and is constructed with remarkable skill.
His "George Barnwell" and "Arden of Feversham"
were also popular. Died in 1739.
Lil'ly, written also Lily and Lyly, (JoHN,) an English
dramatic writer, born in Kent about 1553. He wrote
several dramas, which were performed with success, and
flourished as a wit at the court of Elizabeth. About 1580
he published " Euphues : the Anatomy of Wit," which
became very popular with that pedantic generation for
its affected and dainty style, called " Euphuism." " It
deserves notice," says Hallam, "on account of the influ-
ence it is recorded to have had upon the court of Eliza-
beth and over the public taste." He was the author of
a famous satirical pamphlet against Martin Mar-Prelate,
called " Pap with a Hatchet." Died about 1600.
See "The Dramatic Works of John Lyly, with some Account
of his Life," etc., by T. W. FAIRHOLT, 1858; "Quarterly Review"
for April, 1861.
€ as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (E^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
LILLY
155°
LINCOLN
Lilly, (WILLIAM,) a famous English astrologer, born
in Leicestershire in 1602. In early life he was employed
as a servant in London. He began to study astrology
in 1632, and acquired fame as a fortune-teller. He pro-
fited by the credulity of Charles I., who consulted him
on political affairs in the civil war. Some agents of the
popular party also patronized him. He published an-
nually an almanac, called "Merlinus Anglicus Junior,"
(1644-81.) His character is represented by Butler under
the name of "Sidrophel." Died in 1681.
Lilly, (WILLIAM SAMUEL,) an English author,
born at Fifehead in 1840. He graduated at Cam-
bridge in 1861, was in the India service till 1870, be-
came a London barrister in 1873, anc' secretary of the
Catholic Union of Great Britain in 1874. He pub-
lished "Ancient Religion and Modern Thought,"
(1884,) "A Century of Revolution," (1889,) "Claims
of Christianity," (1894,) etc.
Lil'y or Lil'ljF, (WILLIAM,) a distinguished English
schoolmaster, born at tjdiham, in Hampshire, about
1468. After studying languages in Greece and Rome,
he settled in London in 1509, and opened a grammar-
school. He appears to have been the first who taught
Greek in London. In 1512 he became master of Saint
Paul's School, just founded by Colet. He published,
besides Latin poems, " Brevissima Institutio seu Ratio
Grammatices cognoscendae," (1513,) commonly called
"Lily's Grammar," which was for a long time more
used in English schools than any other Latin grammar.
He was intimate with Erasmus. Died in 1523.
Limayrac, le'mJ'rSk', (HAULIN,) a French littfrateur,
Dorn at Caussade in 1817. He became chief editor of
" La Patrie," a daily paper of Paris, in 1858. Died 1868.
Limborch, van, vin lim'boR^', written also Lim-
borg, (HENDRIK,) a Dutch painter, born at the Hague
m 1680, was one of the best pupils of Adrian van der
Werf, of whose works he made fine copies. Died in 1758
Limborch, van, ( PHILIPPUS,) a learned Dutch theolo-
gian, was born in Amsterdam the igth of June, 1633. He
was one of the principal supporters of the Remonstrant
or Arminian doctrines, which were condemned by the
Synod of Doit in 1619. After preaching for ten years
at Gouda, he became in 1668 pastor and professor of
theology at Amsterdam. He corresponded for a long
time with John Locke. His most important work is
Iheologia Christiana," (1686,) "a system of divinity
and morals which," says Hallam, "is the fullest delinea-
tion of the Arminian scheme." He wrote a " History
of the Inquisition," (1692.) Died in 1712.
Limbourg, van, vin lim'bdoRG', (JAN PHILIPPUS,)
a Flemish medical writer, born near Spa in 1726. He
practised at Spa with great success. Died in 1811.
Limburg-Brouwer, van, vjn lim'buRH bRow'er.
(PlEThk,) a Dutch poet, born in 1795; died in 1847.
Limerick, KARL OF. See DONGAN.
Liruuaeus or LimnSus, lim-na'us, (JoHANN,) a Ger-
man publicist, born at Jena in 1592. He was preceptor
of the Margrave of Anspach and of Albert of Branden-
burg, who afterwards employed him as chancellor and
privy councillor. He wrote an esteemed work on " The
Public Law of the Romano-Germanic Empire," (3 vols.,
l°45-57.) and an "Account of the French Monarchy and
Constitution," (" Notitia Regni Gallis," 2 vols., 1655.)
Died in 1663.
See STRKBKL, " Lcben und Schriften des Staatslchrers I Lim-
DZUS, 1741.
Limousin or Limosin. See LEONARD DE LIMOUSIN.
Lin. See LINUS.
Lin, van, vin Hn, (HANS,) a Dutch painter of genre,
who flourished about 1650, was surnamed STILHEID. He
excelled in battle-pieces, and painted horses better than
any other Dutch artist except Wouwerman.
Linacre, lin'a-ker, written also Linacer (or Lina-
ker) and Lynacer, (THOMAS,) an eminent English
physician and scholar, bom at Canterbury about 1460.
He learned Greek of Demetrius Chalcondylas at Flor-
ence, and studied medicine at Rome. After his return to
England he lectured on medicine, and taught Greek at
Oxford for several years, until Henry VIII. employed
him as physician and preceptor of Prince Arthur. He
was the principal founder and first president of the Col-
lege of Physicians, London. At an advanced age he took
orders, and obtained the rectory of Mersham, a prebend
in York Cathedral, and other benefices. He was an ex-
cellent classical scholar, and a correspondent of Erasmus.
He translated several of Galen's works into Latin, and
wrote "On the Correct Structure of Latin Prose," (" De
Emendata Structura Latini Sermonis,") which Hallam
calls "the first-fruits of English erudition," and which
must, he says, have been highly valuable. Died in 1524.
See "Lives of British Physicians," London, 1857; BAVLH, " Hi*
torical and Critical Dictionary;" NiciRON, " Mimoires."
Linant, le'n&x', (MICHEL,) a French litterateur, born
at Louviers in 1708. Voltaire, who was his friend, spoke
highly of his taste and imagination. Linant lived in
Paris, and was employed as tutor to the sons of M.
Hebert. He wrote odes, epistles, and other short poems,
which gained several prizes of the French Academy. He
also published an edition of Voltaire's works, (1738.)
Died in 1749.
Linck, link, (JoHANN HEINRICH,) a German natu
ralist, born at Leipsic in 1674; died in 1734.
Lincke, link'eh, (JOSEPH,) a Prussian violoncellist and
composer, born June 8, 1783, at Trachenberg, in Silesia.
Died March 26, 1837.
Lincoln, link'on, (ABRAHAM,) the sixteenth President
of the United States, was born in Hardin county, Ken-
tucky, (in a part now included in Larue county,) the
I2th of February, 1809. His ancestors were of English
descent ; they are supposed to have originally emigrated
to America with the followers of William Penn. A
little before the middle of last century they resided in
Berks county, Pennsylvania, whence a part of the family
removed in 1750 to Virginia. About the year 1780
Abraham Lincoln, the grandfather of the subject of this
notice, settled in Kentucky, where not long after he was
stealthily shot by an Indian. He left three sons, of wh.jrn
the eldest, Thomas Lincoln, married and settled in Har-
din county in 1806. Abraham Lincoln was his second
child and oldest son. His childhood was passed in the
midst of hardship and toil. When he was scarcely
eight years old, his parents removed to Spencer county,
Indiana. It was a difficult and wearisome journey, and
he ever afterwards retained a vivid recollection of the
trials and hardships which he passed through on that
occasion. Before he was eleven years of age, he ex-
perienced a bitter and irreparable loss in the death of
his mother. Under her guidance he had learned to
read and prize the Bible, and to her influence, there is
reason to believe, he was largely indebted for the develop-
ment of those rare and noble moral traits which have
conferred upon him, if not a brilliant, at least a spotless
and ever-enduring fame. Among the books which, as a
boy, he particularly valued, was a Life of Washington ;
and it is not improbable that the contemplation of such a
character, which united to plain and practical common
sense moral qualities of the highest order, may have
contributed not a little to that combination of straight-
forward simplicity and moral grandeur for which Lin-
coln was afterwards distinguished. The " Pilgrim's
Progress" was also one of his favourite books ; and its
influence upon his style may perhaps be traced not
merely in his preference for forcible and racy Saxon
words, but also in that homely directness of expression
by which all his speeches and writings are characterized.
On the breaking out of the Black Hawk war, in the
early part of 1832, Lincoln promptly volunteered for the
defence of the frontier settlements, and was chosen captain
of his company. The war, however, having been speedily
brought to a close before he had an opportunity of meet-
ing the enemy, he returned to the pursuits of peace. In
the political contest which took place between General
Jackson and Henry Clay in the autumn of 1832, he zeal-
ously espoused the cause of the latter, for whom he
had felt an enthusiastic admiration from his boyhood.
He himself was a candidate for the State legislature;
and, although unsuccessful, he received in his own pre-
cinct two hundred and seventy-seven votes out of the
two hundred and eighty-four which had been cast; that
t, e, i, 6, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, leas prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fall, fit; met; not; good; moon:
ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
is, thirty-nine fortieths of the whole number. In 1834
he was again a candidate for the legislature, and was
elected. He was re-elected in 1836. In March, 1837,
he gave proof of the uprightness as well as independ-
ence of his character by recording his protest on the
journal of the House against some extreme pro-slavery
resolutions which had been passed by the Democratic
majority in the legislature. At that time the expression
of any anti-slavery sentiments was extremely unpopular
in every part of the United States, but perhaps nowhere
north of Mason and Dixon's line was it more so than in
Illinois. Lincoln and another member who shared his
iriews declared in their protest that "they believe that
the institution of slavery is founded in injustice and bad
policy." Having been again elected to the legislature
in 1838, he became the acknowledged leader of the
Whigs in the House, and received the entire vote of his
party for the speakership, which he lost by only one vote.
He had been admitted to the bar in 1836, and in April,
1837, he established himself permanently in Springfield
and commenced the practice of law in earnest, with John
T. Stuart as his partner. In November, 1842, he mar-
ried Miss Mary Todd, daughter of Robert S. Todd, Esq.,
of Lexington, Kentucky. Having accepted the nomi-
nation for Congress in 1846, he was triumphantly elected,
being the only Whig out of the seven representatives
sent by Illinois to the national legislature. During the
time that he was in Congress he uniformly gave his voice
in favour of freedom, voting against laying on the table
without consideration the petitions for the abolition of
slavery, and always supporting the doctrines of the
Wilmot Proviso whenever any measure of this kind
was before the House. The passage of the Nebraska
bill in May, 1854, involving the repeal of the Missouri
Compromise, gave everywhere fresh interest and ar-
dour to the contest between freedom and slavery. A
United States Senator was to be chosen by the Illinois
legislature. Lincoln had been nominated by the Repub-
lican party as their candidate for the Senate of the United
States. Judge Douglas, confessedly the ablest politician
and best debater among all the Democratic leaders of
the West, was the opposing candidate. Lincoln chal-
lenged his opponent to a series of public discussions
respecting the views and policy of the two contending
parties. That political contest first fully revealed the
versatility, depth, and comprehensiveness of Mr. Lin-
coln's mind. Even some of those belonging to the party
of Judge Douglas admitted that the latter was inferior
to his opponent both in learning and in argument, — in
short, in every essential qualification for the discussion
of those great principles which were then agitating the
country from one extremity to the other. As the elec-
tion of United States Senator depended on the legisla-
ture, and not on a direct vote by the people, Douglas
was the successful competitor ; but the extraordinary
ability displayed by Lincoln in the discussion above re-
ferred to, led to his nomination by the Republican party
in 1860 as their candidate for the Presidency. No Presi-
dential contest involving issues so momentous had ever
before occurred. The general election then about to
take place was to decide the all-important question
whether the blighting influence of slavery should be
allowed to extend to every part of the republic, or should
thenceforward be restricted to the territory which it
already possessed. Never before had any Presidential
election so strongly excited all the hopes and fears of the
patriot, all the affections and passions of the people.
It took place on the 6th of November, 1860. Lincoln
received the electoral votes of all the free States except
New Jersey, which was divided, giving him four votes
and Douglas three. Breckinridge received the votes
of all the slave States except Virginia, Kentucky, Ten-
nessee, and Missouri ; the three former voted for Bell,
the last for Douglas. Lincoln received in all one hun-
dred and eighty electoral votes, Breckinridge seventy-two,
Bell thirty-nine, and Douglas twelve.
No sooner was the result of the election known than
several of the Southern States made preparations for
formally separating themselves from the Federal Union.
South Carolina took the lead in the secession movement.
The legislature convened in November and passed an
act calling a State convention to meet on the lyth of
December. It met accordingly, and on the 2Oth an
ordinance was passed unanimously dissolving the union
till then "subsisting between South Carolina and other
States under the name of the United States of America."
It was evident, from the language of the leading men in
that convention, that the ordinance of secession was not
the result of any sudden excitement or hastily-adopted
resolution, but was the deliberate fulfilment of a settled
and long-cherished purpose. "The secession of South
Carolina," said Mr. Rhett, "was not the event of a day."
It was "a matter which had been gathering head for
thirty years." Mr. Inglis said that most of them had
had it "under consideration for the last twenty years."
"So far," says Raymond, "as South Carolina was con-
cerned, there can be no doubt that her action was de-
cided by men who had been plotting disunion for thirty
years, not on account of any wrongs her people had sus-
tained at the hands of the Federal government, but from
motives of persona] and sectional ambition, and for the
purpose of establishing a government which should be
permanently and completely in the interest of slavery."
(" Lincoln's Administration," chap, i.) Following the
example of South Carolina, Mississippi passed an ordi-
nance of secession on the gth of January, 1861,* Florida
January 10, Alabama January II, Georgia January 18,
Louisiana January 26, Texas February I. Thus, more
than a month previous to the expiration of Mr. Buch-
anan's term of office, seven States had done all that
lay in their power to dissolve their connection with the
Union. Delegates appointed by the conventions of the
seceding States met at Montgomery early in February,
and formed a new Confederacy, of which Jefferson Davis,
of Mississippi, was elected President, and Alexander H.
Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President. Not long after,
Mr. Stephens, in an elaborate speech addressed to the
people of Savannah, attempted to vindicate the course
of the seceders in setting up a new government in oppo-
sition to .hat of the United States. On that occasion he
said that the prevailing ideas of Jefferson and "most
of the leading statesmen at the time of the formation of
the old Constitution were that the enslavement of the
African was a violation of the laws of nature, that it was
wrong in principle, socially, morally, politically. . . .
These ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. They
rested upon the assumption of the equality of races.
This was an error. . . . Our new government was
founded upon exactly the opposite ideas ; its foundations
are laid, its corner-stone rests, upon the great truth that
the negro is not equal to the white man ; that slavery,
subordination to the superior race, is his natural and
normal condition. This, our new government, is the
first in the history of the world based upon this great
physical, philosophical, and moral truth."
While President Buchanan took the ground that the
Federal government had no right to coerce the seceding
States, several members of the cabinet had not neglected
the opportunities which their official position afforded, of
promoting the interests of the Southern Confederacy.
The secretary of war, John B. Floyd, took care to make
such a disposition of the Federal arms and ammunition
that in case the new administration should be disposed
to adopt a more decisive policy it would find its energies
paralyzed by a total want of the material of war, while
the revolted States, in case of necessity, nvght readily
possess themselves of that verv material whi> h had been
thus adroitly placed beyond the reach of the Federal
government. An official report from the ordnance
department, dated January 16, 1861, shows that during
the year 1860 115,000 muskets had been removed from
Northern armories and sent to Southern arsenals by a
single order of the secretary of war ; and it was claimed
for him, by one of his eulogists in Virginia, that, while
a member of President Buchanan's cabinet, Mr. Floyd
"thwarted, resisted, and forbade" certain measures
which, if carried into effect, would have rendered the
formation of the Southern Confederacy impossible.
It was under such circumstances as these— with seven
• These dates, and most of the others in this article connected
with the events of Ihe rebellion, are taken from Greeley's "American
Conflict."
€ as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, n, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( jJtp=See Explanations, p. 23. >
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
ot the most influential of the United States in open re-
volt, and several others on the eve of secession, — with
timorous indecision at the head of the government, and
secret treason lurking not only among the members
of the cabinet, but also among the officers of the army
and navy — that Abraham Lincoln, on the nth of Feb-
ruary, 1861, left his Western home and proceeded to
Washington to take into his hands the reins of govern-
ment. His brief parting words to his friends at Spring-
field reveal at one view the simple, manly earnestness
of his character, and that humble but unfaltering trust
in God by which he was sustained through all the perils
and darkness which surrounded his administration. " My
Friends : No one not in my position can appreciate the
sadness I feel at this parting. To this people I owe all
that I am. Here I have lived more than a quarter of a
century ; here my children were born, and here one of
them lies buried. I know not how soon I shall see you
again. A duty devolves upon me which is, perhaps,
greater than that which has devolved upon any other
man since the days of Washington. He never would
have succeeded except for the aid of divine Providence,
upon which he at all times relied. I feel that I cannot
succeed without the same divine aid which sustained
him ; and on the same almighty Being I place my reli-
ance for support ; and I hope you, ray friends, will all
pray that I may receive that divine assistance, without
which I cannot succeed, but with which success is
certain. Again I bid you all an affectionate farewell."
A rumour was current some time before the President-
elect left his home in Illinois, that he would never reach
the national capital alive. An attempt was made (Feb-
ruary ii) on the Toledo and Western Railroad to throw
from the track the train on which he was ; and after-
wards, just as he was leaving Cincinnati, a hand-grenade
was found to have been secreted on the car. A plot had
likewise been formed to take his life during his passage
through Baltimore on his way to Washington. Mr.
Seward and General Scott, having been informed of
that fact, arranged it that Lincoln should pass through
Baltimore several hours earlier than had at first been
proposed. The plans of the conspirators were thus
frustrated, and the President-elect reached Washington
in safety on the morning of the 2jd of February.
Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated as President of the
United States on the 4th of March, 1861. In his ad-
dress on that occasion he mildly but distinctly and
firmly announced his purpose to " take care that the
laws of the Union be faithfully executed in all the States."
" I trust," he adds, " this will not be regarded as a
menace. . . . There need be no bloodshed or violence ;
and there shall be none, unless it be forced upon the
national authority. The power confided to me will be
used to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places
belonging to the government, and to collect the duties
»nd imposts; but, beyond what may be necessary for
these objects, there will be no invasion, no using of force
against or among the people, anywhere. . . . The mails,
unless repelled, will continue to be furnished in all parts
of the Union. So far as possible, the people everywhere
shall have that sense of perfect security which is most
favourable to calm thought and reflection. . . . Physically
speaking, we cannot separate. \Ve cannot remove our
respective sections from each other, nor build an impass-
able wall between them. A husband and wife may be
divorced and go out of the presence and beyond the
reach of each other; but the different parts of our coun-
try cannot do this. They cannot but remain face to face ;
and intercourse, either amicable or hostile, must continue
between them. Is it possible, then, to make the inter-
course more advantageous or more satisfactory after
separation than before? . . . THE CHIEF MAGISTRATE
DERIVES ALL HIS AUTHORITY FROM THE PEOPLE; AND
THEY HAVE CONFERRED NONE UPON HIM TO FIX TERMS
FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE STATES. . . . H IS DUTY IS
TO ADMINISTER THE PRESENT GOVKRNMENT AS IT CAME
INTO HIS HANDS, AND TO TRANSMIT IT UNIMPAIRED BY
HIM TO HIS SUCCESSOR.
"My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and well
upon this whole subject. Nothing valuable can be lost
by taking time. If there be an object to hurry any of
you in hot haste to a step which you would never take
deliberately, that object will be frustrated by taking
time ; but no good object can be frustrated by it. ...
" In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen,
and not in mine, is the momentous issue ot civil war
. . . You can have no conflict without being yourselves
the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven
to destroy the government, while I shall have the most
solemn one to ' preserve, protect, and defend' it." Mr.
Lincoln did not deny that the laws of the Federal gov-
ernment, and even the Constitution itself, might perhaps
bear unequally and hardly upon some sections of the
country ; but he thought that all grievances of this kind
would be far more likely to be properly redressed through
a calm and friendly appeal to the sense of justice in the
people than by violence or war.
It was enough, however, for the slave-holding party
that he denied not merely the expediency but the right
of any State or sectional combination of States to se-
cede. This was considered equivalent to a declaration
of war ; and active preparations for the coming struggle
were at once commenced throughout the seceded States.
The moderate, reasonable, and conciliatory tone of the
In augural had. it cannot be doubted, a most happy effect,
not only in uniting and consolidating, so to speak, the
public sentiment of the North, but also in encouraging
all those in the border States who, whatever may have
been their views in relation to slavery, had not yet cast
off all attachment to the national flag and the Federal
Union. Fort Sumter, in the harbour of Charleston, was
occupied by a United States garrison, under the com-
mand of Major Anderson. General Beauregard, on the
part of the Southern Confederacy, demanded its sur-
render. To this demand, which was made on the nth
of April, Major Anderson at once replied that his "sense
of honour and his obligations to his government prevented
his compliance." Early on the I2th an attack on the fort
was commenced, and kept up with the utmost fury with
shells and red-hot cannon-balls, in consequence of which
Major Anderson, after a gallant resistance of thirty-three
hours, was at length obliged to evacuate the place, which
he did on the morning of the I4th. The bombardment
of Fort Sumter was the first aggressive act committed
on either side. It produced a deep and intense excite
ment throughout the Northern States, breaking down
for a time all party distinctions, and uniting the whole
people in an earnest, unfaltering purpose to support the
government.^ The President, justly regarding this un-
provoked attack upon a United States fort as the com-
mencement of actual war, issued on the next day (April
15) a proclamation directing both Houses of Congress
to meet in extra session on the 4th of July following,
and calling out " the militia of the several States of the
Union, to the aggregate number of 75,000," for the pur-
pose of supporting the authority and enforcing the laws
of the Federal Union. It was not, however, merely for
maintaining the authority of the government that troops
were needed, but for the defence of the national capital
itself. The President of the Southern Confederacy had
declared, more than a month before, that whenever war
should commence the North and not the South should
be the battle field ; and the recent attack on Fort Sumtei
was a sufficient proof that no veneration for the national
Hag nor any lurking scruples of any kind would be likely
to prevent the carrying out of that threat if it were pos-
sible to accomplish it All the Northern States responded
to the demand of President Lincoln with the utmost
alacrity and zeal. Massachusetts — be it said to her
immortal honour — was the first in the field. The
next day after the issue of the proclamation, her Sixth
regiment left Boston for the national capital. Two
more regiments set out within forty-eight hours. The
Sixth regiment was attacked (April 19) in Baltimore
by a mob carrying a secession flag, and several of
the soldiers were killed or severely wounded. Gov-
ernor Hicks having united with Mayor Brown, of Balti-
• The very next day after Major Anderson had evacuated the ruiiu
of Fort Sumter, a leading journal of New York (the " Tribune") aptly
and forcibly observed, " Fort Sumter is lost, but freedom is savea
. . . It is hard to lose Sumter: it is a consolation to know that io
losing it we have gained a united people."
i, 5, i, 6, u, y, long; a, 4, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I. 6. ii, y, short; a, e, i, p, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; not; good; moon:
LINCOLN
'553
LINCOLN
more, in urging, for prudential reasons, that no more
troops should be brought through that city, it was ar-
ranged that those needed for the defence of Washington
should in future be sent thither by way of Annapolis.
On the igth of April President Lincoln issued a procla-
mation blockading the ports of the seceded States. The
excitement caused by the bombardment of Fort Sumter,
which tended so powerfully to unite public sentiment at
the North, appeared to have produced a still greater
effect in the Southern States, where the enthusiasm
of the people was inflamed almost to frenzy by what
seemed the brilliant success of the Confederates, in re-
ducing so quickly a fortress which was regarded as one
of the strongest in the United States, though it was at
that time feebly garrisoned and supplied with provisions
for a few days only. Yielding to this whirlwind of ex-
citement, the legislature of Virginia, on the i;th of
April, (three days after the taking of Fort Sumter,)
passed an ordinance of secession by a vote of 88 to 55.
Not long after, the State Convention of North Carolina,
elected during the excitement which followed the cap-
ture of Sumter, passed unanimously an ordinance of
secession.
The most active preparations were made on both sides
for the contest which was now inevitable. In the seceding
States more than a hundred thousand troops had been
raised, of which the larger portion had been marched
towards the Northern border. The greatness of the force
arrayed against the government made an additional sup-
ply of troops necessary for the security of the national
capital. A second proclamation was issued on the 3d
of May, calling into the United States service a large
numbe'r of volunteers, and greatly increasing the force
both of the army and navy. The difficulties surrounding
the new administration were rendered still more for-
midable by the precipitate action of the French and
English governments, which, as soon as information was
received that hostilities had actually begun in America,
determined, in concert, to acknowledge the Southern
Confederacy as a belligerent power.
In accordance with the proclamation of the I5th of
April, Congress met in extra session, July 4, 1861. In
the message which on that occasion the President ad-
dressed to the Senators and representatives, after re-
viewing the condition of the country and explaining
the course of the government, he proceeds to say, —
"It is thus seen that the assault upon and reduction
of Fort Sumter was in no sense a matter of self-defence
upon the part of the assailants. They well knew thai
the garrison in the fort could by no possibility commit
aggression upon them. They knew, they were expressly
notified, that the giving of bread to the few brave anc
hungry men of the garrison was all which would on that
occasion be attempted, unless themselves, by resisting
so much, should provoke more. They knew that this
government desired to keep the garrison in the fort, not
to assail them, but to maintain visible possession, anc
thus to preserve the Union from actual and immediate
dissolution, trusting, as before stated, to time, discussion
and the ballot-box for final adjustment ; and they assailec
and reduced the fort for precisely the reverse object, tc
drive out the visible authority of the Federal Union anc
thus force it to immediate dissolution. ... In this act
discarding all else, they have forced upon the country
the distinct issue, 'immediate dissolution or blood.'
"And this issue embraces more than the fate ol
these United States. It presents to the whole family ol
man the question whether a constitutional republic 01
democracy — a government of the people by the sam<
people — can or cannot maintain its territorial integritj
against its own domestic foes. . . .
" It was with the deepest regret that the Executivi
found the duty of employing the war-power in defence
of the government forced upon him. He could but per
form this duty or surrender the existence of the govern
ment. . . . As a private citizen, the Executive could n-
have consented that these institutions should perish
much less could he, in betrayal of so vast and so sacret
a trust as these free people have confided to him. He
felt that he had no right to shrink, or even to count thi
chances of his own life, in what might follow."
There were a few members in both Houses who in-
isted that any employment of the war-power against
he rebels was unconstitutional ; but the general senti-
ment of Congress fully sustained the President in the
ourse he had taken. On July 15, Mr. McClernand, a
democratic member from Illinois, offered a resolution
ledging the House to vote any amount of money and
ny number of men necessary to suppress the rebellion
and restore the authority of the government. This reso-
ution was adopted with but five dissenting votes. The
pirited action of Congress seemed to inspire the people
everywhere throughout the North with renewed hope
and confidence. Towards the latter part of June, a large
•ebel force had occupied a strong position on Bull Run
Creek, near Manassas. It was resolved on the part of
he Federal government to attack and drive back this
brce ; and the belief was generally entertained that a
single decided success on the part of the Union armies
would put an end to the war. The Federal forces, com-
manded by General McDowell, made an attack upon
the position of the rebels on the 2ist of July ; but they
met with a disastrous defeat, and were driven back in
Oreat disorder towards Washington. Then, for the first
'ime, the Northern States realized the greatness of the
conflict which was before them. They then understood
low great were the advantages possessed by the Con-
'ederates in consequence of their having been for years
preparing for war. No inconsiderable portion of their
:roops had been thoroughly disciplined under excellent
officers, while many of the Northern troops had scarcely
any discipline at all. Add to this that a large proportion
of the best and most experienced officers in the regular
army of the United States had resigned their commis-
sions and joined the Confederate cause. All the prin-
cipal Confederate officers, with scarcely an exception,
lad been educated at the national military academy at
West Point, and had afterwards held important positions
n the regular army. It may suffice to cite the names of
Generals Joseph E. and Albert Sydney Johnston, Jeffer-
ion Davis, the President of the Southern Confederacy,
and General Robert E. Lee, regarded, at the time of the
breaking out of the rebellion, as by far the ablest officer
in the United States army, General Scott having become
through age and infirmities unequal to the duties of the
field. But the disaster of Bull Run damped the hopes
of the Unionists for a moment only. After the first
surprise was over, its effect was to rouse the courage and
determination of the people to the highest point. Vol-
unteers flocked by thousands to join the national army.
From the time of Lincoln's inauguration, through all the
anxious months of the spring and summer of 1861, Gene-
ral Scott had retained his position as commander of the
armies of the United States, and had given the govern-
ment the benefit of his wisdom and experience and the
support of his great influence and unwavering loyalty.
At length, on the 3ist of October, in consequence of ill
health and advancing age, he applied to the secretary of
war to be released from active service. He was accord-
ingly placed upon the list of retired officers of the army
of the United States, but retaining his full pay, according
to a special provision passed by Congress in the summer
session. At the recommendation of General Scott, Gene-
ral McClellan, who had obtained marked distinction by
his success during the summer of 1861 in clearing
Western Virginia of rebel troops, was called to Wash-
ington and appointed to the command of the Federal
forces. He at once commenced a thorough reorganiza-
tion of the army, and before many months brought it
into a state of high and efficient discipline. Unfortunately,
his sympathies were rather with the moderate slave-
holders than with the staunch supporters of the govern-
ment, and, when it became necessary to sacrifice slavery
in order to save the republic, he could not nerve himself
.0 the task. In a war of a different kind, requiring simply
vigilance, skill, and the spirit of conciliation, he might
have earned enduring laurels. But the Confederates had
gone too far to be won back by conciliation. As nothing
could satisfy them short of breaking up the Union, so
nothing was left for the Federal government, if it would
escape general disruption and utter ruin, but to suppress
the rebellion by force of arms.
€ as i; 5 as s; g hard: g as/,' G, H, K,giittural; N, nasal; R, trilled: s as z; th as in M«.
98
Explanations, p. 23.*
LINCOLN
LINCOLN
The forces under the immediate command ot General
McClellan having remained inactive during most of the
winter of 1861-62, President Lincoln issued on the 2?th
of January, 1862, an order that on the 22d of February a
general movement against the insurgents should be made
by the land and naval forces of the United States. Gene-
ral McClellan at first objected, in a letter to the secre-
tary of war, to the plan of operations which he had been
directed to pursue. At length, on the I3th of March, a
council of war was held, in which it was decided to ad-
vance against Richmond from Fortress Monroe. The
army was conveyed by water down the Potomac and
Chesapeake Bay to the mouth of James River. Soon
after the commencement of the campaign, General
McCleilan began to complain that he was not properly
supported by the Executive at Washington. Advancing
into the heart of a hostile country, where his enemies,
by means of the railroads, which they could completely
control, might concentrate, at a very short notice, all their
available force at or near the point of threatened attack,
it behooved him, undoubtedly, to use great circumspec-
tion. Unhappily, the extreme precautions which he took
against a doubtful or contingent peril had no other effect
than to surround him with real dangers of the most for-
midable character. His movements were so slow and
hesitating that the Confederates not only had time to
assemble their forces from distant points and erect ex-
tensive fortifications, but even to raise and discipline
large reinforcements of fresh troops. Had he early in
April advanced with his army against Yorktown, he
would have met with a feeble resistance, and might, in
all probability, have pushed on at once to the conquest
of Richmond. But he decided to approach it by a regular
siege ; extensive earthworks were thrown up, and the
campaign was protracted into the hottest part of the
summer. His troops, compelled to encamp among the
swamps adjacent to theChickahominy, perished in great
numbers from disease. At last, after a series of sangui-
nary but indecisive conflicts, the army was forced to
retreat It was moved in August from James River by
water to Aqui'a Creek, on the Potomac, some forty miles
below Washington. About the same time the army of
General Pope, affer several days of hard fighting near
Manassas and Centreville, was driven back with heavy
loss upon Washington. There was perhaps no darker
period during the whole war than that in which the
summer of 1862 came to a close ; and we may safely say
that no one throughout the land felt more deeply the
reverses and sufferings of his countrymen than President
Lincoln.
On the 2d of September, General McClellan took
command of all the available troops for the defence of
the capital. General Lee, having crossed the Potomac
(September 5) into Maryland, was attacked and de-
feated by McClellan at Antietam on the i6th and I7th
of September. He retreated into Virginia, and was not
pursued. Early in October McClellan was ordered to
cross the Potomac and give battle to the enemy or drive
him southward ; but, having delayed his advance for
about three weeks, he was removed from his command,
by an order dated November 5. General Burnside, who
succeeded McClellan as commander of the army of the
Potomac, attacked (December 13) General Lee, then
occupying a strongly-fortified position at Fredericks-
burg, and was repulsed with severe loss. Again, on the
2d and 3d of May, 1863, General Hooker was worsted
by General Lee in a very hard-fought battle at Chancel-
lorsville. The great and repeated disasters experienced
by the Union armies from the beginning of the war, but
more particularly those of the summer of 1862, appear
to have prepared the people of the Northern States for
the adoption of a more radical policy on the part of the
government. At first it had been the aim of the Execu-
tive to preserve the Union with all the provisions of the
Constitution as it was originally adopted. But, the slave-
holders having by their rebellion forfeited all claim to
the protection of that instrument, it might become ex-
pedient or necessary to assail them on the side where
they were confessedly weakest, — viz., through the institu-
tion of slavery. President Lincoln had been censured
by some for not taking a more decided position on the
subject of slavery at the commencement of the war ; but
he had very strong reasons for the line of policy which
he had hitherto thought proper to pursue. So powerful
was the influence, so plausible the arguments, brought
by the Confederates to bear upon the border States, that
it was only with the greatest difficulty that Maryland,
Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri could be prevented
from following Virginia and North Carolina and joining
the rebellion. If, then, the Federal government, with
those States standing neutral or divided, was able to re-
establish its authority only after years of conflict and the
loss of hundreds of thousands of lives, what might have
been the issue had those four populous and warlike
States from the very commencement of the war been
closely and firmly united with the Confederacy? Had
President Lincoln at once, on the breaking out of the
rebellion, attempted the overthrow of slavery, there is
reason to believe that all the above-named States would
have arrayed themselves against the government, and
the theatre of war, instead of being almost exclusively
confined to the territory of the slave States, would, in all
probability, have been extended to the adjacent free
States, — to Pennsylvania and Ohio, if not still farther.
Nor would this have been the only misfortune ; such an
attempt would, it can scarcely be doubted, have divided
the people in many of the free States, and prevented
them from giving the government that cordial and united
support so indispensable to the Union cause in such a
crisis.
The conscientious and anxious desire evinced by the
President to respect the constitutional rights of every
section of the country, if it produced no favourable influ-
ence upon the minds of the Confederates, had at least
the effect of gaining over to his cause multitudes of his
political opponents in the Northern as well as in the bor-
der States ; so that tens of thousands who had opposed
his election in 1860 became, before the close of his first
Presidential term, of the number of his most cordial
supporters. He considered it, indeed, to be not merely
expedient, but to be his imperative duty, to weigh care-
fully all the circumstances by which he was surrounded.
A religious or moral reformer may very properly content
himself with merely proclaiming and expounding great
truths, and then leave the minds of men to embrace
them, as they may be prepared to do so. But he who,
being placed at the head of a government, neglects to
consider the question whether his measures are prac-
ticable, or whether they are or are not adapted to the
actual condition and wants of the people, can have no
claim to the name of statesman, although he may pos-
sibly merit that of a far-seeing reformer or philanthropist.
To some, who were urging him to issue at once a
proclamation of emancipation, intimating that they fel.
assured it was the will of God that he should do so,
Lincoln replied, "I hope it will not be irreverent for me
to say that, if it is probable that God would reveal his
will to others on a point so connected with my duty, it
might be supposed he would reveal it directly to me ;
for, unless I am more deceived in myself than I often
am, it is my earnest desire to know the will of Providence
in this matter ; and if I can learn what it is, I will do it."
At another time he said, "There are 50,000 bayonets in
the Union army from the border slave States. It would
be a serious matter if, in consequence of a proclamation
such as you desire, they should go over to the rebels.
. . . Every day increases their Union feeling." He dili-
gently sought every opportunity of informing himself re-
specting the condition of public sentiment, especially in
regard to the question of emancipation. A great change
in the minds of the people had undoubtedly taken place
in this respect, not only in the North, but also in several
of the slave Stales. After mature deliberation, being at
length satisfied that the welfare of the country would be
promoted by such a measure, and that public senti-
ment would sustain it, he issued (September 22, 1862) a
proclamation of emancipation, in which it was declared
that on the first day of January, 1863, "all persons held
as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State,
the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the
United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever
free ; and the executive government of the United States,
a. e, I, 6, u, y, long: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; not; good; moon-
LINCOLN
1555
LINCOLN
including the military and naval authority thereof, will
recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons,
and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, 01
any of them, in any efforts they may make for theii
actual freedom."
After the battle of Chancellorsville the tide of success
seemed to turn in favour of the Union cause. This is
not the place to go into any detailed account of the
movements of the different armies. It may suffice briefly
to notice a few of the principal battles which constituted,
so to speak, turning-points in the history of the war, and
which had an immediate and important influence in
bringing it to a close.
On the 3d of July, 1863, the army of the Potomac,
under General Meade, defeated the rebel forces, com-
manded by General Lee, in a great battle (which had
lasted three days) near Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania.
On the 4th of the same month, General Grant cap-
tured Vicksburg, after a long and most obstinate defence
on the part of the garrison, and in spite of the strenuous
efforts of the Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston to
raise the siege. The number of Confederate troops
paroled at Vicksburg was about 27,000, of whom only
15,000 were fit for duty. "This," says Mr. Greeley,
" was the heaviest single blow ever given to the muscu-
lar resources of the rebellion ; and no other campaign
in the war equals in brilliancy of conception and general
success in execution that which resulted in the capitula-
tion of Vicksburg." As Commander Farragut, suj ported
by a land-army under General Butler, had already (April,
1862) taken possession of New Orleans, the conquest
of Vicksburg gave to the Unionists the command of the
Mississippi throughout its entire length.
The courage, skill, and, above all, the unconquerable
energy displayed by General Grant in the siege and
capture of Vicksburg, seemed to point him out to the
government as pre-eminently qualified to conduct a wai
in which a wise foresight, an untiring vigilance, and an
indefatigable activity were equally necessary to success.
There was another point also wherein, to adopt the
language of Mr. Greeley, " his fitness for the chief
command was decided, if not pre-eminent ; and that
was an utter disbelief in the efficacy of any rose-water
treatment of the rebellion." On the 1st of March, 1864,
in compliance with a recommendation of Congress, the
President appointed General Grant lieutenant-general of
the armies of the United States. When he presented
General Grant with his commission, Mr. Lincoln ad-
dressed him with these words : "The nation's apprecia-
tion of what you have already done, and its reliance upon
you for what still remains to be done, in the existing
great struggle, are now presented with this commission,
constituting you lieutenant-general of the armies of the
United States. With this high honour devolves upon
you also a corresponding responsibility. As the country
herein trusts you, so, under God, it will sustain you. I
scarcely need to add that with what I here speak for
the nation, goes my own hearty personal concurrence."
In the autumn of 1864, Mr. Lincoln was a second time
elected President of the United States, General McClel-
Ian being the opposing candidate. Lincoln received the
votes of all the Northern States except New Jersey and
Delaware.
General Grant, having taken immediate command of
the army of the Potomac, commenced early in May the
ever-memorable campaign of 1864 against Richmond.
After many severe and bloody conflicts, and the display
of consummate military skill on the part of the rival com-
manders, and an obstinate bravery on the part of their
troops, rarely paralleled in the history of warfare, Gen-
eral Lee was at length (April 2, 1865) forced to abandon
the defence of Richmond, which was evacuated the fol-
lowing night, and on the 9th of April he surrendered to
General Grant with all his army. On the i?th of the
same month, General J. E. Johnston, commander of the
southern division of the Confederate army, then in North
Carolina, entered into terms of capitulation with Gen-
eral Sherman, according to which all the Confederate
troops still remaining in the field were to lay down their
arms and return to their respective States. Thus the
war of the rebellion was brought to a close. But, before
the final arrangement between Sherman and Johnston
was completed, the universal joy of the Northern States
was changed into bitter mourning by the death of Presi-
dent Lincoln, who was cut off in the very hour of triumph
by the hand of an assassin. A desperate band of con-
spirators, of whom John Wilkes Booth, a native of
Maryland, was the ringleader, had for some time enter-
tained the design of seizing the President and making
him a prisoner. Finding no opportunity to carry their
purpose into effect, they resolved at length to take his
life. The great object of Lincoln's administration — the
restoration of the authority of the government — having
been at last accomplished, on the evening of the I4th of
April he sought at Ford's Theatre a brief relaxation from
the duties and cares of his high office. Booth, being an
actor by profession, had free admittance to the theatre.
While the President's attention was absorbed by the
scene before him, the assassin approached him from
behind, unperceived. To make sure of his victim, Booth
discharged his pistol when the muzzle was not more
than a few inches from the head of the President, who,
as the ball entered his brain, sank slightly forward with-
out uttering a sound ; and, although he continued to
breathe for several hours, he was evidently wholly un-
conscious from the time that he received the fatal wound
until his death, which occurred at half-past seven on the
morning of the 1 5th. Mr. Lincoln had often received
anonymous letters threatening him with death ; but his
thoughts were too much occupied with the affairs of
the nation to permit him to feel anxiety for his personal
safety ; and, indeed, it was impossible for him, as he
intimated to some of his friends who urged him to be
more on his guard, to render his life secure without
adopting precautions alike repugnant to his own feel-
ings and to the universal usage of his country. We
believe it is no exaggeration to say that, since the dawn
of history, no more upright or conscientious ruler than
Abraham Lincoln ever presided over the destinies of a
great nation ; nor has there been any more free from
every taint of selfish ambition or personal resentment.
Among the many eminent men who, in their writings
or public speeches, have attempted to portray the char-
acter and commemorate the virtues of President Lincoln,
we know of none who has been more successful than
Mr. Emerson. The admirable fitness of his remarks
must be our apology, if any be needed, for giving the
following extracts from his discourse delivered at the
funeral services held in Concord, Massachusetts, April
19, 1865:
"A plain man of the people, an extraordinary for-
tune attended him. Lord Bacon says, ' Manifest virtues
procure reputation ; occult ones, fortune.' He offered
no shining qualities at the first encounter ; he did not
offend by superiority. He had a face and manner which
disarmed suspicion, which inspired confidence, which
confirmed good will. He was a man without vices. He
had a strong sense of duty, which it was very easy for
him to obey. Then he had what farmers call a 'long
head ;' was excellent in working out the sum for himself,—
in arguing his case and convincing you fairly and firmly.
. . . He had a vast good nature, which made him tolerant
and accessible to all. . . . Then his broad good humour,
running easily into jocular talk, in which he delighted
and in which he excelled, was a rich gift to this wise
man. It enabled him to keep his secret, to meet every
kind of man, and every rank in society, ... to mask
his own purpose and sound his companion, and to catch
with true instinct the temper of every company he ad-
dressed. His occupying the chair of state was a triumph
of the good sense of mankind and of the public conscience.
This middle-class country had got a middle-class Presi-
dent at last. Yes, in manners and sympathies, but not
in powers ; for his powers were superior. This man
grew according to the need ; his mind mastered the prob-
lem of the day ; and as the problem grew, so did his
comprehension of it. Rarely was a man so fitted to the
event. ... It cannot be said that there is any exagger-
ation of his worth. If ever a man was fairly tested, he
was. There was no lack of resistance, nor of slander,
nor of ridicule. . . . Then what an occasion was the
whirlwind of the war ! Here was place for no holiday
€as k: >, as s ; g hard; g as/; G, H, TS.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (2®=See Explanations, p. 2 1. 1
LINCOLN
1556
LINDE
magistrate, no fair-weather sailor : the new pilot was
hurried to the helm in a tornado. In four years — four
years of battle-days — his endurance, his fertility of re-
sources, his magnanimity, were sorely tried and never
found wanting. There, by his courage, his justice, his
even temper, his fertile counsel, his humanity, he stood
a heroic figure in the centre of a heroic epoch. He is
the true history of the American people in his time — the
true representative of this continent — father of his country,
the pulse of twenty millions throbbing in his heart, the
thought of their minds articulated by his tongue."
Lincoln, (BENJAMIN,) an American general, born in
Hingham, Massachusetts, in January, 1733. He was
originally a farmer. In 1776 he was appointed a major-
general of militia, and joined the army of Washington
with reinforcements in February, 1777. In this year he
was appointed major-general by Congress, and was or-
dered to join the Northern army, commanded by General
Gates. In October, 1777, he received a wound which
disabled him for nearly a year. He was appointed to
the chief command of the Southern department about
September, 1778, and defended Charleston against Gen-
eral Prevost in the spring of 1779. In October of that
year General Lincoln and Count D'Estaing made an
unsuccessful assault on Savannah. He was besieged by
Sir Henry Clinton in Charleston, which he was com-
pelled to surrender in May, 1780. He afterwards com-
manded a division at the siege of Yorktown, in October
1781. He had the reputation of an able and prudent
general. In October, 1781, he became secretary of war.
He retired from this office about the end of 1784, and
was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts in
1787 by the Federalists. Died at Hingham in 1810.
See a " Life of Benjamin Lincoln," by FRANCIS BOWSN, in
SPARKS'S "American Biography," second series, vol. riii.
Lincoln, link'on, (EDWARD CLINTON,) EARL OP, an
English admiral, born in 1512, was the only son of!
Thomas Lord Clinton. He was appointed lord admiral
for life in 1550. In 1557 he commanded a division of!
the English army at Saint-Quentin. On the accession
of Elizabeth (1558) he was retained in the office of lord
admiral. In the peaceful reign that followed he had
little opportunity to acquire renown. He was created
Earl of Lincoln in 1572. Died in 1584, leaving the title
to his son Henry. A Henry Clinton, Earl of Lincoln,
married the daughter of Henry Pelham, who was prime
minister about 1750. In 1768 he inherited the title of
Duke of Newcastle. Died in 1794.
Lincoln, (JOHN LARKIN,) LL.D., an American scholar
and critical writer, born at Boston in 1817. He was
appointed in 1844 professor of the Latin language and
literature in Brown University. He edited Horace, Livy,
and Ovid for the use of schools. Died Oct. 17, 1891.
Lincoln, (LEVi,) an American jurist and statesman,
born in Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1749, graduated at
Harvard College. He practised law at Worcester, and
became one of the most eminent lawyers in the State.
In 1799 he was elected a member of Congress. He was
a Democrat or Republican in party politics, and was
attorney-general under Jefferson from 1801 to December,
1805. In 1807-08 he was Lieutenant-Governor of Mas-
sachusetts. Died at Worcester in 1820.
Lincoln, (LEVi,) a lawyer, a son of the preceding,
was born at Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1782. He
was chosen Governor of his native State in 1825, being
supported by both parties, and was a member of Con-
gress during three terms, (1835-41.) Died in 1868.
Lincoln, (ROBERT TODD,) an American states-
man, son of Abraham Lincoln, was born at Spring-
field, Illinois, August i, 1843. He graduated at
Harvard in 1864, served as a captain through the
final campaign of the civil war, and was subsequently
engaged in law practice at Chicago. In 1881 he was
appointed secretary of war by President Garfield,
retaining this post under President Arthur. In 1889
he was appointed minister of the United States to
Great Britain. He resumed the practice of his profes-
sion in 1893. After the death of George M. Pullman
he became acting president of the Pullman Palace Car
Company.
Lind, (JAMES,) an English physician, born about 1716,
published a valuable "Treatise on the Scurvy," (1753,)
and "Essay on the Diseases to which Europeans are
exposed in Hot Climates," (1768,) which were often
reprinted. Died at Gosport in 1794.
Llnd, (JENNY,) a celebrated Swedish vocalist, born
at Stockholm in 182^, was the daughter of a teacher of
languages. She began to sing on the stage about the
age of ten years, and performed in vaudevilles with
success. At the age of sixteen she became the prime
favourite of the Stockholm Opera, where she made her
debut as Agatha in "Der Freischiitz." In 1841 she
became a pupil of Garcia, the celebrated singing-master
in Paris, where she met Meyerbeer, who engaged b:r
for the Opera of Berlin. She sang in Berlin in 1844 and
1845, exciting great and unabated enthusiasm. After
performing in several capitals of Germany, she visited
London, where she was greeted with the warmest ap-
plause, in 1847 and the two ensuing years. Having
made an engagement with P. T. Barnum to sing in the
United States, she arrived at New York in September,
1850. Her concerts in this country excited enthusi-
astic admiration, and were repeated in the chief cities of
the Union until 1852, when she returned to Europe with
Otto Goldschmidt, a skilful pianist, to whom she had
been married in 1851. In private life she ever main-
tained an enviable reputation, and while in the United
States gave many thousand dollars for charitable pur-
poses. After her marriage she occasionally appeared
in charitable concerts. Died November 2, 1887.
See N. P. WILLIS, "Memoranda of the Life of Jenny Lind:" J.
A. BBCHBR, "I. Lind: Skizze ihres Lebens," etc, 1847; "Memoir
Df J. Lind," London, 1847; HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN, "True
Stoir of my Life :" the same notice in the " Living Age" for No-
vember, 1850.
Linda. See LINUANUS.
Lmdanus, lin-da'nus, or Linda, lin'da, (WILLIAM
DAMASUS,) a Roman Catholic prelate, noted as a con-
troversialist, was born at Dort, Holland, in 1525. He
was remarkable for the severity with which he per-
formed the office of Inquisitor of the faith. In 1562
he was appointed by Philip II. Bishop of Ruremond.
His most popular work was "Evangelical Panoply,"
(" Panoplia Evangelica," 1563.) Died in 1568 or 1588.
See A. HAVHNSIL'S, "Vita G. Lindani," 1609.
Lindau, lin'dow, (PAUL,) a German critic and drama-
tist, born at Magdeburg, June 3, 1839. He studied at
Halle, Leipsic, Berlin, and Paris. He published
numerous works, including biographies, essays, and
criticisms, but is best known for his plays and novels.
His most successful play was " Maria und Magda-
lena." His comedies are notable for refinement of
, tone. In 1895 he was made director of the court
theatre at Meiningen.
Lindberg, llnd'be'RO, (JACOB CHRISTIAN,) a Danish
theologian and numismatist, born at Ripen, Jutland, in
1797. He published a "Treatise on Cufic Coins,"
(1830,) a "Hebrew-Danish Hand-Lexicon," (1835,) and
able works on theology, etc. Died December 10, 1857.
Lindblom,Und'blom, (JACOB AXEL,) a Swedish prel-
ate, born in Ostrogothia in 1747. He was professor ol
belles-lettres in the University of Upsal, and published
a " Latin-Swedish Dictionary" before he became Bishop
of Linkoping, (1789.) He was afterwards chosen Arch-
bishop of Upsal. Died in 1819.
See HEDBORN, "Aminnelse-Tal ofver J. A. Lindblom," 1810.
Linde, von, fon lin'deh, (JUSTIN TIMOTHEUS BAL-
THASAR,) a German jurist, born in Westphalia in 1797,
published numerous legal treatises. Died in 1870.
Liude, von, fon lin'deh, (SAMUEL GOTTLOB.) an emi-
nent Polish lexicographer, born at Thorn in 1771. About
1803 he became rector of the Lyceum and chief librarian
of the University in Warsaw. In 1807 lie produced the
first volume of his great "Dictionary of the Polish lan-
guage," (6 vols.,) regarded as the best work of the kind,
From 1833 to 1838 he was director of the gymnasium
of Warsaw. He wrote a " Historical Outline of the
Literature of the Slavonic Races," (1825.) Died at War-
saw in 1847.
See SAINT-MAURICK CABANY. "S. T. de Linde," etc., 1853.
a, e, i, o, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fat; mSt; not; good; moon;
LINDEBLAD
1557
LINDSEY
Iiindeblad, lin'deh-blad', (ASSAR,) a Swedish poet,
born near Lund in 1800. Among his best productions
is "The Missionary," (1839.) Died March 3, 1^48.
Linden, van der, vin der lin'den, (DAVID,) a Flemish
poet and antiquary, born at Ghent about 1570; died
about 1635.
Linden, van der, vin der lin'den, JAN ANTONIDES.)
a learned Dutch physician, born at Enkhuysen in 1609.
He beer ' " ' ' T '
He publ
Physiologica,") and a good edition of Hippocrates, in
Greek. Died in 1664.
See BAVLE, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" NicriRON,
' Me'moires."
Lindenati, von, Con lin'deh-now', (BERNKARD Au-
ous*:,) a German astronomer, born at Altenburg in 1780.
Between 1826 and 184} he served the King of Saxony
as privy councillor, minister of the interior, etc. In 1843
he retired from political life to devote himself to as-
tronomy. Among his publications are " Tables of Venus,"
(1810,) "Tables of Mars," (1811,) and a "History of
Astronomy during the First Decade of the Nineteenth
Century," (1811.) Died in 1854.
See BROCKHAUS, " Conversations-Lexikon."
Lindeubrog, Hn'den-bRoG', or Lindenbruch, lin'-
den-bRooK', [Lat. TILIOBRO'GA,] (ERPOLD,) a German
historical writer, born at Bremen in 1540. He wrote a
"History of the Kings of Denmark," and "Chronicle
of the Life and Actions of Charlemagne." He also
edited the " Historians of Northern Germany." Died
•n 1616.
See WILKENS, " Leben der benihmten Lindenbrogiorum," 1723.
Lindenschmit, lin'den-shmit', (WiLHELM,) a Ger-
mai. historical painter, born at Mentz in 1806. Among
his works are frescos painted for Prince Ludwig in
the Hofgarten, Munich, and in the Pinakothek. Died
in 1848.
Liudet, laN'di', (JEAN BAPTISTE ROBERT,) a French
Tacobin and financier, born at Eernay, Normandy, in
1743. He was elected to the Convention in 1792, and
was a member of the committee of public safety after
its number was reduced and after it was invested with
supreme executive power, (1793.) He was reputed one
of the least violent but most subtle chiefs of the domi-
nant faction. He was minister of finances from June,
1799, until Bonaparte became First Consul, in November
••( that year. Died in 1825.
LInd'ley, (JOHN,) LL.D., F.R.S., one of the most
eminent botanists of the present century, was born at
Catton, near Norwich, England, in 1799. He was the
son of the proprietor of a nursery-garden. About 1821
he became a resident of London, and was employed to
sprite the descriptions of London's " Encyclopaedia of
Plants," (1829.) In 1830 he published an " Introduction
lo the Natural System of Botany." Of this system he
is a zealous advocate, and has contributed more than
any other English botanist to render it popular. His
"Introduction to Systematic and Physiological Botany"
;i832) is highly commended. In 1836 he produced "A
Natural System of Botany," which was expanded into
" The Vegetable Kingdom," (1846,) with engravings, —
probably the most excellent and comprehensive work
that has ever appeared on that subject. He adopted in
this work an improved, or at least new, system of classi-
fication, and explained the uses of plants. In 1829 Dr.
Lii i'.iey became professor of botany in the University
College, London, where he was very successful as a lec-
turer. His " Flora Medica" (1838) describes the plants
used in medical practice. He wrote many botanical
articles for the " Penny Cyclopaedia," and a good ele-
mentary work on Botany inserted in the "Library
of Useful Knowledge." In his excellent work entitled
"Theory of Horticulture," (1844,) ne successfully ap-
plied science to practical utility. He was also the
author of popular treatises, entitled "Ladies' Botany,"
" School Botany," " British Pomology," and " Orchard
and Kitchen Garden." About 1841 he became editoi
of the "Gardener's Chronicle," a valuable periodical
Died at Acton Green, November i, 1865.
Lindner, Unt'ner, (FRIEDRICH LUDWIG,) a German
political writer, born at Mitau, Courland, in 1772. In
1824 he published "Secret Papers," and in 1825 became
editor of the " Political Annals," at Munich. He also
| wrote " Europe and the Orient," (1839,) and other works.
'Died in 1845.
Lindner, (FRIEDRICH WILHELM,) a German teacher
;and theologian, born at Weida in 1779. He became
professor of the science of teaching at Leipsic in 1825.
He published a Latin treatise on the art of teaching,
" De Finibus et Prassidiis Artis pasdagogicae," (1825,)
and a work on free-masonry. Died in 1864.
Lindner, (WILHELM BRUNO,) a writer on theology,
I a son of the preceding, was born at Leipsic in 1814. He
was appointed professor of theology at Leipsic in 1846.
His principal work is a "Manual of the History of the
Christian Church," (2 vols., 1848-54.)
Lindpaintner, Unt'pint'ner, (PETER JOSEPH,) aGe>
man composer, born at Coblentz in 1791. He produced
symphonies, overtures, instrument pieces, and operas
entitled "The Sicilian Vespers" and "The Vampyre.1'
Died in 1856.
Lindsay, lin'ze, ( ALEXANDER WILLIAM CRAW-
FORD,) LORD, a British author, the son of the Earl of
Crawford, was born in Cumberland in 1812. After
making a tour in the East, he published in 1838 " Letters
~>n Egypt, Edom, and the Holy Land," which passed
through several editions. He increased his reputation
by an important and novel work, entitled " Sketches of
the History of Christian Art," (1847,) which displays
much research and contains eloquent passages. In 1849
he published the "Lives of the Lindsays," a family his-
tory of much merit. Died in 1880.
Lindsay, (Sir DAVID,) a Scottish poet, born about
1495. He became in 1512 a page or servitor to the
prince, (afterwards James V.,) and continued in his ser-
vice until 1524. Among his principal works are "The
Dream," "The Complaint of the King's Papingo," (a
satire on the clergy,) a " Satire on the Three Estates,"
and "The Monarchic." He excelled in sarcasm, which
he directed with much effect against the Romish Church.
He is supposed to have died after 1567.
Lindsay, (DAVID,) an Australian explorer, was
born in South Australia in 1856. He entered the
government service as a surveyor, and in 1883 became
the leader of the Arnheims Land-Exploring Expedition,
which endured severe hardships. In 1885-86 he
conducted an exploration at his own expense, travers-
ing Australia from south to north through an almost
rainless country. He became a Fellow of the Royal
Geographical Society of London, which published the
journals of his explorations.
Lindsay, (JOHN,) Earl of Crawford, an able British
general, born in 1702. For his conduct at Fontenoy he
obtained the rank of major-general. He was renowned
for generosity, talents, and other popular qualities. Died
in 1749.
Lindsay, (WILLIAM SCHAW,) a British merchant, born
in Ayrshire in 1816, became one of the largest ship-owners
in the kingdom. He was once a cabin-boy, and raised
himself to affluence by industry and prudence. He pub-
lished a valuable " History of Merchant Shipping," in e,
vols. He was elected to Parliament in 1854. Died
August 28, 1877.
Lindsey, EARL OF. See BERTIE, (ROBERT.)
Lindsey, lin'ze, (MONTAGUE BERTIE,) EARL OF,
born in 1608, was a son of Robert Bertie. (See BERTIE.)
He fought for Charles I. at Edgehill and Naseby, and,
when the king was imprisoned in the Isle of Wight,
negotiated the treaty of Newport. Died in 1666.
Lindsey, (THEOPHILUS,) an English Unitarian min-
ister, born in Cheshire in 1723. Having taken orders
in the Anglican Church, he obtained ir 1763 the living
of Catterick, Yorkshire. He became so dissatisfied with
the Trinitarian creed that in 1773 he resigned his living
and published an " Apology" for his course, which is a
work of much research. He then removed to London,
where he was successful in forming a Unitarian congre-
gation, and preached about twenty years. He published,
besides other works, a " Historical View of the State of
€ as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/'; G, H, y.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as s; th as in this. (2^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
LINDSLEY
1558
LINN&US
the Unitarian Doctrine and Worship," (1783.) Died in
1808.
See THOMAS BHLSHAM, " Memoirs of Theoohilus Lindsey," 1811
Lindsley, Hnz'Ie, (PHILIP,) D.D., an American di-
vine and scholar, born at Morristown, New Jersey, in
1786. He became in 1850 professor of ecclesiastical
archeology in the New Albany Theological Seminary,
Indiana. Died in 1855.
Ling, (PEHR HENRIK,) born in Smiland, in Sweden,
in 1776, is regarded as one of the founders of modern
gymnastics. He founded a gymnastic institute, and intro-
duced " the movement cure" for diseases. He published
some volumes of poetry. Died in 1839.
LInga, llng'ga, or Lingam, llng'gam, in the Hindoo
mythology, a phallic symbol, or type of the reproductive
power, which is regarded as the especial attribute of
Siva. (See SIVA.)
See MOOR, " Hindu Pantheon ;" GUIGNIAUT, " Religions de 1'An-
n'quite1," book i chap. ii.
Lingard, ling'gard, (JOHN,) an eminent English histo-
rian, born at Winchester in 1771. He became a Roman
Catholic priest, and settled at Hornby, Lancashire, about
1811. He published in 1819 the first volume of his
" History of England from the First Invasion by the
Romans to the Accession of William and Mary in 1688,"
of which the sixth edition, in 10 vols., appeared in
1855. This work is highly esteemed for its style, accu-
racy, and other merits. He also wrote " The Antiquities
of the Anglo-Saxon Church," (1806,) and other works.
He visited Rome in 1825, and, it is said, refused the
offer of a cardinal's hat. Died in 1851.
See " Edinburgh Review" for April, 1825, (vol. xlii.,) and March,
1831, (vol. liii. ;) "Monthly Review" for July and September, 1819,
and September, 1825; "North British Review" for November, 1846.
L'lugegno. See LUIGI, (ANDREA DI.)
Lingelbach, ling'el-baK', (JoHANN,) sometimes writ-
ten Linglebach, an eminent painter of genre and land-
scapes, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1625. He
studied in Rome, and settled in Holland about l6$a
He excelled in the treatment of markets, fairs, and sea-
ports. His colour is good, his touch free and spirited,
and his works remarkable for variety. His blue dis-
tances and lightly-clouded skies produce an exhilarating
effect. Among his works are a " Sea-Port in the Levant,''
and " The Vegetable Market." Died at Amsterdam in
1687.
See C. BLANC, " Les Peintres de toutes les ficoles;" NAGLER,
" Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon."
Iiingendea, de, deh laN'zhoNd', (CLAUDE,) a French
pulpit orator and Jesuit, born at Moulins in 1591 ; died
in 1660.
Lingendes, de, (JEAN,) a French poet, born at Moil-
lins about 1 580, composed stanzas, odes, and other verses.
Died in 1616.
Lingeudes, de, (JEAN,) a relative of the preceding,
was born at Moulins in 1595. He became an eminent
preacher, and chaplain to Louis XIII. He was made
Bishop of Macon in 1650. Died in 1665.
Linguet, la.\'gS', (SIMON NICOLAS HENRI,) an elo-
quent French advocate and polemical writer, born at
Rheims in 1736. He pleaded with success at the bar of
Paris, but made many enemies by his sarcasms and his
impetuous temper. He was confined in the Bastille two
years, ending in 1782. He published numerous works,
which display learning and talent but are censured as
paradoxical. Among them are a " History of the Age of
Alexander the Great," (1762,) and "The Fanaticism of
Philosophers," (1764.) He fell a victim to the reign of
terror in 1794.
See GAEDAZ, " Essai sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de Linguet,"
1808; "Nouvelle Bio<raphie Generalc."
Tilngg, ling, (HERMANN LUDWIG OTTO,) a German
poet, born at Lindau, January 22, 1820. He graduated
at Munich as doctor of medicine in 1843, and studied
later in Berlin and Prague. He published many dramas,
»nd some volumes of verse, including "The Migrations
of the Peoples," an epic.
Liniere, de, deh le'ne-aiR', (FRANCOIS PAYOT,) a
French satiric poet, born in Paris in 1628, was a gay
votary of pleasure. He composed songs a;id epigrams
with facility. Boileau, in his ninth Satire, mentions
Liniere as a judicious critic. Died in 1704.
Link or Linck. link, (HEINRICH FRIEDRICH,) .
German naturalist and physician, born at Hildesheim
in 1767. He was appointed professor of botany and
chemistry at Breslau in 1811, and in 1815 filled the
same chair at Berlin. He published numerous works
on botany, of which we may name "The Anatomy of
Plants," (1807,) and "Elements of Botanical Ph'ilos
ophy," (1824.) Died in 1851.
See VON MARTIUS, " Denkrede auf H. F. Linck," 1851 ; " Bio-
graphie Me'dicale."
Liiiley, (THOMAS,) an excellent English musical
composer, born at Wells about 1725, was a pupil of Pa-
radies. In his early life he conducted the concerts and
oratorios at Bath. He composed the music for Sheri-
dan's "Duenna," which had great success, in 1775. In
1776 he removed to London, and became one of the
proprietors of Drury Lane Theatre, in partnership with
his son-in-law, R. B. Sheridan, the great orator. Mr.
Linley directed the musical department, and composed
for it the "Carnival of Venice," "The Camp," etc.
Among his admired productions are "Six Elegies,"
"Twelve Ballads," and a madrigal to these verses of
Cowley,
" Let me, careless and unthoughtful lying,
Hear the soft winds above me flying."
Died in 1795.
See BURNEV, " History of Music."
Linley, (THOMAS,) a son of the preceding, was bom
at Bath about 1756, and inherited his father's musical
talent. He studied under the best masters of Italy, and
became very intimate with Mozart. He composed seve-
ral admired airs for the theatre. He was drowned in
1778, while sailing in a pleasure-boat in Lincolnshire.
Linley, (WILLIAM,) a brother of the preceding, was
born about 1766. In his youth he went to India as a
clerk, and rose to the office of sub-treasurer at Fort Saint
George. He returned to England in the prime of life,
and devoted himself to music and literature. He com-
posed several glees, songs, and other verses, and pub-
lished the dramatic songs of Shakspeare. Died in 1835.
Linn, (JOHN BLAIR,) D.D., an American poet and
divine, born at Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, in 1777,
was brother-in-law of the celebrated novelist Charles
Brockden Brown, and son of William Linn, who was
also a divine. He became assistant pastor of the First
Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia in 1798. He
was the author of " The Powers of Genius," and other
poems, and a reply to Dr. Priestley's "Comparison
between Socrates and Christ." Died in 1804.
See DUYCKINCK, "Cyclopzdia of American Literature."
Linn, (LEWIS FIELDS,) M.D., a Senator of the United
States, was born near Louisville, Kentucky, in 1795, and
removed to Missouri about 1816. He was elected to the
Senate by the Democrats in 1833, and again about 1838.
Died in 1843.
See "Life of L. T. Linn," by E. A. LINN and N. SARGENT,
>8S7.
Linnaeus, lin-nee'us, [Sw. VON LINN£, fon lin-nii',]
(CHARLES or CARL,) a celebrated Swedish botanist,
and the most influential naturalist of the eighteenth
century, was born at Rishult, in Smiland, on the 24th
of May, 1707. He was the son of Nicholas Linnaeus, a
village curate, who, it is said, so far underrated his son's
capacity that he made him an apprentice to a shoemaker
after he had reached the age of seventeen without mak
ing much progress in his studies. In 1727, however, he
was sent to the University of Lund to study medicine,
and his inclination for natural history was favoured by
Professor Stobseus. Although nearly destitute of pecu-
niary resources, he pursued his studies at Upsal, (1728,)
where he was patronized by Olaus Celsius, who relieved
him from his extreme poverty. About 1730 he conceived
the idea of a reform in botanical method and nomencla-
ture, and began the composition of several great works,
noticed below. At the expense of the Royal Academy
of Upsal, he made a botanical excursion on foot through
Lapland in 1732, the results of which appeared in hu>
"Flora Lapponica," (1737.)
Between 1735 and 1738 he passed three years in the
a, e, I, 5, u, y, lang: i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fit; met; not; good; moon;
LINN. £ US
1559
LINUS
house of George Cliffort, a rich Dutch gentleman living
between Leyden and Haarlem, who employed him to
arrange his fine garden and museum. Linnaeus has
expressed his gratitude to this benefactor for the facilities
he there enjoyed for his favourite pursuits, and has
honoured his memory by a work entitled "The Garden
cf Cliffort," (" Hortus Cliffortianus.") He perceived
that it was necessary to invent methods of distribu-
tion capable of embracing all creatures, and founded on
characters well defined ; to invent terms sufficiently
numerous to designate the prodigious variety of their
conformation, and define these terms with precision ;
finally, to make a general review of all beings described
in former works, or to be found by the exploration of
nature. The first sketch of this great enterprise ap-
peared in two small volumes, entitled " System of Nature,
or the Three Kingdoms of Nature exhibited methodically
in Classes, Orders, Genera, and Species," (" Systema Na-
ture, sen Regna tria Naturae systematice proposita, per
Classes, Ordines, Genera et Species," 1 735,) and " Funda-
menta Botanica," (1736.) The characters of genera were
largely developed in his "Genera of Plants according to
the Number, Figure, Position, etc. of the Parts of Fruc-
tification," (" Genera Plantarum secundum Numerum,
Figuram, etc. omnium Fructificationis Partium," 1737.)
He removed in 1738 to Stockholm, where he practised
medicine, lectured on botany, and received the title of
physician to the king. lie married a daughter of Dr.
More in 1739. In 1741 he obtained at Upsal the chair
of botany, which he occupied thirty-seven years, witness-
ing the continuous growth of his fame and influence, and
exerting his unabated activity to improve his scientific
productions. Thunberg, Kalm, Hasselquist, Forskal, and
other eminent naturalists, who had been his pupils, visited
various foreign countries and brought back willing tribute
to enrich his collections and publications. The botanical
philosophy of Linnaeus was reproduced in its enstmblt,
arranged in its parts, and enforced by examples in his
"Philosophia Botanica," (1751.) "This work," says
Cuvier, " which exhibits on every page proofs of the
rarest ingenuity (fintssc f esprit) and the most sur-
prising profoundness of observation, has enjoyed a suc-
cess which was previously unexampled. It has become
as it were a fundamental law, to which all botanists con-
form in their descriptions and in their use of terms."
His artificial sexual system was for a long time uni-
versally adopted, but has been superseded in a great
measure by the natural method of Jussieu. In 1753 he
produced his " Species Plantarum," an important work,
in which he adopted the happy idea of designating eacb
species by a single epithet added to the name of the
genus. He also applied his methods with success to the
animal kingdom in several enlarged editions of his
"Systema Naturae," in his "Fauna Suecica," ("Swedish
Fauna," 1744,) or history of Swedish animals, and va-
rious other works. Died in January, 1778.
See PULTENEY, " Life of Linnaeus," 1781; AGARDA, "Antiqui-
tea Lirmzanz," 1826; A. L. A. FEE, "Vie de Linne1," 1832;
iss BRIGHT-WELL, " Life of Linnzus ;" VAN HALL, " Epistolz Lin-
czi ;" J. TKAPP, " Life of Linnzus," 1794 ; STOBVER, " Leben des
Ritters C. von LinncS," 2 vols., 1792; ADAM AFZBLIUS, " Egenhan-
diga Anteckningar af C. Linnzus om sig sjelf," 1823; ANTONIO
CATTANEO, "Cenni sulla Vita di C. Linne," 1838: " Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Ge'ne'rale :" " Monthly Review" for July, 1785.
Linnaeus, (Linn6,) von, (CHARLES or CARL,) only
son of the preceding, was born at Fahlun in 1741. He
was chosen demonstrator of botany at the Royal Garden
of Upsal at the age of eighteen, and succeeded his father
as professor in the university of that place in 1778. He
published "Two Decades of Rare Plants of the Gar-
den of Upsal," "Methodus Muscorum," ("Method of
Mosses,") and a few other small works. His talents
were moderate. He died in 1783, and the family then
became extinct.
Linne. See LINN.«US.
Lin'nell, (JoHN,) a successful English portrait- and
landscape-painter, born in London in 1792. Among
his well-known works are "A Heath Scene," "The
Windmill," (1847,) "The Eve of the Deluge," (1848,)
"The Return of Ulysses," (1849,) "Christ and the
Woman of Samaria," (1850,) "The Forest Road," (1853,)
" The Last Gleam before the Storm," " The Last Sleep,"
M
(1869.) " Sleeping for Sorrow," (1870,) "Shelter," (1871,)
"Forward," (1872,) "The Coming Storm," (1873,)
"Woods and Forest," (1875,) "Autumn," (1877,) and
"The Heath," (1878.) Died January 20, 1882.
Linschooten, van, vin lin'sKo'ten, (ADRIAAN,) a
skilful Dutch painter of history and genre, born at Delft
in 1590. Among his works is " The Repentance of Saint
Peter." Died about 1678.
Linschooten or Linschoten, van, (JAN HUGO,) .
Dutch voyager, born at Haarlem in 1563. He went to
Goa in 1583, and remained there several years in the
service of Archbishop Fonseca. After his return, he
published in 1596 an "Account of his Voyage, with a
Description of the Portuguese East Indies," which is
said to be reliable, and has often been reprinted. Died
in 1633.
Lins'kell, (MARY,) an English novelist, born at
Whitby in 1840. She wrote "Tales from the North
Riding," (1871,) "The Haven under the Hill,"
(1886,) and other works. Died in 1891..
Lint, van, van lint, (HENDRIK,) a skilful Flemish
landscape-painter, lived probably about 1630-50. He
worked in Rome, where he obtained the surname of
STUDIO. Among his works is "Views near Rome."
Lint, van, (PiETER,) a Flemish painter of history,
bnrn at Antwerp in 1609. He worked in Rome, and
afterwards at Antwerp, to which he returned in 1639,
and was patronized by Christian IV. of Denmark. He
was a good colorist, a correct designer, and painted
listory with equal success in large or small pictures.
Died about 1668.
Lin'toi), (ELIZA LYNN,) an English novelist, born at
Keswick in 1822. Her maiden name was LYNN. In
1858 she married W. J. Linton, the engraver. Among
ler works are " Azeth," (1846,) " True History of Joshua
Davidson," (1872,) "Patricia Kemball," (1874,)
lone," (1882,) " The One too Many," (1894,) etc.
Linton, (Sir JAMES DRUMGOLE,) an English
painter, born at London in 1840. He became a
member of the Institute of Water-Colour Painters in
1867, its president in 1884, and was knighted in 1885.
In oil he painted " The Marriage of the Duke of
Albany," (1885.)
Lin'ton, (WILLIAM,) an eminent English landscape-
painter, 'born at Liverpool about 1790. He became a
resident of London in his youth, and afterwards travelled
extensively in the South of Europe. The subjects of his
best works are Italian and Grecian scenes, among which
are "The Bay of Naples," "Lake Lugano," "Ruins
of Passtum," " Athens," and " An Arcadian Landscape."
His style is simple and rather austere. Died in 1876.
Linton, (WILLIAM JAMES,) an eminent wood-engraver
and author, born in London, December 7, 1812. He
took part (1844-48) in various Chartist and republican
movements. He removed in 1867 to the United States.
Among his works are a " History of Wood-Engraving,"
"Works of Deceased British Artists," (1860,) "Claribel,
and other Poems," (1865,) "Life of Thomas Paine,"
" History of Wood-Engraving in America," (1882,)
" A Manual of Wood-Engraving," (1884,) "Poems
and Translations," (1889,) "The Masters of Wood-
Engraving," (1889,) " Life of Whittier," (1893,) and
"Memories," (1895.) Died in 1897.
Li'nus, [Gr. Ai'vof,] a fabulous personage, whom the
ancients regarded as a son of Apollo or Mercury, and as
one of the inventors of poetry. He is called by some
authors a personification of the dirge. Among the an-
cient Greeks circulated a plaintive song or dirge called
"Linus," which is mentioned by Homer, ("Iliad," xviii.
569.) According to tradition, he was killed by Hercules,
who was his pupil.
Li'nus, [Fr. LIN, UN,] Bishop of Rome, was a nativo
of Volterra, in Tuscany. According to some accounts,
he became bishop in 66 A.D., and was the immediate
successor of Saint Peter. Little is known of his hi:
but it is supposed that he suffered martyrdom about
A.D. He is mentioned in Saint Paul's second Epistle tc
Timothy, chap. iv. 21.
t as *; c as t; g hard: g asy; G, H, K^Mural: N. naial; R, trilled: s as ,: th as in tffc ( J@r"See Explanations, p. :
LIONNE
1560
LIPS
IJonue, de, deh le'on', (HucuES,) Marquis de Berny,
i French statesman and diplomatist, bor.i at Grenoble
in 161 1. He was sent as ambassador to Rome in 1655.
He succeeded Mazarin in :66i as minister of foreign
affairs, which he directed with great ability for ten years.
Died in 1671
Ste SAINT-SIMON, " M^moires ;" SISMONDI, " Histoire des Fran-
eais."
Lionnet. See LYONNET.
Liotard, le'o'ttR', (JEAN ETIENNE,) a Swiss portrait-
painter, surnamed THE TURK, because he adopted the
Turkish costume, was born at Geneva in 1702. In 1725
he went to Paris, where he acquired reputation by his
skill in crayon and enamel miniatures. He worked four
years in Constantinople, (1738-42), painting Turkish cos-
tumes, etc. He afterwards painted portraits of the royal
families of Austria and France. Died in 1790.
See NAGLHR, " Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon,"
Liotard, (JEAN MICHEL,) a twin-brother of the pre-
ceding, born at Geneva in 1702, was an engraver, and
one of the best pupils of Benoit Audran. He engraved
the great cartoons of C. Cignani in Italy, and afterwards
worked in Paris. He returned to Geneva, where he
died about 1760.
Liouville, le'oo'vel', (JoSF/cii,) an able French mathe-
matician, born at Saint-Omer in 1809. He became in
1839 a member of the Institute. He wrote several im-
portant treatises, and edited for a long time a journal
of pure mathematics called by his name. -Died in 1882.
Lipano, de, da le-pa'no, COUNTESS, was the title
assumed by Caroline, Queen of Naples, after the death
of Murat, her husband. See BONAPARTE, (CAROLINE
MARIE.)
Liparlui, le-pa-ree'nee, (Lunovico,) an Italian painter
of history, born at Bologna in 1800 ; died in 1856.
Lipeuius, le-pa'ne-us, (MARTIN,) a learned German
bibliographer, born in Brandenburg in 1630, was rector
of gymnasiums at Halle and Stettin. He compiled
"Bibliotheca Juridica," (1679,) "Bibliotheca Realis, etc,
Philosophica," (2 vols., 1682,) " Bibliotheca Realis The-
ologica," (2 vols., 1685,) and other works. Died at
Lubeck in 1692.
See J. H. VON SEELEN, "Vita M. Lipenii," edited by JHNICHHN,
1737; NICKRON, " M^moires."
Lipinski, le-pen'skee, (CHARLES,) a celebrated Polish
violinist, born at Radzin in 1790. He received the title
of first violinist to the Emperor of Russia. Died 1861.
Lippert, lip'peRt, (PHILIPP DANIEL,) a German artist
and glyptographer, was born at Meissen in 1703. He
published " Dactyliotheca ; or, A Collection of Two
Thousand Prints of Antique Gems." Died in 1785.
Lippe-Schaumburg, von, fonlip'pehshowm'booRG,
(FRIEDRICH WILHELM,) COUNT, a German general, born
in London in 1724. He served several campaigns in the
Austrian army, and afterwards travelled in Italy. He
obtained the chief command of the British troops scut
in 1761 to aid Portugal, which he defended with success
against the Spaniards. Died in 1777.
See BROCKHAUS, " Conversations- Lexikon."
Lippi, lep'pee, (ANNIBALE,) a Roman architect, wco
lived in the sixteenth century.
Lippi, (FiLiPPO,)one of the most celebrated of the old
Italian painters in oil and fresco, born at Florence in 1412,
fyas a pupil of Masaccio. Before he was of age he was
captured by pirates and enslaved in Africa. His master
was so pleased with a portrait of himself, drawn with a
coal on the wall, that he gave the artist his liberty.
Lippi then returned to Florence, and adorned the
churches and convents of that city, and of Spoleto,
"The Coronation of the Virgin, "in fresco. He excelled
in invention design, and colouring, and is ranked among
the greatest painters before Raphael. Tied in 1469.
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters ;" LANZI, " History of Paint-
ing in Italy:" BALDINUCCI, "Notizie;" TICOZZI, " Duionario."
Lippi, (FILIPPO or FILIPPINO,) son of the preceding,
was born at Florence in 1460, and became an excellent
painter. He studied with Sandro Botticelli, and worked
chiefly in Florence and Rome. He was distinguished
for his good taste and correctness of design, and was
perhaps the first painter among the moderns who treated
costumes and other accessories with propriety. Among
his master-pieces are "Saint Peter and Saint Paul before
the Proconsul," the " Death of Lucretia," at the Pitti
palace in Florence, several Madonnas, and frescos in
Santa Maria Novella, in the same city. Died in 1505.
See VASARI, "Lives of the Painters ;" LANZI, " History of Paint-
ing in Italy;" " Nouvelle Biographic G^ne>ale."
Lippi, (GlACOMO,) an Italian painter, born near Bo-
logna in the sixteenth century, was a pupil of L. Caracci.
Lippi, (LIPPO,) called LIPPO OF FLORENCE, a Floren-
tine painter, born in 1354, was the father of Filippo
Lippi, (1412-69.) His works, which are praised by
Vasari, are not now extant Died in 1415.
Lippi, (LORENZO,) a successful Italian painter and
poet, born at Florence in 1606, received lessons in art
from Roselli. He worked in Florence, and was reputed
one of the best draughtsmen of his time. "The Martyr-
dom of Saint Sebastian" and "The Triumph of David"
are called his master-pieces. He wrote a facetious poem
called "II Malmantile racquistato," (1676,) which was
admired and recognized by the Academy della Crusca
among the testi di lingua. Died in 1664.
See MRS. JAMESON, " Memoirs of Early Italian Painters ;" LANZI,
" History of Painting in Italy;" BALDINUCCI, "Notizie."
Lip'pin-cptt, JOSHUA B.,) an American publisher,
distinguished for his ability, energy, and enterprise,
was born in Burlington county, New Jersey, March 18,
1813. About 1828 he came to Philadelphia, and at an
early age commenced the publishing and bookselling
business, which he conducted successfully. In 1850 he
purchased the business of Messrs. Grigg & Elliot, and
the firm of which he became the head soon took its place
among the most distinguished publishing houses in the
United States. Died January 5, 1886.
Lippincott, (SARAH J.,) a popular American writer,
whose original name was CLARKE, was born at Pompey,
in Onondaga county, New York, about 1825. Her first
productions appeared in the New York " Mirror," under
the pseudonym of GRACE GREENWOOD. She also
contributed to the " National Era," Washington. Her
principal works are "Greenwood Leaves," (1850-52,)
" Haps and Mishaps of a Tour in Europe," (1852,)
"Forest Tragedy, and Other Tales," (1856,) " Rec-
ords of Five Years," (1867,) " New Life in New
Lands," (1873,) and "Life of Queen Victoria,"
(1883.) She was married in 1853 to Leander K.
Lippincott, of Philadelphia, where she became editor
of a popular juvenile periodical called " The Little
Pilgrim."
Lippman, (GABRIEL,) a French electrician, was
born at Hallerich, Luxembourg, in 1845. He in-
a highly delicate electrometer and other instru-
, and experimented in colour photography. He
was professor of mathematical physics at Paris in
1883, and of experimental physics in 1886. His
writings are on electrical subjedts.
Lippo OF FLORENCE. See LIPPI.
Lippomani, lep-po-mi'nee, (ALOISIO,) a learned Ital-
ian prelate, born at Venice about 1500. He obtained
successively the bishoprics of Modon, Verona, and Ber-
gamo, and was one of three prelates selected to preside
over the Council of Trent. In 1556 he became secretary
to Pope Julius III. Hewrote, besides a few other works,
commentaries on Genesis, Exodus, and the Psalms. Died
in 1559-
Liprandi, le-pR3in'dee, (PAUL PETROVITCH,) a Rus
sian general, born in 1796, distinguished himself at the
taking of Warsaw, in 1831, and in the Crimean war took
(1854) the Turkish fortress at Kadikoi. Died in 1864.
Lips, lips, (JoHANN HEINRICH,) a Swiss painter, de-
signer, and engraver, born near Zurich in 1758. Among
his best works are the engravings for Lavater's "Phys-
iognomical Fragments," and a "Saint Sebastian," iftei
Van Dyck. Died in 1817.
i, e, 1, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fat; inSt; ndt; good; moon;
LIPSE
1561
LISTER
Lipae, (JusTE.) See LIPSIUS.
Lipsius, lip'se-us, (JUSTUS,) [Fr. JUSTE LIPSE, zhiisi
leps,] a Flemish scholar, critic, and philologist of high
reputation, was born at Isque, between Brussels and
Louvain, in 1547. He was educated at Brussels and
Louvain. At the age of nineteen he produced "Various
Readings," (" Variae Lectiones,") which were received
with favour. He was professor of history in Jena two
Cirs, ending in 1574, and occupied the same chair a!
yden from 1579 to 1592. About this time he became a
Roman Catholic, and was afterwards professor of history
at Louvain. lie wrote many works nn history, criticism,
antiquities, etc., which were very popular in his time.
His best work, according to Scaliger, is a commentary
on Tacitus, (1574,) whose history, it is said, he knew by
heart. His admiration of Tacitus and Seneca spoiled
his Latinity, which was affectedly concise. His moral
character is said to have been good. Died in 1606.
Lipsius, (RICHARD ADELBERT,) a German theo-
logian, born at Gera in 1830. He studied at Leipzig,
and was successively professor at Vienna, Kiel, and
Jena. He wrote several theological works, the latest
being " Philosophic und Religion," (1885.) Died in
1892.
Liron, le'rAN', (JEAN,) a learned French Benedictine
monk, born at Chartres in 1665, lived in Paris and at
Mans. Among his works are " The Amenities of Criti-
cism," (2 vols., 1717,) and a curious book called " His-
toric and Literary Oddities," (" Singularites historiquea
et litteraires," 4 vols., 1734-40.) Died in 1749.
Liruti, le-roo'tee, (GIOVANNI GIUSEPPE,) an Italian
Antiquary, born in Friuli about 1710; died in 1780.
Lis, Us or less, (CHARLES AUGUSTE,) a Belgian com-
poser, born at Antwerp in 1784; died in 1845.
las or Lys, liss, or Van der Lys, vfn der liss, (JAN,)
a Dutch painter, born at Oldenburg in 1570. He worked
in Rome and Venice, taking for his models Titian and
Paul Veronese. Some critics find in his works the good
colouring of the former with the grace of the latter.
Among his productions are "Adam and Eve Mourning for
Abel," and " The Prodigal Son." Died at Venice in 1629.
Lis or Lys, van der, (JAN,) a Dutch painter, born
at Breda about 1600. A picture of " Diana Bathing" is
called his best work.
Lisboa, de, di les-bo'a, (MARCOS,) a Portuguese his-
torian and Franciscan friar, born at Lisbon in 1511.
He wrote a "Chronicle of the Order of Friars of Saint
Francis," (3 vols., 1556, 1570, 1660,) and is ranked among
the classic authors of Portugal. Died in 1591.
Liscov, lis'kof, (CHRISTIAN LUDWIG,) the most ex-
cellent satirist and prose writer of Germany before Les-
sing, was born at Wittenberg in 1701. He lived at
Lubeck, Dresden, etc., and about 1741 became secretary
to Bruhl, the Saxon minister. In 1745 he obtained the
title of KriegsrcUh, (councillor of war,) but a few years
later he was removed from office. He published in 1739
a "Collection of Satirical and Serious Writings." His
style was remarkable for purity. His works are per-
vaded by a sound philosophical spirit, and have been
more highly appreciated since his death than before.
He was a complete master of the weapons of irony.
One of his treatises is entitled "The Excellence and
Utility of Bad Writers." Died in 1760.
See LISCH, "Liscovs Leben," 1845; KARL GUSTAV HHLBIG,
"C. L. Liscow: Beitrag zur Literatur- und Cultur-Geschichte, " etc.
1844.
Lisgar, LORD. See YOUNG, (Sir JOHN.)
Lisle, 111, (Lady ALICE,) was the widow of an English
lawyer who took an active part against Charles I. She
was condemned to death by Judge Jeffreys, and executed
in 1685.
See MACAULAY, " History of England," vol. i. chap. v.
Lisle, (Sir GEORGE,) an English royalist officer, dis-
tinguished himself at the battle of Newbury. Having
been taken prisoner at Colchester in 1648, he was shot.
L'lsle-Adaru. See VILLIERS DE L'ISLE ADAM.
Lisle, de. See DELISLE.
Lisle, de, deh lei, (JEAN BAPTISTE ISOARD,) a prolific
French writer, called also DELISLE DE SALES, was born
at Lyons in 1743. He was condemned to exile for the
alleged immorality of his " Philosophy of Nature,"
which consequently attracted attention; but his sentence
was annulled or remitted. He wrote many other works.
Died in 1816.
msmanin, lis-ml-neen', (FRANCIS,) a Socinian theo-
; logian, born at Corfu, became confessor to the Queen of
Poland about 1546. Died about 1563.
Lisola, de, deh le'zo'li', (FRANCOIS PAUL,) BARON,
an able diplomatist, born at Salins, France, in 1613. He
was successively employed by the Emperor of Germany
as minister to England, (1743,) to Poland, and to Spain.
He wrote several successful political treatises, one of
which, called "Shield of the State and of Justice,"
(1667,) was directed against the ambition of Louis XIV.
Died about 1675.
List, Ust, (FRIEDRICH,) a German political economist,
was born at Reutlingen in 1789. In 1825 he emigrated
to Pennsylvania, where he was extensively engaged in
coal-mining, and published, in English, "Outlines of a
New System of Political Economy," (Philadelphia, 1827.)
Having been appointed United States consul at Leipsic,
he returned to Europe in 1832, and in several publica-
tions efficiently advocated the construction of railroads
in Germany. He published "A National System of Po-
litical Economy," (Stuttgart, 1841,) in which he favours
the protection of native industry. He committed suicide
in 1846. Since his death his merit has been more fully
recognized throughout Germany.
Lista y Aragon, les'tS e 5-ra-gon', (Don ALBERTO,)
i an eminent Spanish poet, critic, and mathematician, born
at Triana, a suburb of Seville, in 1775. At the age of
twenty he became professor of mathematics in the nau-
tical college of Seville. He obtained the chair of rhetoric
and poetry in the university of that city in 1807, but lost
it in consequence of the French invasion of 1808. He
passed about four years as an exile in France, from 1813
to 1817. In 1820 he began to edit "The Censor," at
Madrid. After various removals and adverse fortunes,
he became about 1833 editor of the "Gaceta de Madrid,"
which in his hands was an able and successful political
journal. In 1822 he published a volume of poems, which
are greatly admired. His superior critical ability is dis-
played in his " Lectures on the Dramatic Literature of
Spain," (1839.) He also published a "Treatise on Pure
and Mixed Mathematics," which is a standard work.
As a lyric poet he united the fervour and splendid colour
of the old Spanish school with the purer taste and depth
of reflection of the moderns. His imitations of Horace,
in his "Philosophic Poems," are admirable. Died in 1848.
Lis'ter, (JOSEPH,) LORD, an eminent English
physician, was born at Upton, Essex, April 5, 1827.
He graduated in medicine at London University in
1852, and was successively lecturer on surgery at
Edinburgh, and professor at Glasgow, Edinburgh, and
King's College Hospital, London. His great achieve-
ment was the introduction, in 1860 and after, of the
antiseptic system of treatment known as Listerism,
which has revolutionized surgery. He received nu-
merous honours, was president of the British Associa-
! tion in 1896, and was made a baronet in 1883 and a
peer in 1897.
Lister, (JOSEPH JACKSON,) father of the preceding,
attained distinction by his improvement of the micro-
scope, producing about 1828 a perfectly achromatic
combination of lenses, thus overcoming what had
been the chief defect in the microscope.
Lister, (MARTIN,) M.D., F.R.S., an English naturalist,
born at Radcliffe (Bucks) about 1638. In 1670 he settled
at York, where he practised medicine. He removed to
London in 1684, and published "Synopsis Conchylio-
rum," (1685-93,) a valuable work on conchology, which
was highly commended byLinnseus. In 1709 he became
physician to Queen Anne. He wrote three excellent
treatises on English Spiders, Fluviatile Shells, and
Marine Shells, (1678,) and other works. "Lister may
be reckoned," says Hallam, "one of those who have
done most to found the science of conchology." (" In-
troduction to the Literature of Europe.") Died in 1711.
See THOMPSON, " History of the Royal Society."
,- cas.r; gAard; gasj; G, H,K., guttural; y, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasinMw. (JJ|p=See Explanations, p. 23.)
LISTEM
LITTRE
Lister, (Sir MATTHEW,) an English phj'sician, born
y\ Yorkshire about 1565. He became president of the
College of Physicians, London, and physician to Charles
I. Died in 1657.
Lister, (THOMAS HENRY,) an English author and
gentleman, born about 1800, was the son of Thomas
Lister, Esq., of Armitage Park. He obtained the office
of registrar-general of births. He published two novels,
entitled "Granby," (1826,) and "Herbert Lacy," and a
" Life of Lord Clarendon the Historian." He married
the sister of the Earl of Clarendon, known as the au-
thoress of "Sketches of the Contemporaries of Lord
Chancellor Clarendon." Died in 1842. In 1844 his
widow became the wife of Sir George Cornewall Lewis.
He was a brother-in-law of Lord John Russell.
Lis'ton, JOHN,) a popular English comedian, born
in London in I7y6, appeared on the London s,tage about
1805. He excelled in low comedy, and acted many years
at the Haymarket, Covent Garden, and Drury Lane
Theatres. Died in 1846.
Lis'ton, (ROBERT,) F.R.S., an eminent Scottish phy-
sician, born in 1794. About 1817 he began to practise
in Edinburgh, where he attained great eminence as a
surgeon. In 1833 he published his " Principles of Sur-
gery." He removed to London in 1834, practised with
success, and became professor of clinical surgery in
University College. Died in 1848.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen,"
(Supplement.)
Liszinski, le-shen'skee, (C.isiMlR,) a Polish philoso- j
pher, who was beheaded in 1689 on a false charge of
heresy or atheism.
Liszt, list, (FRANZ,) a Hungarian musician, and the
most celebrated pianist of recent times, was born at Rai-
ding in 1811. He was instructed by Czerny and Salieri
at Vienna, and afterwards repaired to Pans, where his
performance made a great sensation. About 1823 ht
visited England, and was received with equal enthusiasm.
Having, after his return to Paris, heard Paganini, he re-
solved to obtain the same mastery over the piano which
that great musician had gained over the violin ; and it is
generally allowed that he succeeded. He visited the
principal cities of Europe, and everywhere excited the
warmest admiration. Though he produced many com-
positions, he chiefly excelled as a performer. Liszt
was distinguished for generosity, and gave largely to
charitable and useful institutions. In 1848 he was ap-
pointed leader of the orchestra in the imperial chapel
at Weimar. In 1865 he became a cleric of the Roman
Catholic Church. Liszt had several natural children,
one of whom (Cosima, whose mother was the Countess
d'Agoult) was married first to Von Billow and then to
Richard Wagner. Another daughter married fimile
Ollivier. He was the author of a " Life of Frederick
Chopin." Died July 31, 1886.
See L. RBLLSTAB, " F. Liszt : Beurtheflungen, Berichte, Lebec*-
•kiite," 1842: GUSTAV SCHILLING, " F. Liszt: sein Leben und
Wirken," 1844: F. KEMPE, " F. Liszt ;" RICHARD WAGNER, "Apho-
ristische Memoiren," etc., 1851.
Lith'gow, (WILLIAM,) a traveller, who traversed on
foot a large part of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and pub-
lished in 1614 an entertaining narrative of his travels.
At Malaga he was arrested as a spy and heretic, and
tortured by the Inquisition.
Lithov, lit'hov, ? (GusTAVUs,) a Latin poet, born In
Sweden in 1692. In 1734 he published "Heroic-Mis-
cellaneous Poems," ( Poemata heroico-miscellanea.")
His "Panegyric on Charles XII." (1720) produced a
great sensation. Died in 1753.
Lit'olff, (HENRY CHARLES,) an English pianist and
composer, born in London, February 6, 1818. His father,
in Alsatian, had settled in London as a violinist. He
gave concerts in the principal European cities, and, after
many wanderings, finally settled in Paris. Died in 1891.
Litta, let'ti, (PoMFEO,) COUNT, an Italian historical
writer, born in Milan in 1781. He entered the French
army in 1804, fought at Austerlitz, (1805,) and, having
obtained the grade of chtf-dt-bataillon, left the service in
1814. In 1819 he began to publish at Milan his famous
and costly work, "Celebrated Italian Families," which
was continued until his death, and contains accounts of
seventy-five families. It is considered remarkable foi
historical accuracy. Died in 1852.
Lit'tle, (JAMES STANLEY,) a British art writer,
born at Herne Hill. He was secretary of the
Society of Authors 1888-90, and edited the " African
Review," 1895-97. He published a number of works
on political, art, and other subjects.
Lit'tle, (WILLIAM,) an English historian, called NAU-
HRIGENSIS, was born at Bridlington, Yorkshire, in 1136.
He became a monk of Newborough Abbey, and wrote a
•' History of England from the Conquest to 1197," which
is a work of merit.
Little, (W. J. KNOX.) See KNOX-LITTLE.
Lit'tle-dale. (RICHARD FREDERICK,) LL.D., a British
clergyman, born at Dublin, September 14. 1833. He
graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1854, and in
1856 took orders in the English Church. He published
a large number of works, controversial, liturgical, and
other. He was of the extreme High-Church party, but
was a zealous anti-Romanist. Died January n, 1890.
Lit'tle-J6hn, (ABRAM NEWKIRK,) L). D.,an American
bishop, born in Florida, New York, December 13, 1824,
graduated at Union College in 1845, took orders in the
Episcopal Church, 1848, 1849, and was consecrated
Bishop of Long Island (the first of that title) in 1869.
He has made large and important contributions to cur-
rent religious literature.
Lit'tle-tou, (ADAM,) an English divine, eminent as
a philologist and Orientalist, was born in Shropshire in
1627. He became chaplain to Charles II., rector of
Chelsea, and prebendary of Westminster. His Latin
Dictionary (1679) was esteemed and often reprinted. He
published many sermons, and other works. Died in 1694.
Littleton, (EDWARD,) LORD, lord keeper of the great
seal of England, born at Munslow, Shropshire, in 1589,
was a lineal descendant of the jurist Thomas Littleton.
After finishing his studies in the Inner Temple, he soon
rose to the summit of his profession. In 1626 he entered
Parliament, where he was at first a zealous ailhrrent of
the popular party, but afterwards went over to the court
with Wentworth and others. He was made chief justice
of the common pleas in 1640, and reluctantly accepted
the great seal in January, 1641. He was then raised to
the peerage, as Lord Littleton. The vacillation which
he displayed in the contest between Charles I. and the
Parliament is ascribed to lack of moral courage ; but he
was suspected of perfidy by the royalists and by the king.
In 1642 the king, then at York, ordered Falkland to de-
mand the great seal from the "traitor." Littleton soon
joined the court at York, and, through the intercession
of Lord Clarendon, was retained in office until his death,
in 1645. "He was," says Lord Campbell, "a man of
excellent private character."
See LORD CAMPBELL, " Lives of the Lord Chancellors of Enft
land," 1846; Foss, "The Judges of England."
Littleton, (EDWARD,) an English poet, 17e was
presented to the living of Maple Durham about 1727,
and was afterwards chaplain to the king. He was author
of Verses on a Spider, and other poems. Died in 1734.
Littleton, LORD. See LYTTLETON.
Littleton or Lyttleton, (THOMAS,) a celebrated
English judge and jurist, born probably about 1420, was
the son of Thomas Westcote, of Devonshire, and Eliza-
beth Littleton. He studied in the Inner Temple. In
1455 he was appointed king's Serjeant, and rode the
northern circuit as judge of assize. After the triumph
of the house of York, he received a pardon from Edward
IV., about 1462, and was retained in the office of king s
sergeant He was appointed a judge of the court of
Common pleas in 1466, and created a knight of the Bath
in 1475. He died in 1481, leaving three sons, from whom
the lord keeper Lyttleton and other eminent men de-
scended. His treatise on " Tenures," written in Norman
French, is regarded as the principal basis of the laws
of property in Great Britain. Sir Edward Coke wrote a
celebrated commentary on Littleton.
Littre, le'tR.V, (MAXIMILIEN PAUL SMILE,) a French
philologist, born in Paris in 1801. He was an editor of
the "National," a democratic journal, from 1831 to 1851
and published a translation of Hippocrates, (8 vols.
i, e, T, fi, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, Q, obscure; far, fill, fat; mjt; n5t; good; moon •
LITTROW
'563
LIVINGSTON
1839-52,) a translation of Strauss's " Life of Jesus,"
(1839-40,) " History of the French Language," (1862,)
an admirable " Dictionary of the French Language,"
(1863-73,) "Medicines and Medical Men," (1873,) etc-
In 1867 he established a new review, " La Philosophic
Positive." In 1871 he became professor of history and
geography in the Polytechnic School, and was elected a
member of the French Academy. Died June 2, 1881.
Littrow, lit'tRof or lit'tRo, (JOSEPH JOHANN,) an
eminent astronomer, born in Bohemia in 1781. He was
appointed professor of astronomy at Cracow in 1807, and
at Kazan in 1810. In 1819 he became director of the
Observatory of Vienna, which he greatly improved, and
lectured on astronomy with success in that city. He
which
26,)
" Dioptrics," (1830,) and "The Wonders of the Heavens,"
(1853.) The last is called one of the best popular books
on that subject. Died in 1840.
Littrow, (KARL LUDWIG,) a son of the preceding,
was born at Kazan in 1811. He succeeded his father
as director of the Observatory of Vienna in 1842. The
Annals of this observatory which have appeared since
his appointment are esteemed among the most valuable
astronomical registers. In 1847 Littrow and W. Struve
were employed to connect Austria and Russia by trian-
gulation. Littrow died at Vienna, November 16, 1877.
.
published many valuable scientific works, among wh
are "Theoretic and Practical Astronomy," (1822-
Int-y-er'sea, (Gr.
a son of Midas, King
of Phrygia, was killed by Hercules.
Liutprand. See LUITPRAND.
Liutprandus. See LUITPRAND.
Livens. See LIEVENS.
Liv'^r-more, (Aiiltu ABBOTT,) an American Unita-
rian divine, born at Wilton, New Hampshire, in 1811,
became in 1850 pastor of a church at Cincinnati, and
from 1863 to 1890 was president of Meadville, Pa., Theo-
logical School. He published several commentaries and
other works in prose and verse. Died Nov. 28, 1892.
Livermore, (MARY ASHTON,) an American writer,
born at Boston, Massachusetts, December 19, 1821.
Her maiden name was RICE. Her husband was D. P.
Livermore, a Universalist preacher. During the war of
1861—65 she was very prominent in the work of sanitary
relief, both in the field and in the Northern cities. After
the war she edited the " Woman's Journal," and became
distinguished as a public speaker. She has been
active in the temperance and woman suffrage move-
ments, and has published several works, including
" American Women" (with Frances E. Willard.)
Liv'er-pool, (CHARLES JENKINSON,) first EARL OP,
a British statesman, born in Oxfordshire in 1727, was
the son of Charles Jenkinson. In 1761 he entered Par-
liament, and was appointed by Lord Bute under-secretary
of state. After the retirement of Lord Bute, in 1763, he
acquired the favour of the king, and incurred much
popular odium as the chief of the secret cabinet. He
became one of the lords of the treasury in 1767, was
secretary of war under Lord North from 1778 to 1782,
and was afterwards president of the board of trade in
the ministry of the younger Pitt. He was created Lord
Hawkesbury in 1786, and Earl of Liverpool in 1796. In
1758 he had published a "Discourse on the Conduct of
Great Britain with respect to Neutral Nations." He died
in 1808, leaving his title to his son, who became premier.
Liverpool, (ROBERT BANKS JENKINSON,) EARL OF,
a conservative British statesman, eminent for his pru-
dence and prosperity, born in 1770, was the son of the
preceding. He was educated at Oxford. In 1790 he
entered Parliament as a political friend of Pitt. He dis-
tinguished himself by his candour in debate, by abilities
more solid than brilliant, and by his persistent hostility
to innovation or reform. About 1796 he received the
title of Lord Hawkesbury, and married a daughter of
the Earl of Bristol. He became foreign secretary in the
ministry of Addington in March, 1801, and made peace
with Napoleon by the treaty of Amiens in 1802. In
1804 he accepted the office of home secretary under Pitt,
who had returned to power. The ministry having been
dissolved by the death of Pitt, in 1806, Lord Hawkesbury
was requested by the king to form a new ministry ; but
be declined the task. He took office as home secretary
in the cabinet of the Duke of Portland in 1807, and suc-
ceeded to his father's earldom in 1808. In June, 1812,
he obtained the place of first lord of the treasury, or
premier, vacated by the death of Percival, which he re-
tained until he was prostrated by a stroke of apoplexy
in February, 1827. "He presided over the councils of
England," says Brougham, " for a longer time than any
other, excepting Walpole and Pitt. It happened to him
that the years during which the helm of the state, as it
is called, were intrusted to his hands, were those of the
greatest events, alike in negotiation, in war, in commerce,
and in finance, which ever happened to illustrate or to
checker the annals of Europe.
So long and so littl*
interrupted a course of official prosperity was nevei
perhaps, enjoyed by any other statesman." Brougham
also represents him as remarkable for discretion and
as a model of safe mediocrity. He is censured foi op-
posing the abolition of the slave-trade, and for the part
he took in the persecution of Queen Caroline. Died
in December, 1828.
See BROUGHAM, "Statesmen of the Time of George III.;"
" Memoirs of the Public Life of Lord Liverpool," London, 1827.
Livl-a, [Fr. LIVIE, le've',] or, more fully, Livl-a
Dru-sil'ia, a Roman empress, born in 58 B.C., was
first married to Tiberius Nero. After becoming the
mother of Tiberius and Drusus Germanicus, she was
married in 38 B.C. to the emperor Augustus, over whom
she acquired an ascendency which she retained until his
death. She persuaded him to adopt her son Tiberius as
his successor. By his last will he appointed Livia and
Tiberius his heirs, and directed her to assume the name
of Julia Augusta. She was a woman of superior talents.
Died in 29 A.D.
See J. D. KOEHLER, "Dissertatio de Livia Augusta," 1715;
TACITUS, " Annales," i. and v. : " Nouvelle Biographic G^nerale."
Liv'I-a lav-ilia, a granddaughter of the preceding,
was the sister of Germanicus. She became the wife of
her cousin Drusus, the son of Tiberius, and was sus-
pected of poisoning her husband in concert with Sejanus.
She was put to death for that crime, by order of Tiberius,
about 30 A.D.
Livie. See LIVIA.
Livineius. See LIEVENS, (JAN.)
Liv'ing-ston, (BROCKHOLST,) an American jurist ano.
soldier, born in New York in 1764, served with distinc-
tion in the Revolutionary war, and subsequently rose to
be a judge of the supreme court of the United States.
He was a son of William Livingston, Governor of New
Tersey. Died in 1823.
Livingston, (EDWARD,) an eminent American jurist
and statesman, born in Clermont, Columbia county, New
York, on the 26th of May, 1764, was a son of Robert
Livingston, a judge of the supreme court of New York.
His mother was Margaret Beekman. He graduated at
Princeton College, New Jersey, in 1781, studied law,
and began to practise in the city of New York about
1785. He married Mary McEvers, of New York. After
he had acquired great eminence as an advocate, he was
elected a member'of Congress in 1794 by the Democrats.
He was re-elected in 1796 and in 1798. In 1801 he was
appointed district-attorney of the United States for the
State of New York, and elected mayor of the city of
New York for two years. In the autumn of 1803 he
became a public defaulter in consequence of the mis-
conduct of one of his clerks. He made an assignment
of his property, resigned his offices, and removed in
1804 to New Orleans. Having lost his first wife, he
married a Creole, named Louise Moreau de Lassy, in
1805. lie enjoyed great professional success in New
Orleans, and paid in full the debt which he owed to
the government. He was involved in a long controversy
and litigation about the title to some land, called the
Batturerwhich he purchased in New Orleans. President
Jefferson was one of his adversaries in this dispute;
but Livingston gained his cause. At the battle of New
Orleans, January 8, 1815, he acted as aide-de-camp to
General Jackson, who was his intimate friend. In 1821
he was authorized by the legislature of Louisiana to
revise the system of criminal law. He acquired celebrity
by his " System of Penal Law or Criminal Codes," pub-
lished in 1833, in which he opposed capital punishment
€ as /•. c as i; g hard; g as /; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R. trilled: s as z: th as in this. (jJ5p=See Explanations, p. 23. '
LIVINGSTON
L1VY
"This volume," says the "Edinburgh Review" for July,
1864, " is a perfect treasure-house of juridical and legis-
lative schemes and suggestions, doctrines and contri
vances ; and its indirect influence has been immense.'
M. Villemain declared the "System" to be "a work
without example from the hand of any one man. . . .
The lapse of time has deepened and strengthened the
foundations of his fame."
He represented a district of Louisiana in Congress
from 1823 to 1829, and was elected a Senator of the
United States by the legislature of that State in the
latter year. In April or May, 1831, he was appointed
secretary of state by President Jackson. Having re-
signed this office in May, 1833, he was immediately
appointed minister-plenipotentiary to France, where he
is said to have "hit the happy medium between firm-
ness and conciliation in diplomacy." He returned home
about the end of 1835, and died at Rhinebeck, New
York, in May, 1836. He had several children.
See a" Life of Edward I. ivinc^tnn. "by CHARLES HAVENS HUNT,
with an Introduction by OKORGE BANCROFT, 1864 ; " National Por-
trait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. i. : " North American
Review" for October, 1836.
Liv'ing-ston, (JOHN,) a Scottish Presbyterian divine,
born in 1603. Having declined to take the oath of alle-
giance in 1663, he was banished, and retired to Rotter-
dam, where he died in 1672.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;"
A. GUNN "Memoirs of J. Livingston," New York, 1829.
Livingston, (Rev. JOHN H.,) an American divine
of the Dutch Reformed Church, born at Poughkeepsie,
New York, in 1746. Having studied at Yale College
and in Holland, where he received the degree of D.D.,
he became, on his return, pastor of the Dutch Church
in New York. He was appointed professor of theology
at Queen's College, New Jersey, in 1807, and president
of that institution in 1810. Died in 1825.
Livingston, (I'm up,) an American revolutionist, and
signer of the Declaration of Independence, born at Al-
bany in 1716. He graduated at Yale College in 1737,
and in 1759 was elected a member of the General Assem-
bly of the colony from the city of New York. In 1770
he was one of the committee appointed to correspond
with the celebrated Edmund Burke, then agent for the
colony of New York. He was elected a member of the
Congress of 1774 and 1776. Died in 1778.
Livingston, (ROBERT,) the first possessor of the
Livingston Manor, New York, was born in Scotland in
1654. He emigrated to New York about 1672, and ob-
tained a grant of a large tract of land near the Hudson
River. He was the ancestor of several eminent men named
Livingston, lie had three sons, PHILIP, ROBERT, and
GILBERT, from the second of whom the statesmen Robert
R. and Edward Livingston were descended.
Livingston, (ROBERT R.,) an American statesman,
born in New York in 1746, was a brother of Edward
Livingston, the great jurist He graduated at King's
College, New York, in 1765. He was a descendant of
Robert, noticed above. As a member of the Congress
of 1776, he was appointed one of the committee to draw
up the Declaration of Independence. He became chan-
cellor of the State of New York in 1777, was secretary
for foreign affairs about two years, (1781-83,) and in
1801 was sent as minister to France, where he was very
favourably received by Napoleon and assisted in the
negotiation for the purchase of Louisiana. He returned
home in 1805, after which he aided Robert Fulton in
the introduction of steam-navigation, and promoted
improvements in agriculture. Died in February, 1813.
See "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans,"
roL ir.
Livingston, (WILLIAM,) an American jurist, brother
of Philip, noticed above, was born in New York in 1741.
Having removed to New Jersey, he was elected to the
first Congress from that State in 1774. He became
Governor of New Jersey in 1776, which office he filled
for fourteen years. He was a member of the Convention
which framed the Constitution, (1787.) He was the
author of a " Review of the Military Operations in North
America from 1753 to 1758;" also of several political
works, and of a poem entitled "Philosophical Solitude."
Died in 1790.
See " Memoir of William Livingston," by THEODORE SEDG-
WICK, J*.
Liv'ing-stone or Liv'ing-ston, (DAVID,) a Scottish
missionary, distinguished as an explorer of Africa, was
born at Blantyre, near Glasgow, March 19, 1813. He
worked in a cotton-factory in his youth. Having studied
medicine and theology, with an intention to labour as a
missionary, he was sent by the London Missionary So-
ciety to South Africa in 1840. He laboured and trav-
elled in the interior of Africa for sixteen years, and
made important discoveries for which the Geographical
Society awarded him a gold medal. He returned to Eng-
land in 1856, and published an interesting work entitled
"Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa,"
etc, (1857.) In 1858 he again went to Africa, as consul
at Quilimane or Killimane, with a view to explore the
river Zambesi, to promote the production of cotton, and
to open commercial intercourse with the natives of that
region. He returned to England in 1864, and about the
end of 1865 published a " Narrative of an Expedition to
the Zambesi, 1858-64." He set out again for Africa in
1865, explored a portion of the continent westward from
Zanzibar, and, after enduring great hardship, succumbed
to an attack of dysentery, and died on the south shore
of Lake Bangweolo, May I, 1873. His " Last Journals"
were published in 1874.
See "Quarterly Review" for January, iS66; "Westminster Re-
view" for January, 1866; " Eraser's Magazine" for January, 1858
Livin Menus, lee'vin ma'nus, ? a skilful Dutch
painter, born at Amsterdam in 1630, worked for many
years at Florence, where he died in 1691.
Livius, (TiTUs.) See LIVY.
Liv'I-us An-dro-nl'cua, a popular Roman dramatist
and actor, who began his career as an author about 240
B.C. The place of his birth is unknown. He is regarded
as the earliest dramatic writer of Rome. He composed
both tragedies and comedies, of which only small frag-
ments now remain, and was the sole performer of his
own plays, which were used in schools in the time of
Horace. He was a writer of industry and learning
rather than original genius.
See PROFESSOR SELLARS, " Roman Poets of the Republic,"
chap. iii.
Livonniere, de, deh le'vo'ne-aiR', (CLAUDE Poc-
quet — po'ki',) a French jurist, born at Angers in 1652 ;
died in Paris in 1726.
Livoy, de, deh le'vwi', (Pere TIMOTH^E,) a Fiench
friar and litterateur, born at Pithiviers in 1715. He pub-
lished, in 1767, a "Dictionary of French Synonyms."
Died in 1777.
Liv'y, [Lat Liv'ius,] (TiTUs,) [It. TITO LIVIO, tee'to
lee've-o; Fr. TITE LIVE, tet lev,] a celebrated Roman
historian, was born at Patavium (now Padua) in 59 B.&
Ancient writers furnish us few particulars of his life,
except that he was patronized by Augustus and became
a person of consideration at court. He appears to have
passed the greater part of his time in Rome. Niebuhr
favours the opinion that he was in early life a teacher of
rhetoric. His great history of Rome, from the origin of
the city to the year 9 B.C., was called by him "Annales,"
and was comprised in one hundred and forty-two books,
of which thirty-five have come down to us entire, — viz.,
:he first, third, and fourth decades, and five books of the
Sfth decade. We have also epitomes, by an unknown
nand, of one hundred and forty books. The first book
was probably published or written between 29 and 25
B.C. His dialogues on philosophy and politics, which,
according to some writers, procured him the favour of
Augustus, are not now extant.
The great popularity of his history must be ascribed
:o the excellence and beauty of his style and his wonder
ful powers of description. The numerous orations by
which the history is diversified are models of eloquence.
" The painting of the narrative," says Macaulay, in his
essay entitled "History," in the "Edinburgh Review,"
' is beyond description vivid and graceful. The abun-
dance of interesting sentiments and splendid imagery in
:he speeches is almost miraculous." But he was desti-
tute of many qualifications essential to a historian of the
a, e. i. fi, u, y, lo,,g: i, e, o, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, JF, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; n6t; good ; moon:
LJASALFAR
1565
L OB A U
first order. Incapable of broad philosophic views, and Lloyd, (DAVID,) a British biographer, born in Merio-
indisposed to profound research, he was more studious j nethshire in 1625. He took orders, and successively
to exalt the national glory and produce a picturesque ! held several benefices. Among his principal works is
effect than to compose a true history. He made liule " The Statesmen and Favourites of England sine* the
use of public documents, and was not familiar with the Reformation," (1665.) Died in 1691.
antiquities of his country. His work is also deficient Lloyd, (EDWARD,) an English tenor-singer, born in
in th« explanation of the original constitution of the London in 1845. He has considerable reputation as an
state, the contests between the orders, the progress oratorio and concert singer.
of civilization, and other domestic affairs. Livy was Lloyd, (HENRY,) a British officer, distinguished as a
married, and had two or more children. Died at Padua writer on tactics, was born in Wales about 1725. He
in 17 A.D. [served in the Seven Years' war, first in the Austrian
government. Suddenly quitting the Russian service, he
Ljaaalfar. See ELVES. went to Gibraltar, and gave valuable counsel to General
Llanos de Valdez, U'n6s dl vll'deth, (Don SEBAS- Eniott respecting the siege of that fortress. He died at
TIAN,) a Spanish painter, born at Granada about 1002; Huyin ,783> leaving an "Introduction to the History of
died after 1670. the War between the King of Prussia and the Empress
Llanover, LORD. See HALL, (BENJAMIN.) Marja Theresa," (1781,) a " Memoir on the Invasion and
Llewellyn or Llywelyn, loo-eTin, L, Prince 01 Defence of England," (1798,) and other works.
Wales, began to reign about 1 190, and married a daughter see " Nouvelle Biographic GeniSrale."
of John, King of England. The latter afterwards invaded Lloyd, (HENRY DEMAREST,) an American author,
Wales and forced him to do homage. Llewellyn waged born at New Vork city in jg47. He was admitted to
war against Henry III. about 1228. Being harassed by (he Ngw York bar in ,86 and removed to Chicago
the rebellion of his youngest son Griffith, he made, m Jn lg becoming a journallst. He wrote "Wealth
1237, a treaty with Henry, and purchased peace i by Commonwealth," " Labor Copartnership," "A
acknowledging himself the vassal of that king. He died J, -i >> t
in 1240, and was succeeded by his son David Countr>' wlthout Strlkes' < '9°°') etc" u
Llewellyn EL was the son of Griffith, and successor Lloyd, (ROBERT,) an English poet, born at West
of his uncle David. He renewed the homage to Henry minster in 1733. He became an usher in the Wes
III., but conspired with the Earl of Leicester against minster School, and a companion of Churchill Col man
him in 1263. Llewellyn and his allies were defeated at etc. His health and fortune were injured by dissipated
Evesham in 1265. In 1276 he was summoned by Edward habits. He composed an admired poem, "The Actor,
I. to come and do homage; but he declined. Wales (1760.) "The Capricious Lovers, a comic opera, and
was then invaded and conquered by Edward in 1277. other works. Died in 1764.
Llewellyn, having again revolted, was killed in battle in See NEWTON, " Life of R. Lloyd;" KENRICK, "Life of Lloyd,"
'"uorente, lo-ren'ta, (BERNARDO GERMANO,) a Span- '^°^' ( W*^:* ^TeV^IIe w™oir!ted
ish painter, born at Seville in 1685 ; died in 1757. Bishop, born in Berkshire in 1627. He was appom ec
LUnte, (Don FKL.X,) a Spanish paints/born at ™£P £ S«n ^Pj -n : fc, ^nd^one^f th.
'" ^ landSCapeS> publish in their churls the declaration of indulgence
to Catholics and dissenters. He became almoner to
ld in 1692, Bishop of
lmoner to Queen Anne
iJurnet valuaDle mate*
secretary-general of the Inquisition, of which he became
a determined adversary. In 1794 the Grand Inquisitor Llywelyn. See LLEWELLYN.
directed Llorente, whose opinions were known to be Loaysa, lo-I'sa, (GARCIAS,) a Spanish cardinal and
liberal, to write an exposition of the abuses of the In- eloquent preacher, born at Talavera a >o-t 1480. About
quisition. In 1808 he embraced the party of the French 1524116 became confessor to Charles V . He was after-
invaders, wis admitted into the council of state by King wards Bishop of Seville, and president of the Royal
Joseph, and promoted the suppression of the Inquisition Council of the Indies. Died in 1546'
in 1809. On the expulsion of the French from Spain, in Lo'banoff-Rostof ski, (ALEXIS,) PRINCE, a Rus-
1814, he went as an exile to Paris, where he published 5;an statesman, bora in 1824. He entered the public
in 1817 his "Critical History of the Spanish Inquisi- ( service in 1843, and occupied various positions till
tion," which was his geat work. It is said by Presccstt | Jg7g> wnen he was made ambassador to Turkey, in
to be the only authentic account of that institution. He
also wrote " Historical Notices of the Basque Provinces,"
(1 806-8.) Died in 1823.
Lloyd, loid, (CHARLES,) an English banker, eminent
as a scholar and philanthropist, born in Birmingham
in September, 1748, was a member of the Society of
Friends. lie was conspicuous as an advocate of the
abolition of the slave-trade, and was a man of great in-
fluence in the community. He was an uncle of Thomas
F. Buxton, and father of Anna Braithwaite. Died in 1828.
1879 to London, and in 1882 to Vienna, remaining
there until 1895. He was thence transferred to Ber-
lin, and afterwards made minister of foreign affairs,
in which post he displayed great activity and ability.
Died August 30, 1896.
Lobau, de, deh lo'bo', (GEORGES Mouton— moo'-
t6N',) COUNT, a French general, born in Phalsbourg in
1770. He entered the army in 1792, became aide-de-
camp of Joubert in 1798, and aide-de-camp of Bonaparte
1805. His services were rewarded by the rank of
Lloyd, (CHARLES,) an English poet, born in Birming-
idge. Lloyd produced, oesiaes otner poems, \'~*-' • — — - - • ., <?
"Nug* CanoW' ("Sounding Trifles," 1819.) "Desul. He fought at Lutzen and Bautzen ,n 1813. and was Ul
tory Thoughts in London," (1821,) and "The Duke prisoner at Waterloo m 1815, aftei which he : passed Imai
of Ormond" a traeedv (1822) He translated the years in retirement During the revolution of 1830;
Aged's of' Alfierhfto English * D"d in 1839 favoured the cause of Louis Philippe who appointed him
L DE CONCHY, « Li.erary Reminiscences," vol. i, . » Mon,h,7 commander of the national guard m Decembe T, 1830, and
Review" for May, ,816, July, 1820, and July, 182*. gave him a marshal s baton in 1831.
€ as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: s as z; th as in this. ( J^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
LOBE
1566
LOCK
Lobb, (THEOPHILUS,) an English physician, born in
London in 1678. He practised with success in that city,
and wrote medical works, among which are a "Treatise
on the Small-Pox," (1731,) and "Medical Practice in
Curing Fevers," (1735.) Died in 1763.
Lobe, lo'beh, (JOHANN CHRISTIAN,) a German mu-
sical composer, born at Weimar in 1797. He produced
in 1833 "The Princess of Granada," an opera. His
theoretic works are highly esteemed. Died Julyz?, 1881.
Lobeck, lo'bek, (CHRISTIAN AUGUST,) one of the
most thorough and acute philologists and antiquaries of
recent times, was born at Naumburg, in Prussia, in 1781.
He became professor of ancient literature and eloquence
at Kbnigsberg in 1814. He published valuable editions
of the "Ajax" of Sophocles, (1810,) and of Phrynicus,
(1820.) Among his other most important works is " Pa-
thologia: Linguae Grasca: Elementa," (1853.) Died in
1860.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Lobeira or Lobeyra, de, di lo-baVrS, written also
Loveira, (VASCO,) a celebrated Portuguese author, was
born at Oporto about 1360. He was knighted by King
John I. of Portugal on the battle-field of Aljubarrota in
1386, and died in 140.5. He was the author of the famous
romance " Amadis de Gaul," which is now seldom read.
The earliest edition now known was printed in 1519. It
passed for the best of the romances of chivalry until the
satire of Cervantes rendered them all unpopular.
See TICKNOR'S "Spanish Literature," voL i. chap. ri. p. jji
it sea.
Lobel or L'Obel, loT)?!', (MATHIEU,) an eminent
botanist, born at Litle, France, in 1538. He practised
medicine at Antwerp, and became physician to the Prince
of Orange, after whose death he went to England, where
he passed the most of his life. In 1570 Lobel and Pena
published in London " Stirpium Adversaria," which pre-
sents the first sketch, though rude, of a natural method
of botany, with neat engravings of about two hundred
and seventy plants. He published in 1581 a valuable
work entitled " Icones Stirpium," which contains figures
of about two thousand plants, and is still, says Duvau,
often consulted. Lobel was also physician to James I.
Died near London in 1616. The genus Lobelia was
named in honour of him.
See C. F. A. MORREN, " Notice biographique »ur M. de L'Obel,"
1853: ELOV, " Uictionnaire de la M^dedne.'
Lobell or Loebell, Ib'bel, (JOHANN WILHELM,) a
German historian, born in Berlin in 1786. He became
professor of history at Bonn about 1830. Died in 1863.
Loben or Loeben, 16'ben, (Orro H F.I N R ICH, ) COUNT,
a German writer of the romantic school, born at Dresden
in 1786, is known by the name of ISIDORUS ORIENTALIS.
He wrote, besides numerous tales and poems, romances
entitled "Guido" (1808) and "Arcadion," (1811.) Died
in 1825.
Lobera, lo-na'ri, (Luis,) a Spanish physician, born
at Avila, in Old Castile. He was physician to Charles
V., and published treatises on anatomy and medicine,
(1542-51.)
Lobineau, lo'be'no', (Gur ALEXIS,) a learned French
monk, born at Rennes in 1666. He wrote a continuation
of the " History of Bretagne" (1707) by Legallois, and
another of Felibien's " History of Paris," (5 vols., 1725.)
Died in 1727.
Lcbkowitz. See CARAMUEL.
Lobkowitz. See HASSENSTEIN.
Lobkowitz, lob'ko-witz', (JOSEF FRANZ MAXIMIL-
IAN,) PRINCE, an Austrian musician, born at Vienna in
1772. He is best known as the friend and patron of
Beethoven, who dedicated to him a number of his works.
Died December 16, 1816.
Lobkowitz, von, fon lob'ko-wits', (GEORG CHRIS-
TIAN,) PRINCE, an Austrian general, born in 1702. He
took command of the army of the empress Maria Theresa
in 1741, and gained advantages over the French at Brau-
nau and Prague. Died in 1753. His son JOSEPH, bom
in 1725, distinguished himself in the Seven Years' war as
major-general. In the reign of Joseph II. he was made
a field-marshal. Died in 1802.
Lobo, lo'bo, (FRANCISCO RODRIGUEZ,) a celebrated
Portuguese poet, born at Leiria about 1550. He was the
author of songs, pastoral romances, sonnets, and of a
prose work entitled "Court in the Country and Wintei
Nights." He has been styled " the Portuguese Theocri-
tus." "He was," says Longfellow, "a scholar of great
erudition ; and the services he rendered to the Portu-
guese language and style make an era in that literature."
See LONGFELLOW'S " Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Lobo, IO'BO, (GERARDO,) a Spanish poet, born in Old
Castile. He became a favourite at the court of Philip
IV., who sometimes required his companions to talk
in verse to him. Lobo had a remarkable facility for
improvisation, and, it is said, could converse all day
without descending to prose. His productions consist
of odes, sonnets, etc. Died in 1668.
Lobo, (TERONIMO,) an enterprising Portuguese mis-
sionary and Jesuit, born at Lisbon in 1593. He was
sent to labour in the mission of Goa in 1622. In 1625,
with other missionaries, he undertook to evangelize
Abyssinia, whose sultan, Seged, (Segued,) had become a
Roman Catholic, or at least was friendly to that Church.
The sultin having died, the missionaries were expelled
by his successor in 1634. In 1640 he went again to Goa,
where he was chosen provincial of his order. He re-
turned to Lisbon in 1656, and published a valuable rela-
tion of his travels in Abyssinia, entitled a " History of
Ethiopia," (1659,) which was translated into English by
Dr. Johnson. Died in 1678.
Locatelli, lo-kl-tel'lee, or Lucatelli, loo-ka-tellee,
(ANDREA,) an Italian painter of landscapes and genre,
born at Rome. He adorned his landscapes with figures
which are admired, and displayed good taste in familiar
scenes. His works are praised by Lanzi. Died in 1741.
Locatelli, (Luici,) an Italian physician, born at Ber-
jamo, invented the "balm of Lucatel." Died in 1637.
Locatelli or Lucatelli, (PiETRO,) a historical painter
born in the Roman States. He was admitted into the
Academy of Saint Luke in 1690.
Locatelli, (PiETRO,) an Italian violinist, born at Ber
jamo in 1693 ; died in 1764.
Locceniua, lok-sa'ne-us, (JoHAN,) a Swedish histo-
rian, born in Holstein about 1598. Queen Christina gave
him the title of historiographer of Sweden. He wrote,
in Latin," History of Sweden," (1654,) and several works
on law. Died in 1677.
See M. STBUCH. " Memoria J. Loccenii," 1678 ; OLOF A. KNOHS,
'Letvernes Beskrifhing om J. Loccenius," 1807.
Loch, (HENRY BROUGHAM,) BARON, an English
official, was born in 1827. He served in the navy
1840-42, in the army 1844-57, and was subsequently
in the diplomatic service. Was Lieutenant-governor of
Isle of Man 1863-82, Governor of Victoria 1884-89,
Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner of
South Africa 1889-95. He was made a baron in 1895.
lioch, lok or IOK, (JAMES,) a Scottish lawyer, born in
1780. He was employed as auditor by the Earl of Elles-
mere and other noblemen, and was for many years a
Liberal member of Parliament He published a " Sta-
tistical and Historical Account of the County of Suther-
land." Died in 1855.
Locher, loK'er, (JAKOB,) a German poet, born in
Suabia in 1470, was surnamed PHILOMUSUS. He was
crowned poet-laureate by the Emperor of Germany.
Among his works (in Latin) are a poem on Lazarus
and Dives, and "The Judgment of Paris," (1501.) Died
in 1528.
Lochner, loK'ner, (MICHAEL FRIEDRICH,) a skilful
German physician and botanist, born near Nuremberg
in 1662 ; died in 1720.
Lochore, IOK-OR', (ROBERT,) a Scottish minor poet,
born at Strathaven, July 7, 1762. He was a shoemaker,
and a friend of Burns. He published " Tales in Rhyme,"
(1815.) Died April 27, 1852.
Lock, (MATTHEW,) an excellent English composer,
born at Exeter about 1635. Soon after the restoration
(1660) he received the title of composer-in-ordinary to
Charles II. He is called the first English composer for
the stage. Some of his sacred compositions appeared in
the " Harmonia Sacra." His chief title to durable fame
is the admirable " Music in Macbeth." Died in 1677.
See BUR>TKY, " History of Music."
it, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, 4, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, Q, obscurt; fir, fall, fat; met; not; good; moon;
LOCK ART
LOCKER
Lcck'art, (ALEXANDER,) a Scottish lawyer, born
near Edinburgh in 1675. He wrote "Memoirs of Scot-
land." Died in 1732.
Locke, lok, (DAVID Ross,) an American humorous
writer, burn in Vestal, New York, September 20, 1833.
lie became a journalist of Ohio, and wrote much politi-
cal satire, under the name of PETROLEUM V. NASBY.
Among his books are "Divers Views, Opinions, and
Prophecies," " Swingiu' Round the Cirkle," " Ekkoes
from Kentucky," "Morals of Abou ben Adhem," "A
Paper City," " Moral History of America's Life-Strug-
gle " etc. Died February 15, 1888.
Locke, lok, |Lat. LOC'KIUS,) (JOHN,) a celebrated
English philosopher ana philanthropist, born at Wring-
ton, in Somersetshire, in 1632, was the son of Captain
Locke, who served in the parliamentary army during
the civil war. I le studied at Westminster School, and in
1651 entered Christ Church, Oxford, where he soon dis-
tinguished himself by his talents and acquirements. He
left Oxford with no very favourable views of the system
of instruction there pursued. He had, indeed, been far
more indebted for his mental culture to his own efforts
than to the skill or labour of his tutors, and was himself
an example of that self-teaching which in his writings
he so strongly recommends. In 1665 Locke accom-
panied, as secretary. Sir Walter Vane, royal envoy to
the Elector of Brandenburg. He returned to England
in February, and soon after formed the acquaintance of
Lord Ashley, (afterwards Shaftesbury,) who received him
into the number of his most intimate and confidential
friends. In 1672, Shaftesbury being then lord chancellor,
Locke was appointed secretary for the presentation
of benefices, but quitted this office in 1673, when his
patron, having quarrelled with the court, resigned the
great seal. In 1675 Locke visited the south of France
on account of his health. He resided more than a year
at Montpcllier, and afterwards spent much time in Paris.
He returned to his own country in 1679 ; but, Shaftes-
bury having been compelled by his enemies to leave
England towards the close of 1682, Locke followed him
to the continent in 1683, and passed several years in
Holland. In 1688 he returned to his native land in
the same fleet that conveyed the Princess of Orange to
England. Soon after his arrival, he was offered by Lord
Mordaunt the position of envoy to one of the European
courts; but he declined the office on account of his
feeble health ; he accepted, however, the post of com-
missioner of appeals, which yielded him, it is said,
two hundred pounds a year, — no inconsiderable sum for
that period. The asthmatic affection under which he
had been suffering for many years having become more
aggravated, he resigned, in 1700, his position under the
government, and retired to Oates, in Essex. Here he
spent the remainder of his days at the house of Sir
Francis Masham, whose accomplished lady was the
daughter of the celebrated Dr. Cudworth. He died
October 28, 1704.
Locke was no less distinguished for his virtues and
piety than for his extraordinary intellectual endowments.
All his writings may be said to have had for their object
the improvement of mankind in knowledge, liberty, and
virtue. Although he was in favour of the utmost free-
dom of investigation in regard to religious as well as
other truths, he entertained for the Holy Scriptures the
profoundest veneration. To a friend inquiring the best
way to attain a true knowledge of the Christian religion,
he answered, "Study the Holy Scriptures, especially
the New Testament : therein are contained the words
of eternal life. It has God for its author, salvation for
its end, and truth without any mixture of error for its
matter." A little before his death, while acknowledging
that his life, on the whole, had been a happy one, he
pronounced all sublunary enjoyments to be "vanity,1
and earnestly exhorted his friends to prepare for the
endless life to come. He extolled the goodness of God
in providing for the salvation of mankind through faith
in Jesus Christ, and expressed particular gratitude that
he had been led through divine goodness to the know-
ledge of the Saviour. (See a letter by Coste, the French
translator of the " Essay on the Human Understanding,"
published February, 1705.) As a controversialist, Locke
was remarkable not only for the clearness and cogency
of his arguments, but also for the perfect fairness and
respect with which he treated his opponents. His con-
versation, we are told, was a "happy union of wit and
good sense ;" so that his company was sought by many
of the most distinguished men of that period, — such as
Halifax, Buckingham, etc. As an evidence of the variety
and extent of his attainments, we may mention that the
;reat Sydenham, alluding to Locke's skill in medicine,
;ave it as his opinion that "in genius, penetration, and
accurate judgment he had in that age few equals and
scarcely any superior." From the character of Locke
as given by Le Clerc, which he assures us " is an accu-
rate and by no means flattered description," we take the
following: " He was a profound philosopher, and a man
fit for the most important affairs. He had much know-
ledge of belles-lettres, and his manners were very polite
and particularly engaging. He knew something of almost
everything which can be useful to mankind, and was
thoroughly master of all that he had studied ; but he
showed his superiority by not appearing to value himself
in any way on account of his great attainments. . . . He
was very charitable to the poor, provided they were not
the idle nor the profligate. ... He was an exact ob-
server of his word, and what he promised was sacred.
He was scrupulous about recommending people whom
he did not know ; and he could not bring himself to
praise those whom he did not think worthy." (See "Life
of Locke," by Lord King, pp. 267-271.)
Locke's great work, entitled an " Essay on the Human
Understanding," was first published in 1690, (three yeais
after the appearance of Newton's " Principia,") although
the original copy, still preserved and in his own hand-
writing, is dated 1671, — an evidence of his great caution
(evinced also in his other works) with respect to offering
his views to the public. The leading position of his
essay is that the human mind has no innate ideas, and
that all ideas, with their various combinations, are to be
referred to sensation and reflection. His other publica-
tions were,— three "Letters on Toleration," (1690-92,)
a "Treatise on Education," (1690,) one on the value of
money, (1691,) "The Reasonableness of Christianity,"
(1695,) a first and second Vindication of the last-named
work, (1696,) and three elaborate letters in defence of
the " Essay on the Human Understanding" against
Stillingfleet, Bishop of Winchester, (1697-99.) Locke's
work on the "Conduct of the Human Understanding,"
and his "Discourse on Miracles," and "Commentaries
on the Epistles of Saint Paul," were published after his
death."
See "Life of Locke," by LORD KING; " Nouvelle Biographic
inerale ;" " Biographic Universelle ;" article " Locke" in the
Review" for April, 1854; " British Quarterly Review" for May, 184-,.
Locke, (JoHN,) M.D., an American geologist, born
at Fryeburg, Maine, in 1792. He became professor
of chemistry at Cincinnati in 1836. He was well versed
in geology and natural history. Died in Cincinnati
in 1856.
Locke, (JOSEPH,) M.P., F.R.S., an eminent English
railway-engineer, born near Sheffield in 1805. He learned
the business of engineering with the celebrated George
Stephenson. He gained a high reputation as engineei
of the Grand Junction Railway, (of which Birmingham
is one of the termini,) completed in 1837. The London
and Southampton Railway, under his direction, was
opened in 1840. He was afterwards employed as en-
gineer of the railways connecting Paris and Rouen, and
Havre and Rouen, in France. For several years before
his death he was a member of Parliament, in which he
acted with the Liberal party. Died in 1860.
See " Life of Joseph Locke," by J. DEVEY, 1862.
Lock'fr, (ARTHUR,) an English author, (brother of
F. Locker,) was born in Greenwich Hospital, July 2,
1828. He was educated at the Charterhouse, and at
Pembroke College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1851.
Among his works are " Sir Godwin's Folly," (1864,)
published February, 1705.) As a controversialist, Locke '
cas*; ?asj; g*«rrf.-gav; G.H^guttural; N, nasal; *,trilUd; sasx; th as in Mir. (£^=See Explan
lations, p. 23.)
LOCKER
1568
LODGE
"Sweet Seventeen," (1866,) "Stephen Scudamoic,
(1868,) "On a Coral Reef," (1869.) " The Village Sur-
geon," (1874,) and many other tales, besides reviews,
poems, etc. From 1870 until about 1892 he was editor
of the London "Graphic." Died in 1893.
Lock'er, (FREDERICK,) an English poet, was born
at Greenwich Hospital in 1821, the son of Edward
Hawke Locker, (1777-1849,) author of " Lectures on
the Bible," etc. His principal poems were " London
Lyrics," (1857,) and "Patchwork," (1879.) He I
married the daughter of Sir Curtis Lampson and as-
sumed the name of Locker-Lampson. Died in 1895.
Iiockhart, (JOHN GIBSON,) a distinguished British
author, poet, and critic, was born at the manse of Cam-
busnethan, in Lanarkshire, Scotland, in 1794. He was the
son of a Presbyterian minister, who removed to Glasgow ;
while the subject of this article was in his infancy. As
a student in the Glasgow University he obtained i valua-
ble bursary, in virtue of which he entered Baliol College,
Oxford. He studied law, and was called to the Scottish
bar in 1816, but preferred the profession of literature.
He was one of the chief contributors to "Blackwood's
Magazine" for about seven years after it was first estab-
lished, in 1817. He advocated Tory principles in politi-
cal articles which displayed a great mastery of sarcasm
and invective. In 1820 he married Sophia, daughter of
Sir Walter Scott. He produced in 1821 "Valerius, a
Roman Story," which is much admired, and was fol-
lowed by "Reginald Dalton, a Story of English Univer-
sity Life," (1823.) About this time he published elegant
translations of "Ancient Spanish Ballads." In 1825 or
1826 he removed to London, and became editor of ihe
" Quarterly Review," which he conducted with success
until 1853, and for which he wrote many excellent criti- 1
cal and biographical articles. In 1843 he was appointed
to the lucrative office of auditor of the duchy of Corn-
wall. His most important work is his "Life of Sir
Walter Scott," (7 vols., 1838,) which ranks very high in
respect to literary merit, and is surpassed in interest
by few, if any, biographies in the English language.
He also published a "Life of Robert Burns," (1825,)
which was received with favour, and Lives of Theodore
Hook and Napoleon I. His manners were reserved
and even chilling. His last years were rendered un-
happy by the loss of his wife and two sons. He died in
1854, leaving a daughter, who was the only surviving
descendant of Sir Walter Scott when she was married
to Mr. 1 lope.
Lockhart, (Sir WILLIAM,) of I.ee, an able British
statesman, born in 1621. He fought for Charles II.,
and was made prisoner at Preston, (1650.) In 1652 he
entered the civil service of Cromwell, and in 1655 was
sent as ambassador to Louis XIV. of France. He com-
manded the British at the siege of Dunkirk in 1658, and
then became governor of that place. At the restoration
of 1660 he was recalled. Died in 1675. " HC was."
says Clarendon, "a man of great address in treaty."
Lockhart, (Sir WILLIAM ALEXANDER,) an Eng-
lish general, born in 1841. He joined the Bengal
army in 1858, served in various campaigns, and was
promoted lieutenant-general in 1894. He commanded
the Punjab frontier force 1890-95, and was made
commander-in-chief for India in 1897. Died March
18, 1900.
Lockhart, (WILLIAM EWART,) a British painter,
born in Dumfriesshire in 1846. One of his best-known
works is "Jubilee Celebration in Westminster Abbey,"
painted for the Queen, 1887-89.
Lockius. See LOCKE, (JOHN.)
Lockman. See LOKMAN.
Lock'man, (JOHN,) an English writer on various
subjects, born in 1698 ; died in 1771.
Lock'ray, (EDWARD SIMON,) a French journalist,
born at Paris in 1840. He wrote for "Figaro" and
other papers, and was more than once imprisoned for
his articles. While in prison in 1873 ne was elected
to the French Chamber. He was in the cabinets of
1886 and 1888, and organized the Exposition of 1889.
Lock'wood, (BELVA ANN,) an American re-
former, was born (Bennett) at Royalton, New York,
in 1830. She studied law and was admitted to the bar
at Washington in 1873, and in 1879 secured passage
of a law admitting women to practise in the Supreme
Court. She was the candidate of the Equal Rights
Party for President in 1884 and 1888, and was promi-
nent in the temperance, peace, and woman suffrage
movements.
Lockwood, (HENRY H.,) an American general,
born in Kent county, Delaware, about 1814, graduated
M West Point. He became a brigadier-general of
United States volunteers in August, 1861, and served
through the war, afterwards becoming professor of
philosophy at the Naval Academy till 1871, when he
was appointed to the Naval Observatory at Washing-
ton. Retired in 1876. Died December 7, 1899.
Lock'yer, (Sir JOSEPH NORMAN,) a distinguished
English astronomer and physicist, born at Rugby, May
17, 1836. In 1857 he entered the war office, and was
chiefly self-educated in science. He has made many
discoveries, largely in solar physics and spectroscopy,
and is the author of many papers and several books on
scientific subjects. His most notable contribution to
science is his "Meteoric Hypothesis," (1890,) in
which he advances the doctrine that the spheres are
resultants of the aggregation of meteorites. He was
the leader of several solar eclipse expeditions, is di-
rector of the Solar Physics Observatory, South Ken-
sington, and editor of "Nature." He was knighted
in 1897.
Locman. See LOKMAN.
Locre de Roissy, lo'kRa' deh Rwa'se', (JEAN GUIL-
LAUME,) a jurist, born of a French family at Leipsic in
1758, came to France in his youth. He published "The
Spirit of the Code Napoleon," (" Esprit du Code Napo-
leon," etc., (5 vols., 1806,) and "The Civil, Commercial,
and Criminal Legislation of France," (31 vols., 1826-32.)
Died in 1840.
Lo'der, (EDWARD JAMES,) an English musical com-
poser, born at Bath in 1813. His best-known works are
his opera "Ine Night Dancers," (1846,) and the songs
" The Brave Old Oak" and " Invocation to the Deep."
Died April 5, 1865.
Loder, lo'der, (JUSTUS CHRISTIAN,) an anatomist,
born at Riga in 1753. In 1809 the Czar Alexander called
him to Moscow and chose him for his first physician.
He published "Anatomical Plates," ("Tabulae Ana-
tomicas," 1794,) with explicative text, a work of great
merit. Died in Moscow in 1832.
See MKUSKL, "Gelehrtes Deutschland."
Lodge, (Ei)MUND,) an English herald and biographer,
born in London in 1756. He became Norroy king-al-
arms in 1822, and Clarenceux king-at-arms in 1838. He
published valuable "Illustrations of British History,"
(3 vols., 1791,) and "Portraits of Illustrious Personages
of Great Britain," (4 vols., 1821-34,) which is his prin-
cipal work. Died in 1839.
Lodge, (HENRY CABOT,) Ph.D., an American author,
born in Boston, May 12, 1850. He graduated at Harvard
College in 1871, and at the Dane Law School in 1874, be-
came a prominent politician of Massachusetts, and edited
the "North American Review" from 1873 to 1876, and
the " International Review" from 1879 to 1881. Among
his works are " Land-Law of the Anglo-Saxons," (1876,)
" History of the English Colonies in America," (1881,)
" Studies in History," (1884,) a history of the Spanish-
American war, (1899,) etc. He was elected to Con-
gress in 1887, and became a member of the Senate in
1893.
Lodge, (OLIVER JOSEPH,) an English scientist,
bom at Penkhull in 1851. In 1880 he became pro-
fessor of physics at the new University College, Liver-
pool, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
in 1887. His chief studies were in electricity, in which
he made discoveries of importance. Among his works
ft, e, I, o, u, y, Ions; i, e, 6, same, less pi olonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; n6t; good; moon;
LODGE
1569
LOGAN
are "Modern Views of Electricity," (1889,) and Entering tha diplomatic service, he was, after serving
" Pioneers of Science," (1893.) He is a member of in minor posts, appointed minister to Austria in 185
the Society for Psychical Research and deeply inter- to Prussia in 1860, and to Bavaria in 1862. In 1866
ested in its work. h'-' was made ambassador to Prussia, in 1868 to the
Lodge, (THOMAS.) an English dramatist and versatile
a destructive war on the Western settlers, in which the
in 1780
regard
for the whites caused' him to be called by his country-
Lodge, (WILLIAM,) an eminent English engraver, men ..the Friend of the White Man." A granite monu-
>rn at Leeds in 1649. He travelled in Italy and in his i ment wag erected (Q hu memory at Fair \\-M Cemetery,
You Like It." Hallam calls him one of the best poets
of the age. (" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") f1
See WOOD, "Athenz Oxonienses :" " Biographia Dramatica."
bo
eminent persons. Died in 1689.
Lodi, (CALISTO DA.) See PIAZZA, (CALISTO.)
Loebell. See LOB ELL.
Loeben. See LOBEN.
Loefling. See LOFLING.
Loehr. See LOHR.
Loennrot. See LONNROT.
Loescher. See LOSCHER.
LoeseL See LOSEL.
Loeve-Veimars, lo'eV
advocate of peace, and went to France in 1798 in order
to prevent a war between France and America. He
represented Pennsylvania in the Senate of the United
States from 1801 to 1807. He acted with the Repub-
licans, and was denounced by the Federalists for his
voluntary services in France. Died in 1821.
Lo'gan, (JAMES,) a colonial statesman and author,
born at Lurgan, Ireland, in 1674, was a member of the
Society of Friends. He was master of the Greek, Latin,
(FRANCOIS ADOL French, and German languages. In 1699 he accompanied
PHE,) BARON, a French litterateur, born in Paris in 1801. William Penn to America as his secretary. Under the
He published translations from the German, fales, cri- patronage of William Penn he was much employed in
tiques, a " History of Ancient Literature," (1825,) and public affairs. He was appointed secretary of the pro-
_.i — 1._ n:_j. •_.<!«. vince in 1701, after which he became chief justice and
, German entomolo- president of the council He acted as Governor about
Loew, low, (FRANZ HERMANN,
Loewendahl. See LOWENDAHL,
Loewenhaupt. See LOWENHAUPT.
Loewenhielrn. See LOWENHIELM.
Loewenklau. See LEUNCLAVIUS-
the Loganian Library and is included in the Philadelphia
Library. Died near Philadelphia in October, 1751.
See a "Memoir of James Logan," by W. ARMISTEAD.
Lo'gan, (JOHN,) a Scottish divine and poet, born at
Soutra in 1748. He was appointed minister of Leith in
appointed botanist to the King of Spain in 1751. He ne published a volume of admired poems, chiefly lyrical,
accompanied as naturalist an expedition sent by the among which is an "Ode to the Cuckoo." Having given
Spanish government to South America in 1754. After Ofrence to his church by writing "Runnimede," a tragedy,
brief explorations of the districts of Cumana and Guiana, (1783,) he removed to London in 1785. There he wrote
he died in 1756. His " Excursion in Spain" ("Iter His- a pamphlet entitled "Review of the Charges against
panicum") was published in 1758 by Linnaeus. Warren Hastings," advocating the cause of Hastings.
Lofn, lofn, or Lov'na, [from lof, "praise," also ]t ]ea to the celebrated trial of Stockdale, his publisher.
" leave," " favour :" compare the German Lob and I'er- Tjjej jn 1788. His sermons were published in 1790, and
laub,\ in the Norse mythology, a goddess, who is espe- are mghiy esteemed.
dally favourable to lovers, by whom she is principally Logan, (JOHN A.,) an American general, born in
worshipped. Power is given to her to unite those who jackson county, Illinois, in February, 1826. He studied
love each other, whatever obstacles may stand in the law pract;sing ;t untji elected to Congress in 1858 and
way. From a root cognate with her name the Swedes |n -n ig6o He raised a regiment in ,§61 and took
derive their forlofaa and the Germans their wrloben, » -n (he dvil war> becoming a major-general at the
signifying to "betroth. ^nd of jS6^ and serving as corps commander from
Lof'tie, (WILLIAM J.,) a British author, born at October, 1863. In 1866 he was elected to Congress
Belfast in 1837. He was assistant chaplain at Chapel as a Radical. He was one of seven members selected,
Royal, Savoy, 1871-95, and on the staff of " Saturday ( March. 2, 1868, to manage the impeachment of Presi
Review" 1874, and of the " National Observer" 1894. • (jent Johnson, and was re-elected to Congress in 1868.
He wrote various works, historical and descriptive, j-[e was elected to the United States Senate in 1871,
including "A History of London," (2 vols., 1883,) an(j re-elected in 1877 and in 1885. Died December
"Westminster Abbey," (1890,) "Inns of Court," 26t i§86. His son, of the same name, bom 186
(1894,) etc. rose to the rank of major in the regular army, fought
Lof'tus, (AUGUSTUS,) LORD, an English diplo- ;n Cuba in 1898, and was killed in battle in the Philip-
matist, was born in 1817, son of the Marquis of Ely. pines in 1899.
cas-4; 9 as*; g hard; g as/' , G, H,K, guttural; N, nasal; K,trUlid; sasz; thasinMir. (J^'See Explanations, p. 23.)
99
LOGAN
"57°
LOKI
Logan, (OLIVE,) an American author, born at
Elmira, New York, in 1839. She became a successful
actress, and was the author of several works on the-
atrical life, etc., also of the comedy " Surf, or Life at
Long Branch."
Logan, (Sir WILLIAM EDMOND,) a distingui*hed geol
ogist, born at Montreal, Canada, in 1798. About 1842
he was appointed to superintend a geological survey of
Canada. He received the gold medal of honour at the
Paris Industrial Exhibition of 1855, and in 1856 the
Wollaston palladium medal. He died June 22, 1875.
Logau, von, fon lo'gow, (FKIEDRICH,) BARON, a Ger-
man poet, born in Silesia in 1604. He passed the latter
part of his life in the service of the Duke of Liegnitr,
and died in 1655, leaving a great number of epigrams,
which were highly praised by Lessing and are remark-
able for irony and pathos.
Loges, des, d& lozh, MADAME, a Protestant French
lady, whose maiden name was MARIE BRUNEAU, (bRu'<
n5',) was born at Sedan about 1584. Her house in Paris
was frequented by Malherbe and other eminent wits,
attracted by the charm of her conversation. Died in 1641.
Log'gan, (DAVID,) an eminent engraver and designer,
born at Dantzic about 1635. He became a resident of
London, where he published Engravings of the Colleges
of Oxford, ("Oxonia Illustrata,") and similar illustra-
tions of those of Cambridge. After the restoration of
1660, he engraved portraits of Charles II., and of many
dukes, earls, prelates, etc. of his time. Died in 1693.
See STRUTT, " Dictionary of Engravers."
Loha'ia, Ibn, ib'n lo-hi'a, or Ibn-Lahia, Tb'n IS-hee'a,
a Moslem doctor, born about 710 A.D. He was appointed
Cadee of Egypt in 771, and died about 790. The tra-
ditions transmitted through him are of great authority
among Egyptians. Silvestre de Sacy attaches importance
to the historical traditions derived from him.
Lohenstein, von, fon lo'en-stin', (DANIEL CASPAR,)
a German writer, born at Nimptsch, in Silesia, in 1635.
He founded a literary school which corrupted the na-
tional taste, and wrote tragedies and other poems. " He
was always tumid," says Hallam, "and striving at some-
thing elevated, so that the ' Lohenstein swell' became a
byword with later critics." (" Introduction to the Litera-
ture of Europe.") Died in 1683.
Loner, von, fon lo'her, (FRANZ,) a Gciman author,
born at Paderborn, October 15, 1818. He studied in
several universities, and travelled extensively in America
and Europe, and afterwards received a professorship at
Munich. He published "Princes and Towns of the
Times of the Hohenstaufens," (1846,) "History of the
Germans in America," (1848,) "Naples and Sicily,"
(1864,) "A Reckoning with France," (1870,) "Nature
and History of Alsace," (1871,) " Voyages on the Coasts
of Greece," (1876,) and descriptions of his travels in the
Canary Islands, Cyprus, etc. Died in 1892.
Lbhr or Loehr, IOR, (JOHANN ANDREAS CHRISTIAN,)
a German writer, born at Halberstadt in 1764, published
several popular works for children. Died in 1823.
Lohurasp, lo'hoo-risp', written also Lohraap, a
Persian king, who was (according to the " Shah Nameh")
the father of Gushtasp. He is supposed to have reigned
about 550 B.C. According to the Arabian chronicles,
his army took Jerusalem.
Loir, IwaR, ( NICOLAS PIERRE,) a skilful French
painter, born in I'aris in 1624. After a visit to Rome,
he returned in 1649, was received as Academician in
1663, and was patronized by Louis XIV., who gave him
a pension of four thousand francs. He worked with
facility, and was successful in history and landscapes.
The picture of "Cleobis and Biton drawing the Chariot
of their Mother" is called his master-piece. He etched
about one hundred and fifty pieces of his own and of
other artists. Died in 1679.
His brother ALEXIS, born about 1640, had a high
reputation as an engraver. He engraved several works
of Poussin, Lebrun, etc. Died at Paris in 171 -5.
Loiseau de Mauleou, IwJ'zo' deh mo'li'oN', (ALEX-
ANDRE JEROME,) an eloquent French advocate, born in
Paris in 1728. He was a friend of Rousseau, who ad-
vised him to defend good causes exclusively. " He fol-
lowed my counsel," says Rousseau, "and has found the
advantage of it. His defence of M. de Fortes is worthy
of Demosthenes." Died in 1771.
See ROUSSEAU, "Confessions."
Loisel, Iwa'zel', (ANTOINE,) a French jurist, born at
Beauvais in 1536. He wrote, besides other legal works,
"Institutes coutumieres," (1607,) a treatise on common
law. Died in 1617.
Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, IwlzlUR'da'lAN'shoN',
(AtiGUSTE Louis ARMAND,) a French Orientalist, born
in Paris in 1805, gave special attention to the Sanscrit
His most important work is "The Book of the Laws of
Manu," (" Manava-Dharma-Sastra," 1832.) Died in 1840.
Loiseleur - Deslongchamps, (JEAN Louis AU-
GUSTS,) a French botanist, born at Dreux in 1775, was
the father of the preceding. He obtained a diploma as
physician in 1805. Among his works are a " Flora Gal-
lica," (2 vols., 1806-7,) a"d " Le Nouveau Duhamel," or
"Treatise on Trees and Shrubs cultivated in the Open
Air in France," (7 vols., 1812-19.) Died in 1849.
Loison, Iwa'zoN', (Louis HENRI,) a French general
of division, born in Lorraine about 1770, received the
grand cross of honour for his conduct at Austerlir/
(1805.) Died in 1816.
Lojsalfar. See ELVES.
Lok or Loke. See LOKI.
Loki, lo'ke, or Loke, lo'keh, written also Lok, [from
i he old Norse logi, (Gcr. Lohe,) "flame," allied to the
Latin luc-eo, to "shine," and to the Scottish lug, "fire;"
probably so named because he united the subtlety and
untrustworthiness (or treachery) of fire with its destroy-
ing properties,] in the Norse mythology, the god of evil
and deceit, corresponding in the main with the Ahriman
of the Zoroastrians. He is of Jotun (giant) descent, but
was received among the gods, and in the beginning was
a foster-brother of Odin. From his association with the
Msh, he is often styled AsA-LoKl or ASALOKE. I le is
called by various appellations ; among others, the Slan-
derer or Accuser, — epithets exactly corresponding to the
Greek &«&>>of, (Latin Diafolus.) He is the enemy and
mocker, as well as tempter, of gods and men. As proof
of his subtlety, he often changed his sex, assuming on
different occasions the form of a mare, a cow, an old
woman, etc., as well as that of the gods. The ;Usir often
made use of his cunning and strength ; but still more
frequently they had cause to rue those very powers em-
ployed against themselves. Professor Petersen furnishes
perhaps the most philosophical and most satisfactory
account of Loki and his various attributes that can any-
where be found. Among other things, he observes thai
"Asaloke forms an antagonism (modsatning) to all the
other gods. He is the (principle of] evil exerting itself
in every direction. 1 le runs in the veins of mankind as
sensuality. He is the destructive [power] of nature in
air, in fire, and in water. In the bosom of the earth |he
shows himself] as volcanic fire ; in the sea as a devour-
ing serpent ; in the lower world ( underverdfn ) as pale
Death. He is not confined to any one part of nature,
but, like Odin, pervades it all. . . . And all that he is
in [external] nature, the same is he in the mind of man :
shrewdness, but also cunning and falsehood at the same
time ; spirit, but likewise craft, deceit, and malice. . . .
And in each of these forms he continually becomes worse
and worse ; according to the old proverb, that 'every-
thing grows worse as it grows older.'" ("Nordisk My-
olojTj," pp. 355-6.)
Through the deceitful malice of Loki, Balder, the
beautiful and good, was slain by the hand of his blind
brother Hoder. (See BALDER.) By the female Jotun
Angurboda, Loki was the father of the wolf Fenrir, of
the World-Serpent, (or Midgard's Ormr,) and of Hela,
the goddess of death. He is also fabled to have been (by
a change of sex) the dam of the horse Sleipnir. The
^Jsir, exasperated on account of the death of Balder,
determined at length to take vengeance on Loki. He
had fled to the mountains, and there built himself a
house which was open on four sides, whence he could
see everything that happened throughout the world. By
day he often transformed himself into a salmon, and hid
himself in a waterfall. The gods, learning his hiding.
a,e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscurt; far, fill, lit; met; n6t;good; moon;
LOKMAN
LOMBARD
place, attempted to catch him with a net ; he sprang
jver the net, but Thor caught him by the tail. This is
the reason, we are told, why the salmon has so thin and
pointed a tail. Having thus captured Loki, the gods
bound him with magic cords to three sharp stones. A
venomous snake was then hung above his head, so that
the poison might continually drip on his face. But his
faithful wife Sigyn (sig'in) stands by him and catches the
falling venom in a cup. When the cup is full, while she
is emptying it the poison falls upon his face, which makes
him howl with anguish and writhe his body so that the
whole earth trembles. Loki will break loose from his
bonds at Ragnarock,» (the " twilight or evening of the
gods,") when he will become the leading spirit among
the enemies of the ./Esir. He is not only the leader of
Fenrir and the other progeny of evil, but he is said
to steer the fatal ship Naglfar which conveys the sons
of Muspel over the ocean. In the final conflict he will
encounter Heimdall, and they will slay each other. Frey
falls under the sword of Surt. Tyr slays and is slain by
the dog Garm. Odin is devoured by the wolf Fenrir,
which in turn is killed by Vidar. Thor slays the world-
serpent, but dies immediately afterwards from the effects
of its venom. Then Surt scatters fire over the earth,
and the whole world is consumed. (See FENRIR.) We
are told, however, that this destruction is not to last
forever. A new earth, forever green and beautiful, will
rise out of the sea. Vali and Vidar (the slayer of Fen-
rir) will survive the conflagration, and will be joined by
Modi and Magni, the sons of Thor and Balder, and
Hoder will return from the realms of Hela. The sun
before her destruction bore a daughter more beautiful
than herself. As successor to her mother, she will pursue
her appointed path through the renovated world. A new
race shall fill the earth, and all evil come to an end.
See KEYSER, " Religion of the Northmen," translated by PEN-
NOCK, pp. 101-104: THORPE, "Northern Mythology," vol. i. : MAL-
LET, "Northern Antiquities," vol. ii.. Fable XVI., also XXX. to
XXXIII. inclusive: PETERSEN, " Nordisk Mythologi."
Lokmaii or Locman, lok'mln', written also Loq-
man, an ancient Arabian sage, celebrated for his wis-
dom, and supposed to be the author of a collection of
popular Oriental fables. He is mentioned in the Koran,
and is regarded as a contemporary of David and Solo-
mon. One Arabian writer tells us that Lokman (who is
called " the oldest sage") was an Abyssinian slave be-
longing to an Israelite in the time of King David, and
that he was a tailor by trade. Another writer says he
had read more than 10,000 wise sayings and maxims, but
none finer than those of Lokmin. It is related that
Lokman, being asked whence he had learned his wisdom,
replied, " From the blind, who do not set down their
feet until they know the place ;" and when asked from
whom he had learned good manners, he said, " From
the ill-mannered, because I avoid everything offensive
in them." Coincident traditions suggest the possible, if
not probable, identity of Lokman and jEsop. " Many
passages of his history," says Silvestre de Sacy, " seem
evidently borrowed from the life of ^*Esop." " Nothing
in his fables is characteristic of Arabian genius ; and
they have received the name of LokmSn only because
he was renowned for wisdom." They were edited and
translated into Latin by Erpenius in 1615.
See HAMMER-PURGSTALL, " Literaturgeschichte der Araber."
vol. i. p. 31 et uq.
Lola Montez, lo'la mon'tgr, (MARIA DOLORES FOR-
Ris GILBERT,) a famous female adventurer, was born
about 1820, at Limerick. At an early age she made her
dibut at Paris as a danseuse, and by her beauty and
genius attracted many admirers. About 1846 she went
to Munich, where she captivated the king, Louis, who
gave her the title of Countess of Lansfeld. After several
ministers had been discarded by her influence, her
enemies prevailed in 1848, and she retired from Bavaria.
She was afterwards married twice, and lived in England
and the United States, where she lectured with success
in various cities. She published a volume of lectures,
and was the reputed author of a work called "The Arts
• Derived, according to Keyser, from Regin, the " ruling powers,"
ind hence "gods," and Riktr, "darkness," also " twilight."
of Beauty, or Secrets of a Lady's Toilet." She died in
New York in 1861.
See " Eraser's Magazine" for January, 1848.
Loll, lo'lee, (LORENZO,) an Italian painter and en-
graver, born at Bologna in 1612, was a pupil of Guido
Reni. His most admired works are etchings, after Guido,
Sirani, etc. Died in 1691.
Lonard or Lol'hard, (WALTER,) a person of whom
we have little information, except that he was burned
to death as a heretic at Cologne in 1322. His followers
or fellow-believers, called " Lollards," were a numerous
sect in England many years after his death. Their doc-
trines appear to have been similar to those of the Prot-
estants. The term Lollard was applied to the disciple*
of Wickliffe by their opponents. In the reign of Henry
V. (1414) the Lollards were persecuted, and revolted
without success. (See COBHAM, LORD.)
Lolli, lol'lee, (ANTONIO,) an Italian violinist, born at
Bergamo in 1728; died in 1802.
Lolli-a Pau-li'na, a Roman empress, whose beauty
captivated Caligula. She was married to him in 38 A.D.,
but was soon discarded by the capricious emperor. She
was put to death in 49 A.D. by the order of Agrippina,
who was prompted to this act by jealousy.
Lol-U-a'nus, [AoUtavof,] a Greek sophist and writer
on rhetoric, born at Ephesus, lectured at Athens in th«
reign of Hadrian, (117-138 A.D.)
See KAYSER, " P. Hordeonius Lollianus geschildert," etc., 1841.
Lollio, lol'le-o, (ALBERTO,) an Italian orator and
poet, born at Florence in 1508. He published elegant
orations and letters, and several poems, among which is
"Arethusa," a pastoral drama, (1563.) Died in 1568.
Lolll-us, (M.,) a Roman general in the service of
Augustus. He was defeated in Gaul by the Germans in
16 B.C. Died in 3 A.D.
Lolme. See DE LOLME.
Lom'ax, (JOHN TAYLOE,) an American lawyer, born
in Virginia in 1781, was appointed in 1826 professor of
law in the University of Virginia. Died Oct. 10, 1862.
Lomazzo, lo-mat'so, (GIOVANNI PAOLO,) an Italian
painter and able writer on art, was born at Milan in
1538. He was appointed by Cosimo de' Medici keeper
of his vast gallery of pictures in Florence. He was
versed in belles-lettres and various sciences, and ac-
quired a profound theoretical and practical knowledge
of the fine arts. Having become blind in the prime of
life, he composed his "Trattato della Pittura," (1584,)
" the most complete treatise on painting," says the " Bio-
graphic Universelle," "that has hitherto appeared." Hfe
praises were sung by the first Italian poets of his time.
He also published " Idea (or Image) of the Temple of
Painting," ("Idea del Tempio della Pittura," 1591.)
Died about 1600.
See LANZI, "History of Painting in Italy;" WINCKKLHAHK,
" Neues Mahler- Lexikon :" TICOZZI, "Dizionario."
Lombard, IdNTiiR', (CLAUDE ANTOINE,) a French
surgeon, born at Dole in 1741; died in 1811.
Lombard, (JEAN Louis,) a French artillerist, born
at Strasburg in 1723, was learned in languages, etc. He
published a translation of Robins's " Principles of Ar-
tillery," (1783,) and other esteemed works on gunnery.
Died in 1794.
Lombard. lom'baRt, (JoHANN WILHELM,) a Prus-
sian politician, born at Berlin about 1767. He was ap-
pointed minister of foreign affairs about 1800. He
favoured the French interest by promoting the neutrality
in which Prussia persisted until 1806. Died in 1812.
Lombard, ^N^IR', [Lat. LOMBAR'DUS,] (LAMBERT,)
an excellent Flemish painter and architect, born at Liege
about 1500. He studied in Italy under Andrea del Sarto,
and returned to his native city. In his school of design
were formed several eminent artists, among whom was
Frans Floris. His style is Italian. Among his master-
pieces is an oil-painting of the " Last Supper." Died in
1565.
See VASARI, "Lives of the Painters:" DOMINICUS LAMPSONICS,
(or LAMPSON,) " Lambertt Lombard! apud Eburones Pictoris celebe*
rimi Vita," 1565.
Lombard, (PETER.) See PETER LOMBARD.
Lombard, (THEODORE,) a French poet, born at An-
nonay in 1699; died about 1770.
i; 5 as »; g hard; g as/; G, H, K. guttural; N, nasal: R, trilled; s as *; th as in this. ( JEg="See Explanations, p. 3>)
LOMBARD
LOMONOSOF
Lombard de Langrea, 16NTDSR' deh loNgR, (VIN-
CENT,) a French litterateur, born at Langres about 1765.
He wrote "Neslie," (1798.) and other poems, and "Me-
moirs of the French Revolution," (2 vols., 1823.) Died
in 1830.
Lombard!, lom-baR'dee, (ALFONSO,) an Italian sculp-
tor, was born at Ferrara in 1487. He had an excellent
talent for portraits. Among his works were portraits of
Bembo, Ariosto, and Charles V., and a group in terra
cotta representing the "Death of the Virgin." Dier1
in 1536.
" Lombard!, (GIOVANNI DOMENICO,) called L'OMINO,
an Italian painter, born at Lucca in 1682 ; died in 175*.
Lombardi, (GlROLAMO,) an Italian sculptor, born at
Ferrara, lived about 1550. He was employed, under the
direction of Sansovino, on the church of San Marco,
Venice.
Lombardi, (GIROLAMO,) an Italian philologist, born
at Verona in 1707 ; died in 1792.
Lombardo, lom-baR'do, (PlETRO,) a Venetian archi-
tect and sculptor. He made the monument raised to
Dante at Ravenna in 1482, and designed the church of
Santa Maria de' Miracoli at Venice. Among his works is
the tower for the clock on the Piazza San Marco. Died
about 1520. His sons ANTONIO and TULLIO were able
sculptors and architects. The latter designed the church
of San Salvator, Venice. His finest works as a sculptor
were two marble bas-reliefs in the Chapel del Santo at
Padua. Died in 1559.
Lombardo, (TOMMASO,) an Italian sculptor, bom at
Lugano, lived about 153°-
Lombardus. See LOMBARD, (LAMBERT.)
Lombart, 16N'bSR', (PIERRE.) a French engraver,
born in Paris in 1612. Among his works are twelve
portraits, after Van Dyck, a " Nativity," after Poussm,
and a " Penitent Magdalene," after Titian. Died in 1682
Lombert, IdN'baiR', (PIERRE,) a French translator,
born in Paris, was an associate of the Port-Royalists.
He produced French versions of the works of Saint
Cyprian, (2 vols., 1672,) and of Saint Augustine's "City
of God," (2 vols., 1675.) Died in 1710.
Lombro'so, (C-ESAR,) an Italian anthropologist
born, of Jewish descent, at Venice in 1836. He studied
medicine, and held professorships successively at
Pavia, Pesaro, and the University of Turin. He be-
came a noted authority on insanity and on crime in its
relation to the physical organization. Among his
many works maybe named "Genius and Insanity,"
(1864,) " Microcephalism and Cretinism," (1873,)
"The Man of Genius," (1888,) and "The Female
Offender," (1895.) His greatest work, " L'Homme
Criminel," (1875,) unfolds his theory of congenital
tendency to crime.
Lomeier, lo'mT'er, written also Lomeir, (JAN,) a
learned Dutch philologist, born at Zutphen in 1636. He
became minister of the church in that town in 1674, and
professor of belles-lettres there in 1686. He published
a curious treatise " On Libraries," (" De Bibliothecis,"
1669,) and a work on ancient history and philology, en-
titled "Dierum Genialium." Died in 1699.
See SAX, "Onomasticon."
Lomenie, de, deh lo'mi'ne', (HENRI AUGUSTE,)
Count de Brienne, a French statesman, born in Paris in
1594. At the age of twenty he obtained the reversion
of the office of secretary of state, which his father had
held. In 1624 he was sent to England to draw up the
articles of the marriage between Henrietta of France
and the Prince of Wales. He retired from office in 1661,
and died in 1666.
Lomenie, de, (Louis HENRI,) Count de Brienne, the
son of the preceding, was born in 1635. About the age
of twenty-six he resigned the office of secretary of foreign
affairs, and became a priest of the Oratory. He wrote
poems, memoirs, and other works, which have some
literary merit. He was expelled from the order of the
Oratory for eccentric or improper conduct, and was
deranged many years. Died in 1698.
See " Me'moires de L-. H. de Lomenie," 2 vols., 1720.
Lomenie, de, (Louis LEONARD,) a French author,
born in Haute-Vienne in 1818. He began his literary
career by a series of biographies, entitled "Gallery of
Illustrious Contemporaries, by a Man of no Account,"
(" Galerie des Contemporains illustres, par un Ilomme
de Rien," 10 vols., 1840-47,) which procured for him an
honourable reputation for good taste, discretion, and
other merits. Many of these biographies have been
published separately. Among his works is " Beaumar-
chais and his Times : Studies on French Society," (j
vols., 1855.) Died April 2, 1878.
Lomenie de Brienne, de, deh lo'ma'ne' deh bRe'eV,
(firiENNF. CHARLES,) a French cardinal and minister of
state, born in Paris in 1727. He was appointed Arch-
bishop of Toulouse in 1763. In 1770 he was elected to
the French Academy. In May, 1787, he succeeded
Calonne as contrMeur-glniral of finances, without abili-
ties adequate to the crisis. An exciting contest arose
between the court and the Parliament of Paris, which
was exiled from the capital and deprived of political
power. In 1788 he was invested with the title of prime
minister and made Archbishop of Sens. In this year,
yielding to the importunate appeals of the people, then
in a state of great excitement, he convoked the States-
General for May, 1789. Having been so unsuccessful as
a financier that he was compelled to suspend payments,
he was dismissed on the 24th of August, 1788, and Necker
became premier. He was one of those in the new regime
who took the oath as a constitutional bishop. Died in
'794-
See DROZ, " Histoire du Regne de Louis XVI :" " Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Ge"nirale."
Lomi, lo'mee, (ARTEMISIA,) an Italian painter, born
at Pisa in 1590, was a daughter of Orazio Lomi, and a
pupil of Guido. She had a high reputation as a portrait-
painter, and painted some historical works, among which
is "Judith and Holofernes." She died in London or
Naples about 1644.
Lomi, (AURELIO,) an Italian painter, born at Pisa in
1556, is called one of the chiefs of the school of Pisa.
He painted frescos and oil-paintings in Rome, Genoa,
Florence, Pisa, etc. Among his admired works are a
Saint Jerome and "Adoration of the Magi." Died in 1622.
See LANZI, " History of Painting in Italy ;" BALDINUCCI, " No-
tizie "
Lomi, (BACCIO,) an Italian painter, an ancle of the
preceding, born at Pisa, lived about 1570-1600. He
worked at Pisa with success, and founded a school.
Lomi, (ORAZIO,) an Italian painter, called GENTI-
LESCHI, a brother of Aurelio, noticed above, was born
at Pisa about 1563. He worked in Rome, where he was
employed by Agostino Tassi to paint figures. About
1623 he removed to London, where he was patronized
by Charles I. Among his works are a "Repose in
Egypt," and an "Assumption." Died in London in 1646.
Lomm, lorn, [Lat. LOM'MIUS,] (JossE,) one of the
most skilful physicians of his rime, was born at Buren,
in Holland, in 1500. He practised at Tournai and at
Brussels, whither he removed about 1557. In his "Medi-
cinal Observations" (" Observationes Medicinales," 1560)
many diseases are accurately described. He wrote other
works, in Latin of uncommon purity. Died after 1562.
Lommius. See LOMM.
Lomonoaof, Lomonossov, Lomonoaov, or Lom-
onosow, lom-o-no'sof, (MICHAEL VASILIEVITCH,) a cele-
brated Russian poet, born at or near Kolmogory, in the
government of Archangel, in 1711, is called the father
of modern Russian literature. He was the son of a serf,
whom he assisted in the business of a fisherman until
his thirst for knowledge led him to Moscow, and thence
to Saint Petersburg, in 1734. He became learned in an-
cient and modern languages and in abstract and natural
sciences. In 1746 he was appointed professor of chem-
istry, and in 1760 rector of the gymnasium and Uni-
versity of Saint Petersburg. He rendered the Russian
language more polished and more rich by his multifarious
productions, in prose and verse, on grammar, history,
chemistry, rhetoric, etc. His poem entitled " Petriade"
(an unfinished epic, of which Peter the Great is the
hero) is one of his most popular works. He also pro-
a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, till, fit ; m£t; n&t ; good; moon;
HENRY \VAI>S\VORTH LONGFELLOW.
LONDE
1573
LONGFELLOW
• duced two volumes of odes, religious and secular, and
an abridged " History of Russia." He was made council-
lor of state in 1764. Died in 1765. Polevoi has published
a work entitled "M. V. Lomonossov," (1836,) which is
said to be a biography blended with fiction.
See, also, G. GKITLIN, " Dissertatio de Mentis literariis Lomo-
nossovii," 1829; " Nouvelle Biographic Generale ;" ' Foreign Quar-
terly Review" for July, 1839.
Londe, 16.Nd, (CHARLES,) a French medical writer,
born at Caen in 1798. His "Elements of Hygiene"
(1827) has been frequently translated. Died in 1862.
Londe, de la, deh IS 16.Nd, (FRANCOIS RICHARD,) a
French poet, born at Caen in 1685 ; died in 1765.
LonderseeL, lon'der-saT, (AssuR,) a Dutch landscape-
painter and engraver, born at Amsterdam in 155°-
Londerseel, van, vin lon'der-sal', (JAN,) a Flemish
engraver, born at Bruges about 1580.
Lon'don-der'rf, (CHARLES WILLIAM STEWART,)
third MARQUIS OF, born in Dublin in 1778, was a son
of Robert the first Marquis, and a half-brother of Lord
Castlereagh. His mother was a daughter of Lord Chan-
cellor Camden. He entered the army in 1793, became
colonel and aide-de-camp to the king in 1803, and dis-
tinguished himself in Portugal under Sir John Moore.
He served as adjutant-general under Sir Arthur Wei-
lesley for several years in the Peninsula. In 1813 Sir
Charles was envoy-extraordinary to the court of Berlin,
and was officially attached to the head-quarters of Ber-
nadotte. Much importance is ascribed to the efforts
and menaces by which he induced Bernadotte to co-
operate with the allies at Leipsic. He was raised to the
peerage, as Lord Stewart, in 1814. and was one of the
plenipotentiaries sent by England to the Congress of
Vienna in 1815. Having married a daughter and heiress
of Sir Harry Vane Tempest in 1819, he assumed the
name of Vane. He succeeded his half-brother as Mar-
quis of Londonderry in 1822, and obtained the rank of
general in 1837. He was author of a " History of the
Peninsular War," (1813.) He died in 1854.
Londonderry, MAROUIS OF. See CASTLEREAGH.
Hopkinton, New Hampshire, in 1784. About 1816 he
set out on a tour for exploring the western frontier from
Texas to the sources of the Mississippi, and published in
1824 his " Expedition to the Source of Saint Peter's
River, Lake of the Woods," etc. Died Sept. 4, 1864.
Long, Le. See LELONG.
Lon'gard de Longgarde, (DORETHEA,) an Eng-
lish novelist, (bom Gerard,) in Lanarkshire, 1855.
She wrote several novels in conjunction with her sister
Emily, (see GERARD, EMILY,) and, after her marriage
in 1886, a considerable number independently, in-
cluding "A Queen of Curds and Cream," (1892,)
"A Forgotten Sin," (1898,) etc.
Longepierre, de, deh IdNzh'pe-aiR', (HILAIRE BER-
NARD DE REQUELEYNE,) BARON, a French poet, born at
Dijon in 1658. He was an excellent Greek scholar, and
produced poetical versions of Anacreon, Sappho, Bion,
and Moschus. His tragedy of " Medea," says Voltaire,
although too full of declamation, is superior to Corneille's
"Medea." Died in 1721.
Longet, lAN'zhi', (FRANgois ACHILLE,) a French
physician and physiologist, born at Saint-Germain-en-
Laye in 1811. He published "Anatomy and Physiology
of the Nervous System," (2 vols., 1843-46,) and a " Com-
plete Treatise on Physiology," (1850-55.) He became
consulting physician of the emperor. Died in 1871.
Long'fel-low, (HENRY WADSWORTH,) an eminent
American poet and scholar, born at Portland (Maine)
the 27th of February, 1807. He graduated at Bowdoin
College in 1825, soon after which he was appointed pro-
fessor of modem languages and literature in that institu-
tion, with the understanding that he should have the
privilege of spending some time in Europe in order more
fully to qualify himself for his new position. He left
home in 1826, and spent four years abroad, chiefly in
France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. In 1835 he suc-
ceeded Mr. George Ticknor in the chair of modern
languages and belles-lettres at Harvard. The same year
! he visited Europe the second time ; and, after making
Londonio, lon-do'ne-o, ( FRANCESCO, ) an Italian an extensive tour through Denmark, Sweden, Germany,
painter of animals, born at Milan in 1723 • died in 1783- etc., he entered upon the duties of his professorship in
Long, (EDWARD,) an English writer, born in Corn- 1838. In 1839 appeared his romance of " Hyperion,"
wall in 1734. He emigrated in 1757 to Jamaica, where apd a collection of his poems, entitled "Voices of the
he was appointed a judge. Having returned to England
in 1769, he published a "History of Jamaica," (1774,)
and several minor works. Died in 1813. . , ,
Long, (GEORGE,) an eminent English scholar and charming drama of " The Spanish Student" appeared
editor, born at Poulton, Lancashire, in 1800. Having! in 1843. This was followed by his "Poets and Poetry
been educated at Cambridge, he became professor of \ of Europe," (1845,) "The Belfry of Bruges, and other
ancient languages in the University of Virginia in 1824, Poems," (1846,) and " Evangeline," (1847,) one of the
and professor of Greek in the London University in most admired of all his productions. It has been pro-
1826. About this time he became a member of the nounced (and we think justly) "the most perfect speci-
Night," which attracted great attention and raised him
at once to the first rank among American poets. In
1841 he published "Ballads, and other Poems:" his
tributed many articles to Smith's "Classical Dictionary," i England Tragedies," (1868,) "The Divine Tragedy,"
edited Cicero's Orations, and published, besides other
works, " France and its Revolutions," (1850,) and "The
Decline of the Roman Republic," (5 vols., 1864-74.) He
translated into English the "Thoughts of the Emperor
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus." He was one of the pro-
fessors in the college at Brighton from 1849 to 1871.
Died August 10, 1879.
Long, (JOHN DAVIS,) an American statesman,
born at Buckfield, Maine, in 1838. He studied law
and practised in Boston, was a member of the Massa-
chusetts legislature 1875-78, (speaker 1876-78,) lieu-
tenant-governor 1879, governor 1880-82, member of
Congress 1883-89, and was appointed secretary of the
navy in McKinley's cabinet 1897.
Long, (ROGER,) F.R.S., an English astronomer, born
in the county of Norfolk in 1680. He became Lowndes
professor of astronomy at Cambridge in 1749, and after-
wards obtained the rectory of Bradwell. He wrote* a
"Treatise on Astronomy," of which the first volume was
published in 1742 and the second in 1764. Died in 1770.
Long, (STEPHEN H.,) an American engineer, born at
(1872,) "Three Books of Song," (1873,) "Aftermath,"
(1874,) "The Hanging of the Crane" and "The Masque
of Pandora," (1875,) " Keramos," (1878,) " Ultima Thule,"
(first part, 1881 ; second part, — " In the Harbour," — 1882.)
A posthumous drama, " Michael Angelo," appeared in
1883. Of his prose writings, besides " Hyperion," al-
ready referred to, we may mention "Outre-Mer : a Pil-
grimage beyond the Sea," (1835,) " Kavanagh," a novel,
(1849,) and his contributions to the "North American
Review." He also published a careful and scholarly
translation of Dante's "Divine Comedy," (3 vols., 1867-
70,) and edited a series of volumes entitled " Poems of
Places." Longfellow resigned his chair at Harvard in
1854, and was succeeded by Lowell. In 1868-69 ne ^v~
elled in Europe, and was everywhere received with
marked attention, the degree of D.C.L. being conferred
on him by the Universities of both Oxford and Cam-
bridge, England. He died at Cambridge, Massachusetts,
March 24, 1882.
As a poet, Longfellow is characterized by tenderness
and depth of feeling, to the expression of which the pic-
turesque and graceful simplicity of his language often
e as k; 9 as j; g hard; g as /; G, H. ^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as i; th as in this. ( J^"See Explanations, p. 23,
LONGFELLOW
'574
LONGOLIUS
Imparts an indescribable charm. He seldom or never
attempts to excite admiration by far-sought conceits, by
wild or lofty flights of imagination, or by the exhibition
of dark and terrible passions. He relies chiefly for his
success on a simple and direct appeal to those sentiments
which are common to all mankind, — to persons of every
rank and of every clime.
It is, in fact, to his command over those feelings which
are universal in the human heart, that we must ascribe
the extraordinary popularity of his Indian story of " Hia-
watha." It is, perhaps, not too much to say that he is
not merely the first but the only writer who has suc-
ceeded in giving a deep and living interest to a story of
Indian life. Restricted as he necessarily was by the
nature of the subject, — by the extreme simplicity, not to
say meagreness, of the character of our aborigines, — he
has yet produced a poem which not only comes home to
the hearts of the masses of the people, but which must ex-
cite the admiration of the cultivated reader who will take
into consideration the inherent difficulties of the task,
and the limits and restrictions which the poet, in selecting
such a subject, had necessarily to impose upon himself.
The form of the verse is in admirable keeping with the
simplicity of the story. " But, unhappily for the poet," as
has been observed, " this is the very measure to attract
the parodist," and, immediately upon the issue of the
poem, countless parodies were made upon it. Those,
however, who can appreciate the intrinsic merits of true
poetry find much that is beautiful and excellent in the
" Song of Hiawatha." Several different translations of
it have been made, — one by the distinguished German
poet Freiligrath, — and it has been read and admired in
every part of Europe.
See ALLfBONH, " Dictionary of Authors :" GRISWOLD, " Poets and
Long'fellow, (SAMUEL,) an American Unitarian
clergyman, brother of the preceding, was born al
Portland, Maine, in 1819. He graduated at Harvard
Divinity School in 1846, and was pastor successively
at Fall River, Brooklyn, and after 1880 at German-
town, Philadelphia. He published "Hymns of the
Spirit." Died October 3, 1892.
Longhena, (BALDASSARE,) an Italian architect,
worked at Venice about 1640.
Longhi. See LUNGHI.
Longhi, lon'gee, (ALESSIO or ALESSANDRO,) a Vene-
tian painter and engraver, born in 1 726 ; died about 1 790.
Longhi, (GIUSEPPE,) a celebrated Italian engraver,
born at Monza, in Lombardy, in 1766. He was a pupi
of Vincenzo Vangelisti. He worked mostly at Milan
where he became professor in the Academy of Fine Arts.
His works are admired for the magical effect of the chiaro-
scuro. He was an excellent draftsman. Among his
master-pieces are "The Marriage of the Virgin," afte
Raphael, "The Magdalene," after Correggio, a " Gala
tea," after Albani, and "The Last Judgment," after Mi
chael Angelo. He published " La Calcographia," (1830,
an able treatise on engraving. Died in 1831.
Longhi, lon'gee, or Luiighi, loon'gee, (LuCA,) an
Italian painter, born at Ravenna in 1507, always residec
in that city. He excelled in portraits, and also paintec
some subjects of sacred history with success. Died in
1580. " His conceptions," says Lanzi, " are sweet, varied
and graceful, with a powerful union of colours." His
daughter BARBARA was also a painter.
Longin. See LONGINUS.
Longino. See LONGINUS.
Longinus. See DLUGOSZ.
Lon-gi'nus, [Gr. A.oyyivof; Fr. LONGIN, 16N'zhaN'; It
LONGINO, lon-jee'no,] a celebrated Greek philosophei
and critic, was born probably in Syria, and flourishec
in the third century. Some ancient writers call hin
LONGINUS CASSIUS, or DIONYSIUS CASSIU& LONGINUS
He was a pupil of his uncle Phronto of Emesa, and was
a Platonist in philosophy. He opened at Athens a
school of philosophy and rhetoric, which became ver
celebrated. The famous Porphyry was one of his pupils
After passing many years at Athens, he accepted the
nvitation of Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, to reside at
er court He taught her Greek, and served her as
ouncillor or prime minister during her war against Au-
elian, Emperor of Rome. The latter, having captured
'almyra, put Longinus to death in 273 A.D. Longinus
'as the first to whom was applied the phrase, often re-
eated since, "a living library," and is considered the
reatest philosopher of his age. He wrote many critical
nd philosophical works, none of which have come down
o us except his admirable " Treatise on the Sublime,"
IIcp2 Tfyotif,) which Boileau translated into French and
ailed a " master-piece of good sense, learning, and elo-
uence." Some writers, however, have doubted — but witb
ittle reason, it would seem — whether Longinus was the
eal author of this work. (See, on this subject, the arti-
le " Longin" in the " Nouvelle Biographic Generale.")
It has been truly said that to be a good critic one must
>e something of a poet. This qualification Longinus
lossessed in a pre-eminent degree. Pope, addressing
im, says,
"Thee, bold Longinus ! all the Nine inspire,
And bless their critic with a poet's fire ;
An ardent judge, who, zealous in his trust,
With warmth gives sentence, yet is always just ;
Whose own example strengthens all his laws,
And is himself that great sublime he draws."
Essay on Criticism, part lii
Of Longinus's " Treatise on the Sublime," several good
French translations have been made, — one by the cele-
rated critic and poet Boileau, (1674.) It has also been
ranslated into German by Schlosser, and into English
>y \V. Smith.
See D. RUHNKBN, " Dissertatio de Vita et Scriptis Longini,"
776; P. EKEKMAN, " Dissertatio de D. Longino Cassio," 1750;
^ VAUCHER, "fitudes critiques sur la TraitiS du Sublime et sur
es ficrits de Longin," 1854; "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale;"
' Monthlv Review" for May, 1779.
Long'land or Lang'land, (JOHN,) an English bishop,
>orn at Henley in 1473. 'He became confessor to Henry
VIII., and Bishop of Lincoln, in 1520. On the question
of the divorce of Queen Catherine he gave the king
such counsels as were most agreeable to the latter. His
sermons were published. Died in 1547.
Longland, Langelande or Langley, (WILLIAM,) an
early English poet, a native of Shropshire, was a con-
temporary of Chaucer, and a disciple of Wickliffe. He
ras the reputed author of a celebrated poem called the
Visions of Piers Plowman," (1369.) It is a satire
directed against the vices of the clergy and other pro-
iessions, and displays considerable fancy and originality.
Long'man, (THOMAS NORTON,) an English merchant
and publisher, born about 1770, was honourably and
widely known as the head of the great publishing-firm
of Longman & Company, Paternoster Row, London.
He published works for Scott, Wordsworth, and Thomas
Moore. Died in 1842.
Lougmuir, long'mur, (JOHN,) LL.D., a Scottish Free
Church clergyman, born near Stonehaven, November 13,
1803. He graduated at Marischal College, Aberdeen,
in 1825. Besides many volumes of prose and verse, he
prepared several dictionaries, and was one of the editors
of " Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary." Died May 7, 1883.
Longobardi lon-go-baa'dee, (NiccoL6,) a Jesuit,
born in Sicily in 1565. He went to China as a mission-
ary in 1596, and wrote a "Treatise on Confucius and his
Doctrine," (" De Confucio ejusque Doctrina Tractatus. )
Leibnitz published a new edition of this work, with notes.
Died at Pekin in 1655.
Lougoliua. See LONGUEIL.
Longoliua, long-go'le-us, (JoHANN DANIEL,) a Ger-
man scientific writer, born at Meissen in 1677 ; died in
1740.
Longolius, (PAUL DANIEL,) a learned German writer,
born near Dresden in 1704. He was rector of the gym-
nasium of Hof for forty-four years, and was one of the
editors of the "German Encyclopaedia, or Universal
Lexicon," of Zedler, (Leipsic, 1731-5°-) He also Pub"
lished editions of Pliny the Younger, and of Aulus
Gellius. Died in 1779.
See G. W. KIRSCH, " Vier Programme von P. D. Longoli) Leben,"
1770-81: "Life of Longolius," prefixed to his "Notitia Hermun-
tlorum maximzque Partis Germaniz," by ERNESTI, 1793.
a, £, 5, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, ?, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; n&t; good; moon ;
L ONGOMONTAN
1575
LONJ
Longomontan. See LONGOMONTANUS.
Longomontanus, lon'go-mon-ta'nus, [Fr. LONGO-
MONTAN, loN'go'moN'tON', ] (CHRISTIAN,) a Danish
astronomer, born in 1562 at Langsberg, (Jutland,) of
which place he assumed the name, Latinizing it, accord-
ing to the custom of the time. He was the son of a
poor labourer, whose family name was SEVERIN. He
obtained the favour of Tycho Brahe, whom he assisted
in calculations and observations at Huen, or Hoene,
from 1589 to 1597. From 1605 to 1645 he was professor
of mathematics in the Academy of Copenhagen. He
died in 1647. Among his principal works are "First
Part of a Mathematical System," (" Systematis Mathema-
tici Pars I.," 1611,) "Danish Astronomy," (" Astronomia
Danica," 1622,) " Pentas Problematum Philosophise,"
(1623,) and "Invention of the Quadrature of the Circle."
Longperier, de, deh 16N'pa're-i', (HENRI ADRIEN
PREVOST,) a French antiquary, born in Paris in 1816,
wrote treatises on numismatics, etc. Died in 1882.
Long'street, (AUGUSTUS BALDWIN,) son of William,
noticed below, was born in Augusta, Georgia, in 1790.
He became a minister of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, and was appointed president of the South Caro-
lina College in 1857. He died September 9, 1870.
Longstreet, (JAMES,) an able American general, born
in South Carolina in 1821, graduated at West Point in
1842. He served in the Mexican war, (1846-47,) and
was breveted major for his conduct at Molino del Rey.
In 1852 he obtained the rank of captain. He resigned
his commission about June, 1861, commanded a brigade
in the Confederate army at Bull Run, July 21, and be-
came a major-general soon after that date. He took
part in the battles near Richmond in May and June,
1862, and commanded the right wing of General Lee's
army at Antietam, September 17. Having been raised
to the rank of lieutenant-general, he commanded a corps
at the battle of Gettysburg, July 2-3, 1863. In the Sep-
tember ensuing he joined the army of General Bragg,
under whom he served at Chickamauga, September 19-
20. He commanded a force which General Bragg sent
against Burnsirle in October, 1863 ; and he attempted to
take Knoxville in November, without success. In the
battle of the Wilderness, May 6, 1864, he was severely
wounded, but resumed his command during the siege of
Petersburg. At the close of the war he unreservedly
accepted the situation, and was subsequently appointed
by President Grant surveyor of the port of New Orleans.
In 1880-81 he was minister to Turkey. He subse-
quently became United States marshal for Georgia,
and in 1897 was made a commissioner of railroads.
Longstreet, (WILLIAM,) an American inventor, bom
in New Jersey, removed to Georgia. He obtained a
patent for an irnprovernfent in the cotton-gin. Died in
1814.
Lougueil, de, deh loN'guI' or loN'guh'ye, [Lat. LON
GO'LIUS,] (CHRiSTOPHE,) an eminent French scholar,
born at Malines in 1490. He practised law in Paris,
and was chosen conseiller au parlcmcnt. Afterwards he
removed to Padua, and devoted himself to literature.
He was one of the Latin scholars whose fastidious purity
Erasmus ridiculed in his "Ciceronianus," and who
affected to use no terms which were not found in Cicero's
works. He was author of discourses against Luther, of
"Letters to Bembo and Sadolet," etc. Died in 1522.
See POLUS. " Vita Longnlii :" PAOLO GIOVIO, " Elogia Virorum
illustrium;" NICERON, "Me"moires;" FOPPENS, "Bibhotheca Bel-
gica."
Longueil, de, deh loN'guI', [Lat LONGO'LIUS,] (GIL-
BERT,) a Dutch philologist, born at Utrecht in 1507. He
taught school at Deventer and Cologne, and practised
medicine. He published a " Latin-Greek Lexicon,"
("533.) and notes on Ovid, Plautus, and Cicero. Died
at Cologne in 1543.
Longueil, de, (JOSEPH,) a French engraver, born at
Givet in 1736; died in 1792.
Longuemar, de, deh 16Ng'miR', ( ALPHONSE LE
Toi'RE,) a French geologist and antiquary, born at
Saint-Dizier about 1800; died in 1881.
Longuerue, de, deh loNg'ru', (Louis DUFOUR,
ABBE, a French ecclesiastic, eminent for learning, was
languages, history, philosophy, etc., and wrote many
works, but published none. His friends, however, pub-
lished for him an "Essay on the Antiquities of Chaldea
and Egypt," "Description of France, Ancient and Mod-
ern," (1719,) "Annals of the Arsacidae," (1732,) and
other works. Died in 1733.
See MORRRI, " Dictionnaire Historique," edition of 1759; "Nou-
velle Biographie Ge'ne'rale."
Longueval, 16Ng\ll', (JACQUES,) a French Jesuit
born near Peronne in 1680. He taught rhetoric and
theology in various colleges, and was author of the first
eight volumes of a "History of the Galilean Church,"
(1730-49,) which was continued by Fontenay and others.
Died in 1735.
Longueviile,
l', (EDME PAUL MARCELLIN,) a
French Hellenist, born in Paris in 1785 ; died in 1855.
Longueville, de, deh IdNg'vel', (ANNE GENEVIEVE
de Bourbon - Conde — deh booR'bdN' kAN'dk', )
DUCHESS, a French lady, distinguished for beauty, tact,
and talent, was born at Vincennes in 1619. She was a
sister of the great Conde, and was married to the Due
de Longueville, noticed below, in 1642. The enmity
between the parliaments and Mazarin gave rise to the
faction or conspiracy of the Fronde, of which she became
the heroine. Her nonchalance and languor were agree-
ably diversified by surprising and splendid awakenings
of genius. She exercised great influence over the chiefs
of the Fronde, and had a liaison with La Rochefou-
cauld, who was one of the leaders of that party. When
her husband and brothers were imprisoned by'Mazarin
in 1650, she escaped to Stenay, the head-quarters of
Turenne, whom she induced to join the party of the
Fronde. With his aid she effected the release of her
three friends in 1651, and returned to Paris in triumph.
Peace was made between the Frondeurs and the court
in 1659, after which she ceased to meddle with politics.
She became devout, and spent much time in her latter
years at the cloister of Port-Royal. Cardinal Mazarin
once said, "We have three women in France who would
be competent to govern or overturn three great king-
doms, namely, the Duchess de Longueville, the Princess
Palatine, ana the Duchess de Chevreuse." Died in 1679.
See BOURGOING Dtl VrLLEFORE, "Vie de Madame de Loneue-
ville," 1738: V. COUSIN, "La Jeuncsse de Mme, de Longueville,"
1853; LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, "Me'moires;" " Nouvelle Biographic
Ge'ne'rale."
Longueville, de, (CHARLES PARIS D'ORLEANS,)
Due, a son of the preceding, born in Paris in 1640,
inherited the brilliant qualities of his mother. He served
in the army of his uncle the Prince of Conde, and was
killed at the passage of the Rhine in 1672, when the
Polish deputies were on their way to offer him the crown
of Poland.
Longueville, de, (HENRI,) Due, a French general,
born in 1595, was the son of Henri d'Orleans, a prince
of the blood, and was a grand-nephew of Henry IV. In
the reign of Louis XIII. he distinguished himself by
military exploits in Italy, etc. He married the sister of
the Prince of Conde in 1642, and supported the party of
the latter in the time of the Fronde. Died in 1663.
Lon'guB, [Aoyyoc,] a Greek sophist or author, of whom
little or nothing is known. He is supposed to have lived
in the fourth or fifth century of our era, and to have been
the author of an ingenious prose romance entitled
Iloifievuai TO Kara bntyviv Ko2 XyiwTV, (" Pastorals relating
to Daphnis and Chloe,") sometimes called "Loves of
Daphnis and Chloe." It is admired for a charming,
elegant style, and other literary merits. In 1810 Paul
Louis Courier found at Florence a manuscript of Longus
which supplied a hiatus of all the other manuscripts.
He published a complete edition of the original and a
corrected edition of Amyot's French version.
See FABRICIUS, "Bibliotheca Grzca:" DUNLOP, " History ol
Fiction ;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Long'worth, (NICHOLAS,) an American cultivator,
born at Newark, New Jersey, in 1782. Having removed
to Cincinnati, he devoted himself to the culture of native
grapes and the manufacture of wine, by which he acquired
an immense fortune. Died in 1863.
Loni, lo'nee, (ALESSANDRO,) an Italian painter, born
• - - • Died
ABBE, a French ecclesiastic, eminent tor learning was Florence in Io55 was a pupi] of Carlo Dolce.
borr at Charleville in 1652. He was deeply versed in -n 2
,- casj; ghard; gas/; G, H, K., , guttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasinMif.
Explanations, p.
L O NICER
LOPE
Lonicer, lo'n?t-ser, [Lat. LONICE'RUS,] (ADAM,) a
German physician and naturalist, born at Marburg in
1528, was a son of Johann, noticed below. He obtained
in 1554 the place of pensioned physician of Frankfort,
which he occupied thirty-two years. He published
several treatises on medicine, and a Latin work on Plants,
Animals, and Minerals, called " Naturalis Historian Opus
Novum," (1551-55,) which was often reprinted. Died in
1586.
His son, JOHANN ADAM, born in 1557, was a physician
of Frankfort. He published Latin poems, and a treatise
on the chase, called " Venatus et Aucupium."
Lonicer, [Lat. LONICE'RUS,] (JOHANN,) a German
scholar, born in Mansfeld in 1499. From 1527 until his
death he was professor of Greek and Hebrew at Mar-
burg. He made good Latin translations of several Greek
authors, among whom were Pindar, Isocrates, and De-
mosthenes. He was a friend and correspondent of
Melanchthon. Died in 1569.
See M. ADAM, " Vifce Philosophorum Germanorum "
Lonicerus. See LONICER.
Lonjumeau. See GAILLARD DE LONJUMEAU.
Lonnrot or Loennrot, lon'rot, (£LIAS,) a Finnish
philologist, born in the district of Helsingfors in 1802.
He became a zealous student of the national literature
of Finland. About 1835 he discovered and published
the famous Finnish poem of "Kalevala," which is said
to resemble the " Hiawatha" of Longfellow. He suc-
ceeded Castren as professor of Finnish at Helsingfors in
1852, and published several collections of old legends,
proverbs, etc., with a view to revive the use of the Finn-
ish language. Died in March, 1884,
Loni'dale, (HENRY,) an English physician and
writer, born at Carlisle in 1816. He gained distinction
by his researches in the toxicology of prussic acid and
other subjects. Died July 23, 1876.
Lonsdale, (WILLIAM LOWTHER,) EARL OF, an Eng-
lish peer, born in 1787. He was postmaster-general from
1841 to 1845, and was lord president of the council in
the cabinet of Lord Derby in 1852. Died March 4, 1872.
Loo. See VANLOO.
Loo'mis, (ELIAS,) an American astronomer and phy-
sicist, born in Tolland county, Connecticut, in 1811,
graduated at Yale College in 1830. He became pro-
fessor of natural philosophy at the Western Reserve
College, Ohio, in 1837, in the New York University in
1844, and in Yale College in 1866. He made valuable
contributions to the discussion of the subjects of mag-
netism, astronomy, and meteorology, and published sev-
eral text-books of mathematics, astronomy, and the
natural sciences. Died August 15, 1889.
Loon. See VAN LOON.
Loon, van, vin Ion, (THEODORE,) a Flemish painter,
born at Brussels about 1630. His design was correct,
and his colouring excellent After working with Carlo
Maratta at Rome, he returned to Brussels, where he con-
firmed his reputation by many historical paintings in the
manner of Maratta. Some of the churches of Rome and
Florence are adorned with his works. Died in 1678.
Loop, (HENRY A.,) an American artist, born at Hills-
aale, New York, September 9, 1831. He studied art in
New York under H. P. Gray, in Paris under Couture,
and in Italy. He was chosen to the National Academy
in 1861. He won distinction alike by his portraits and
ideal works. Among the latter are "Undine," (1863,)
"Improvvisatrice," (1869,) "The Italian Minstrel,"
(1869,) "Echo," (1879,) "Love's Crown," (1882,) and
"The Summer Moon," (1884.)
Loop, (JENNETTE S. HARRISON,) an American artist,
born at New Haven, Connecticut, March 5, 1840. Her
studies and instructors were much the same as those of
tinction is as a portrait-painter. Her portraits take rank
among the best ever painted in America. She was
chosen an associate of the National Academy in 1875.
Loopolof, Loupolov, or Lupolpw, loo'po-lof,
(PRASCOVIA,) a Russian heroine, bom in 1784, was a
daughter of an officer exiled to Siberia. She performed
the journey from Tobolsk to Saint Petersburg,
ained a pardon for her father. Her adventures
on foot the
and obtain
form the subject of Madame Cottin's " Elizabeth, or the
Exiles of Siberia." Died in 1809.
Loos, 16s, [Lat. CALLID'IUS,] (CORNELIS,) a Dutch
Catholic theologian, born at Gouda about 1545. He
was persecuted for opposing the prevalent superstitious
notions respecting magic in his book " De vera et falsS
Magii," (" On True and False Magic,") and for con-
demning the practice of burning those called witches.
He wrote other works. Died in 1595.
See "Callidius," it BAVLE'S "Historical and Critical Diction-
ary;" NICBRON, "Me'moires."
Loosjes, los'yes, (ADRIAAN,) a Dutch poet and novel-
ist, born at Haarlem in 1761, was a dealer in books.
He passed his life in his native city. Among his works
are novels entitled " John De Witt" (1805) and " Susanna
Bronkhorst," (6 vols., 1806,) and a poem called "The
Last Campaign of De Ruyter." Died in 1818.
See " Hulde aan de Nagedachtenis van A. Loosjes," by P. H.
PEERLKAMP, C. DE KONING, A. VAN DER WILLIGEN, and H. MEIJER,
1818.
Loots, lots, (CoRNELis,) a Dutch poet, born at Am-
sterdam in 1774; died about 1850.
See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Lope de Rueda, lo'pa da roo-a'Di, a Spanish actor
and dramatic author, born at Seville about 1500. He
was the leader of the first troupe of strolling players in
Spain, and was praised by Cervantes as an actor and
writer. His plays were dialogues between a few shep-
herds. Died in 1564.
Lope de Vega Carpio, lo'pa da va'ga kaR'pe-o,
(FELIX,) a celebrated Spanish poet and dramatist, born
at Madrid on the 25th of November, 1562, was a con-
temporary of Cervantes and Shakspeare. His father
was a hidalgo, (gentleman,) but rather poor. Felix began
to write verses in early childhood, and composed dramas
about the age of twelve. While a student at the Uni-
versity of Alcala, he found a powerful patron in the
Duke of Alva, whose service he entered, and at whose
request he wrote his " Arcadia," a pastoral heroic poem,
which first revealed his superior genius. It was first
printed in 1598, though finished many years earlier. He
quitted the service of Alva, and married Dona Isabel
de Urbino. Having in a duel wounded his antagonist,
he fled from Madrid, and passed a few years in Valencia.
His grief for the death of his wife is assigned as his
motive for becoming a soldier. In 1588 he enlisted as
a private volunteer, and, with ardent zeal for what he
deemed a holy cause, took part in the expedition of the
Invincible Armada, during which he wrote his admired
poem the " Beauty of Angelica," (" Hermosura de An-
gelica,") a continuation of Ariosto's "Orlando." Re-
nouncing martial pursuits in 1590, he returned to Madrid,
where he began to write for the stage, and by his mar-
vellous fertility of invention rapidly acquired fame and
affluence. He required only a single day to compose a
versified drama. This astonishing facility enabled him
to produce two thousand original dramas, consisting of
spiritual plays, historical comedies, and dramas of in-
trigue, called De Cafa y Espada, (" Of the Cloak and
Sword,") which were performed with immense applause.
There is scarcely an example on record of an equal
popularity. His name became a synonym for the super-
lative degree, and it was the fashion to say a Lope dia-
mond, a Lope dress, etc., to express the splendour or
perfection of those articles. He was styled the " Centre
of Fame," the " Darling of Fortune," the " Phoenix of
Ages," etc Among his dramas we may mention "The
Beautiful Deformed," ("La Hermosa fea,") "The
Prude," ("La Dama melindrosa,") "The Certain for
the Doubtful," (" Lo Cierto por lo Dudoso,") and "Es-
trella de Sevilla," or " Don Sancho Ortiz." In richness
of invention, vivacity of dialogue, and variety of ideas
he is perhaps unsurpassed by any dramatist. For the
sake of trying the public taste, he published, without
his name, a poem entitled " Soliloquies on God," which
was received with much favour. After the death of his
second wife he became a priest, (1609,) but continued to
write for the stage. He also wrote epic poems, entitled
"Circe," "Andromeda," and "Jerusalem Delivered,"
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long ; i, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, ?, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m«t; n6tj good; moon
LOPES
1577
LORENZINI
which are considered much inferior to his dramas. Died
in 1635. (For some very interesting remarks on Lope de
Vega, particularly in reference to the marvellous fertility
of his genius, see Prescott's " Miscellanies," pp. 137-139.)
See MONTALVAN, " Fama posthuma a la Vida y Muerte del Lope
de Vega Carpio." Madrid, 1636 ; LORD HOLLAND, " Some Account
of the Life of Lope de Vega Carpio," 1817 : LARRAMENDI, " Planto
funebre en la Muerte de L. F. de Vega Carpio," 1635 : TICKNOR,
" History of Spanish Literature :" N. ANTONIO, " Bibliotheca His-
pana Nova;" SEDANO, " Parnaso Espanol ;" FAUHIBL, " Lope de
Vega," in the "Revue des Deux Mondes," September i, 1839, and
September 15, 1843 ; LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;"
ENK VON DER BURG, "Studien u'ber Lope de Vega," Vienna, 1839.
Lopes, lo'pSs, (FERNANDO,) a Portuguese historian,
born about 1380; died in 1449. His Chronicles are of
high literary and historical importance.
Lopez. See AYALA, DE, GOMARA, and CASTANHEDA.
Lopez, lo'peth, (ALONZO,) a Spanish critic, born at
Valladolid. He practised medicine with such success
that he received the title of physician to Maria of Castile,
daughter of Charles V. He published in 1 596 " Ancient
Poetical Philosophy," (" Philosophia antiqua poetica.")
Lopez, lo'pes r>r lo'peth, (CARLOS ANTONIO,) a Para-
guayan ruler, the father of F. S. Lopez, noticed below.
He was born at Asuncion, November 4, 1790, and in
1840 succeeded Francia as dictator, ruling the country
with skill and energy till his death, September 10, 1862.
Lopez, (FRANCISCO,) a Spanish artist, who became
painter to Philip III. about 1602, and adorned the Prado
with frescos. He was living in 1638.
Lopez, lo'pes or lo'peth, (Don FRANCISCO SOLANO,)
an able South American general and political leader,
born about 1826. He was elected in September, 1862,
President of Paraguay, as the successor of his father,
Don Carlos Lopez. He declared war against Brazil in
1865, and commanded his army in person with various
success. He was killed in battle or retreat March I, 1870.
Lopez, (!AGO or DIEGO,) a Spanish painter, born at
Toledo about 1465 ; died about 1530.
Lopez, (Don JOAQUIN MARIA,) an able and eloquent
Spanish statesman, born at Villena in 1802, was a zeal-
ous adherent of the constitutional party. In 1836 he
became minister of the interior under Calatrava. He
resigned in March, 1837. He was prime minister for a
short time in 1843. Died in 1855.
Lopez, (JoSE,) a Spanish painter, born at Seville
about 1650, was a pupil of Murillo.
Lopez, lo'pes or lo'pJth, (NARCisso.) an American
revolutionist or filibuster, born in Venezuela in 1799.
He served some time as an officer in the Spanish army,
and in 1849 organized in the United States an expedition
for the conquest of Cuba, which failed. He renewed the
enterprise in August, 1851, was captured, and garroted
at Havana the same year.
Lopez, (PEDRO,) a Spanish painter, was a pupil of
Greco. His chief work is the " Adoration of the Magi,"
(dated 1608,) at Toledo, which is much admired.
Lopez de Lerena, lo'peth da la-ra'na, (Don PEDRO,)
a Spanish financier, born at Val de Moro in 1734. He
was appointed in 1785 secretary of state for the finances,
which he managed with success until his death, in 1792.
Loqman. See LOKM^N.
Loras, lo'Ra', (MATTHIAS,) D.D., a bishop, born at
Lyons, France, in July, 1792. He became in early man-
hood a priest, and head of the theological school of Lar-
gentiere. In 1829 he went to New Orleans, and thence to
Mobile in 1830. In 1837 he was consecrated Catholic
Bishop of Dubuque, the first of the title. Died at Du-
buque, February 18, 1858. Bilhop Loras was eminent
for zeal, learning, and charity.
Lorch, IORK, written also Lorich, (MELCHIOR,) a
Danish painter and eminent engraver, born in Sleswick
in 1527. He visited many foreign countries, and died in
Rome in 1586. Among his works are engravings of
Luther, of Albert Durer, and of the Deluge.
Lord, (JOHN,) LL.D., an American lecturer, born at
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, December 27, 1810. He
graduated at Dartmouth College in 1843, a"d became a
Congregationalist minister, and later won distinction as
a popular lecturer on historical subjects. He wrote
"History of the United States," "Modern History,''
"Points of History," etc. Died December 15, 1894.
Lord, (NATHAN,) D.D., an American Congregational
divine, born at Berwick, Maine, in 1792. He graduated
at Bowdoin, and in 1828 became president of Dartmouth
College. Died in 1870.
Lordon, loR'd6N', (PiERRE JEROME,) a French histori-
cal painter, born in 1780, worked in Paris. Died in 1838.
Loredano, lo-ra-da'no, (GIOVANNI FRANCESCO,) a
mediocre Italian poet and littfratfur, born at Venice in
1606. He became a senator, and obtained other high
offices. About 1630 he founded the academy of the /»•
cogniti. He wrote numerous works in verse and prose,
among which are " The Agreeable Jests," (" Gli Scherzi
geniali," 1632,) "L'lliade giocosa," a burlesque of the
" Iliad," (1654,) and " Amorous Tales." Died in 1661.
See A. LUPIS, "Vita di G. F. Loredano," 1663; G. BRUNACO,
"Vita di G. F. Loredano, Senatore Veneto," 1662.
Loredano, (LEONARDO,) was Doge of Venice from
1501 until 1521, when he died, at the age of ninety. His
administration was disturbed by the wars which were
consequent on the League of Cambray, and was a period
of disaster to the republic. He waged war against a
powerful coalition consisting of France, Germany, and
the pope. He was one of the greatest doges of Venice.
Lorentz, lo'rSnts, (JoHANN FRIEDRICH,) a German
mathematician, born at Halle in 1738; died in 1807.
Lorentz or Lorenz, lo'roN', (JOSEPH ADAM,) a
French surgeon, born in Alsace in 1734; died in iSoi.
Lorenz. See LORENZO and LAWRENCE.
Lorenz, lo'rfnts or lo'r&N', (JEAN MICHEL,) a French
historical writer, born at Strasburg in 1723, became pro-
fessor of history in his native city, and of eloquence in
1784. He published, (in Latin,) besides other works of
merit, a " Life of Saint Paul," (" Annales Paulini," 1769,)
a " History of Ancient Gaul," and " Rudiments of G«r-
man History," (1776.) Died in 1801.
See MM. HAAG, " La France protestante,"
Lorenzetti, lo-ren-zet'tee, or Lorenzetto, Io-r?n
zet'to, (AMBROGIO,) sometimes called AMBROGIO DI
LORENZO, an old Italian painter, born at Sienna about
1260, was a pupil of his father Lorenzo, and was a
brother of Pietro. His birth is variously dated about
1257, 1277, and 1300. Ambrogio and Pietro worked
together in Sienna, and were among the greatest artists
of their time. The works of Ambrogio are nearly all
destroyed ; but some of his frescos are still visible in
Sienna. He was, says Vasari, universally admired. Died
in 1340, 1348, or 1360.
See VASARI. " Lives of the Painters," etc. ; LANZI, " History of
Painting in Italy;" BALDINUCCI, " Notizie."
Lorenzetti, (PIETRO,) a brother of the preceding,
worked in Sienna, Florence, Rome, and Pisa, and, ac-
cording to Vasari, surpassed Cimabue and Giotto. In
the Campo Santo of Pisa is preserved his picture repre-
senting the " Life of the Fathers in the Desert," in fresco.
He painted several Madonnas, which have been de-
stroyed. He is sometimes called LAURATI. His last
works are dated 1355-
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters," etc. ; LANZI, " History of
Painting in Italy."
Lorenzetto. See CAMPANAIO.
Lorenzi, lo-reVzee, (BARTOLOMMEO,) an Italian poet
and Jesuit, born near Verona in 1732, had an excellent
talent for improvisation. Died in 1822.
Lorenzi, (BATTISTA,) an Italian sculptor and engraver,
born in Tuscany in 1528; died in 1593.
Lorenzi, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian painter, born at
Verona in 1719 ; died in 1783.
Lorenzi, (STOLDO DI GINO, stol'do de jee'no,) an
Italian sculptor, born at Settignano about 1540.
Lorenzini, lo-ren-zee'nee, (FRANCESCO MARIA,) an
Italian poet, born in Rome in 1680. He acquired a
high reputation as a poet, and was remarkable for the
energy of his style. In 1728 he succeeded Crescimbeni
as president of the Academy of Arcades. He was the
author of satires, epigrams, dramas, and other poems in
Italian and Latin. Died in 1743
See FABRONI, "Vitse Italorum."
Lorenzini, (GIOVANNI ANTONIO,) an Italian engraver,
born at Bologna in 1665. He engraved the works of
Andrea del Sarto and other Italian masters. Died in 1740.
Lorenzini, (LORENZO,) an Italian geometer, born at
«as/4; <;ass;%Aarii; %asj;G,K,-s.,guttural; N, nasal; -^trilled; sasz; thasinrtw. (jgp=See Explanations, p. 23.)
LORENZO
1573
L ORRAINE
Florence in 1652. For some political offence he was
imprisoned at Volterra twenty years, ending about 1700,
and in this period wrote an able work on conic sections.
Died in 1721.
Lorenzo. See LAWRENCE, SAINT.
Lorenzo de' Medici. See MEDICI.
Lorenzo the Magnificent. See MEDICI, (LO-
RENZO DE'.)
Loret, lo'ri', JEAN,) a French rhymer, born in Nor-
mandy. He began to issue in 1650 a weekly newspaper,
called "Gazette en Verses burlesques," which was very
successful. From 1656 to 1665 it was published under
the title of "Muse historique." Died about 1665.
Lorge, loRzh, (JEAN THOMAS GUILLAUME,) a French
general, born at Caen in 1767 ; died in 1826.
Lorges. See DURFORT, DE, (Gui ALPHONSE.)
Lorgna loKn'ya, (ANTONIO MARIA,) an Italian mathe-
matician, born at Verona about 1734. After obtaining
the rank of colonel of engineers, he became professor [
in the military school of Verona. He had the reputation
of being one of the best geometers of Italy. Died in
1796. Among his works are treatises on Statics and
Mechanics, and " Essays on Mathematics and Physics."
("Opuscula Mathematica et Physica," 1770.)
See "Nouvelle Biographic GeWrale."
Loria, di, de lo're-i, or Lauria, low're-i, (ROGER,)
an able Italian admiral, born at Loria, (or Lauria.) In
1282, as admiral of Peter II., King of Aragon and Sicily,
he defeated the fleet of Charles I. of Naples near Mes-
sina. He gained a naval victory over the French near
Barcelona in 1285, and another over the Neapolitans
before Castellamare in 1287. Having entered into the
service of Jayme of Aragon, he defeated the Sicilian
fleet at Cape Orlando in 1299, and again in 1300. Died
in 1305. Sismondi considers him the greatest admiral
lhat Italy has produced.
Lorieax, lo're-uh', (AUGUSTS JULIEN MARIE,) a
French writer and lawyer, born at Croisic in 1797. He
wrote a " History of the Reign of Charles X.," and a
"Treatise on the Royal Prerogative in France and Eng-
land," (1840.) Died in 1842.
Lor'imer, (JAMES,) a British jurist, born at Aber-
dalgie, Perthshire, in 1818. In 1862 he became Edin-
burgh professor of international law. He wrote " In-
stitutes of Law," (1862,) "Institutes of the Law of
Nations," (1883,) "Studies National and Interna-
tional," (1891,) etc. Died in 1890. His son, JOHN
HENRY, (born 1856,) is a skilful painter of figure
subjects.
Lo'ring, (GEORGE BAILEY,) an American agri-
culturist, born at North Andover, Massachusetts, in
1817. He held various offices under the government,
was elected to Congress 1876 and 1878, was commis-
sioner of agriculture 1881-85, and minister to Portugal
1889-90. He made a scientific study of agriculture,
and published works on that and other subjects. Died
September 14, 1891.
Lo'ring, (WlLUAM W.,) an American major-general,
born in North Carolina about 1815. He took arms
against the Union in 1861, and was employed in the
dclence of Vicksburg in the spring of 1863. After the
war he entered the service of the Khedive of Egypt, and
was made a pasha. Died in New York, Dec. 30, 1886.
Lorinser, lo'rin-ser, (KARL IGNAZ.) a German medi-
cal writer, born in Bohemia in 1796; died in 1853.
Loriot, lo're'o', (ANTOINE JOSEPH,) a French me-
chanician, born near Pontarlier in 1716. He gained a
wide reputation by his ingenious and useful inven-
tions, among which were a loom for ribbons, machines
for working mines, and a new mortar or water-proof
cement which bears his name. Died in 1782.
Loris-Melikoff. See MELIKOFF.
Loritz. See GLAREANUS.
Lorme, de. See DELORME.
Lome, (JOHN GEORGE EDWARD HENRY DOUGLAS
SUTHERLAND Campbell,) MARQUIS OF, and DUKE
OF ARGYLL, was born at London, August 6, 1845.
In 1871 he was married to Louise, a daughter of Queen
Victoria. He was Governor-General of Canada 1878-
83. He has published "A Trip to the Tropics,"
(1867,) "Guido and Lita," (a poem, 1875,) "The
Psalms in Verse," (1877,) "Canadian Pictures,"
(1884,) etc. On the death of his father, the eighth
Duke of Argyll, in 1900, he succeeded to the title.
Lorrain, (CLAUDE.) See CLAUDE LORRAIN.
Lorrain, Le, (ROBERT.) See LELORRAIN.
Lorraine. See CHARLES II., CHARLES III., FRAM-
cis I., GUISE, HARCOURT, (HENRI,) and MAYENNE.
Lorraine, lor-ran' or lo'rin', (ANTOINE,) DUKE OP,
the son of Rene1 II., was born at Bar-le-Duc in 1489.
He succeeded his father in 1508, and married Renee de
Bourbon, a French lady. He maintained a neutrality in
the war between Charles V. and Francis I., and reigned
mostly in peace, except some bloody contests with the
German Protestants. He died in 1544, leaving the duchy
to his son, Francis II.
Lorraine, CARDINAL See GUISE, (CHARLES DE.)
Lorraine, lo'rin', (CHARLES IV.,) DUKE OF, the son
of Fran9ois, Comte de Vaudemont, was born in 1604, and
succeeded his uncle Henry (whose daughter he had mar-
ried) in 1624. Louis XIII. of France invaded Lorraine
in 1632, and took without much resistance Nancy (the
capital) and several fortresses. In the Thirty Years'
war, which began about 1620, Charles fought for the
German empire, contributed to the victory over the
Swedes at Nordlingen in 1634, and as an ally of Spain
fought against the French in several ensuing campaigns.
By the treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) Lorraine was re-
stored to him, but France retained the duchy of Bar. In
1662 he appointed Louis XIV. his heir, but soon took
arms against him, and became a general in the imperial
army. Died in 1675.
Lorraine, (CHARLES V.,) DUKE OF, an able general
and statesman, born at Vienna in 1643, was the nephew
of the preceding. He was the son of Francis, (a brother
of Charles IV.) At the death of Charles IV. the duke-
dom was claimed by the subject of this article, and by
the French king, who had possession ; but Charles was
i recognized as duke by the other powers of Europe.
Having entered the Austrian service, he was made a
general in 1672, and distinguished himself at Senef in
1675. His reign over Lorraine was only nominal. He
was chosen generalissimo of the imperial army in 1676.
In 1678 he married a sister of the Austrian emperor, and
was restored by the treaty of Nymwegen to his duchy,
with the condition of ceding Nancy to France ; but he
refused to accept these terms. He rendered signal
services to Austria in the war against the Turks which
began in 1683, and commanded a corps against the
French in 1689. He died in 1690, leaving his title to his
son, Leopold I.
See JEAN DR LA BRUNK, "Vie de Charles V," 1691 : C. FRRS-
CHOT, ''Vita di Caroli V.," 1692; DUPONT, " Abn'ge' historique de la
Vie de Charles V," 1701.
Lorraine, (HENRI,) DUKE OF, surnamed THE GOOD,
born at Nancy in 1563, was the son of Charles III. and
Claude, daughter of Henry II. of France. He married
Catherine de Bourbon, a sister of King Henry IV., and
in 1608 succeeded his father. He died in 1624, leaving
the duchy to his nephew, Charles IV.
Tiorraine, (LEOPOLD I.,) DUKE OF, born at Innspruck
in 1679, was the son of Charles V. By the treaty of
Ryswick, in 1697, he recovered Lorraine, with the con-
dition that he should not repair the dismantled forts nor
keep an army. He married Elizabeth Charlotte, niece
of Louis XIV. He showed himself a wise ruler, and
improved the condition of his dominions, which had been
desolated by long wars. In reference to him, Voltaire
says, " One of the petty sovereigns of Europe has done
the most good to his people." He died in 1729, and
was succeeded by his son Francis, who married Maria
Theresa of Austria, and exchanged Lorraine for Tuscany
He was the last Duke of Lorraine.
Lorraine, (RENE I!.,) DUKE OF, born in 1451, be-
came duke in 1473. His mother was a daughter of
Rene of Anjou, and heiress of the duchy of Lorraine. His
dominions having been invaded by Charles the Bold of
Burgundy, Rene, with his Swiss allies, defeated Charles
at Moral in 1476. fne next year he gained another
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; A, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit ; met; not; good; moon ;
LORRAINE
'579
LOTHAIRE
famous victory near Nancy, where Charles was killed in
battle. He formed an alliance with Venice, and in 1480
was appointed captain-general of that republic ; but on
the death of Louis XI. of France he left the service
of Venice to urge his claims to Anjou and Provence,
which he failed to obtain. He died in 1508, leaving two
sons, Antoine, who was his heir, and Claude, the first
Duke of Guise.
See DOM CALMET, " Histoire de Lorraine."
Lorraine, de,(CHARLES I.) See CHARLES DE FRANCE.
Lorraine, de, (CHARLES II.) See CHARLES II., Duke
of Lorraine.
Lorraine, de, (CHARLES III.) See CHARLES III.,
called THE GREAT.
Lorraine, de, deh lor-ran', (CHARLES,) an Austrian
general, called PRINCE CHARLES OF LORRAINE, born at
Luneville in 1712, was the second son of Duke Leopold
I., and a brother of Francis I. of Austria. He commanded
the Austrians in the war between Maria Theresa and
Frederick the Great, by whom he was defeated at Czas-
lau in 1742. In 1744 he forced Frederick to evacuate
Bohemia, married a sister of Maria Theresa, and was
appointed Governor of the Low Countries. At the be-
ginning of the Seven Years' war he was commander of
the Austrians, and gained a victory over the Prussians
at Breslau in 1757 ; but, having been completely defeated
in the great battle of Leuthen, in the same year, he re-
signed his command. Died in 1780.
Lorraine, de, (FRANgois,) grand-prieur of France,
was born in 1534, and was a son of the Duke of Guise.
After serving with distinction in naval war against the
Turks, he was made general of the galleys, and com-
manded several expeditions. Died in 1563-
Lorris, de, deh lo'ress', (GuiLLAUME,) a mediaeval
French bard, born at Lorris, on the Loire. He was the
author of the "Romance of the Rose," ("Roman de 1
Rose,") a remarkable poem, which had a great influence
on French literature. The subject is the art of love, anc
is treated in an agreeable style. He is supposed to have
died about 1240.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Gen^rale."
Lorry, lo're', (ANNE CHARLES,) a French physician,
born at Crosne in 1726. He practised in Paris, anc
attained the highest rank in his profession. He became
tiocteur-rtgentoilhe faculty, and attended Louis XV. in his
last illness. He published a valuable treatise " On Cuta
neous Diseases," (1777 ;) also an edition of the " Apho
risms" of Hippocrates, and other works. Died in 1783
See VICQ-D'AZYR, " filoge de Lorry;" "Nouvelle Biographie
Genirale."
Lort, (MICHAEL,) an English writer on theology, born
in 1725. He became professor of Greek at Cambridge
about 1759. Died in 1790.
Lortic, loR'tek', (ANDRt,) a French Protestant min-
ister and writer, born at Saintonge, lived between 1650
and 1700. Died in London.
Lortzing, loRt'sing, (ALBERT AUGUST,) a German
composer, born in Berlin in 1803 ; died in 1851.
Losada, lo-sa'Da, (DIEGO,) a Spanish omcer, who
conquered the native tribes of Venezuela, and founded
Santiago de Leon. Died in 1569.
Losana, lo-sa'na, (MATTEO,) an Italian priest, born
in Piedmont in 1738. He published useful treatises on
rural economy, insects, etc. Died in 1833.
Lbscher or Loescher, 16'sher, (VALENTIN ERNST,)
a German theologian, born at Sondershausen in 1672.
He taught theology at Wittenberg for many years, and
published there a monthly journal of theology and lite-
rature, (1701-20,) which had great success. Died in 1749.
Loschge, losh'geh, (FRIEDRICH HEINRICH,) a Ger-
man physician and writer, born at Anspach in 1755;
died in 1840.
Losel or Loesel, 16'zel, QOHANN,) a German bota-
nist, born at Brandenburg in 1607. He became pro-
fessor of anatomy and botany at Konigsberg, and died
in 1656, leaving in manuscript a " Flora Prussica,"— a
mere catalogue of plants,— which Gottsched published
Losenko, lo-sSn'ko, written also Lossenko, (IVAN,)
in eminent Russian painter, born about 1720. He was cee
€as£; 9asi; gAard; gasy; G, H, K,guttural; N.nasal; ^trilled; sasz;
lirector of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in Sainl
^etersburg. Among his works is " The Parting of Hec-
or and Andromache." Died in 1773.
Loskiel, los-keel', (GEORGE HENRY,) a bishop, born
n Courland, November 7, 1740. He became a Moravian
missionary, and in 1802 was consecrated a bishop, after
which time he was also pastor at Bethlehem, Pennsyl-
vania. He published a " History of the Mission to the
Indians of North America," etc. Died February 23,
814.
Los'sing, (BENSON JOHN,) an American historian and
engraver, born in Dutchess county, New York, in 1813.
He published numerous illustrated works, among the
most important of which are "The Pictorial Field-Book
of the Revolution," (2 vols., 1850-52,) "The Life and
Times of Philip Schuyler," (2 vols., 1860,) a " Life of
Washington," (3 vols.. 1860,) a " Pictorial History of
the Civil War in the United States," (3 vols., 1866-69,)
" Pictorial History of the War of 1812," (1869,) " His-
tory of New York City," (1884,) "The Empire State,"
(1887,) etc. Died June 3, 1891.
Lot, [Heb. £31"7 ; Fr. LOTH, lot,] a Hebrew patriarch,
who lived about 1900 B.C., was the son of Haran, and
nephew of Abraham. He resided in Sodom until hf
was warned by angels of its impending destruction.
See Genesis xi., xii., riii., xix. : II. Peter ii. 7.
Lotario. See LOTHAIRE I.
Loten, lo'ten, (JoHN or JACOB,) a Dutch landscape-
painter, who excelled in wild, rocky scenery, and storms.
He worked mostly in England, where he died in l68t.
Loth. See LOT.
Loth, lot, or Loti, lo'tee, [in Italian, LoTTl,] (JoHANN
KARL,) a German painter, born at Munich in 1632. He
acquired a high rank among the realists, whom the Ital-
ians call "Naturalisti." Among his chief works are
" The Death of Abel," and a " Nativity." He received
the title of first painter to the emperor Leopold I. Died
at Venice in 1698.
Lothaire, lo-thair', [Fr. pron. lo'tiR' ; Lat. LOTHA'-
RIUS ; Ger. LOTHAR, lo-taR' ; It. LOTARIO, lo-ta're-o,] I,
Emperor of the West or of Rome, born abou. 195 A.D.,
was the eldest son of Louis le Debonnaire. His father as-
sociated him with himself in the empire in 8 1 7, and made
him King of Italy in 822. Pepin and Louis, brothers of
Lothaire, received respectively Aquitaine and Germany.
At the death of his father, in 840, he claimed supremacy
as emperor ; but his brothers, Louis the Germanic and
Charles the Bald, united to dispute his title, and defeated
him at the great battle of Fontanet, (now Fontenailles,) in
841. By the treaty of Verdun (843) Lothaire retained
Italy, with some provinces of France. His capital was
Aix-la-Chapelle. He died in 855 A.D., leaving three sons,
Louis, Charles, and Lothaire, among whom the empire
was divided.
See ASTRONOMUS, "Vita Lvtdovici Pii ;" FAURIEL, " Histoire de
la Gaule m<Sridionale," tome iv. ; " Nouvelle Biographic Generale.
Lothaire [Lat. LOTHA'RIUS ; Ger. LOTHAR] II. or
UX, Emperor of Germany, sometimes called LOTHAIRE
OF SAXONY, was born in 1075. He was the son of Geb-
hard, Count of Arnsberg. After the death of Henry
V. he was elected emperor, in 1125. Conrad, Duke
of Franconia, protested against the election, and was
crowned at Milan by his partisans. About 1132 Lothaire
marched to Rome and restored Pope Innocent II., who
had been expelled by his rival Anaclete. He was
crowned at Rome by Innocent, and performed acts of
homage to the pope which were afterwards cited as an
evidence that the empire was a fief of the Roman See.
He died in 1 137, and Conrad III., above named, became
i:mperor. In the reign of Lothaire the Diet of the empire
asserted its exclusive right to impose taxes and make
war or peace.
SeeGERVAls, "Geschichte Deutschlards unter Kaiser Heinrich
V. und Lothar III.." 2 vols., 1842; MASCOV, " Commentam de
Rebus Imperil Romano-Germanici sub Lothario II., 1753- -!AFF7,
" Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches unter Lothar von bachsen,
• 843.
Lothaire, lo-thair' or lo'tSR', King of France, th
of Louis d'Outremer, was born in 941 A.D., and suc-
ceeded his father in 954. His reign was disturbed t
th as in this. ( J^=See Explanations,
LOTH A IRE 1580 LOUIS
contests with powerful vassals, among whom was Hugn
Capet, and he waged war with Otho II. of Germany. He
died in 986, and was succeeded by his son, Louis V.
Lothaire, King of Italy, was the son of Hugh of
Provence, who admitted him to a share of the royal
power in 931. He reigned alone a few years, and died
where for nearly forty years he liveQ a laborious and
uneventful life. Died at Berlin, July i, 1881. Among
his works are " Metaphysics," (1841,) and " Logic," (1843,)
and later works (1874 and 1879) with the same titles,
forming parts of his uncompleted " System of Philos-
ophy," "General Pathology and Therapeutics as Me-
in 950, leaving an only child, Emma, who was married to ] chanical and Natural Sciences," (1842,) " General p'nysi-
Lothaire of France. His successor was Berenger II. ology of the Organic Life," (1851,) " Medical Psychology,
Lothaire, King of Lorraine, was the second son of or Physiology of the Soul," (1852,) "History of /Esthetics
ihe emperor Lothaire I. In 855 he inherited the country in Germany," (1868,) etc. But his greatest work is the
situated between the Rhine and the Meuse, which was "Microcosmus," (3 vols., 1856-64.) Lotze is one of the
called Lotharingia, — Gallic^ Lorraine. He weakened the ablest of the recent opponents of materialism. Several
royal power by yielding to the encroachments of the oi his treatises have been translated into English. With-
clergy, and by other impolitic measures. Died in 869 A.r>. out founding a new school of thought, Lotze exerted,
See " Nouvelle Biographic GiSne'rale." anc^ st'" exerts, a wide and wholesome intellectual and
Lothar See LOTHAIRE. moral influence ; but his usefulness as a teacher has been
Lotharius See LOTHAIRE. limited by the frequent obscurity of his diction.
Lotharius, CARDINAL. See INNOCENT III. Loubere.de la, deh If loo'baiR', (ANTOINK.) a French
Lo'throp, (HARRIET MULFORD,) an American geometer, born in Languedoc in 1600. He taught va-
author, born (Stone) at New Haven, Connecticut; nons sciences in the colleges of the Jesuits, and pub-
married, 1 881, Daniel Lothrop, of the publishing house "shed several learned 1 mathematical works. Died in 1664.
of D. Lothrop & Co. She founded the National So- Loubere, de la, (SiMON ) a nephew of the precedipg,
ciety of the Children of the American Revolution, and ; waf,.born. at J°ulouAs,e ln, I6*2' H^ was ,s,en,' *? env7
f TL, to oiam in 1687. After his return he published a work
under the name of Margaret Sidney wrote "Hve »On the Kingdom of Siam," (.69.,) whkh is praised for
Little Peppers and other juveniles of the Peppers fide,it^ and j*dicjous observati^s. He was elected to
series, and a considerable number of other works. ;he p^^ Academy in l6g3. Died in ,72Q.
v f1' (Pl,ERRE') 'he pseudonym of Louis Mane, Loubet ,oo,ba, (EMILE>) a French statesman,
Viaud was born at Rocheiort, France, m 1850. He born a, Marsanne in ,^3. He adopted the profession
entered he navy, but fell into disgrace by his too Q{ ,he , and $ in blic ,&, as a ^ember of
truthful letters m "Figaro on the conduct of the ,he municipal counbcif of Montelimar. He was elected
French soldiers at Hue m 1883. He afterwards be- ,0 (he fn^ chamber in l876 became a Senator in
came an active writer, producing vividly imaginative ]g8 an(j was ier of France duri , of l8o3_
pictures of nature, which posse ss an enduring charm. He'was la(er p£,sident of the Senate a^on the de^h
He was admitted to the Academy in 1891. Among Q{ presidem £ February, 1899, was elected Presi-
h,s works are " Le Manage de Lot,," ( 1880,) "Ma- d of France_
dame Crysantheme," (1887,) " Le Desert," (1894,) .
and "Ramuntcho," (a Basque story, 1897.) Loubon, (CHARLES JOSEPH EMILE,) a French
Lotich, [LaL LOTICH'IUS,] (PETER,) a celebrated painter of history and landscapes, born at Aix m 1809.
German poet, born at Schluchtern, Hesse-Cassel, in Died at Marseilles, March i, 1863.
i«8. was called SECUNDUS, to distinguish him from his Loudon, (GIDEON ERNST.) See LAUDON.
uncle of the same name. He fought for the Protestant Loudon, (JOHN CLAUDIUS,) an eminent Scottish
League of Schmalkalden, and afterwards entered the writer on horticulture and agriculture, was born at
civil service of the Elector-Palatine. He became pro- Cambuslang in 1783. Having learned the business of
fessor of medicine at Heidelberg in 1557, and died in a landscape-gardener, he removed to London m 1803.
1560. He owes his fame to Latin elegies and other A few years later he rented a farm, on^ which he tried
po
critics,
classical
Cisalpine writer of the sixteenth 'century.' ,
duction to the Literature of Europe.") large sale. He afterwards produced " Encyclopedia of
Lotichius. See LOTICH, (PETER.) Agriculture," (1825.) and " Encyclopedia of Cottage,
Lotta. See CRABTREE, (LoTTA.) Farm, and Villa Architecture," (1832.) The last was
Lptteri,lot-ta'ree, (ANGELoLuiGl,) an Italian mathe- especially popular. He was editor of the "Gardener's
marician, born in the Milanese in 1760. Among his Magazine," commenced in 1826, and of the "Magazine
works is "The Principles of the Differential and Integral of Natural History," (1828-36.) His industry and ex-
Calculus," (1788.) Died at Milan in 1839. tensive learning were displayed in an expensive work on
Lotti. See LOTH. the trees and shrubs of Britain, entitled " Arboretum el
Lota, lot'i
at Venice about
Lotti, ( r
was noted for mechanical ingenuity, and made several Garden," " Botany for Ladies," and other popular
automata at Florence. About 1628 he was invited by works. Died in 1858.
Philip IV. to Madrid, where he built the theatre linen Louet, loo'J', (GEORGES,) a French jurist, born at
Retire. ! Angers about 1540; died in 1608.
Lotto, lot'to, (LORENZO,) an excellent Italian painter, Lough, luf, (JOHN GRAHAM,) an English sculptor,
was born at Venice about 1490. He worked chiefly at born at Greenhead, in Northumberland. He produced
Bergamo, and had the reputation of being one of the about 1827 an admirable statue of Milo for the Duke of
best painters of the Venetian school. Among his master- Wellington, and went to Italy in 1834. After his return
pieces are several Madonnas at Bergamo. His first home, in 1838, he exhibited "Ophelia,"" Hebe banished,"
bee LOTH. the trees and shrubs ot Britain, entitled - Arooreium ei
lot'tee, (ANTONIO,) an Italian composer, born Fruticetum Britannicum," (1838.) Died in [843.
about 1665; died in 1740. His wife, nt? JANE WEBB, born in iSoS^wrote a
(CosiMO,) a Florentine painter and architect, novel called "The Mummy," "The Ladies' Flower
works are dated about 1515, and his last about 1560.
"His master-pieces," says Lanzi, "place him almost <i"
a level with the first luminaries of the art."
Lotze, lot'seh, (RUDOLPH HERMANN,) an eminent
German philosopher, born at Bautzen, Saxony, May 21,
"The Roman Fruit-Girl," a statue of Victoria, (1845,)
and a statue of Prince Albert, (1847.) Among his
greatest works is a colossal marble group of "Satan
subdued by the Archangel Michael," (1851.) Died 1876.
Loughborough, LORD. See WEDDERBUKN.
1817. He was educated at Zittau and Gottingen, and in Louis, loo'iss, [It. LUIGI, loo-ee'jee,] I., King of Etru-
1838 graduated as doctor of philosophy and of medicine. I ria, born at Parma in 1773, was the son of Ferdinand
He afterwards lectured on philosophy at Leipsic, and in Duke ot" Parma. In 1795 he married Maria Louisa, a
1844 was made professor of philosophy at Gbitingen, 1 daughter of Charles IV. of Spain. By a treaty between
i, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, ilwrt; a, e, i, <;, obscure; fir, fill, fit; met; n8t; good; moon :
LOUIS
1581
LOUIS
the Spanish court and Napoleon in 1801, Louis acquired
Tuscany in exchange for Parma, and the name of the
former was changed to Etruria. He died in 1803,
leaving a son, Louis II.
Louis, loo'iss, [Fr. pron. loo'e'; Ger. LUDWIG, lood'-
wic ; Lat. Luoovi'cus,] the name of many kings of
France. Louis I., surnamed LE DEBONNAIRE and THE
Pious, [Lat. LUDOVI'CUS Pi'us; Ger. LUDWIG DER
FROMME,] Emperor of the West, and King of France,
the son and successor of Charlemagne, was born at
Casseneuil in 778 A.D. Two elder brothers having died
before their father, Louis became heir of all the vast
dominions of Charlemagne in 814 ; but his character
was too feeble to maintain the integrity of the empire.
He had three sons, Lothaire, Pepin, and Louis, whom
about 820 he made his colleagues in the government,
giving Italy to the first, Aquitaine to the second, and
Bavaria to the third. After this division another son,
Charles the Bald, was born to him. His sons Lothaire
and Pepin revolted in 830, and deposed him. He was
compelled to do public penance, and confined in a con-
vent. By the efforts of his sons Louis and Pepin, he was
restored to the throne a short time before his death",
which occurred in 840.
See FRANTIN, "Louis le Pieux et son Siede," 2 vols., 1840;
FRANCK, "Ludwig der Fromme," 1832; "Nouvelle Biographic
Louis II., surnamed LE BEGUE, l?h bjg, (i.e. "the
Stammerer,") King of France, the son of Charles the
Bald, was born in 846 A.D. He succeeded his father in
877. He propitiated his turbulent nobles by granting to
them many duchies, earldoms, and seignories. He died
in 879, leaving three sons, Louis, Carloman, and Charles
the Simple.
See MICHBLKT, " Histoire de France."
Louis m., King of France, born about 863, was the
eldest son of Louis II. In 879 the kingdom was divided
between Louis and Carloman, the former of whom re-
ceived for his share Neustria. He gained a victory over
the Normans who invaded France, when he died, with-
out issue, in 882 A.D., aged about twenty, and Carloman
became sole king of France.
See MICHELET, " Histoire de France."
Louis IV., surnamed D'OUTREMER (dootR'maiV)
because he had visited England in infancy, was the son
of Charles the Simple. He was born in 920 A.D., and
crowned king in 936. Among the events of his reign
was a war between him and Hugh, the father of Hugh
Capet. He died in 954, and was succeeded by his son,
Lothaire II.
See SISMONDI, " Histoire des Fran9ais."
Louis V., King of France, surnamed LE FAINEANT,
(i.e. "the Idle" or "Do-Nothing,") the son of Lothaire
II., was born about 966. He inherited the title of king in
986, and died in 987, without issue, being the last kmp
of the Carlovingian dynasty. Hugh Capet was electe
as his successor.
See MICHELET, "Histoire de France."
Louis VI. of France, surnamed LE GROS, (leh gRo,)
was the son of Philip I. and of Bertha. He was born
in 1078, and became king in 1108. Before his accession
the royal power had been much reduced by the preva-
lence of the feudal system, and in his reign many sei-
gneurs asserted by arms the sovereign power over their
fiefs. He waged war against Henry I. of England for
the possession of Normandy, but was not successful.
He is represented as a brave and generous prince, and
is honoured for the establishment of communes and
municipal governments, by which he promoted the politi-
cal influence of the third estate. He died in 1137, and
was succeeded by his son, Louis VII.
See SISMONDI, "Histoire des Francais:" MICHELET, "Histoire
de France."
Louis VH, King of France, surnamed LE JEUNE,
("the Young,") born in 1120, was the son of Louis VI.,
whom he succeeded in 1137. He married Eleanor,
heiress of the Duke of Aquitaine. Having been anathe-
matized by the pope, he became penitent, and, in order
to expiate his sins, he joined the second cnsade to Pal-
estine in 1147, and was followed by a large army of
Frenchmen and others. After many defeats and disas-
ters, by which he lost nearly all his men, he returned in
1149. His wife Eleanor, having been divorced in 1152
married Henry II. of England, who by this marriage
acquired Guienne and Poitou. War ensued between
Louis and Henry, but no decisive advantage was gained
by either. He died in 1180, and was succeeded by his
son, Philip Augustus.
See MICHELET, " Histoire de France;" MICHAUD, " History of
the Crusades ;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Louis VUL, surnamed CcEUR-DE-LlON, (kuR'deh-
IC'ON',) the son of Philip Augustus, was born in 1187,
and ascended the throne in 1223. His wife was Blanche
of Castile. He recovered by arms Poitou and several
places which the English held in France. Instigated by
Ihe pope, he led a crusade against the Albigenses, and
waged an unjust war against the Count of Toulouse,
who was denounced as a heretic. At the end of the first
campaign he died, in 1226, leaving the throne to his son,
Louis IX.
See RVMER, " Foedera," 1704 ; VAISSETTE, " Histoire ge'ne'rala
du Languedoc," 5 vols., 1730-45.
Louis IX., or Saint Louis, King of France, was born
in 1215, and succeeded his father, Louis VIII., in 1226.
His mother, Blanche of Castile, was regent during his
minority, and defended his throne with wisdom against
Thibaut de Champagne and other barons who were
leagued with him. Louis married Margaret of Pro-
vence in 1234. In 1244 he recovered from a dangerous
illness, and made a vow to conduct a crusade against
the infidels. Having raised a large army, he departed
in 1248, and in the next year entered Egypt. There his
army was ravaged by disease, and defeated at Mansourah
by the Saracens, who took Saint Louis prisoner. By
paying a ransom he obtained his liberty, and pursued
his course to Palestine, where he remained about three
years. He returned to France in 1254, and employed
himself in improving the condition of the people by wise
laws. His foreign policy was pacific towards European
nations, but his zeal against infidels urged him to another
crusade in 1270. He first directed his operations against
Tunis, but before he had reached that place he died, near
Carthage or Tunis, in August, 1270. He was canonized
in 1297. He was succeeded by his son, Philippe le Hardi.
" Louis was," says Voltaire, " in all respects a model for
men. His piety, which was that of an anchorite, did not
deprive him of royal virtues. He made a profound policy
agree and concur with exact justice ; and perhaps he is
the only sovereign who merits this praise."
SeeG. DE NANGIS, "Vie de Saint-Louis;" JOINVILLE, "Vie de
Saint- Louis:" FILLEAU DE LA CHAISE, "Histoire de Saint-Louis,"
2 vols.. 1688 ; BURY, "Histoire de Saint-Louis," 1775; MICHKLHT,
" Histoire de France ;" MICHAUD, " History of the Crusades ;" VIL-
LENEUVE-BARGEMONr, " Histoire de Saint-Louis, Roi de France,"
3 vols., 1836; "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Louis X, surnamed LE HUTIN, (leh hu'taN',) King of
France, the son of Philippe le Bel, was born in 1289,
and became king in 1314. He married Clemence, a
daughter of the King of Hungary. Among the chief
events of his short reign was his unfortunate expedition
against Flanders. He died, without male issue, in 1316
and his brother, Philippe le Long, was his successor
See SISMONDI, " Histoire des Francais."
Louis XI., King of France, born at Bourges in 1423,
was the son of Charles VII. He married Charlotte, a
daughter of the Duke of Savoy. His ambitious and un-
scrupulous character was early manifested by revolts
against his father. He became king in 1461, soon after
which the Duke of Burgundy and other nobles formed
against him the " League of the Public Good." Besieged
in his capital by the army of this league in 1465, he in-
duced them to retire and disband by the large conces-
sions of a treaty which he intended to violate at his own
convenience. By crafty policy, superior abilities, and
vigorous measures, he greatly increased the royal power
at the expense of the nobles, many of whom fell victims
to his cruelty. His inveterate enemy, Charles the Bold
of Burgundy, having been killed in battle at Nancy in
1477, Louis availed himself of the occasion to seize
large domains, but was resisted with partial success by
Maximilian of Austria in a war of several years '-"'"
Louis
eas k; cass;S hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as z; th as in this. (j33r"See Explanations, p. 23.)
LOUIS
1582
LOUIS
had made peace with Edward IV. of England in 1475.
He died in 1483, leaving the throne to his son, Charles
VIII. The reign of Louis XI. is remarkable for the
multitude of important events, and for the complete
revolution which the monarchy then passed through.
Post-offices were first established by him in France.
See COMINES, " Me'moires contenant les Choses advenues durant
le Regne de Louis XI," 1523 : the same in English ; DUCLOS, " His-
de France;" "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Louis 7TTT of France, born at Blois in 1462, was the
son of Charles, Duke of Orleans, and Marie of Cleves.
At the accession of Charles VIII. (1483) he was the
first prince of the blood. Before that date he had been
compelled to marry Jeanne, the daughter of Louis XI.
In 1495 he attended his cousin, Charles VIII., in his
expedition against Naples, and in 1498 became the suc-
cessor of that king, who left no issue. He married Anne
de Bretagne, the widow of the late king, thus securing
the province of Bretagne for the crown. His army con-
quered the duchy of Milan, and brought Duke Francis
Sforza a captive to France in 1500. He resolved, also,
to prosecute the claims of his family to Naples, then
ruled by Frederick of Aragon. In 1501 Louis and Fer-
dinand of Spain agreed to partition between themselves
the kingdom of Frederick, who, finding resistance im-
possible, retired to France and received a pension from
Louis. The quarrel that ensued between Louis and
Ferdinand ended in 1503 by the expulsion of the French
from Naples by Gonsalvo de C6rdova. The pope, Julius
II., having formed a league against Louis, the French
were defeated at Novara in 1513 and driven out of Italy.
At the age of fifty-three he married Mary, a sister of
Henry VIII. of England. He died on the 1st of Janu-
ary, 1515, leaving two daughters, Claude and Renee.
He was succeeded by Francis I. Louis XII. gained the
affection of his subjects by reducing the taxes and pro-
moting justice, and received the surname of " Father of
the People."
See JEAN D'AUTON, " Histoire de Louis XII," 1615; CLAUDE
DH SEVSSHU, "Les Louanges du bon Roi Louis XII." 1508: JAY,
" Histoire de Louis XII:" BRANT6MB, " CEuvres ;" A. VARILLAS,
"Histoire de Louis XII," 1688; SISMONDI, "Histoire des Fran-
$ais;" P. L. GINGUENE, " Eloge de Louis XII," 1788.
Louis VTTT of France, the son of Henry IV. and of
Marie de Medicis, was born at Fontainebleau on the
27th of September, 1601. He succeeded his father
May 14, 1610, under the regency of his mother, was de-
clared of age in 1614, and married Anne of Austria, a
daughter of Philip III. of Spain, in 1615. Soon after
that date Marie de Medicis was exiled from court, and
the Duke de Luynes became the royal favourite. In
1620 Louis marched against his Protestant subjects, who
had been provoked into a revolt During the progress
of this war Richelieu obtained the favour and confi-
dence of the king, who made him prime minister in
1624. As Louis was very deficient in political ability.
Richelieu was the master-spirit of the government from
that time until his death. Among the memorable events
of this reign was the capture of Rochelle from the Prot-
estants, (1628,) after a siege of about a year. The great
talents and policy of Richelieu were directed with suc-
cess to the subjection of the Huguenots, the establish-
ment of absolutism in France, and the abatement of the
overgrown power of Austria. During the Thirty Years'
war the French armies obtained frequent successes
against the Spaniards and Imperialists, and extended
the boundaries of France by the conquest of Roussillon,
Alsace, and the duchy of Bar. Louis died in May, 1643,
leaving the crown to his son, Louis XIV. His character
was timid, and not adapted to win the favour or admira-
tion of the French. He is said, however, to have given
proof of personal courage in several battles.
See MALINGRE, " Histoire de Louis XIII," 1646; CH. BERNARD,
"Histoire de Louis XIII," 1646: J. HOWELL, "Life of Lewis
XIII.," 1646: LE VASSOH, "Histoire du Regne de Louis XIII,"
1700-11; BAZIN, "Histoire de France sous Louis XIII," 1837;
" Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Louis XTV., surnamed LF. GRAND, (leh gRoN,) or " the
Great," often called even by English speakers Louis
QUATORZE, (loo'e' kS'toRz',) the eldest son of Louis XIII.
and Anne of Austria, was born on the l6th of September,
1638. At the age of five he ascended the throne, in 1643,
under the regency of his mother, who was a daughter of
Philip III. of Spam. During his minority the government
was directed by Cardinal MAZARIN, (which see,) a for-
eigner, whose ministry was very unpopular, and who was
involved in a civil war, against a faction called La Fronde,
from 1648 until 1653. In 1649 Louis and his mother were
driven out of the capital by the Frondeurs, of whom
Conde' was the chief. The Thirty Years' war was ended
in 1648 by the peace of Westphalia, on terms favourable
to France ; but Spain, refusing to unite in this treaty, con-
tinued the war against the French until the treaty of the
Pyrenees, (1659,) when Louis married Maria Theresa,
daughter of Philip IV. of Spain.
At the death of Mazarin, in 1661, Louis resolved to be
his own prime minister, and was fortunate in obtaining
the services of so able a financier as Colbert. France
was then without doubt the greatest and most compact
power in Europe. To the arduous duties of his new
position the king brought imposing and popular persona,
qualities, and political talents of a high order. His am-
bition was to make France prosperous and the monarchy
absolute. His policy was briefly summed up in his fa-
mous saying, "L'£tat, c'est mm.'" ("The State — that is
myself!") The death of Philip IV. of Spain, in 1665,
furnished him a pretext for the extension of his domin-
ions towards the Rhine. In exchange for the dowry
promised to his queen, which the Spanish court neglected
to pay, he claimed Flanders and Franche-Comte, which
he invaded with success in 1667. The emperor Leopold
and the Dutch aided the Spaniards against him until the
treaty of Nymwegen, (1678,) by which Louis retained
Franche-Comte' and a large part of Flanders. In the
mean time the administration had been reformed and
centralized by Louis, and the taxes had been reduced
and the revenue increased by Colbert. In 1670 Louis
made a secret treaty with Charles II. of England, whose
alliance he purchased by a pension. Commerce, manu-
factures, arts, literature, etc. were liberally encouraged in
his reign ; but the intolerant zeal of the king betrayed
him into one very unjust and impolitic measure when,
in 1685, he revoked the edict of Nantes, which had se-
cured the religious liberty of Protestants. His Catholic
zeal, however, did not deter him from a serious quarrel
with the pope, on the question of franchises, in 1687.
About this time he secretly married Madame de Main-
tenon, a lady of obscure origin but eminent merit. (See
MAINTENON.)
A second general war broke out in 1688, between Louis
on one side, and Spain, Austria, England, and the Prince
of Orange on the other. Louis failed in his attempt to
restore James II. of England, and found a formidable
adversary in James's successor, William III. After many
sieges and indecisive actions in Flanders, the war was
suspended by the treaty of Ryswick, (1697.) By the will
of Charles II. of Spain, (1700,) Philip, Duke of Anjou,
a grandson of Louis XIV., was appointed heir to the
Spanish throne. This occasioned a great European coali-
tion against the French king, and the long war of the
Spanish succession, in which he had to contend against
the English and Austrians, under Marlborough and Eu-
gene, who won great victories at Blenheim, Malplaquet,
etc. ; but the French prince Philip remained master of
Spain, and hostilities were ended by the treaty of Utrecht,
in April, 1713. After a reign of seventy-two years, he
died, on the 1st of September, 1715, and was succeeded
by his great-grandson, Louis XV. The age of Louis
XIV. was the most brilliant in the literary history of
France, and he was a very judicious as well as a very
munificent patron of literary merit. He preserved his
equanimity in his successes and his reverses.
" No sovereign," says Macaulay, in his review of Du-
mont's "Recollections of Mirabeau," "has ever repre-
sented the majesty of a great state with more dignity
and grace. . . . He was not a great general ; he was not
a great statesman ; but he was, in one sense of the words,
a great king. Never was there so consummate a master
of what our James I. would have called king-craft.
Though his internal administration was bad, though the
military triumphs of his reign were not achieved by
a, e, t, 6, u, y, long; A, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short;*, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fall, fit; mJt; not; good; moon:
LOUIS
LOUIS
himself, though his later years were crowded with de-
feats, ... he succeeded in passing himself off on his
people as a being above humanity."
See VOLTAIRE, " Siecle de Louis XIV," 1752 ; PELLISSON, " His-
toire de Louis XIV," 1749 ; DANGSAU, " Journal de la Cour de Louis
XIV;" "Letters of Madame de Maintenon ;" J. DE LARRBY. " His-
toirede France sous le Regne de Louis XIV," 1718-22: CAPBFIGUE.
" Louis XIV, SOD Gouvernement," etc.. 6 vols , 1837; SAINT-SIMON,
"M<<nioires;" G. P. R. JAMES, '' TheLife and Timesof Louis XI V.,"
4 vols., 1838; LORD BOLINGBROKB. " Siecle politiquc de Louis XIV."
* vols.. 1754; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Louis XV. of France, the great-grandson of Louis
XIV., was born at Fontainebleau the I5th of February,
1710. His father was the virtuous Duke of Burgundy,
and his mother was Maria Adelaide of Savoy. Louis
became king on the ist of September, 1715, the Duke of
Orleans, a nephew of Louis XIV., being then appointed
regent. The minority of Louis was a period of scan-
dalous corruption in morals and politics. Among the
ruinous errors of the regent's administration was his
adoption of the financial system of the famous projector
Law. (See LAW, JOHN.) In 1723 the king was declared
of age, the Duke of Orleans died, and the Duke of
Bourbon became prime minister. In 1725 Louis married
Marie Leczinska, daughter of Stanislas, the dethroned
king of Poland, and in the next year Bourbon was super-
seded by the eminent statesman Cardinal Fleury, who
had been preceptor of the young king and had merited
his confidence. By his prudent and pacific administra-
tion Fleury restored some degree of order and prosperity
in the state, and arrested the downward progress of the
monarchy. A war which began between the French and
Austrians in 1733 was waged on the Rhine and in Italy
until 1735, when Lorraine was ceded to France by the
treaty of Vienna. Against the advice of Fleury, Louis
joined in 1741 the iniquitous coalition against Maria
Theresa of Austria, and sent an army into Bohemia.
The English then declared war against France. In 1743
Cardinal Fleury died, and Louis resolved to dispense
with a prime minister. Among the principal events of
this war was the battle of Fontenoy, (1745,) where in
presence of Louis his army defeated the English under
the Duke of Cumberland. Hostilities were suspended
by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. About this
period Louis ceased to take an active part in the govern-
ment, and abandoned himself to scandalous vices in the
harem called the "Pare aux Cerfs."
Rival claims of the French and English in Canada
were the cause or pretext of a war which began in 1755,
and the French court was at the same time involved in
the Seven Years' war as the ally of Maria Theresa. The
disasters and disgraces of this war increased the un-
popularity of the king, who was stabbed by a fanatic
named Damiens in 1757, but only slightly hurt. The
French were defeated by Frederick the Great at Ross-
bach (1757) and at Minden, (1759,) and in various nava!
battles by the English. After losing Canada and other
colonies, the French court signed the treaty of Paris in
1763, and ended a war the odium of which was thrown
on Madame de Pompadour. Under the auspices of the
Due de Choiseul, then chief minister, the order of the
Jesuits was suppressed about 1762. Louis died in May,
1774, leaving the kingdom impoverished, oppressed, and
demoralized. He was succeeded by his grandson, Louis
XVI., whose father, the dauphin, had died in 1765.
See LACRETBLLB, " Histoire de France pendant le dix-huitieme
Siicle," 5 vols., 1809; BAUER, " Ludwig XV., Konig von Frank-
rcich," 1804; VOLTAIRE, "Histoire du Siecle de Louis XV;" DB
TJCQUEVILLE, "Histoire philosophique du Regne de Louis XV,"
1847; MAURBPAS, "Memoires," 1791 ; M. CAPEFIGUE, "Louis XV
et la Sociihe du XVIlIe Siecle;" CARLYLE, " French Revolution."
Louis XVI., the grandson of Louis XV., was born
at Versailles, August 23, 1754. He was the second son
of Louis, Dauphin of France, and Marie Josephe of
Saxony, and received at his birth the title of Due de
Berry. In 1770 he married Marie Antoinette, a daughter
of Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria. He ascended
the throne in 1774, and appointed Turgot minister of the
finances, which were then in great disorder. Turgot,
a man of probity and ability, undertook wise and exten-
sive reforms ; but these were resisted by the nobility
and clergy, and he was dismissed from office in 1776.
Necker then became contrSlcur-gMral, or prime minister.
(See NECKER, J.) In 1778 the French court recognired
the independence of the United States, declared war
against England, and sent a fleet and army to fight for
trie new republic. Peace was restored between France
and England in 1783, and the French soldiers returned
home enthusiasts for liberty.
Necker having resigned in 1781, Calonne was ap-
pointed contr6kur-genfral. He not only failed to supply
the deficit in the revenue, but increased the public dis-
tress by his prodigality, and called an Assembly of Nota-
bles in 1787. In this year Calonne was superseded bj
Lomenie de Brienne, who also was found incompetent
to guide the state through that great financial and politi-
cal crisis, and advised the king to convoke the States-
General, which had not been assembled since 1614.
Louis recalled Necker to the place of prime minister
about September I, 1788, and convoked the States-Gene-
ral at Versailles in May, 1789. This event was the signal
for the explosion of passions, ambitions, and resentments
which had accumulated and fermented during a long
period of misrule. The popular cause derived greal
advantage from Necker's ordinance that the number of
the deputies of the Third Estate should be equal to the
sum of all the noblesse and clergy. After a contes1
between the Third Estate and the other orders on the
question whether they should vote together or separately
by orders, the Third Estate prevailed, and took the name
of the National Constituent Assembly. Necker having
been dismissed in July, 1789, the populace of Paris de-
stroyed the Bastille a few days later. Thenceforth the
progress of revolution was rapid and irresistible. The
Assembly made a great and sudden change in the po-
litical and social condition of France by the abolition of
tithes, titles of nobility, feudal privileges, and inveterate
abuses. The landed estates of the Church, comprising
nearly one-third of France, were confiscated. The king,
who was disposed to make large concessions and lacked
firmness to resist popular aggressions, remained as a
hostage of the old regime in the hands of the nation.
The position of Louis became so irksome and perilous
that he attempted, in June, 1791, to escape with his
family from Paris, but was arrested at Varennes and
compelled to return. He then accepted the new consti-
tution, which proclaimed liberty, equality, and universal
suffrage. In March, 1792, a Girondist ministry was
formed, in which Dumouriez and Roland were the chief
ministers, and war was declared against Austria and
Prussia. By the insurrection of August 10, the Jacobins,
led by Danton and Robespierre, effected the total sub-
version of the monarchy and initiated the reign of terror.
Louis was confined in a prison called the Temple, after
being subjected to indignities and outrages from the mob
He was tried for treason by the National Convention,
which met in September, 1792, defended by Deseze and
Tronchet, and condemned to death, the vote being 387
for death and 334 for banishment or detention. He was
executed January 21, 1793, and died with tranquil forti-
tude. He left a son, Louis, styled the Seventeenth, and
a daughter, Elizabeth. His virtues were better adapted
to a private station than to a throne.
See GASSIER, " Vie de Louis XVI," 1814: DURDENT, "Histoire
de Louis XVI," 1817; J. DROZ, "Histnire du Regne de Louis
XVI," 3 vols., 1839-42 ; FALLOUX, " Louis XVI," 1840; CAPEFIGUE,
"Louis XVI, son Administration," etc., 4 vols., 1844; SoULAVIR,
"Me'moires du Regne de Louis XVI," 6 vols., iSoi : THIERS,
"History of the French Revolution;" LAMARTINE, "History of
the Girondists," 1847; CARLYLE, "French Revolution ;" "Last
Years o!" the Reign and Life of Louis XVI.," by FRANCIS Hue.
Louis XVII. of France, the second son of Louis
XVI., was born in 1785. He became dauphin at the
death of an elder brother in 1789, and was recognized as
king in January, 1 793, by the French royalists and several
foreign courts, but was closely confined by the Jacobins.
The cruel treatment which he received from his jailers
hastened his death, which occurred in prison in June,
1795-
See A. DE BEAUCHRSNE, "Life, Sufferings, and Death of Louii
XVII.," translated by W. HAZLITT.
Louis XVIII. of France, born at Versailles in No-
vember, 1755, was the third son of the dauphin, and
ounger brother of Louis XVI. He received at his
' th the names of Louis Stanislas Xavier, and the title
yoi
bir;
e as*; 9 as/; g hard; g as/; G, H, v., guttural; x, nasal; R, trilled; s as t; th as in this. (JE^="See Explanations, p. 23.)
LOUIS
1584
LOUIS
of Count de Provence. He was also styled MONSIEUB
during the reign of Louis XVI. In 1771 he married
Marie Josephine de Savoy. He favoured the Revolu-
tion in its first stages, and by his influence determined
that the Third Estate should send to the States-General
as many deputies as both of the other orders. He re-
mained in Paris until the flight of the king to Varennes,
in June, 1791, when he escaped by another route. During
the republic and empire he resided at Verona, Mitau,
Warsaw, and Hartwell, England. In April, 1814, he
returned to France and ascended the throne vacated
by Bonaparte. He hastened to accept a constitutional
charter which his ministers presented. By the escape
of Napoleon, his daring march to Paris, and the defec-
tion of the army, Louis was forced to fly on the 2Oth of
March, 1815, and retired to Ghent. (See BONAPARTE.)
He was again restored by the allied armies in July,
1815, at one of the most disastrous epochs in French
history. "The king must have had," says Lamartine,
"great courage or a great thirst of power, to accept a
throne and a nation buried under so many ruins." Louis
dismissed Talleyrand, and selected for prime minister
the Due de Richelieu; but M. Decazes, minister of
police, was his chief favourite. The majority of the
Chamber of Deputies were extreme royalists, and main-
tained an opposition to the ministry. Several Bona-
partists were executed, and others banished. On Sep-
tember 5, 1816, the king dissolved the Chamber, and by
this coup d'itat gained much popularity. The next elec-
tions resulted in favour of the moderate royalists. In
December, 1818, a new liberal ministry was formed, and
Decazes became prime minister. (See DECAZES.) The
ultra-royalists, with Villele as premier, came into power
in February, 1820, and passed an electoral law less
favourable to the liberal party. In 1823 the French
court sent an army into Spain, and supported the cause
of absolutism, as an ally of Ferdinand VII. Louis died
in September, 1824, without issue, and was succeeded by
his brother, Charles X. " His qualities," says Michaud,
"were rather brilliant than solid." He had respectable
literary attainments and an easy elocution. He is re-
puted the author of the saying, " Punctuality (exactitude)
is the politeness of kings.
See ALPHONSE DE BEAUCHAMP, "Vie de Louis XVIII," 1821;
LACRETELLE, "Histoire de France depuis ia Restauration," 4 vols.,
1829-36; LAMARTINE, " History of the Restoration ;" "Memoires
de Louis XVIII," (anonymous,) Paris, 1832; CHATEAUBRIAND,
"Memoires d'Outre-Tombe;" "Nouvelle Biographie Ge'ne'rale;"
EYRE EVANS CROWB, " History of Louis XVIII. and Charles X.,"
2 vols., 1854; " Foreign Quarterly Review" for January, 1833.
Louis, (Kings or princes of Germany.) See LEWIS.
Louis [It. LUIGI, loo-ee'jee] II., King and Emperor of
Italy, the son of Lothaire I., was born about 822 A.D.
He became the colleague of his father in 850, and at the
death of the latter, in 855, inherited the throne of Italy.
Among the events of his reign were battles which he
fought with various success against the Saracens who
invaded Italy. He died in 875, leaving a daughter
Ermengarde, who was married to Boson, King of Aries.
They had a son, who was styled Louis III.
See MURATORI, " Annali d'ltalia;" "Nouvelle Biographie
Ge'ne'rale."
Louis (Luigi) IH., King or Emperor of Italy, sur-
named THE BLIND, born about 879, was a grandson of
the preceding. He was a son of Boson, King of Aries
and Ermengarde. In 900 he was invited to Italy by
several barons, and was crowned in place of Berenger,
who took Louis prisoner in 905 and put out his eyes.
Died in 929.
Louis (Luigi) OF TARENTUM, King of Naples, born
in 1320, was a grandson of Charles the Lame. He was
a cousin of Queen Joan of Naples, who married Louis
in 1346, after she had strangled her husband Andrew.
Died in 1362.
Louis (Luigi) n., King of Naples, Sicily, and Jerusa-
lem, born in 1377, was a son of Louis I. He was crowned
by the pope in 1389, and obtained possession of Naples,
from which he was expelled by Ladislaus in 1399. Died
in 1417.
Louis (Luigi) III., of Naples, Duke of Anjou, born
in 1403, was a son of the preceding. He inherited his
father's title to the throne of Naples, which, however,
was occupied by Alfonso of Aragon. He invaded Italy,
and conquered a large part of the kingdom, but died in
1434, before his enterprise was finished.
Louis (Port. Luis, loo-ess'] I., King of Portugal, bcrn
in 1838, began to reign at the death of his brother,
Pedro V., in November, 1861, before which he was the
Duke of Oporto. He married Maria Pia, a daughter of
Victor Emmanuel of Italy, in 1862. Died Oct. 19, 1889.
Louis (Luigi) L, King of Sicily or of Naples, Count .
of Provence, Duke of Anjou, etc., born in 1339, was
a younger son of Jean II. of France. At the instigation
of Pope Clement VII., Queen Joan of Naples adopted
Louis as her successor in 1380, but his title was disputed
by Charles of Durazzo, who. afterwards became King of
Naples. Died near Bari in 1384.
Louis [Sp. Luis, loo-ess'] OF ARAGON, King of Sicily,
born in 1338, was the eldest son of Peter II., whom he
succeeded in 1342. Died in 1355.
Louis, Dauphin of France, the son of Louis XIV.
and Maria Theresa, was born in 1661, and was called
MONSEICNEUR. His education was directed by Bossuet,
who wrote for him his "Discourse on Universal His-
tory." The dauphin, however, had a great aversion to
study, and appears to have had only moderate abilities.
He married Marie Christine of Bavaria, and became
father of the Duke of Burgundy and of the Duke of
Anjou, who was afterwards Philip V. of Spain. In 1688
Louis XIV. placed him at the head of the army of the
Rhine, under the direction of Vauban. As commander
of the army in Flanders in 1694, the dauphin received
credit for a march which protected Dunkirk. His last
years were passed in compulsory idleness. Died in 1711.
Louis, Dauphin of France, the son of Louis XV.,
was born in 1729. His virtues, talents, and attainments
are highly commended by M. Michaud, Jr. In 1747 he
married Marie Josephe of Saxony, by whom he had
three sons, who became kings, viz., Louis XVI., Louis
XVIII., and Charles X. He was excluded by his father
from all participation in the government. Died in 1765.
Louis, loo'e , (ANTOINE,) a celebrated French sur-
geon, born at Metz in 1723. He settled in Paris at an
early age, and acquired a high reputation by his writings
on surgery. He wrote many able surgical articles for
the " Encyclopedic." He was for many years the oracle
and counsel of the tribunals in questions of medical
jurisprudence. Died in 1792.
See " Nouvelle Biographie Ge'ne'rale."
Louis, (Louis DOMINIQUE,) BARON, a successful
French financier, better known as ABBE Louis, was born
at Toul in 1755. He emigrated to England in 1792, and
returned about the end of 1799. During the empire he
became administrator of the treasury, councillor of state,
and a baron. From April, 1814, until August, 1815, he
served Louis XVIII. as minister of finance. He was re-
called to the same office in 1818 by Decazes, and resigned
in November, 1819. lie was also appointed minister ol
finance by Louis Philippe in 1830. Died in 1837.
See " Souvenirs sur le Baron Louis," Paris, 1842 ; COMTE ni
SAINT-CRICCJ, " filoge de Baron Louis," iS38 : " Nouvelle Bio
graphic Ge'ne'rale."
Louis, (PIERRE CHARLES ALEXANDRE,) a French
physician, born at Ai (Marne) in 1787. Among his
works is " Researches on Typhoid Fever," (2 vols.,
1828.) Died at Paris, August 24, 1872.
Louis Napoleon. See NAPOLEON III.
Louis Philippe, loo'e' fe'lep', Duke of Orleans, King
of the French, often called "the Citizen King," was
born in Paris on the 6th of October, 1773, and was the
eldest son of Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans,
who was styled Philippe Egalite. His mother was Louise
Marie de Bourbon, a daughter of the Due de Pen-
thievre. His early education was directed by Madame
de Genlis, who taught him liberal principles and formed
him to habits of prudence and self-control. During the
life of his father, who was executed in 1793, he was styled
the Duke of Chartres. About 1790 he entered the army
as colonel, and merited two civic crowns by saving the
lives of two priests in an tmrute. He favoured the
popular cause in the Revolution, and served in the first
campaign against the Austrians in 1792. In Novembei
I, e.i, 5, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 5, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, fall, fit; met; not; good; mSon;
LOUIS
'585
LOUVEL
of that year he commanded the centre at Jemmapes,
and was, says Lamartine, the favourite lieutenant of
Dumouriez, the general-in-chief. Having been sum-
moned to appear at the tribunal of the committee of
public safety in April, 1793, he escaped across the Bel-
gian frontier with Dumouriez, in whose conspiracy with
the Austrians he was implicated. He afterwards wan-
dered as an exile and in disguise through various coun-
tries and strange vicissitudes, and was for some months
(1794) professor in the College of Reichenau, under the
name of M. Chambaud. In 1796 he came for greater
safety to the United States, where he travelled more than
a year. From 1800 until 1808 the Duke of Orleans re-
sided in England. He married Maria Amelia, daughter
of Ferdinand, King of Naples, in 1809. At the restora-
tion of the Bourbons (1814) he returned to France, and
was reinstated in his hereditary honours and possessions.
When the escape of Bonaparte from Elba became known
at Paris, Louis XVIII. appointed the Duke of Orleans
commander of the army of the North ; but he soon re-
signed this place. He took little part in public affairs
until the revolution of July, 1830, had dethroned Charles
X., and a provisional government was formed, under the
direction of La Fayette, Lafitte, Guizot, Thiers, and others.
A powerful party then urged the claim of Louis Philippe
to the throne, while others wished a republic. The scale
appears to have baen turned by La Fayette, (who did not
consider France yet prepared for a republic,) and the
crown was offered to the Duke of Orleans by the Deputies
and Peers, on the gth of August, and accepted, with a
remodelled constitution. The king called into his cabi-
net the Due de Broglie, Count Mole, M. Guizot, and
Lafitte. He was soon after recognized by the great powers
of Europe. In October, 1830, M. Lafitte became premier,
and in March, 1831, was superseded by Casimir Perier.
The first part of this reign was disturbed by riots and
conspiracies of the Carlists and republicans, and several
attempts were made to assassinate the king. In October,
1832, a new ministry was formed, of which Marshal Soult
was premier and Guizot and Thiers were members, the
majority being Doctrinaires. Frequent changes of the
ministry afterwards occurred, by which Count Mole, the
Due de Broglie, Thiers, and Guizot were successively
raised to the office of prime minister. In October, 1830,
Louis Napoleon made at Strasbourg an abortive attempt
to dethrone Louis Philippe, for which he was banished to
'the United States. Louis Philippe followed a pacific policy,
and waged no wars against the great European powers ;
but his army made important conquests in Algeria. His
reign, however, though successful, was not generally
popular. It was stigmatized as reactionary, temporizing,
"egotistical." The peace which had been the chief merit
of this reign was at last imperilled by the impolitic mar-
riage of the king's son, the Duke of Montpensier, to the
eventual heiress of the Spanish crown. Electoral reform
became the rallying-cry of a plan of agitation concerted
by a coalition of republicans, Bonapartists, and royalists
in 1847. The forcible opposition of the ministry to this
open agitation at reform banquets caused a collision be-
tween the troops and the Parisian populace on February
24, 1848. Unwilling to authorize a great slaughter of
the people, the king then abdicated in favour of his
grandson, Count of Paris ; but the republic proclaimed
by Lamartine, Arago, and others prevailed. Louis Phi-
lippe escaped in disguise to England, where he was kindly
received, lie died at Claremont, England, in August,
1850, leaving four sons, styled the Due de Nemours,
the Due de Montpensier, the Prince de Joinville, and
the Due d'Aumale.
...hppe, 1842; Louis BLANC,
de dix Ans," (1830-40.) Paris, 1842; ALFRED E. DOUGLAS, "Life
•ud Times of Louis Philippe, ex-King of the French," 1848; GUIZOT,
" Me"moires pour servir a 1'Histoire de mon Temps;" " NouveUe
Biographic Ge'nerale."
Louis Quatorze. See Louis XIV.
Louisa (or Luise) Auguste Wilhelmine Amalie,
Queen of Prussia, the daughter of the Duke of Mecklen-
burg-Strelitz, was born at Hanover in 1776. She was
married in 1793 to the prince-roval, who in 1797 became
King Frederick William III. After becoming the mother
of several children, she died in 1810. Her beauty and
accomplishments are highly praised.
Louise de Lorraine, loo'ez' deh lo'rjn', Queen of
France, born in 1554, was the daughter of Nicolas,
Count de Vaudemont. In 1575 she was married to
Henry III., who treated her with neglect. Died in 1601.
Louise de Savoie, loo'ez' deh si'vwa', Regent of
France, born at Pont d'Ain in 1476, was the daughter
of Philip, Duke of Savoy. She married Charles of Or-
leans, and had a son who became king as Francis I.
On his departure to Italy, in 1515, he appointed her
regent of the kingdom. She caused the loss of the
Milanese by appropriating to herself the money destined
to pay the troops, and by her unjust treatment provoked
Constable Bourbon to join the enemy. She obtained
the regency again in 1524, and retained it during the
captivity of the king. In 1529 she negotiated with Mar-
garet of Austria the treaty of Cambray between Francis
I. and Charles V. Died in 1532.
See MARILLAC, "Vie du Conne"table de Bourbon :" " Nouvell*
Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Louise d'Orleans, loo'ez' doR'la'&N', (MARIE Tnj4-
RESE CAROLINE ISABELLE,) Queen of Belgium, born at
Palermo in 1812, was a daughter of Louis Philippe of
France. She was married to Leopold, King of Belgium,
in 1832. Died in 1850.
SeeT. SCHELLINCK, " Een Engel in den Kernel of Leven van H.
M. Louise Marie," etc., 1850; MORREN, "Heliotrope; Immortaliui
de Louise Marie, Reme des Beiges," 1850.
Louise (or Luise) Ulrike, loo-ee'zeh ool're-keh.
Queen of Sweden, born at Berlin in 1720, was a sister
of Frederick the Great of Prussia. She became ac-
quainted with Voltaire, who wrote verses in praise of
her agreeable qualities. In 1744 she was married to
Prince Adolphus Frederick, who became king in 1751.
She founded an Academy of Belles-Lettres at Stockholm
in 1753. Died in 1782. Gustavus III. was her son.
Loup, loo, [Lat SERVA'TUS LU'PUS,] Abbe of Fer-
rieres, is regarded as the most polished writer that
France produced in the ninth century. He was born in
the diocese of Sens in 805. He was employed by Charles
the Bald in important missions, and corresponded with
the most eminent men of his time, including several
kings. His letters are prized for the light they throw
on the events of that period.
See "Gallia Christiana;" "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Loupolov, See LOOPOLOF.
Louptiere, de la, deh It loo'te-aiR', (JEAN CHARLES
DE Relongue — reh-loNg',) a French poet, born in the
diocese of Sens in 1727 ; died in 1784.
Lourdoueix, looR'doo'4',(SopHiETEssiER,) a French
writer of fiction, born in Paris in 1793. She married M.
Lourdoueix, an editor of the "Gazette de France."
Among her works is "The Son of his Works," (" Le
Fils de ses CEuvres," 2 vols., 1845.) Died in 1859.
Loureiro, de, da 15-ra^e-ro, (JoAo,) a Portuguese bot-
anist, born about 1715. He practised medicine many
years in Cochin China and China, and returned to Por-
tugal after an absence of thirty-six years. His " Flora
of Cochin China" (1790) described many new genera,
and was esteemed a valuable contribution to botanical
science. Died in 1796.
Loutherbourg, loo't^R'booR', or Lutherburg, loo'-
t^R-booRG', (PHILIPPE JACQUES,) a skilful French land-
scape-painter, born at Strasburg about 1735, was a pupil
of Casanova. After working some years in Paris, he
removed in 1771 to London, where he painted decora-
tions for the Opera. He excelled in landscapes, battle
pieces, and views on the sea-coast. His execution is
remarkable for facility and vigour. He etched some of
his own designs. He died in London about 1812.
See NAGLER, " Allgemeines Kunstler-Lexikon."
Louvard, loo'vfR', (FRANCOIS,) a French Jansenist
and polemical writer, born in Maine in 1661 ; died in 1739.
LouveL, loo'vSl', (PIERRE Louis,) a French assassin,
born at Versailles in 1783, was a saddler by trade.
Prompted by party spirit and enmity to the Bourbons,
*,- jasj; ghard; gasy; G, H. K.,fut<urat; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in this.
loo
Explanations, p. 23.)
j^OUVERTURE
1586
LOVELACE
he assassinated the Due de Berry, February 13, 1820.
This act caused great political excitement, and led to the
resignation of the prime minister Decazes. Louvel was
executed in June, 1820.
Louverture. See TOUSSAINT L'OuvERTURE.
Louvet, loo'v|', (PIERRE,) a mediocre French histo-
rian, born at Beauvais in 1617. He wrote histories of
Languedoc, Aquitaine, and Provence. Died about 1680.
Louvet, (PiERRE,) a French antiquary, born near
Beauvais about 1570 ; died in 1646.
Louvet de Couvray, loo'v|' deh koo'vR^', QEAN
BAPTISTE,) a French Girondist orator, born in Paris in
1760. He was elected to the Convention in 1792, and
Decame a prominent member of the Girondist party. In
October, 1792, he attacked Marat and Robespierre in a
bold and effective speech. He was proscribed with the
Girondist chiefs about June I, 1793, but escaped by flight
to Normandy. In April, 1794, he entered Paris, where
he concealed^ himself until the fall of Robespierre. In
1795 he resumed his seat in the Convention, from which
he passed into the Council of Five Hundred. He pro-
duced several successful romances, comedies, and polit-
ical tracts. Died in 1797. In reference to the above-
named speech, which is inserted in his " History of the
Girondists," Lamartine says, " Louvet was one of those
men whose political destiny is composed of a single day ;
but this day conquers futurity for them, because it asso-
ciates with their name the memory of a sublime talent
and a sublime courage."
See LAMARTINE, " History of the Girondists:" THIHRS, " His-
if the French Revolution ;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
tory o!
Louviers, de, deh loo've-4', (CHARLES JACQUES,) a
French writer, was appointed a member of the council
of state by Charles V. in 1376. He is supposed to be
the author of the famous "Dream of the Orchardist,"
("Songe du Vergier,") the aim of which is to prove that
the pope has no temporal power over princes. The book
is in the form of a dialogue.
Louville, de, deh loo vel', (CHARLES AUGUSTS d'Al-
lonville — dt'16N'vel',) MARQUIS, a French diplomatist,
born in 1668. In 1701 he was chosen gentleman of the
chamber to Philip V. of Spain, who afterwards employed
him n missions to Paris and Rome. Died in 1731.
Louville, de, (JACQUES EUGENE d'AllonviUe,)
CHEVALIER, a French astronomer, born in the Chartrain
in 1671, was a brother of the preceding. He devoted
himself to astronomy, and erected an observatory near
Orleans. Having been admitted into the Academy of
Sciences, he contributed to it " New Tables of the Sun,"
"Observations on the Obliquity of the Ecliptic," etc.
Died in 1732.
See FONTKNELLK, " Eloge de M. LouvilJe."
Louvois, de, deh loo'vwa', (CAMILLE LETELLIER,)
ABBE, bom in Paris in 1675, was a son of the celebrated
minister of war. He was included by Baillet among 'he
"enfants celebres," and was elected to the French
Academy in 1 706. He added 30,000 books to the Royal
Library. Died in 1718.
Louvoia, de, CHEVALIER. See ESTREES, D', (Louis
CESAR LETELLIER.)
Louvoia, de, (FRANgois MICHEL LETELLIER,) MAR-
QUIS, a powerful French minister of state, born in Paris
in 1641, was a son of Michel Letellier, chancellor of
France. In 1654 his father, who was then secretary of
war, obtained the reversion of that office for Louvois,
who, having qualified himself by diligent studies and
gained the favour of the king, became sole minister of
war in 1666. While Colbert managed the finances and
increased the resources of France, Louvois contributed
greatly to the military successes of Louis XIV. He
supplanted Colbert in the favour of the king, and in-
stigated Louis to persecute the Protestants. By the
counsels of this unscrupulous and haughty minister, who
was then extremely powerful, the edict of Nantes was
revoked in 1685, and the Palatinate was wasted by fire
and sword in 1689. The atrocity of the latter measure
excited general horror. His insolence at last exhausted
the patience of the king. In 1691 Louvois excited the
anger of Louis by proposing to burn Treves, and would
have been dismissed if he had not died suddenly in the
same year. He is censured for having caused the
derangement of the finances, and for fomenting the ag-
gressive martial ambition of his master. " He was the
greatest adjutant-general, the greatest quartermaster-
general, the greatest commissary-general," says Macau-
lay, " that Europe had seen. He may, indeed, be said
to have made a revolution in the art of disciplining, dis-
tributing, equipping, and provisioning armies." His
soil, the Marquis of Barbesieux, was his successor as
minister of war.
Louvrex, de, deh loo'vRi', (MATHIAS GUILLAUME,)
a Belgian jurist and historian, born at Liege in 1665;
died in 1734.
Lovat, luv'at, (SiMON Fraser,) LORD, a Scottish
Jacobite conspirator, born near Inverness about 1676.
At the death of Lord Lovat, who was chief of the Fraser
clan, Simon Fraser made unsuccessful attempts to obtain
the title and estates. To evade the penalty of some
crime, he passed over to France about 1700, and turned
a Roman Catholic. Having entered the service of the
Pretender, he was sent to Scotland in 1702 to incite the
Highlanders to rebellion ; but he betrayed his trust, and
acted the part of informer against the Jacobites. For
this offence he was confined in the Bastille several years.
In 1715 Fraser fought against the cause of the Stuarts at
Inverness, and was rewarded with the estates of the
Frasers and the title of Lord Lovat. In the rebellion
of 1745 he was detected in treasonable acts against King
George, for which he was executed in London in 1747.
Love, (ALFRED HENRY,) an American reformer,
born at Philadelphia in 1830. He became a merchant
in that city, organized the American Literary Union
in 1845 and became its president, was vice-president
of the Pennsylvania Prison Society, and one of the
founders, in 1866, of the Universal Peace Union, of
which he became and remained the president. He
edited in the interest of this society the " Voice of
Peace" and the "Peacemaker and Court of Arbitra-
tion."
Love, luv, (CHRISTOPHER,) a Presbyterian theologian,
was born at Cardiff, Wales, in 1618. He began to
preach in London in 1644, after which he was a member
of the Assembly of Divines. After the death of Charles
I., he entered into a conspiracy called Love's Plot, the
design of which was to restore Charles II. For thi»
cause he was executed in August, 1651. His Sermons,
and other works, were published in three volumes.
Love, (JAMES,) the assumed name of a dramatist and
actor, who was a son of Mr. Dance, a London architect.
A satire against Walpole having appeared under the
title "Are these Things so?" he wrote an answer, en-
titled " Yes, they are : What then ?" for which Walpole
gave him a present. He acted at Drury Lane from 1762
until his death, and wrote " Pamela," and other come-
dies. Died in 1774.
Loveira. See LOBEIRA.
Love'joy, (luv'joi,) (ELIJAH P.,) an American clergy-
man and opponent of slavery, born at Albion, in Maine,
in 1802, graduated at Waterville in 1826. He began to
edit at Alton, Illinois, about 1836, an anti-slavery paper,
called "The Alton Observer." His press was twice de-
stroyed by a pro-slavery mob. While defending his
premises at Alton against a third attack, he was shot
and mortally wounded, in November, 1837.
Lovejoy, (OWEN,) a brother of the preceding, was
born at Albion, Kennebec county, Maine, in 1811. He
was employed as minister of a Congregational church at
Princeton, Illinois, from 1838 to 1854, and was elected a
member of Congress by the Republicans of the third
district of Illinois in 1856. He was re-elected in 1858,
1860, and 1862. He was a radical opponent of slavery.
Died at Brooklyn, New York, in March, 1864.
Lovelace, (RICHARD,) an English poet, born in Kent
in 1618. He fought for the king in the civil war, and
rose to the rank of captain. Having spent his fortune
in the royal cause, he entered the French service in
1646. On his return to England in 1648, he was impris-
oned for political reasons. In 1649 he was released,
and published a volume of poems, consisting of odes,
sonnets, etc., addressed to " Lucasta." Some of these are
admired for grace and vigour. He died poor in 16^8.
a. e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, o, \\, y, short; a, e, i, t), obscure; far, fall, fit; mJt; not; good; moon;
LOrELL
LOWELL
Lovell, Iuv'e.1, (MANSFIELD,) an American general, ! distinguished himself as an actor and a poet. JULIA
born at Washington, District of Columbia, October ! LOWE, aunt of the preceding, born in 1790, was very
20, 1822, graduated at West Point in 1842. In the successful as an actress at Vienna. She died about 1850.
civil war he commanded the Confederate army at New Lowe, 15, (Sir HUDSON,) a British general, born in
Orleans before the capture of that city. Died in 1884. '• Ireland about 1770. He served many campaigns in
Lo'ven, (SvEN,) a Swedish naturalist, born at EgyPf> Italy, Germany, etc., and obtained the rank of
Stockholm in 1809. He studied the marine fauna of • major-general in 1814. In 1815 he was selected to be
the coasts of the North and Baltic Seas, and was a the lai.ler of Bonaparte in Saint Helena. He was cen-
professor '
holm,
one of
Lowe, (JOHANN KARL GOTTFRIED,) a German com-
in 1796. His works include
we
Died September 4, 1895.
Lover, luv'er, (SAMUEL,) an Irish novelist, poet, and poser, born near Halle i
painter, born in Dublin in 1797. He acquired in his youth i operas, sonatas, ballads, and oratorios: of the last w<
a good reputation as a portrait-painter, and afterwards Iniay name "The Seven Sleeuers." Died in 1869.
became a successful author. Besides numerous ballads Lowe, (ROBERT,) an English financier and eminen
and dramas, he produced " Legends and Stories of Ire-
land," and a novel entitled " Handy Andy," (1842,) and
" Rory O'Moore," a song. Among his later publications
nent
rator, born at Bingham in 1811. He graduated at Ox-
ford in 1833, and practised as a barrister in Australia
from 1843 to '850. In 1852 he was returned to Parlia-
is "Metrical Tales, and~other Poems," (1.859'.) Died in nient for Kidderminster. He was appointed vice-presi-
July, 1868. dent of the education board in 1859, but was removed a
Levering, luv'er-ing, (JOSEPH,) born in Charlestown, few Years later- He was a leader of the Adullamites,
Massachusetts, December 25, 1813, graduated at Harvard (nominal Liberals, who opposed the Reform Bill of Rus-
College in 1833, and in 1836 was made professor of mathe- se" an(^ Gladstone in 1866,) and was one of the ablest
matics and natural philosophy there. He published a and most brilliant debaters in Parliament. He supported
great number of scientific memoirs, etc. Died in 1892. Gladstone's motion for the disestablishment of the An-
Lovl-bond, (EDWARD,) an English poet, was born;glican Church in Ireland, and held the office of chan-
in Middlesex, and inherited an easy fortune. He con-|ce"or of the exchequer from 1868 to 1873, when he was
tri^uted several essays to "The World," a popu.ar pe- appointed to the Home Office. He was created LL.D.
riodical, and was the author of various poems, among lof Edinburgh in 1867, and D.C.L. of Oxford in 1870.
which "The Tears of Old May-Day" (1754) is highly He was elected a member of Parliament for the Univer-
praised. Died in 1775.
Lovini. See LUINI.
Low, (CHARLES RATHBORNE,) a British writer,
born at Dublin in 1837. His works deal largely with
military and naval history and biography.
Low, (GEORGE,) a Scottish naturalist, born in For-
farshire in 1746. He wrote "Fauna Orcadensis,"
(1813,) which treats of the animals of the Orkney
and Shetland Isles. Died in 1795.
Low, (SETH,) an American reform politician, was
born at Brooklyn, New York, in 1850, was educated
at Columbia College, entered mercantile business,
and was elected mayor of Brooklyn on a reform ticket
in 1881. He did much to purify municipal politics,
and in 1889 was elected president of Columbia Univer-
sity. In 1897 he ran for mayor of New York, but
was defeated. He is president of the Archaeological
Institution of America and vice-president of the New
York Academy of Sciences.
Low, (WILL HICOK,) an American artist, born at
Albany, New York, May 31, 1853, studied in Europe,
1873-77, under C. Duran and J. L. Gerome. He became
sity of London in 1868. In 1880 he received the title
of Viscount Sherbrooke. Died July 27, 1892.
Low'ell, (CHARLES,) D.D., an American divine, a son
of Judge Lowell, noticed below, was born at Boston in
1782. He became minister of the West Congregational
Church in that city about 1806. He travelled exten-
sively in Europe and the East, returning home in 1840.
Among his publications are two volumes of sermons,
(1855.) Died January 20, 1861.
Lowell, (FRANCIS CABOT,) brother of John Lowell,
(the second of the name,) born at Newburyport in 1775,
was one of the principal founders of the city of Lowell,
to which he gave his name. He was a merchant and
manufacturer of cotton. Died in 1817.
Lowell, (JAMES RUSSELL,) a distinguished American
poet, critic, and scholar, the son of the Rev. Charles
Lowell, noticed above, was born February 22, 1819.
Having graduated at Harvard in 1838, he entered the
law school of that institution, where he remained two
years, and was admitted to the bar in 1841 ; but he soon
abandoned the profession, that he might devote himself
wholly to literature. He published in 1844 a volume
of poems containing a " Legend of Brittany," " Pro-
metheus," and a number of smaller pieces. In 1848
a teacher of life and antique drawing in the National j appeared a second collection of poems, and in a small
Academy, New York. Among his pictures are " Rev- 1 volume (separately) "The Vision of Sir Launfal." In
erie," (1876,) a portrait of Emma Albani, (1877,) "Skip-
per Ireson," (1881,) "Arcades," (1882,) and "Telling the
Bees," (1884.) He also attained distinction as a deco-
rator and illustrator.
LSw'der, (CHARLES FUGE,) an English clergyman,
born at Bath, June 22, 1820. He was educated at King's
College, London, and at Exeter College, Oxford, grad-
(separately)
the same year he also published the " Biglow Papers,"
a witty and humorous satire, written in the "Yankee"
dialect, on the events of the Mexican war, and a " Fable
for Critics," a charming/w if esprit, which, in the words
of Professor Bowen, is " a very witty review article done
into rhyme." It is not too much to say that the best
parts of this poem (which, by the way, is very unequal)
uating in 1843. He was ordained a priest of the Estab- 1 are scarcely surpassed either in wit or in felicity of ex-
lished Church in 1844. His principal work was that of I pression by anything of a similar kind in the English lan-
a missionary in the East of London, in which region he guage. In the summer of 1851 Mr. Lowell visited Europe,
accomplished much good. He was an extreme ritualist. and returned home after an absence of somewhat more
Died at Zell-am-See, Tyrol, September 9, 1880. | than a year. In the winter of 1854-55 he delivered in
Lowe or Loewe, lo'weh, the name of a German j Boston a very popular course of lectures on the British
family, distinguished in various departments of art. poets. Professor Longfellow having, in 1854, resigned
irtn.<c-r T T?nor.ir, T K-aiv Knrr, ,t Cr-v,,«.,it (n i rfii woe (j,e cnajr of the modern languages and belles-lettres at
Harvard, Mr. Lowell was appointed his successor in
January, 1855. On the establishment of the "Atlantic
Monthly" in 1857, Professor Lowell became the editor, —
a position which he held about five years, — and under
his auspices this magazine acquired a wide and deserved
popularity. Among his noteworthy poetical produc-
tions we may mention " Under the Willows, and other
Poems," (1869,) and "The Cathedral," (1870.) Besides
LEOPOLD L6wE, born at Schwedt in 1767, was
the composer of a popular opera entitled "The Island
of Temptation." Died in 1816. His son FERDINAND,
born in 1787, acquired a high reputation as a tragedian.
Died in 1832. His daughter SOPHIE, born in 1815,
became one of the most celebrated vocalists in Germany.
She was married about 1840 to Prince Frederick of
Liechtenstein. Died November 29, 1866. Her brother,
FRANCIS Louis FEODOR, (born in 1816, died in 1800.)
•e as k; 5 as s; g hard; gas>;G, H,K,£*#Kra/; N, nasal; s.,trilltd; sasz; th as in this. (2^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
LOWELL
1588
LOll'fTZ
lie
about
the various collections of his poems reterred to above, a great-grandson of Frederick III. of Denmark.
he published several volumes of his prose writings, en- entered the service of Russia in the reign of Anne,
titled " Among my Books," (1870 ; second series, 1876,) 173°. and as general of artillery gained victories over 1
and " My Study Windows," (1871.) Turks and Tartars. In I743 he passed mo the French
Among the poets of America, Lowell is distinguished service as lieutenant-general, and in 1745 commanded
bv the great ranee, as well as by the versatility, of his the reserve corps at Fontenoy As second in command
powers He seems equally at home in the playful, the under Marshal Saxe, he took many towns m Flanders
pathetic, or the meditative realms of poetry. And we in the same year. For the capture of Bergen-op-Zoonv
always rise from the perusal of his productions with the in I747. he was rewarded with a marshal s baton. He
or Loeweaupt lo'wen-howp,.
England. In 1883 e was . ,
Andrew's University, and while in England he received Liesna in 1708, and lost about 4000 men, but pursued
the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of Oxford, his course. He displayed great courage at Pultowa^
Cambridge, and Edinburgh. Died August 12, 1891. July, 1 709, and when Charles fled to Turkey the command
See ALLFBONK, " Dictionary of Authors." of the Swedish army devolved on Lowenhaupt, who was
Lowell, (JOHN,) an American statesman, borr at forced to capitulate in 1709. He was kept as a pnsonei
Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1743. He began to in Russia until his death, in 1719.
practise law in Boston about 1777. As a member of the Lowenhaupt or Loewenhaupt, von, fon Ib'wen-
convention whtch formed the Constitution of Massachu- howpt', (CARL EMIL,) COUNT, a Swedish general, born
setts in 1780, he efficiently promoted the liberation of in 1692. War having been declared against Russia, he
slaves held in that State. He was elected a member was chosen general-in-chief of an army sent to invade
of Congress in 1781, and appointed a judge of the dis- Finland in 1742. His success was hindered by dissen-
trict court of Massachusetts in 1789. He had three sions among the Swedish officers, and he surrendered
sons, John, Francis C., and Charles. Died at Roxbury at Helsingfors, in September, 1742. The anti-war partj
in 1802. having become dominant, he was tried for that reverse,
Lowell, (JOHN,) an able lawyer and political writer, and executed in 1743.
born at Newburyport in October, 1769, was a son of the Lowenhielm or Loewenhielm, 16'wen-he-e'lm',
preceding. He graduated at Harvard College in 1786, (CARL GUSTAF,) COUNT OF, a Swedish statesman, was
practised law at Boston, and acquired a high reputation, the chief of the party of " Caps." His party having
About 1803 he visited Europe. He was a Federalist, , gained the ascendency in 1765, he was then made min-
wrote much for the public journals, and exerted great ister of foreign affairs. He wrote several memoirs for
infiuence in New England, but declined to enter the | the Academy of Sciences. Died in 1768.
public service. He published twenty-five or more pam- Lowenhielm or Loewenhielm, (GUSTAF CARL
phlets, mostly political, and was one of the founders of FREDERIK,) COUNT OF, a Swedish diplomatist, born at
the Boston Athenaeum and the Massachusetts General Stockholm in 1771. He served in the army, and obtained
Hospital. He was distinguished for his colloquial powers, the rank of general. He represented Sweden at the
Died at Boston in 1840. Congress of Vienna, (1814,) and was Swedish minister
Lowell, (JOHN,) the founder of Lowell Institute, was at the court of Paris from 1818 until 1856. He wrote
born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1799, and was a son several military treatises, and a remarkable work on the
of Francis Cabot Lowell, noticed above. Having lost organization of government. Died in 1856.
his wife and children about 1831, he travelled extensively Lbwenklau. See LEUNCLAVIUS.
in Europe, Syria, and Egypt He died at Bombay in Lowenthal, 16' wen-til, (JOHN JACOB,) a celebrated
March, 1836, leaving by his will about $250,000 to main- Hungarian chess-player and writer on the game, born in
tain in Boston annual courses of gratuitous lectures on ,g,Oj at Buda-Pesth. He went to London in 1851 to
various subjects. partake in a chess tournament, and from that time perma-
Lowell, (JOHN,) LL.D., an American jurist, born in nently resided in England. He published " Morphy's
Boston, October 18, 1824, graduated at Harvard College Games," "Book of the Chess Congress," (1864,) and
in 1843, was a United States district court judge, 1865-78, "Transactions of the British Chess Association," (1867-
and a United States circuit court judge, 1878-84. He 69.) Died July 20, 1876.
published two volumes of United States Reports, and Lower, low'ei, (MARK ANTHONY,) an English antl-
wrote especially upon bankruptcy. Died May 14, 1897. quarian writer, born at Chiddingly, Sussex, in 1813 ;
Lowell, (MARIA WHITE,) an American poetess, the died March 22, 1876.
wife of James Russell Lowell, noticed above, was born LSw'er, (RICHARD,) F.R.S., an eminent English
at Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1821. She was married anatomist, born in Cornwall about 1630. He became a
to Mr. Lowell in 1844. She died in 1853. She is fnend an(j coadjutor of Dr. Willis, whom he assisted in
described as having been singularly beautiful both in },js W0rk on the " Anatomy of the Brain." In 1661 he
person and character. A volume of her poems appeared confirmed the Harveian theory bv experiments on the
«n 1855. transfusion of blood. He practised medicine in London
Lowell, (MARY.) See PUTNAM, (Mrs. MARY.) many years, and wrote, besides other works, a "Treatise
Lowell, (PERCIVAI., ) an American author, born on the Heart, on the Motion of the Blood." etc. Died
at Boston in 1855. lie has written "The Soul of the in 1691.
Far East," and other works on Japan, "The Eve of Lower, (Sir WILLIAM,) an English dramatist, born
the French Revolution," etc. in Cornwall; died in 1662.
Lowell, (ROBERT TRAILL SPENCE,) son of the Rev. Lowitz, lo'wits, (GEORG MORITZ,) a German astrono-
Charles Lowell, noticed above, was born in Boston in mer, born near Nuremberg in 1722. He became pro-
1816. He was ordained a clergyman of the Episcopal fessor of mathematics at Gottingen about 1755, and was
Church in 1842, and subsequently became rector of afterwards director of the observatory at that place. In
Christ Church, Duanesburg, New York. He published 1766 he removed to Saint Petersburg, and was admitted
a novel entitled "The New Priest in Conception Bay," into the Academy of Sciences, by which he was employed
and a collection of poems. Died September 12, 1891. in astronomical observations. He was killed by some
Lowen or Loewen, 16'ften, (JOHANN FRIEDRICH,) rebels at Dmetriefsk in 1774. He had written several
a German poet and writer of fiction, born at Klausthal memoirs on astronomy.
in 1729 ; died in 1771. His son TOBIAS, born at Gottingen in 1757, became
Lbwendahl or Loewendahl, 16'wen-dSl', written one of the most eminent members of the Imperial Acad-
also Loevendahl, (Ui-RiCH FRIEDRICH WOLDEMAR,) emy of Saint Petersburg, and professor of chemistry.
a celebrated general, born at Hamburg in 1700, was; Died in 1804.
a, e, I, 5, u, y. long; A, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon :
LOWMAN
1589
LUBBERT
Low'man, (MosES,) a learned English divine, born
in London in 1680. About 1710 he settled at Clapham,
where he preached many years to a congregation of Dis-
senters. He wrote a " Rationale of the Ritual of the
Hebrew Worship," and other works. Died in 1752.
Lowndes, lowndz, (RAWLINS,) born in the British
West Indies in 1722, settled at Charleston, South Caro-
lina, where he rose to eminence as a statesman and law-
yer. He was elected president or Governor of South
Carolina in 1778. Died in 1800.
Lowndes, (WILLIAM JONES,) an eminent American
statesman, a son of the preceding, was born at Charles-
ton, South Carolina, on the 7th of February, 1782. He
studied law, and married a daughter of General Thomas
Pinckney. In 1810 or 1811 he was elected a member of
Congress for a district of South Carolina. He was an
eloquent debater, and was eminent for his wisdom and
logical acumen. He is said to have been modest and
unambitious. He continued to serve in Congress about
eleven years, and was chairman of the committee of
ways and means from 1818 to 1822. It appears that he
was a general favourite, and was reputed to stand in the
first rank of American statesmen. His health having
failed, he sailed for Europe, but died on the voyage in
October, 1822.
See "Encyclopaedia Americana," (Supplement.)
Lowndes, (WILLIAM THOMAS,) an English bibliog-
rapher, lived in London. He published, about 1834,
" The Bibliographer's Manual," which is highly esteemed.
Died in 1843.
Low'ry, (WiLSON,) a skilful English engraver, born
at Whitehaven in 1762, became a resident of London.
He contributed to the perfection of his art by several
important inventions, and acquired a high reputation,
especially as an engraver of architecture and mechanism,
in which he was unsurpassed. He engraved many figures
for Rees's "Cyclopaedia." Died in 1824.
Lowth, lowth, (ROBERT,) an English bishop and emi-
nent writer, born at Winchester in 1710, was the son of
William Lowth, noticed below. He was educated at Ox-
ford, and became eminent as a biblical scholar. Having
been chosen professor of poetry at Oxford, (1741,) he
delivered " Lectures on the Poetry of the Hebrews," (in
Latin,) which were published in 1753, and often reprinted.
This work was highly esteemed by the most eminent
critics. He was appointed Bishop of Saint David's in
1766, translated to the see of Oxford in the same year,
and to that of London in 1777. Among his most impor-
tant works is an excellent " Translation of the Prophet
Isaiah," (1778.) Died in 1787.
See P. HALL, "Life of Bishop Lowth," 1834 : " Memoirs of the
Life of Robert Lowth," London, 1797; "Monthly Review" for
February and March, 1779, and April, 1780.
Lowth, ( SIMON,) an English theologian, born in
Northamptonshire about 1630. He was vicar of Saints
Cosmas and Damian-on-the-Blean. He published " Let-
ters between Dr. G. Burnet and Simon Lowth," (1684,)
and other writings. Died in 1720.
Lowth, (WILLIAM,) a scholar and commentator, the
father of Robert, noticed above, was born in London in
1661. He was chaplain to the Bishop of Winchester,
and became rector of Buriton about 1700. He wrote
several highly esteemed works, among which are " Di-
rections for the Profitable Reading of the Holy Scrip-
tures," (1708,) and a "Commentary on the Four Greater
Prophets," (4 vols., 1714-26.) Died in 1732.
Lowther, (WILLIAM.) See LONSDALE, EARL OF.
Loyd,loid, (LEWIS,) an English banker, born in 1768.
He was a partner of the banking-house of Jones, Loyd
& Co., London, and was distinguished as a financier. He
died in 1858. His son, Samuel J. Loyd, received the
title of Lord Overstone.
Loyer, Le, leh Iwa'yi', (PIERRE,) a French lawyer,
born in Anjou in 1550, was learned in antiquities and
Oriental languages. He wrote a curious work on de-
monology, entitled "On Spectres, Angels, and Demons
distinctly manifesting themselves to Men," ("Quatres
Livres des Spectres, Anges et Demons se montrant sen-
siblement aux Hommes, ) and otherworks. Died in 1634.
Loyola, loi-o'la, [Sp. pron. lo-yo'la,] (IGNATIUS,)
originally Don INIGO LOPEZ de Recalde, (da ri-kal'da,)
often called Saint Ignatius, (ig-na'she-us ;) [Fr. SAINT-
IGNACE, san'ten'yis'; It. SANT" IGNAZIO, sint en-yat'-
se-o,] a celebrated Spanish reformer, and the founder
of the order of Jesuits, was born of a noble family at
Loyola Castle, in Biscay, in 1491. He received from
nature an ardent, imaginative temperament, and in youth
was the very prototype of the hero of Cervantes, an
enthusiastic votary of chivalrous romance. After signal-
izing his gallantry in several campaigns, he received
about 1520, at the siege of Pampeluna, a wound which
made him a cripple for life. During the tedious con-
finement which followed, his attention was directed to
the mysteries of religion. Ascribing his recovery to a
miracle of grace, he dedicated himself to arduous re
ligious enterprises and to the service of the Blessed Vir-
gin. He became a popular preacher, and was renowned
for his penances and vigils. In 1523 he performed a
pilgrimage to Jerusalem, from which he returned to
Spain in 1524. He passed several ensuing years at Al-
cala and Salamanca in the study of grammar, philosophy,
etc., which he had neglected to learn in his youth. In
1528 he became a student in the University of Paris,
where he found several congenial spirits, among whom
were Francis Xavier and James Lainez. With these he
formed in 1534 a religious society devoted to the educa-
tion of youlh, the renovation of the Catholic Church,
and the conversion of the infidels.
After they had digested the polity and peculiar maxims
of the new order, Paul III. gave it his formal sanction
in 1540, and Loyola was chosen superior or general
(with absolute power) of the order, which was styled the
Society of Jesus. Loyola thenceforth remained in Rome,
and witnessed the extraordinary success of his efforts.
"Under his rule," says Macaulay, "the order grew
rapidly to the full measure of its gigantic powers. With
what vehemence, with what policy, with what exact
discipline, with what dauntless courage, with what self-
denial, with what unscrupulous laxity and versatility in
the choice of means, the Jesuits fought the battles of
their Church, is written in every page of the annals of
Europe during several generations. In the Order of
Jesus was concentrated the quintessence of the Catholic
spirit ; and the history of the Order of Jesus is the
history of the great Catholic reaction. This order pos-
sessed itself at once of all the strongholds which com-
mand the public mind, — of the pulpit, of the press, of
the confessional, of the academies. . . . Nor was it less
their office to plot against the thrones and lives of apos-
tate kings, to spread evil rumours, to raise tumults, to
inflame civil wars, to arm the hand of the assassin."
(See Review of Ranke's "History of the Popes.") It
does not appear, however, that Loyola was responsible
for the corruptions referred to in the above quotation.
His chief work is "Spiritual Exercises," (" Exercicios
espirituales," 1548,) in which he gives rules and counsels
for the guidance of believers. He died in 1556, and was
canonized as a saint by the pope in 1622.
See RIBADBNBIRA, " Vida de S. Ignazio," 1570; G. P. MAPFHit
"De Vita et Moribus Ignatii Loyolae," 1584; STEIN, "Vita Ignatii
Loyola;," 1598: P. BOUHOURS, " Vie de Saint- Ignace," 1679; BOM-
BINA, "Vita S. Ignatii/' 1615: M. WALPOLH, Life of Saint Igna-
1848; "Retrospective Review," vol. ix., 1824.
Loyseau. See LOISEAU.
Loyseau, Iwi'zo', (CHARLES,) a French jurist, born
at Nogent-le-Roi in 1566; died in 1627.
Loysel. See LOISEL.
Loyson, (CHARLES.) See HYACINTHE.
Loyson, Iwa'zoN', (CHARLES,) a French poet, born
in Mayenne in 1791, was maitrc des confirmees in the
Normal School. He published, in 1819, a volume of
elegies and epistles, which abound with beautiful verses.
"He approaches Lamartine," says Sainte-Beuve, "in
elevation and spiritttalisme of sentiments." Died in 1820.
Lu'a, [from lua, to " purge" or " purify,"] a Roman
goddess, who presided over things purified by lustra-
tions. By some she is identified with Ops or Rhea.
Lubbert, liib'bert, orLuthbert, lut'beRt, (SIBRAND,)
a learned Dutch Calvinist, born in Friesland about 1555-
He was for many years professor of divinity at Fransker,
and was deputed to the Synod of Dort about 1618. He
eas£; 933*; ^hard; gas/;G H, Vi,guttut-J; ti,nasa/; R, trilled; sasz; th as in Mir.
anations, p. 23.)
LUBBOCK
159°
LUCAS
wrote controversial works against Socinus, Armim;is,
and Grotius. Died in 1625.
Lub'bpck, (Sir JOHN,) an English banker and savant,
a son of Sir John William, noticed below, was born in
London in 1834. In 1870 he was elected to Parliament
as a Liberal from Maidstone. He is the author of
" Prehistoric Times," (1865,) " The Origin of Civili-
zation," (1870,) "Ants, Bees, and Wasps," (1882,)
"The Pleasures of Life," (1887,) "The Use of
Life," (1894,) '"The :Scenery of Switzerland,"
(1896,) etc.
Lubbock, (Sir JOHN WILLIAM,) Bart, an English
mathematician and astronomer, born in London in 1803,
was educated at Cambridge. About 1830 he was elected
a Fellow of the Royal Society, which he served as treas-
urer for many years. He contributed to the " Philosophic
Transactions" treatises on the "Tides," "On Meteor-
ology," " Researches in Physical Astronomy," etc. In
1833 he produced a work "On the Theory of the Moon
and on the Perturbations of the Planets." Died in 1865.
Lubersac, de, deh lii'beVsaV, (N.,) a French writer
and amateur of art, born in Limousin in 1730; died
in 1804.
Lubert, de, deh lii'baiR', MADEMOISELLE, a French
romance-writer, born in Paris about 1710. She com-
posed successful romances and fairy-tales, one of which
is entitled "Princess Rose-Colour and Prince Celadon."
Voltaire complimented her with the title of "Muse et
Grace." Died about 1780.
Lubieniecius. See LUBIENIECKI.
Lubieniecki, ]oo-be-en-e-ets'kee, written also Lu-
bienetaki or Lubienietski, (CHRISTOPHER,) a painter,
of Polish extraction, born at Stettin in 1659. He settled
in Amsterdam, where he painted portraits and history.
Died in 1729.
Lubieniecki or Lubienietski, [Lat LUBIENIE'-
cius,] (STANISLAS,) a Polish Socinian and astronomer,
was born at Cracow in 1623. He became minister of a
church in Lublin, and wrote a " History of the Polish
Reformation," (1685.) He was exiled from Lublin for
his opinions in theology, and died at Hamburg in 1675.
His reputation rests chiefly on his "Theatrum Cometi-
cum," (1667,) which gives an ample account of four
hundred and fifteen comets which appeared from the
Deluge to his own time.
Lubieniecki or Lubienetski,(THEODORE,) a paintei
and engraver, born at Cracow in 1653, was a brother ot
Christopher, noticed above. He became a resident of
Berlin, where he painted landscapes and historical pic-
tures. A Socinian treatise which he wrote having been
burnt by the hangman, he resigned his place, and re-
turned to Poland, in 1706. Died in 1720.
Lubin, lii'baN', (AucuSTlN,) a French monk, born in
Paris in 1624. He received the title of geographer to
the king, and published, besides other learned works
on ancient and sacred geography, " Plates of Sacred
Geography," ("Tabulae Sacrae Geographicae," 1670.)
Died in 1695.
Lubin, loo'bin, (EiLHARD,) a German philologist,
born in Oldenburg in 1565. He became in 1595 pro-
fessor of belles-lettres at Rostock, where he died in 1621,
leaving, besides other works, a " Key to the Greek Lan
guage," ("Clavis Linguae Grascae," 1622,) and notes on
Horace, Persius, and Juvenal.
Lubis, lu'bess', (E. P.,) a French political writer,
born in 1806, published a " History of the Restoration,"
(in French, 6 vols., 1836.) Died in Paris in 1859.
Liibke, liib'keh, (WILHELM,) a German art-historian,
born in Dortmund, January 17, 1826. He was professor
of art-history at Zurich, 1861-66, when he was called to
a professorship in the art-schools of Stuttgart. He is the
author, among other works, of a " History of Art," (1861,)
a "History of Sculpture," (1863,) etc. Died in 1893.
Lublink, lub'link, (JAN,) a Dutch writer, born at
Amsterdam in 1735. He translated into Dutch Thom-
son's " Seasons" and Young's " Night Thoughts," and
wrote other works. Died about 1815.
Lubomirski, loo-bo-min'skee, (STANISLAS HERA-
CLIUS,) a noble Polish writer, born about 1640. He
Decame grand marshal of Poland, and defended the
national independence with his pen and sword. One
of his works is a political treatise called " Consultations ;
or, On the Vanity of Counsels," ("Consultationes, si"
de Vanitate Consiliorum," 1700.) Died in 1702.
Luc, the French for LUKE, which see.
Luc, SAINT. See LUKE, SAINT.
Luc, de. See DELUC.
Luc de Bruges. See LUCAS BRUGENSIS.
Luca. See LUKE.
Luca, loo'ka, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA,) an Italian jurist
and prelate, born at Venosa in 1614. He published
" Theatre of Truth and Justice," (" Theatrum Veritatis
et lustitiae," 7 vols., 1697,) which treats on canon and
civil law and was highly esteemed. Died in 1683.
Luca or Lucae, loo'tsa, (SAMUEL CHRISTIAN,) a
German anatomist, born at Frankfort in 1787; died in
1821.
Luca, de, da loo'ka, (ANTONINO SAVERIO,) an Italian
cardinal, born at Bronte, Sicily, October 28, 1805. He
was bred in the seminary of Monreale, and at Rome,
where he was a secretary, and an editor, and afterwards
acted as an ablegate, and as censor of the Academy of
the Catholic Religion. He was also appointed an hon-
orary professor in the Roman University, a consultor for
the Propaganda and the Index, and a supernumary secret
cameriere. In 1845 he was consecrated Bishop of Aversa,
in 1853 was appointed Archbishop of Tarsus and nuncio
to Bavaria, and in 1856 nuncio to Austria. In 1863 he
was created a cardinal-priest, and in 1878 a cardinal-
bishop, and Bishop o! Palaestrina. He was head of the
apostolic deanery, vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman
Church, etc. Died in 1884.
Luca, von, fon loo'ka, (!GNAZ,) a German historian
and political writer, born in Viennain 1746 ; died in 1799.
Luca Santo, loo'ka sin'to, or Saint Luke, a Flor-
entine painter of the eleventh or twelfth century. He is
supposed to have painted the Madonnas which were
ascribed to Saint Luke the Evangelist.
Lucain. See LUCAN.
Lu'can, (GEORGE CHARLES BINGHAM,) EARL OF, a
British general, a son of the Earl of Lucan, was born in
London in 1800. He succeeded to the earldom about
1840. In 1854-55 he served in the Crimea in command
of a division of cavalry, and took part in the battles of
the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkerman. He became colonel
'in the Life-Guards in 1855, and was made lieutenant-
general in 1858, and general in 1865. Died in 1888.
Lu'can, [Lai. LUCA'NUS ; Fr. LUCAIN, lii'kaN' ; It
LUCANO, loo-ka'no,] (MARCUS ANN^US,) a Roman epic
poet, born at Corduba, (Cordova,) Spain, in 38 A.D., was
a nephew of the philosopher Seneca. He was educated
at Rome. His early poems procured him the favour of
Nero, who appointed him quaestor and augur and con-
descended to appear as his rival in a literary contest.
Lucan gained the prize, but at the same time lost the
favour of the tyrant, whom he had formerly addressed
with gross adulation. Nero forbade him to read any more
poems in public. Lucan, with Piso and others, conspired
against the life of Nero; the plot was detected, and the
poet was put to death in 65 A.D. His fame rests on a
poem entitled " Pharsalia," which treats of the civil war
between Caesar and Pompey, and displays great beauties
with great defects. Among the latter is an inflated,
declamatory style. Corneille and Voltaire were warm
admirers of Lucan. " His genius," says Villemain, re-
ferring to his early death, " had only time to produce
grandeur, without naturalness or truth." Among his
merits are exalted imagination, intense energy, and
impressive diction.
See KARL H. WEISE, "Vita Lucani," 1835; JACOB PALMER
"Apologia pro Lucano," 1704; VOLTAIRE, " Essai sur la Poe'sie
4pique;"J. G Mi i EI. " Dissertationes II. de Lucano," 1767;
SMITH, "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography."
Lucano. See LUCAN.
Lucanus. See LUCAN.
Lucar, (CYRIL.) See CYRIL-LUCAR.
Lu'cas, (CHARLES,) an Irish physician, patriot, and
politician, born in 1713. He was a popular member of
the Irish Parliament, and an opponent of the court
Died in 1771. .
», e, 1, 6, u, y, long : a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; n5t; good; moon;
LUCAS
LUCIA N
Lu'cas, (CHARLES.) an English musician and com-
poser, born at Salisbury, July 28, 1808. He produced
" The Regicide," (an opera,) symphonies, anthems, songs,
etc. Died March 23, 1869.
Lucas, lii'ka', (HIPPOLYTE JULIEN JOSEPH,) a French
poet and writer of fiction, born at Rennes in 1807. He
produced in 1834 two volumes of verse and prose,
entitled "The Heart and the World." Among his
numerous works is a " Philosophic and Literary His-
tory of the French Theatre." Died Nov. 14, 1878.
Lucas, (JEAN ANDRE HENRI,) a French mineralo-
gist, born in Paris in 1780 ; died in 1825.
Lucas, (JEAN JACQUES ETIENNE,) a French naval
officer, born at Marennes in 1764. In 1803 he obtained
command of the Redoutable. At the battle of Trafalgar
(1805) his ship grappled with Nelson's flag-ship, the Vic-
tory, and one of his crew gave Nelson a mortal wound.
Lucas was taken prisoner in this action. Died in 1819.
Lucas, (JEAN MARIE CHARLES,) a French economist,
born at Saint-Brieuc in 1803. He wrote "On the Re-
form of Prisons," (3 vols., 1836-38,) and other works. He
was admitted into the Institute in 1836. Died in
1889.
Lucas, (JOHN SEYMOUR,) an English artist, born
at London in 1849. He became a student of the
Royal Academy in 1872, and exhibited " By Hook or
Crook" at Burlington House in 1875. All his sub-
sequent work is of a high order of technical excel-
lence, which is specially noticeable in "The Gordon
Riots," (1879.) He became a member of the Insti-
tute of Water-Colour Painters in 1877, and an associate
of the Royal Academy in 1886.
Lucas, (MARGARET.) See CAVENDISH, (MARGARET.)
Lucas, (PAUL,) a French traveller, born at Rouen in
1664, was in early life a dealer in jewels. He visited
Upper Egypt, Syria, Persia, etc., and published "Voyage
to the Levant," (1704.) Having received a commission
from Louis XIV. to collect medals and other monu-
ments of antiquity, he again explored the Levant, (1705-
08,) and published a narrative of his journey. In 1719
he produced his best work, entitled a " Journey in Turkey,
Syria, Palestine, and Egypt," (performed in 1715-16.)
Many of his stories are exaggerated and absurd. Died
in 1737.
See MORBRI, " Dictionnaire Historique;'1 " Nouvelle Biographic
fKnerale."
Lu'cas, (RICHARD,) a learned British divine, born
in Radnorshire in 1648. He settled in London about
1684, and became prebendary of Westminster in 1696.
He published an " Enquiry after Happiness," and " Prac-
tical Christianity," which are highly commended, and
other works. Died in 1715.
Lucas, SAINT. See LUKE, SAINT.
Lucas, (SAMUEL,) an English journalist and miscel-
laneous writer, born at Bristol in 1818. He was editor
of the " Press" and of " Once a Week." He contributed
to the Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews. Died in 1868.
Lu'cas Bru-gen'sis, [or Luc DE BRUGES, liik deh
briizh,] (FRANC.OIS,) a Flemish theologian and excellent
linguist, born at Bruges in 1549. He published, besides
other works, " Concordances of the Vulgate Edition of
the Sacred Books," (" Sacrorum Bibliorum Vulgatae
Editionis Concordantiae," 1617; and 5 vols., 1712.) Died
in 1619.
Lucas van Leyden See LEYDEN.
Lucas von Cranach. See CRANACH,
Lucatelli See LOCATELLI.
Lucca, look'ki, (PAULINE,) an Austrian operatic
singer, born at Vienna, of Jewish parents, in 1842. At
an early age she entered the chorus of the opera at
Vienna, and in 1859 created a sensation by her manner
of leading the Bridesmaids' Chorus. In the same year
she made her debut at Olmutz, in the character of "El-
vira" in " Ernani," and at once established herself as a
popular favourite. Attracting the attention of Meyer-
beer, the composer, he secured for her an engagement in
Berlin in 1861. Here she was appointed court singer
for life, but severed her connection in 1872. During this
period she also sang in London and Saint Petersburg,
and achieved a Continental reputation. In September,
1872, she visited the United States, where she remained
for two years. She then returned to Europe, and, after
making a tour of all the principal cities in Germany
except Berlin, finally settled in Vienna. Lucca married
Baron Rahden in 1865, but was shortly afterwards
divorced from him.
Lucceius, luk-see'us, (Lucius,) a Roman orator and
friend of Cicero, flourished about 60 B.C.
Lucchesini, look-ki-see'nee, (CESARE,) an Italian
philologist, born at Lucca in 1756, was a brother of
the marquis, noticed below. He acquired a European
reputation by his numerous works on philology, among
which is " The Sources of Ancient and Modern Lan-
guages." Died in 1832.
Lucchesini,(GlovANNl ViNCENZO,)an Italian scholar,
born at Lucca in 1660. He lived in Rome, and obtained
from Clement XII. the high office of secretary of briefs.
He published an edition of Demosthenes' Orations, with
MARQUIS, an able diplomatist, born at Lucca in 1752.
He removed to Berlin in the latter part of the reign of
Frederick the Great, who appointed him his librarian
and reader. He was sent as minister of Prussia to Vi-
enna in 1793, and to Paris in 1802. After the battle of
Jena (1806) he negotiated a truce with the victor ; but it
was not ratified by the Prussian court. Soon after this
event he returned to Lucca. He wrote a work called
" On the Causes and Effects of the Confederation of
the Rhine," (1819.) Died in 1825.
Luce, the French of Lucius, (Pope,) which see.
Luce, (STEPHEN BLEECKER,) an American ad-
miral, born at Albany, New York, in 1827. He was
appointed midshipman in 1841, became rear-admiral
in 1885, and retired in 1889. He has been an associ-
ate editor of " Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia" and
naval editor of the "Standard Dictionary," and has
published "Seamanship."
Luce de Lancival, liis deh loN'se'vSl', (JEAN
CHARLES JULIEN,) a French litterateur, born in Picardy
in 1764. He was chosen professor of belles-lettres in
the Prytanee, a college of Paris, about 1797. Among
his best productions are a poem called "Achilles at
Scyros," (1805,) and "Hector," a tragedy, (1809,) which
Villemain pronounces "truly Homeric." Died in 1810.
See VILLEMAIN, notice in the " Magasin Encyclope*dique ;" H.
GRELLET, " Luce de Lancival : Notice biographique," 1857.
Lucena, de, da loo-sa'na, (JoSo,) a Portuguese writer,
burn at Trancoso about 1548. He was professor of phi-
losophy at Ev'ora, and author of an excellent " Life of
Francis Xavier," (1600,) often reprinted. Died in 1600.
Lucena, de, (VASCO FERNANDEZ,) COUNT, a Portu-
guese historian and statesman, born about 1410. He
translated Quintus Curtius into French for Charles the
Bold of Burgundy. He received the title of chancellor
of Portugal. Died about 1500.
Lu-ce'rI-us, [" light-bringing,"] a surname of JUPI-
TER, which see.
Luchet, lii'sh^', (AUGUSTE,) a French litttratcur and
democrat, born in Paris in 1806. He was sentenced in
1842 to an imprisonment of two years for one of his
works. He died March 9, 1872.
Luchet, de, deh lii'shi', (JEAN PIERRE Louis,) MAR-
QUIS, a prolific French author, born at Saintes about
1740, was styled Marquis de la Roche du Maine. He
published many superficial works. His " Literary His-
tory of Voltaire" (1782) furnishes some curious details.
Died in 1792.
Luchetto da Geneva. See CAMBIASO, (LucA.)
Luciau, loo'she^n, [Gr. Aaviaavof ; Lat. LuCIA'NUS;
Fr. LUCIEN, lu'se-aN' ; It. LUCIANO, loo-cha'no,] one
of the most witty and original Greek writers, was born
at Samosata, (Someisat,) on the Euphrates, about 120
A.D. He practised law a short time at Antioch, and
exchanged that profession for the more lucrative pursuit
of sophist and teacher of rhetoric, which he followed
with success in Gaul until he was about forty years old.
Again changing his profession, he returned to the East,
eas£; {as j; g hjrd; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as \nthis. (S^="See Explanations, p. 23.)
LUCIAN
1592
LUCRETIUS
and lived many years at Athens, where he was intimate
with Demonax and employed his time in literary com-
position. His principal works are dialogues, written
in pure and elegant Greek, on history, mythology, phi-
losophy, and various other subjects. His object appears
to have been to cure men of their prejudices and super-
stitions and their foolish admiration of philosophic char-
latans. His genius is eminently satirical, and his works
are remarkably humorous ; but some of them are cen- i
sured as offensive to morality and religion. Among the
titles of his dialogues are "Timon the Misanthrope,"
" Charon," " Menippus," and " The Assembly of Gods."
English versions of his dialogues have been published by
T. Franklin (1780) and William Tooke, (1820.) Wieland
produced a good German translation. Good editions of
the Greek text have been published by Dindorf (Paris,
1840) and Bekker, (1853.)
See KARL GSORG JACOB, " Characteristik Lucian's von Samo-
sata," 1832; TIEMANN. " Versuch iiber Lucian's von Samosata_Phl-
January, February, April, May, and June, 1839,
Lucian, [Fr. LUCIEN, lii'se'aN',] SAINT, a Christian
martyr, born at Samosata in the third century, was emi-
nent for piety and learning. He was ordained a priest
or presbyter at Antioch. He prepared a revised edition
of the Scriptures, which, Jerome says, was more correct
than those of Hesychius and Pamphilus. Diocletian
having issued an edict against the Christians, Lucian
luffered martyrdom in 312 A.D.
See SAINT JEROME, " De Viris illustribus ;" EUSKBIUS, " Historia
Ecclesiastica."
Luciano. See PIOMBO, (SEBASTIANO DEL.)
Luciauus. See LUCIAN.
Lucien, the French of LUCIAN, which see.
Lu'cl-ff r, Bishop of Calaris, (now Cagliari,) in Sar-
dinia, was noted for his intolerance and zeal against
Arianism. About 355 A.D. he was banished by Constan-
tius, who favoured the Arians. He wrote a " Defence
of Athanasius," and other works. He refused to recog-
nize as orthodox those bishops who signed the formula
of Rimini, (359,) or to have fellowship with any who
recognized them, and finally became the author of a
schism. He had many followers, who formed a distinct
sect, called Luciferians. Died about 370 A.D.
Lu-cill-UB, (CAIUS,) a Roman satiric poet, born at
Suessa Aurunca, (now Sessa,) in Italy, about 148 B.C., was
a great-uncle of Pompey the Great In early youth he
served under Scipio Africanus at the siege of Numan-
tia, and became an intimate friend of that general. He
composed thirty satires and various other poems ; but
only fragments of his works have come down to us.
Horace asserts that he was the first writer of satire
among the Romans, (Sat., lib. 2, i. 62.) His satires
were much admired by many ancient critics, including
Cicero, Quintilian, and Pliny. " He was," says Professor
Sellar, "vehement in invective, because he was thor-
oughly earnest in his purpose to expose vice and base-
ness among the high and low with impartial severity.
Although probably few writers of verse have had less
poetical faculty, yet, by his originality and force of char-
acter, he became the favourite of his own time and coun-
try; and he alone among Roman writers has introduced
a new and permanent form of poetry into the world."
Died about 100 B.C.
See SELLAR, " Roman Poets of the Republic," chap. vi. ; PETER-
MANN, " Dissertatio de C. Lucilii Vita," 1842 : SMITH, " Dictionary
of Greek and Roman Biography."
Lucil'iUB Ju'nior, a Roman poet and naturalist,
lived in the first century, and was a friend of Seneca.
He is supposed to be the author of a poem of six hun-
dred and forty hexameter verses, entitled " jEtna," which
presents some fine passages.
Lu-ci'na, [Fr. LUCINE, lii'sen',] the name of the god-
dess that brings to light and presides over the birth of
children, was used as a surname of Juno and of Diana,
both of whom were supposed to assist women in partu-
rition, and were sometimes called LUCIN^E. The Greek
goddess ILITHYI'A or EILEITHYIA ['Edti&via] appears to
be essentially the same as Diana (Artemis) in her char-
acter of Lucina.
Lucine. See LUCINA.
Lucius. See Luz.
Lucius, loo'she-us, [Fr. LUCE, liiss,] 1, Bishop of
Rome, succeeded Cornelius in October, 252 A.D., and
died in March, 253. Stephen I. was his successor.
Lucius IL, a native of Bologna, was elected pope in
March, 1144, as successor to Celestine II. He died in
1145, after a pontificate of eleven months, and Eugenius
III. was chosen in his place.
Lucius TTT (Cardinal UBALDO OF LUCCA) was elected
pope in II 81, after the death of Alexander III. His
election was the first that was decided by the cardinals,
the clergy and people being excluded from the right to
vote. A revolt of the people of Rome obliged him to
leave the city, and he retired to Verona. He died in
1185, and was succeeded by Urban III.
Lucius, (CAESAR,) a Roman prince, born 17 B.C., was
a son of M. Agrippa and Julia, who was a daughter of
the emperor Augustus. He and his brother Caius were
heirs-presumptive of the empire, but they died before
Augustus. Lucius died in 2 A.D. The Maison Carrie
at Nimes was a temple dedicated to Caius and Lucius.
Lucius, lu'shejis, [It, Lycio, loo'cho,] (GIOVANNI,)
a historian, born~at Trau, in Dalmatia. He published
in 1666 a " History of Dalmatia and Croatia." Died in
1684.
Lucius Verus. See VERUS.
Liicke or Luecke, liik'keh, (GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN
FRIEDRICH,) an eminent German theologian, was born
at Egeln, near Magdeburg, in 1791. He studied at
Halle in 1810, and subsequently at Gbttingen, where
he formed a friendship with Bunsen and Lachmann.
He became professor of theology at Bonn in 1818, and
soon after published, conjointly with Schleiermacher and
De Wette, the "Theological Journal." His " Commen-
tary on the Writings of Saint John the Evangelist" (4
vols., 1820-32) is esteemed one of the best works of its
kind. In 1827 he succeeded Staudlin in the chair of
theology at Gottingen. Died at Gbttingen in 1855.
Luckner, look'ner, (NiKOLAUS,) a marshal of France,
born at Kampen, in' Bavaria, in 1722. At an early age
he entered the service of Prussia, for which he fought
with distinction in the Seven Years' war, (1756-63.)
About 1763 he accepted the rank of lieutenant-general
in the French army, which for many subsequent years
was not called into active service. Having submitted
to the new re'gime, he was promoted to the rank of mar-
shal in December, 1791. In the spring of 1792 he ob-
tained command of one of the armies which defended the
frontier against the Austrians, and a few weeks later
succeeded Rochambeau as general-in-chief. The domi-
nant party, distrusting both his fidelity and capacity, de-
prived him of the command in 1792. He was guillotined
in January, 1794.
See THIERS, " History of the French Revolution."
Lucotte, liiTcot', (EDME AIM£,) COUNT, a French
general, born in Burgundy in 1770. The Bourbons con-
fided to him the defence of Paris in March, 1815. Died
in 1815.
Lucrece. See LUCRETIA and LUCRETIUS.
Lucretia, loo-kree'she-a, fit LUCREZIA, loo-kReV-
se-i ; Fr. LUCRECE, lii'kR&s',J a Roman lady, distin-
guished for her beauty, virtue, and tragical destiny, was
the wife of Collatinus, who was related to Tarquin the
Proud, King of Rome. The outrage offered to her honour
by Sextus Tarquin, and the voluntary sacrifice of her
life, (507 B.C.,) have furnished a favourite theme for poets
and painters, and, according to a doubtful legend, caused
the dethronement of Tarquin, and the conversion of the
Roman state into a republic, under the direction of
Junius Brutus.
Lucretius, lu-kree'she^us, [Fr. LUCRECE, luTtRjss';
It, LUCREZIO, loo-kRjt'se-o ; Sp. LUCRECIO, loo-kRa'-
rfe-o,] or, to give his full name, Ti'tus Lucre'tius
Ca'rua, one of the greatest Latin poets, was born in
Italy in 95 B.C., and was contemporary with Cicero.
The records of antiquity throw scarcely any light on his
life, which was probably passed in studious retirement.
It is not known whether he ever visited Greece ; but
it is evident from his writings that he had profoundly
studied the language, philosophy, and manners of that
a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e. 1. 6, U, J7, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fat; m?t; not; good; mooiu
LUCULLUS
LUDOLPHUS
people. A doubtful tradition asserts that he was subject
to insanity caused by a love-potion ; and the statement
that he committed suicide in his forty-fourth year is gen-
erally credited. He left only one work, — a philosophic
and didactic poem, in six books, entitled "De Rerum
NaturaV' ("On the Nature of Things,") in which he ex-
pounds and illustrates the physical and ethical doctrines
of Epicurus, of whom he was a disciple. From such
abstruse speculations and intractable subjects he has
produced one of the most admirable poems in the lan-
guage. Although his system is erroneous and incoherent,
his reasoning is remarkably clear and close. Probably
no other work so amply demonstrates the power of the
Latin language to utter the sublimest conceptions with
Prussia made
his works are
him a privy councillor in 1709. Among
"Germama Princeps," (1702,)
treating
and
the rights, privileges, etc. of the house of Austria
of the Electors, " Writers of German History,"
("Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum," 1718,) and a " Life
of Justinian," (1730.) Died in 1743.
Lfid'low, (EDMUND,) an able English republican
general, born in Wiltshire about 1620. He fought against
the king at Edgehill in 1642, and led a regiment at the
battle of Newbury. Elected to Parliament in 1645, he
voted for the conversion of the kingdom into a republic,
and was one of the judges who condemned Charles L
in 1649. In this year he was chosen a member of the
council of state, in which he opposed the ambitious
sustained majesty and harmony. "A great atheistic designs of Cromwell. In 1650 he went to Ireland as
poet," says Villemain, "is surely a surprising phenom- ijeutenant.general. On the death of Ireton, November,
enon. His genius finds sublime accents to attack all , ,£„ the command of the army devolved on Ludlow.
the inspirations of genius. He renders even nothing- ^s he refused to support the government of the Pro-
ness poetic; he insults glory; he enjoys death. Out of tector (,653,) he was deprived of command. After the
the abyss of skepticism he sometimes soars to a height | dea(h of Oliver (1658) he resumed his seat in Parliament,
of enthusiasm which is rivalled only by the sublimity of and ODta;ned command of the army in Ireland in 1659.
Homer." Referring to this work, Macaulay remarks, ; At ,he restoratjOn (1660) he escaped through France to
"The finest poem in the Latin language— indeed, the VevaVi where he resided mostly until his death, in 1693.
finest didactic poem in any language— was written in j He ]£ft Memoirs of his life, (2 veils., 1698.) Macaulay
defence of the silliest and meanest of all systems of refers to h;m as "almost the only survivor, |in 1689,)
natural and moral philosophy." Ovid appears to be
the only contemporary writer who fully appreciated the
genius of Lucretius.
Lu-culluB, (Lucius LICINIUS,) a celebrated Roman
general, born of a patrician family about no B.C. In
the year 87 he went to Asia as quaestor under Sulla,
who gave him many proofs of his confidence. After an
absence of several years, during which the civil war be-
tween Marius and Sulla raged at Rome, he returned, and
certainly the most illustrious survivor, of a mighty race
of men, the judges of a king, the founders of a repub-
lic. ... There was but a single blemish on his fame,"—
i.e. the execution of Charles I.
Lud'low, (FlTZHUGH,) an American author, born at
Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1837, the son of a Congre
gationalist minister. He graduated at Union College in
1856. Among his works are " The Hasheesh-Eater,"
was elected consul in 74 B.C. In this year he obtained ('857,) " Little Brother" (1867,) " What Shall they Do to
the chief command in the war against Mithridates, whom , be Saved ?" (1868,) and " The Heart of the Continent,
he defeated at Cyzicus in 73, and, after other victories. ' (187°-) He died at Geneva, Switzerland, September 13.
drove him out of the kingdom of Pontus. He afterwards 1870, a victim of the opium-habit. He wrote several
defeated Tigranes of Armenia, whose capital he took
about 68 B.C. The mutiny of his troops prevented his
final triumph over Mithridates, and he was superseded
by Pompey in the year 66. Cicero expressed the opinion
that so great a war was never conducted with more
prudence and courage. ("Pro Murasna.") Lucullus then
retired from public affairs, and expended part of the im-
mense fortune he had acquired in the East in building
magnificent villas, giving sumptuous entertainments, and
collecting expensive paintings and statues. He was a
liberal patron of learning and the arts. Sulla had dedi-
cated to him his Commentaries. Plutarch, after com-
paring him with Cimon, says it is hard to say to which
side the balance inclines. He was living in 59, but was
not living in 56 B.C.
Lucutno. See TARQUINIUS PRISCUS.
Lu/cy, (HENRY W.,) an English journalist and
author, born at Crosby in 1845. He became a re-
porter in 1864, joined the staff of " Pall Mall Gazette"
in 1870, and of " Daily News" in 1876, and edited
" Daily News" 1886-87. He continued for " Punch"
the " Essence of Parliament" of Shirley Brooks and
Tom Taylor, his contributions being entitled " The
Diary of Toby, M.P." He wrote a number of works
on parliamentary procedure, history, etc., and several
novels, some of his later works being " Faces and
Places," (1895,) "The Miller's Niece," (1896,) etc.
Iiuden, loo'den, (HEINRICH,) a distinguished Ger-
man historical and political writer, born in the duchy
of Bremen in 1780. He became in 1810 professor of
philosophy at Jena, where he also lectured on history.
His most important work is a " History of the German
Nation," ("Die Geschichte des Deutschen Volkes," 12
very popular student-songs.
Ludlow, (JAMES MEEKER,) an American clergy-
man, born at Elizabeth, New Jersey, in 1841. He
was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, and be-
came pastor of several churches in New York and its
vicinity. He is the author of "My Saint John,"
"Captain of the Janizaries," "A King of Tyre,"
" History of the Crusades," etc.
Ludlow, (JOHN MALCOLM,) a British author, born
at Nimach, India, in 1821. He was a barrister at
Lincoln's Inn, conveyancer, etc., and wrote " British
India," (2 vols., 1858,) "The United States from
Independence to Secession," (1862,) " Popular Epics
of the Middle Ages," (2 vols., 1865,) "The War of
American Independence," (1876,) etc.
Ludlow, (WILLIAM,) an American general, born
at Riverside, Long Island, in 1843. He graduated at
West Point in 1864, served in the engineer corps
during the final year of the civil war, and was after-
wards chief engineer in several Western expeditions
and in operations on the Atlantic coast. From 1883 to
1886 he served as chief engineer of the Philadelphia
water-works, subsequently resuming his engineering
duties under the government. He was president of
the Nicaragua Canal Commission in 1895, and suc-
cessively brigadier-general and major-general of
volunteers in the Spanish-American war of 1898. On
November I, 1899, he was appointed military governor
of Havana. He wrote works descriptive of his ex-
plorations in the Black Hills and the Yellowstone
country, and numerous reports of engineering oper-
vols., 1825-37,) brought down to 1237. He also wrote : atlons-
general histories of the nations of antiquity and of the \ Ludcrfph OF SAXONY, a monk, who died at Mentz
middle ages, a " Life of Hugo Grotius," (1806,) several ; about 1370. He composed, in Latin, a " Life of Christ,"
biographies, etc. Died at Jena in 1847. which was popular and often reprinted.
Ludewig. See LUDOVICI, (KARL GUNTHER.) Ludolphus, loo-dol'fOs, written also Ludolph and
Ludewig, von, fon loo'deh-wio', (JOHANN PETER,) Ludolf, originally Leutholf, loit'holf, (Jos,) an emi-
a learned German jurist and historian, born in Suabia nent German Orientalist, born at Erfurt in 1624.
about 1670. He became professor of philosophy at is said to have acquired twenty-five languages, among
Halle in 1695, and of history in 1703. The King of which was the Abyssinian. The Duke of Saae
«as/t; 9. as*; gAard; gas/;G, H,K, guttural; N, nasal; ^trilled; sasz; thasinMw. (Jl^'See Explanations, p. 23.)
LUDOVICI
1594
LUKE
employed him to educate his sons, and appointed him
an aulic councillor. Ludolf published, in Latin, an
esteemed " History of Abyssinia," (1681,) an Ethiopian
Grammar, and other works. Died in 1704.
See C. JUNCKER, " Commentarius de Vita J. Ludolfi," 1710;
VUCKEIIODT, "Memoria J. Ludolfi renovatV' 1723: NICKRON,
'Memoires;" " Nouvelle Biographie Ge'ne'rale."
Ludovici, loo-do-veet'see, or Ludwig, lood'wio,
(GOTTFRIED,) a German philologist, born at Baruth, in
Prussia, in 1670. He published, besides other works,
a " Universal History," (2 vols., 1716.) Died in 1724.
Ludovici, (KARL GUNTHER,) a learned German pro-
fessor, born at Leipsic in 1707. He wrote a " Dictionary
of Commerce," (5 vols., 1752-56,) and a "Plan of a
History of the Philosophy of Leibnitz," ( 1 737.) Died in
1778. He spelled his name LUDEWIG in his latter years.
Ludovisio. See GREGORY XV.
Ludwig. See LEWIS, Louis, and LUDOVICI.
Ludwig, (Kings of Germany.) See LEWIS.
Ludwig, lood'wic, (CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB,) a German
botanist, born at Brieg, Silesia, in 1709. About 1732 he
made a botanical excursion to Africa. He was chosen
professor of medicine at Leipsic in 1 747. He contributed
to reform botanical science by his writings, among which
are works " On the Sexes of Plants," " Definitions of
Plants," (1737.) and " Botanical Aphorisms," (1738.) J-
J. Rousseau expressed the opinion that Ludwig was the
only botanist besides Linnaeus that viewed botany like a
philosopher. Died in 1773.
See HIRSCHING, " Historisch-literarisches Handbuch;" " Noli
Telle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Ludwig, (DANIEL,) a German writer on materia
medica, born at Weimar in 1625 ; died in 1680.
Ludwig, (JOHANN,) a self-taught German peasant,
born near Dresden in 1715, became a proficient in as-
tronomy.
Ludwig, (KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM,) a German
biologist, born at Witzenhausen, Hesse, December 29,
1816. He was educated at Marburg and Erlangen, and
held professorships at Marburg, Zurich, Vienna, and
Leipsic. Among his works is a valuable "Text-Book
of Physiology," (1852-56.) Died in 1895.
Ludwig, (OTTO,) a German novelist and tragedy-
writer, born at Eisfeld, Saxe-Meiningen, February n,
1813. His tragedies (" The Hereditary Forester," " The
Maccabees," " Agnes Bernauer") were generally suc-
cessful, and some of his novels, though severely criti-
cised, were well received by the public. Died at Dresden,
February 25, 1865.
Luecke. See LUCRE.
Luers, liiRs or lu'er*. (JoHN HENRY,) D.D., a bishop,
born near Miinster, Germany, September 29, 1819, of
humble parentage. He came to New York in 1833,
studied in the Lazarist Seminary of Saint Francis Xavier
at Saint Martin's, Ohio, and became a Roman Catholic
priest in 1846. In 1858 he was consecrated Bishop of
Fort Wayne, the first of that title. Died at Cleveland,
Ohio, June 29, 1871. He was a laborious pastor, and
was distinguished as an advocate of total abstinence.
Luetzelburger. See LUTZELBURGER.
Luetzow. See LUTZOW.
Lufit, looft, (HANS,) a German printer and bookseller,
born in 1495, resided at Wittenberg, where he published
the first editions of Luther's translation of the Bible.
This work appeared complete in 1534. Within fifty
Cars one hundred thousand copies were issued from
ifft's office ; and he his been surnamed THE BIBLE
PRINTER. Died in 1584.
Luganski See DAHL, (VLADIMIR IVANOVITCH.)
Lugo, de, da loo'go, (JuAN,) a Spanish Jesuit, born
at Madrid in 1583. He taught theology at Rome twenty
years, was made a cardinal in 1643, and wrote several
theological works, which were often reprinted. Died in
1660. His brother FRANCISCO (1580-1652) was also a
Jesuit, and author of several works on theology.
Luigi, di.de loo-ee'jee, (ANDREA,) an Italian painter,
surnamed L'lNGEGNO, (len-je'n'yo,) and sometimes called
ANDREA r>i Assist, was born at Assisi about 1470. He
assisted Perugino in adorning the Cambio at Perugia,
and worked mostly at his native place. He painted a
coat of arms for the town-hall of Assisi. It appear!
that nothing is known certainly of his other works.
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters," etc
Luiken, loi'ken, (JAN,) a Dutch engraver, born ic
1649; died in 1708. He published in 1671 a noteworthj
volume of poems.
Luini, loo-ee'nee, (AURELIO,) an Italian painter, a
son of Bernardino, noticed below, was born about 1530.
He worked at Milan, and painted scriptural subjects,
among which is "The Adoration of the Magi." He
died, according to Lanzi, in 1593; but some date his
death many years earlier.
See LANZI, " History of Painting in Italy."
Luini, Luvini, loo-vee'nee, or Lovini, lo-vee'nee,
(BERNARDINO,) an eminent Italian painter, was born at
Luino, on Lake Maggiore. He is called the most ex-
cellent imitator and pupil of Leonardo da Vinci. Lo-
mazzo says he was already a distinguished painter in
1500. Luini worked both in fresco and oil, and painted
at Milan several works which are still in good preserva-
tion. " Few painters," says Lanzi, " deserve to be com-
pared to him." Among his master-pieces in oil are a
"Magdalene," a "Madonna," and a "Saint John with a
Lamb," all at Milan. He excelled in colouring, cAiaro-
scvro, and the expression of feminine grace. He died
after 1530. His sons, AURELIO and EVANGELISTA, were
skilful painters.
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters," etc. ; LANZI, " History ol
Painting in Italy."
Luini, (EVANGELISTA,) a decorative painter of Milan,
was a son of the preceding. Died after 1584.
Luini, (ToMMASO,) an Italian painter, born at Rome
about 1597. He was called CARAVAGGINO, because he
imitated Caravaggio. Died about 1632.
Luino, loo-ee'no, or Luini, loo-ee'nee, (FRANCESCO,)
an Italian geometer, born at Milan in 1740. He was
professor of mathematics successively in a college of
Milan and in the University of Pavia. He published a
treatise on " Progressions and Series," (" Sulle Progres-
sion! e sulle Serie," 1767,) "Philosophic Meditation'
and a few other works. Died in 1792.
Luis, the Spanish for Louis, which see.
Luis de Granada. See GRANADA, (Luis DE.)
Luisini, Luisino, or Luisinus. See LUVIGINI,
(FRANCESCO.)
Luithold von Savene, loitliolt fon sa'veh-ne,h, or
Liitolt von Saven, lii'tolt fon sl'ven, a German minne-
singer of the latter part of the twelfth century.
See LONGFELLOW, "Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Luitprand, loo'it-prand or lut'prand, written also
Liutprand, King of the Lombards, the son of Ans-
prand, reigned from 712 A.D. until 744. His valour and
wisdom are praised by Sismondi. In 739 he marched
into France to aid Charles Martel against the Saracens.
He died in 744, and was succeeded by his nephew Hil-
debrand.
See MURATORI, "Annali d'ltalia."
Luitprand or Liutprand, [Lat. LUITPRAN'DUS,] a
historical writer, was one of the most learned men of
the age. He was sent as ambassador to Constantinople
in 946 by Berenger, Marquis of Ivrea. Having been
chosen Bishop of Cremona, he attended in 963 a council
(at Rome) which deposed Pope John. In 968 the em-
peror Otho I. sent him on a mission to Constantinople,
where he was maltreated by the emperor. He was au-
thor of an esteemed " History of Europe from 862 to 964."
See KOEPKE, " De Vita et Scriptis Luitprandi," 1842 ; " Nouvelle
Biographic Ge'ne'nile."
Lukaszewitsch, loo-ka'shi-witch, (JOSEPH,) a Polish
writer, born at Krompkowo, November 30, 1797, pub-
lished works on ecclesiastical history, including a '* His-
tory of the Churches of the Helvetic Confession in
Lithuania," (1842.) Died February 13, 1873.
Luke, [Gr. Amwcof; Lat LU'CAS; Fr. Luc, liik; It
LUCA, loo'ka,] SAINT, one of the Four Evangelists, was a
companion of the Apostle Paul in his mission to the Gen-
tiles, between 50 and 66 A.D. The time and place of his
birth are unknown. That he was liberally educated is
made evident by the classical style of his writings and
by the learned details which he gives on historical and
a, e, I, o, u, y, long: a, e. 6. same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, ?, i, o, obscure; fir. fall, fat; m?t; n6t; good; moon:
LUKIN
1595
LUNGH1
geographical subjects. His Gospel contains valuable
accounts which are not found in the others. He also
wrote "The Acts of the Apostles," which, as well as his
Gospel, is in the Greek language. Tradition indicates
that Saint Luke is the same as the physician Luke
mentioned by Saint Paul in Colossians iv. 14, and the
same as Lucas named in Philemon 24. (See II. Tim-
othy iv. n.)
Lu'kin, (LIONEL,) an English mechanic, noted as the
inventor of the life-boat, was born about 1742 ; died in
1834-
Lnll. See LULLI, (RAYMOND.)
Lulli or Lulle, lopl'lee, [Fr. LULLE, lu'l,] (ANTONIO,)
a grammarian, born in Majorca. He corresponded with
Erasmus, and wrote a treatise on rhetoric, called " De
Oratione." Died in 1582.
Lulli or Lully, lu'le', (JEAN BAPTTSTE,) a celebrated
Italian composer, called "the father of French dramatic
music," was born at Florence in 1633. About the age
of fourteen he went to Paris, where he became a skilful
performer on the violin, and was patronized by Louis
XIV. In the fltes which were often repeated at court,
he found occasion to try his talents for operatic music.
In 1672 the king gave him fa&prrvillge or direction of
the Royal Academy of Music, from which time dates
the foundation of the Grand Opera in France. Co-ope-
rating with Quinault the poet, Lulli composed in fifteen
years nineteen operas, which were very successful. He
finally became one of the secretaries of the king. Died
in 1687.
See FBTIS, " Biographic Universelle des Musiciens ;" DE LA
BORDE, " Essai sur la Musique," 1780 : " Nouvelle Biographic Gc'n^-
rale:" LE PRHVOST D'ExMES, "Lulli Musician."
Lulli or Lully, (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a son of the pre-
ceding, born in 1665. With his brother Louis he com-
posed an opera called "Orphee," (1690.) Died in 1701.
Lulli, (JEAN Louis,) born in 1667, succeeded his
father, Jean Baptiste, as composer to the king. Died
in 1688.
Lulli, (Louis,) a musician, brother of the preceding,
was born in Paris in 1664. He became composer to the
king in 1688. Died about 1736.
Lulli, written also Lully, Lulle, and Lull, [Lat
LUL'LUS or LUL'LIUS,] (RAYMOND,) a philosopher,
surnamed THE ENLIGHTENED DOCTOR, was born at
Palma, in Majorca, about 1235. He professed to believe
that he was called to convert the Moslems, and he pre-
pared himself for the task by learning Arabic. In order
to prove that the mysteries of faith were not opposed
to reason, he composed a treatise, or method, called
"Ars Lulli," or "Ars Magna Lulli," ("The Great Art
of Lulli,") designed also to systematize knowledge and
facilitate the process of reasoning on all questions.
His method obtained great celebrity; but, according
to Hallam, it was an " idle and fraudulent attempt to
substitute trick for science." " He was one of those
innovators in philosophy who, by much boasting of their
original discoveries in the secrets of truth, gain credit
for systems of science which those who believe in them
seldom trouble themselves to examine." ("Introduction
to the Literature of Europe.") But Hallam's judgment
is much too severe. Luili was full of quixotic and fan-
tastical projects, of which his "Great Art" was one, but
he was honest and generous, and in many ways far in
advance of his times. He wrote many treatises and
tractates in Latin and in the Catalan tongue. He made
several attempts to convert the Moors in Northern Africa,
and was violently persecuted by them. He died in con-
sequence of injuries received from the Moslems in 1315.
See WADDING, "Vie dc R. Lulle ;" SEGCI, "Vie de R. LuJle,"
1605 : COLLETET," Vie de R- Lulle," 1646 ; LOEV, " De Vita R. Lulli
Specimen," 1830; PERROQUET, "Vie et Martyre de R. Lulle, "^1667;
HELFFEREICH, " Raymond Lull," Berlin, 1858 : " Nouvelle Biogra-
phic Ge'ne'rale."
Lullin de Chateauvieux, lii'laN' deh sha'to've-ijh',
(JACOB FREDERIC,) a Swiss agriculturist and writer,
born at Geneva in 1772; died in 1840.
Lullin de Chateauvieux, (MICHEL,) a Swiss writer
and experimenter on agriculture, born at Geneva in
1695 ; died in 1781.
Lully. See LULLI.
Lulof, lii'lof, (JAN,) a Dutch astronomer, born at
Zutphen in 1711. He wrote several works on astronomy.
Died in 1768.
Lumene van Marck, lu'meh-neh (?) van maRk, [Lat.
LUMINOUS,] (JACQUES CORNEILLE,) a Flemish scholar
and Benedictine monk, born at Ghent about 1570. He
produced many Latin poems. Died in 1629.
Luminaeus. See LUMENE VAN MARCK.
Lum'mis, (CHARLES FLETCHER,) an author and
explorer, born at Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1859. He
graduated at Harvard in 1881, and became a jour-
nalist and explorer, traversing much of the West,
Mexico, and South America, and dwelling for five
years in the Indian pueblo of Isleta, New Mexico,
where he studied the Indian languages and customs.
He wrote a number of books descriptive of his
travels and observations, on the folk-lore of the
Indians, etc.
Lumpkin, (WILSON,) an American statesman, born
in Pittsylvania county, Virginia, in 1783. He was twice
elected Governor of Georgia, and became a United
States Senator in 1838. Died December 28, 1870.
LuniS'den, (MATTHEW,) a distinguished Scottish
Orientalist, born in Aberdeenshire in 1777. He was
chosen professor of Persian and Arabic in the College
of Calcutta in 1805. In 1810 he published an excellent
"Grammar of the Persian Language," and in 1813 an
"Arabic Grammar." About 1820 he returned to Great
Britain. Died in London in 1835.
Lu'na, [Fr. LUNE, liin,] the Moon, a goddess wor-
shipped by the Greeks and Romans.
Luna, loo'nl, (FABRizio,) an Italian lexicographer,
born at Naples, is said to have been the compiler of
the first Italian dictionary, called " Vocabulary of Five
Thousand Tuscan Words," (" Vocabulario di cinque mila
Vocabuli Toschi," 1536.) Died in 1559.
Luna, de, di loo'na, (Don ALVARO,) a Spanish cour-
tier and poet, who became the chief favourite and min-
ister of John II. of Castile. In 1423 he was made Con-
stable of Castile. Through the enmity of the grandees,
he was exiled in 1427, and again in 1439. In 1445 he
was recalled, and obtained command of the army, with
which he defeated the malcontents. Having lost the
favour of the king, he was executed in 1453.
Lund, loond, (CARL,) a Swedish writer on law, born
at Jonkoping in 1638, published, besides other works,
a " History of the Law of Sweden." Died in 1715.
Lund, (DANIEL,) a Swedish professor °f Hebrew,
born in 1666 ; died in 1747.
Lfin'din or Lun'den, (Sir ALAN,) an ambitious Scot-
tish politician, was born in Forfarshire. He married a
natural daughter of Alexander II., and in 1243 was
chosen lord justiciar of Scotland. Having opposed the
coronation of the minor son of the late king, he was
dismissed from office about 1250. He was afterwards
pardoned, and held the same office for several years.
Died in 1275.
Lfin'dy\ (BENJAMIN,) an American philanthropist,
born in Sussex county, New Jersey, in 1789. He founded
in 1815 an anti-slavery association, called the "Union
Humane Society," and subsequently became editor of
the " Genius of Universal Emancipation," originally
published at Mount Pleasant, Ohio, but removed to
Baltimore in 1824. He was also active in promoting
lectures on slavery and in advocating abstinence from
the products of slave-labour. Died in 1839.
See the " Life, Travels, etc. of Benjamin Lundy," by THOMAS
EARLB; GRHELEY, "American Conflict," vol. i. pp. 111-115.
Luneau de Boisjermain, lii'no' deh bwa'zh?R'-
maN', (PiERRE JOSEPH FRANCOIS,) a mediocre French
writer, born at Issoudun in 1732. He became a school-
teacher in Paris, and published several educational works
on history and languages. He also edited the works of
Racine, (1768.) Died in 1801.
Lunghi, (LucA.) See LONGHI.
Lunghi, loon'gee, (MARTINO,) an Italian architect,
born in the Milanese. He was employed :n Rome by
Pope Gregory XIII., erected the Campanile of the Capi-
tol, and built the elegant palace of Prince Borghese.
c as k; c as s; g hard: g asj; G, H, Yi,guttural; N, tiasal; R, trilled: s as z: th as in this. (J^=See Explanations, p. 2 j. i
L UNGHI
1596
L UTHER
His last works were built about 1600. His grandson,
MARTINO, was an architect, and worked in Rome,
Naples, and Milan. Died in 1657.
See QUATREMERE DE QuiNCv, " Dictionnaire d' Architecture,"
and "Vies des Architectes celebres."
Lunghi, written also Longhi and Longo, (SlLLA
GIACOMO,) an Italian sculptor, born at Vigiu, in the
Milanese ; died about 1625.
Shaftesbury, October 25, 1807. His best-known work
was " The Practice of the Superior Courts of Law at
Westminster," (1840.) He was appointed one of the
judges of the Queen's Bench in 1865, and in 1875 became
a judge of the High Court of Justice. Died December
27, 1881.
Lfish'ing-ton, (Right Hon. STEPHEN,) D.C.L., an
eminent English civilian and statesman, born in London
Lungo, del, del loong'o, (IsiDORO,) an Italian critic, in 1782, was the son &f sir Stephen Lushington. He
born at Montevarchi, December 20, 1841. He studied was educated at Oxford, and called to the bar in 1806.
at Cortona, Florence, Sienna, and Pisa, and held profes- j Between 1807 and 1841 he represented Yarmouth, II-
sorships in Faenza, Casale, Sienna, and Florence. He ' Chester, the Tower Hamlets, and other places, in Par-
published "Versi," (1858,) "Dino Compagni e la sua liament, voting for the abolition of the slave-trade (1807)
Cronica/"
ed "Versi," (1858,) "Dino Compagni e la sua liament, voting for th
a" ("1878-80,) "Dell" Esilio di Dante," and for other liberal measures. He also contributed
* ^ * il__ A. _ i.1 _1 Ilil
(1881,) etc.
Lun'gren, (FERNAND HARVEY,) an artist, born
in Maryland in 1859. He became a figure- and land-
scape-painter and illustrator, working after 1891 among
the Indians of the Southwest. He made a special
study of their ceremonies and folk-lore, and became a
member of the Moquis tribe and a priest of the
Snake-Antelope fraternity for this purpose.
Lunig, loo'nic, (JOHANN CHRISTIAN,) a German com-
piler and publicist, born in 1662. He published valua-
ble works entitled " Archives of the German Empire,"
(24 vols., 1713-22,) " Diplomatic Code of Italy," (" Codex
Italia: Diplomaticus,"4 vols., 1725-35,) and "Diplomatic
" "ex ermanise Dilomaticus"
Code of Germany," ("Codex Germanise Diplomaticus,1
2 vols., 1733.) Died in 1740.
Lunt, (GEORGE,) an American lawyer and miscella-
neous writer, born at Newburyport, Massachusetts. He
was appointed in 1849 district attorney for Massachu-
greatly to the abolition of slavery. He was one of the
counsel for the defence in the trial of Queen Caroline,
(1821.) In 1838 he was appointed a judge of the admi-
ralty, and privy councillor. Died January 20, 1873.
Lusignan, (Guv DE.) See GUY DE LUSIGNAN.
Lusignan, de, deh lii'zen'yoN' or loo-sen-yin', (STE-
FANO,) a descendant of the royal family of Cyprus, was
born in that island in 1537. He became a priest, and
emigrated to Italy in 1571. He wrote a "History of
Cyprus from the Time of Noah until 1572," and other
works. Died about 1590.
Lussan, de, deh lii'sSN', (MARGUERITE,) a French
novelist, born in Paris in 1682. In 1730 she published
the " Story of the Countess de Gondes," which was suc-
cessful. S'he also wrote " The Life of the Brave Crillon,"
(1757,) and several historical romances. Died in 1758.
Lutatius Catulus. See CATULUS.
Ln'thardt. (CHRisTOPH ERNST,) a German theo-
! logian, born in 1823. He became professor at Mar-
i burg in 1854, and at Leipsic in 1856, and wrote an
died May 17 188? I important commentary on the Gospel of St. John, and
.n American poet and i other theological works ; also " Reminiscences," (ad
iwburyport, Massachu- .i' lf°J 'X
Luthbert. See LUBBERT, (SIBRAND.)
Lu'ther, (MARTIN,) |Ger. pron. maR'tin loo'ter; Lat.
MARTI'NUS LUTHE'RUS; It. MARTINO LUTERO, maR-
tee'no loo-ta'ro ; Sp. MARTIN LUTERO, maR-teii' loo-
ta'ro,] the great leader of the Reformation in Germany,
He was born in
Lunt, ,
miscellaneous writer, born at Newburypoi
setts, in 1805. He officiated as a Unitarian minister in
New York, and afterwards in Quincy, Massachusetts.
Died March 20, 1857.
Lupercalia. See PAN.
Luperci. See PAN.
of fifteen he was sent to the Latin school at Eisenach,
Lupl, loo'pee, (ANTONIO MARIA,) a learned Italian
Jesuit and antiquary, born at Florence in 1695 ; died in
Lupi, (MARIO.) an Italian historian, born at Bergamo
in 1720; died in 1789.
Lupin, von, fon loo-peen', (FRIEDRICH,) BARON, a
German writer and mineralogist, born at Memmingen in
1771 ; died in 1844.
See his Autobiography, (" Selbstbiogtaphie,") 2 vols., 1844-47.
Lup'set, (THOMAS,) an English scholar, born in Lon-
don about 1496. He obtained the chair of rhetoric at
Oxford, and corresponded with Erasmus and Sir Thomas
then under the direction of Trebonius. In 1501 he en-
tered the university at Erfurt. While here, he found
in the university library a rare and precious book, — a
Latin Bible, — which became an object of extraordinary
interest to him. About this time a severe attack of ill-
ness, and, soon after, the sudden death of one of his
intimate friends, (caused, as some historians state, by a
stroke of lightning,) produced such an impression on
the mind of young Luther, that he made a solemn vow
to become a monk, and in July, 1505, he entered the
Augustine convent at Erfurt. In 1507 he was ordained
a priest, and in the following year, through the influence
-—1 I t /-»«_ • n J U I K 1C3L» «"*•* «' UllS USAlUnUlK J"W| liiiwu^" *•
More. He published a "Treatise on Charity, a otner. of Staupitz (the provincial of his order, and subsequently
religious works, and translated parts of the writings of yjc^.genera],) he was appointed professor of philosophy
Cyprian and Chrysostom. Died in 1532. :- »L- »T_: :i_. _ntr:»» — i T ...t.^-v .,;r;* *n i?nma
Lupus Servatus. See LOUP.
Luque.de, da loo'ki, (HERNANDO,) a Spanis'i bishop
of Peru. He was a priest of Panama when, in 1525, he
associated himself with Pizarro and Almagro in an ex-
pedition for the conquest of Peru. De Luque furnished
the money for this enterprise. Died in 1532.
See HERRHRA, " Historia general de los Viajes en las Indias Ooci-
dentales ;" PRESCOTT, " History of the Conquest of Peru." vol. ii.
Lurine, lii'ren', (Louis,) a French writer of fiction,
satire, etc., born in 1816. He contributed many articles
to the public journals. Died November 30, 1860.
Luscinius, 15os-see'ne-ns, (OTHMAR,) a litttrateiir,
whose proper name was Nachtigall, (nJK'te-gal.) was
born at Strasburg about 1480. He removed from Augs-
burg to Bale in 1526, and afterwards lodged with Eras-
mus at Freyburg. He edited some works of Lucian and
Martial, and published various other works. Died about
1535-
Lush, (Sir ROBERT,) an English legal writer, born at
in the University of Wittenberg. Luther's visit to Rome,
made in 1510, in fulfilment of a previous vow, opened to
him new views of the character and condition of the
Romish Church. In 1512 he was made licentiate and
doctor of divinity, and began about this time to declare
openly his views of scriptural theology, which he ex-
plained according to the system of Saint Augustine,
resting the doctrine of justification solely on faith in the
sacrifice of the Saviour. In 1517, Tetzel, a Dominican
monk, received from the pope, (Leo X.,) through the
Archbishop of Magdeburg, a commission for the sale of
indulgences. With a view to increase the demand for
his merchandise, Tetzel asserted, what few or none of
the other Catholics appear to have ever claimed, that
the indulgences not only released the purchasers from
the necessity of penance, but absolved them from all the
:onsequences of sin both here and hereafter. Indignant
at what he regarded as an insult to reason and religion,
Luther drew up his celebrated ninety-five propositions,
in which he set forth in the strongest language the thec-
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; moon :
MARTIN' LUTHER.
LUTHER
1597
LUTHER
logical unsoundness as well as the pernicious effects of
Tetzel's doctrine of indulgences. This publication in-
volved Luther in violent controversies. Among the
most conspicuous of his opponents was Dr. Eck, (in
Latin, Eckius or Eccius,} professor of divinity at Ingol-
stadt. But the cause of the Reformer steadily gained
ground, and among the number of his favourers was
Frederick the Wise, the Elector of Saxony, — one of the
most powerful princes of Germany. Leo having sum-
moned Luther to plead his cause at Rome, the Elector
interposed, and it was arranged that the examination or
trial should take place at Augsburg, before Cardinal
Cajetan, (Caietano,) the legate of the pope. The car-
dinal having refused to enter into any discussion with
Luther, at the same time insisting that the latter should
submit himself unreservedly to the authority of the
papal see, Luther, fearing — perhaps with too much
reason — the fate of John Huss, secretly withdrew from
Augsburg, leaving an " appeal to the pope when he
should be better informed." Soon after Leo issued a
bull in support of the doctrine of indulgences ; where-
upon Luther appealed from the pope to a general council
of the Church.
With a view to restore tranquillity to the Church, Leo
sent his chamberlain Miltitz — a Saxon by birth, and a
man of great tact and intelligence — as nuncio into Ger-
many. By kindness and flattery, Miltitz obtained from
Luther (March, 1519) a promise that he would submit
to the authority of the pope and discontinue the con-
troversy respecting indulgences, on condition that his
adversaries should also preserve silence on the subject.
Dr. Eck, however, would not permit the controversy to
slumber. He soon after challenged Carlstadt, one of
Luther's disciples, to a public dispute at Leipsic ; so that
Luther himself was again almost unavoidably involved
in the contest. The result was a confirmation of his
fbrmer views of the fallibility of the pope and the errors
of the Church, which found expression in several publi-
cations, and especially in a work entitled " De Captivi-
tate Babylonica Ecclesiae," (" On the Babylonian Cap-
tivity of the Church.") Leo had, a short time previously
to this publication, issued a bull condemning forty-one
propositions which had been selected from the works of
Luther, and directing the bishops to search diligently
for the writings in which those errors were contained,
and to have them publicly burned. Luther resolved to
anticipate the blow, and at the same time to render the
breach between himself and Rome forever impassable.
Attended by a crowd of doctors, professors, and students,
he proceeded to a spot fixed on for the purpose, without
the walls of Wittenberg, near the east gate, and there
burned before the assembled multitude the bull, with
the accompanying decretals and canons relating to the
pope's supreme authority.
Up to this period, it would appear that the reverence
for the Church in which Luther had been educated had
always exercised a controlling influence upon his mind ;
for, although he denounced in the boldest manner the
abuses of the ecclesiastical power, he had ever mani-
fested a profound respect for the sovereign pontiff him-
self. But now he broke through all restraint, and not
only denied the authority of the pope, but he assailed
him with all the fierce invective and vituperation which
were so common in that age.
After this additional provocation, it was not to be ex-
pected that the thunders of the Church should slumber.
Not content with merely excommunicating Luther and
laying every place which should harbour him under an
interdict, Leo urged the newly-elected emperor, Charles
V., to come forward as the champion of Catholicism
and inflict upon the arch-heretic and his adherents the
punishment due to their apostasy. But the Elector of
Saxony, to whom Charles had been indebted for his new
dignity, interposed a second time, and so far prevailed
that it was determined the cause of Luther should be
tried before the Diet of the empire. The Diet assem-
bled at Worms early in the year 1521. It was the wish
and intention of the legate Aleander and the other
advocates of the papal cause that Luther should not be
present at his own trial. But the majority of the Diet,
whether influenced by friendship for the Reformer or by
the desire to preserve the appearance of justice in their
proceedings, insisted that Luther should not be con-
demned unheard. The emperor was prevailed upon to
grant him a safe-conduct, (dated March 6, 1521.) The
greater number of Luther's friends earnestly dissuaded
him from going to Worms. Even Spalatin, the secretary
and confidential adviser of the Elector Frederick, sent
him a pressing message exhorting him on no account to
enter that city. Luther replied, " Were there as many
devils in Worms as tiles upon the roofs of the houses,
still would I enter," (" Wenn so viel Teufel zu Worms
waren als Ziegel auf den Dachern, doch wollt' ich
hinein.") He arrived in the city on the i6th of April,
and appeared before the Diet the following day. When
asked if he was the author of the works produced against
him, containing the passages which had been condemned,
he replied in the affirmative. On being again asked
whether he was prepared to retract the objectionable
doctrines contained in them, he answered that, as this
question concerned the word of God, the Christian faith,
and the salvation of souls, it was of great importance
that he should not speak rashly, lest he should offend
against the word of God : he therefore desired that time
might be allowed him for consideration. The next day
he was again brought before the Diet. While he ad-
mitted that in some instances he might have written
with less humility and more violence than became his
ecclesiastical character, he refused to retract anything
that he had said, unless it could be shown to be con-
trary to the Scriptures ; at the same time, he boldly
repeated and defended several of his positions which
had been objected to. Hereupon Charles and the other
favourers of the Catholic cause refused to hear him any
further. He was commanded to leave Worms. He
accordingly returned to Saxony. As he was journeying
on the borders of the Thuringian Forest, he was sud-
denly seized by a number of warriors in masks, and
hurried off to the solitary castle of Wartburg, where
his ecclesiastical habit was exchanged for the dress
and sword of a knight. This whole proceeding was a
stratagem of Frederick to protect the Reformer against
the designs of his enemies. Luther had previously been
apprised of the scheme. He remarks, in one of his letters,
that he scarcely knew himself in his strange disguise.
Immediately after the departure of Luther, Aleander,
the Papal legate, prevailed on Charles to give the edict
against him the sanction of the imperial signature and
seal. It was declared, in the name of the emperor, that,
as soon as the term of his safe-conduct had expired,
Luther should be seized and held in durance until they
should be informed how to deal with him.
Luther remained in the castle of Wartburg about ten
months. He left it in March, 1522, and returned to Wit-
tenberg in order to rebuke the excesses into which some
of his former disciples had fallen. In 1524 he laid aside
the monastic dress; and in 1525 he married Catharina
von Bora, who had once been a nun. Luther completed
his German version of the Old Testament in 1534; his
translation of the New Testament had appeared in 1522.
These translations, by their extensive circulation, as well
as by the force and beauty of the language, have exerted
a most important influence upon German literature,
which may almost be said to date its origin from thei;
composition.
Frederick the Wise, Luther's faithful friend and pro-
tector, died in 1525, and was succeeded by his nephew
John, who was an open and devoted adherent of the
great Reformer. During the latter portion of his life,
Luther was held in the highest consideration by most
of the princes of Germany, where his doctrines continued
to spread, and finally, even during his lifetime, extended
to Moravia, Bohemia, Denmark, and Sweden. He died
at Eisleben, the iSth of February, 1546, in the sixty-third
year of his age. Among Luther's voluminous works,
his translation of the Bible, already mentioned, is the
most important. Besides his controversial writings, he
has left numerous letters, sermons, etc. His " Table-
Talk," ("Tischreden,") which is, says Carlyle, "the
most interesting now of all the books proceeding from
him," consists of sayings and anecdotes collected by
Luther's friends after his death.
; cas-t; g/iard; gas/; G,H,"K.,guttural; N, nasal; n, trilled; sasz; thasinM«.
xplanations, p. aj.)
LUTHER
1598
LUTZOW
Although the character of Luther was especially dis-
tinguished by ardent zeal and unconquerable courage,
yet on important occasions he could exercise the greatest
moderation as well as discretion. The intrepidity with
which he faced the dangers that threatened him at Worms
is not more deserving of our praise than the admirable
prudence and tact which he displayed in his defence on
that memorable occasion. The fierce invective and coarse
vituperation for which his controversial writings have
been censured, are palliated by the consideration that
such was the almost universal custom of that age. If
his opposition was violent, it was not malignant or un-
forgiving. When his bitterest enemy, Tetzel, — the man
who had excited Luther's fiercest indignation, — was in
misfortune and disgrace, forsaken by all his friends, he
received from his generous adversary a letter of con-
dolence and consolation. As a reformer, Luther sought
to introduce such changes only as he deemed to be im-
peratively demanded ; and to the last he clung to some
of the doctrines of his early faith which were rejected
by all or nearly all the other Protestants. He was always
an advocate of peace where peace could be had without
the sacrifice of any great principle ; and, so long as he
lived, he steadfastly opposed, both by his counsels and
by his influence, those religious contests which after his
death desolated Germany.
"Justification by Faith" formed the great central doc-
trine in Luther's system of theology, as unconditional
election and reprobation was the central idea of that of
Calvin. The great aim of the latter would seem to have
been to prove the utter and absolute helplessness of
man ; and, in the march of his inexorable logic, he some-
times appears equally regardless of the hopes of man-
kind and of the justice of God. Luther, while ascribing
everything in the act of conversion to the grace of God,
seems not so completely to close the door to human
aspirations, — taking for his motto. " If thou canst believe
—all things are possible to him that believeth."
Luther is described as a man of low stature but hand-
some person, with a lively complexion and falcon eyes.
His voice was clear and of great power. On behold-
ing his picture, Melanchthon is said to have exclaimed,
" Each one of thy words was a thunderbolt !" (" Fulmina
erant singula verba tua.") Carlyle says of him, "No
more valiant man ever lived in that Teutonic kindred
whose character is valour : the thing he will quail before
exists not on this earth or under it." " He was," observes
Heine, "not only the greatest, but the most German,
man of our history. In his character all the faults and all
the virtues of the Germans are combined on the largest
scale. He had qualities which are very seldom found
united, which we are accustomed to regard as irrecon-
cilable antagonisms. . . . He was not only the tongue,
but the sword, of his time. Sometimes he was wild
as the storm that uproots the oak, and again he was
as gentle as the zephyr which dallies with the violet."
In a not dissimilar strain, Carlyle contrasts the wild,
unconquerable energy with the affectionate tenderness
of Luther's character: "A most gentle heart withal,
full of pity and love, as, indeed, the truly valiant heart
ever is." Alluding to Luther's fondness for music, he
adds, " Death-defiance on the one hand, and such love
of music on the other, — between these two, all great
things had room."
Those who may desire to see a less favourable view of
the great Reformer's character and influence, are referred
to the article " Luther" in the " Nouvelle Biographia
Ge'nerale," from the pen of the editor, Dr. Hoefer.
See D'AUBIGNB, "History of the Reformation;" MICHELHT,
"Me'moires de Luther," 3 vols., 1835; MELANCHTHON, "Life of
Luther," ("Vita Lutheri;") JOHANN MATHESIUS, " Historia von
Dr. M. Luther's Anfimg, Lehr, Leben," etc., 1563 ; IMMANUELVEGA,
" De M. Lutheri Vita et Miraculis," 1586; M. DRESSER, " Historia
M. Lutheri," 1508 ; T. HAYNE, " Life and Death of Martin Luther,"
1641 ; C. JUNCKKR, " Vita Lutheri," etc., 1699 ; C. M. SEIDEL, " Er-
bauliches Leben Dr. M. Luther's," 1718; J. COLERUS, " Lutherus
Redivivus," 1718; J. COCHLAEUS, " Commentaria de Actiset Scriptis
M. Lutheri," 1549: N. TAILLEPIED, " Histoire de la Vie de M. Lu-
ther," 1577 ', GLOCEROS, " Historia von der Lehre, Leben, etc. Dr. M.
Lutheri," 1586: J. D. HERRENSCHMIDT, "Vita Dr. M. Lutheri,"
etc., 1742 : C. J. WAGBNSEIL, " Lebensgeschichte Dr. M. Luther's,"
1782 : TISCHER, " Leben, Thaten und Meinungen Dr. M. Luther's,"
1783; F. G. ZIMMERMANN, " Memoria Dr. M. Lutheri," 1808; A,
BOWER. " Life of Dr. M. Luther." 1813; UKERT. "Dr. M. Luther's
M. Luther's Leben," 3 vols., 1846 : CARL JURGENS, " M. Luthet'l
Leben," 3 vols., 1847 : R. FERGUSON, " Luther: his Times, Charac-
ter, and Works," 1848; F. W. GENTHE, "Leben und Wirken Dr.
M. Luther's," 1842 : IGNAZ DOLLINGER, " Luther : eine Skizze,"
1851; E. HAAG, "Vie de M. Luther," 1840; JANDER, " Luther'i
Leben," etc., 1853: N. M. PETERSEN, "M. Luther's Levnet," 1840;
J. A. CRAMER, "Luther und Meianchthon," 1817; PAUL SBIDBL,
" Historia und Geschichte des Vaters Dr. M. Lutheri," 1581 ; CARL
R. RICHTER, "Geschichte Dr. M. Luther's," 1817; K. F. A.
KAHNIS, " Lutherische Dpgmatik," 2 vols., 1861-68: DR. C. P.
KRAUTH, "The Conservative Reformation and its Theology," etc.,
iS7o;CARLYLB, " On Heroe» and Hero-Worship;" HEDGE, "Prose
Writers of Germany;" "Edinburgh Review" for January, 1839;
and the recent " Life" by KOSTLIN. and that by PUTT.
Luther, (PAUL,) a chemist, son of the preceding, was
bom at Wittenberg in 1533. He became physician to
Augustus, Elector of Saxony, and to his successor, Chris-
tian. Died at Leipsic in 1593.
Luther, (KARL THEODOR ROBERT,) a German as-
tronomer, born April 16, 1822. He discovered twenty
mall planets or asteroids between 1852 and 1875.
Lutherburg. See LOUTHERBOURG.
Luti, loo'tee, or Lutti, loot'tee, (BENEDETTO,) an
excellent Italian painter of history, born at Florence in
1666, was a pupil of Gabbiani. He worked chiefly in
Rome, and was patronized by Clement XI. According
to Lanzi, many connoisseurs designated him the last
master of the Florentine school. Among his merits are
forms delicate and graceful, and a skilful distribution of
colours and shadows. He painted in oil, in fresco, and
in pastel. Among his master-pieces are an "Annun-
ciation," "San Ranieri taking the Habit," and "The
Prophet Isaiah," in the Lateran. Died in 1724.
See LANZI, "History of Painting in Italy;" Ticozzi, "Diiiona
rio:" WINCKKLMANN, " Neues Mahler- Lexikon."
Lutke, loot'keh, (FEODOR PETROVITCH,) a Russian
navigator and explorer, born at Saint Petersburg in 1797.
In 1821 he was commissioned to explore Kamschatka,
in 1822-24 ne made several voyages in the Arctic re-
gions, and in 1826-28 he commanded an exploring ex-
pedition round the world, in which he was accompanied
by a scientific staff. He was made an admiral in 1856,
and a count in 1866. Died in August, 1882.
Luton, lii'to.s', (Louis,) a French chemist and painter
on glass, born in Paris in 1757 ; died in 1852.
Luttrell, COLONEL See WII.KES, (JOHN.)
Lut'trell, (HENRY,) an English poet, wit, and man of
fashion, born in 1770. He is said to have been a natural
son of Lord Carhampton. He published " Advice to
Julia, a Letter in Rhyme," (1820,) and "Crockford
House," (1827,) but was best known as a brilliant talker
in London society. Died in 1851.
Lut'trell, (NARCISSUS,) an English political writer,
who kept a diary of public events during the Revolution
of 1688 and subsequent years, which Macaulay often
quotes and calls a valuable manuscript Died about
1732. His diary was published in 1857.
s> c "North British Review" for November, 1857.
Lutz, loots, (WlLHELM MEYER,) a German musician
and composer, born at Mannerstadt, Kissingen, in 1829.
In 1848 he went to England, where he has since resided.
He has produced many operas and operettas, chief
among which are "Faust and Marguerite," (1855,)
"Zaida," (1868,) "Legend of the Lys," (1873,) etc.
Lutzelburger or Luetzelburger, lut'sel-bSoRG'er,
sometimes erroneously written Leutzelburger, (HANS,)
also called HANS FRANK, a Swiss wood-engraver, of
whom very little is known, lived about 1520-40. Among
the most important works attributed to him is the
" Dance of Death," (usually ascribed to Holbein,) " Illus-
trations of the Old Testament," a portrait of Erasmus,
and "The Sale of Indulgences."
See NAGLER, "Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon."
Liitzow or Luetzow, liit'so, (Luovvic ADOLF WIL-
HELM,) a Prussian general, born in 1782. In 1813 he
commanded a free corps of "black chasseurs" against
the French. Died at Berlin, December 6, 1834.
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, Q, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; n6t; good; moon;
LUTZOIV
1599
LUZAC
Liitzow, von, Con liit'so, (THERESA VON STRUVE,)
MADAME, a German authoress, born at Stuttgart in
1804. She wrote several novels and books of travel.
Died in Java in 1852.
Luvigini, loo-ve-jw/iiee, Luisini, loo-e-see'nee, or
Luisino, loo-e-see'no JLat. LUISI'NUS,] (FRANCESCO,)
an Italian scholar, bo <i at Udine in 1523. He was pre-
ceptor of the son of Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma.
Among his works is a " Latin Commentary on Horace's
Art of Poetry," (1554.) His poetical talent is praised
by Muret and Giraldi. Died in 1568.
Luvigini or Luisino, (Luici,) a brother of the pre-
ceding, born at Udine, was a physician at Venice. Among
his works is a version of the "Aphorisms" of Hippocrates,
in Latin hexameters, (1552.)
Lux, looks, (ADAM,) a German republican, born at
Mentz about 1770. He was sent to Paris in March, 1793,
to solicit the annexation of his country to France. He
witnessed with sympathy and admiration the conduct of
Charlotte Corday at her execution. A few days later he
published an apology for that heroine. For this and
other offences he was executed in November, 1793.
Luxdorf, Idoks'doRf, (BoLLE WILLUM,) a Danish
writer and lawyer, born in the island of Seeland in 1716.
He cultivated Latin poetry with success. Died in 1788.
Luxembourg, llik'soN'booR', (CHRISTIAN Louis DE
MONTMORENCI,) Prince de Tingri, a French general,
born in Paris in 1675, was the fourth son of the great Mar-
shal Luxembourg. For his services at Oudenarde and
Lille (1708) he obtained the rank of lieutenant-general.
He commanded at Ettlingen in 1734, and was made a
marshal of f ranee in the same year. From that time he
was called MARSHAL DE MONTMORENCI. Died in 1746.
See PINARD, "Chronologic militaire."
Luxembourg, de, deh liik'sfiN'booR', (CHARLES
FRANCOIS FREDERIC DE MONTMORENCI,) MARSHAL,
oorn in 1702, was a grandson of the first Marshal Lux-
embourg. He was aide-de-camp of Louis XV. in the
war of 1741, and, having served with distinction in Ger-
many, became a marshal of France. He gave a home to
]. J. Rousseau at Montmorenci. (See the notice of his
wife, below.) Died in 1764.
See ROUSSEAU, "Confessions."
Luxembourg, de, written also Luxemburg, (FRAN-
C.OIS HENRI DE MONTMORENCI,) Due, a celebrated mar-
shal of France, born in Paris in 1628, was a son of the
Count de Montmorenci-Bouteville, and a cousin-german
of the great Prince de Conde. For his conduct at Lens
in 1648 he was made marechal-de-camp. From devotion
to the Prince of Conde, he served several campaigns
against France between 1653 and 1659, during which
period Cond^ commanded the Spanish army. Having
received a pardon from the king in 1660, he married the
heiress of the house of Luxembourg, and assumed that
name. In 1672 he obtained command of an army which
invaded Holland and took several towns. His skilful
retreat from Utrecht to Charleroi in November, 1673,
raised him to the rank of the first captains of that age.
In 1674 he commanded the right wing of Conde's army
at Senef, and in 1675 received a marshal's baton. He
gained victories over the allies in Flanders in the cam-
paign of 1677, which was followed by a long peace.
Having incurred the enmity of Louvois, he was confined
in the Bastille fourteen months on a charge of sorcery.
In 1690, Louis XIV.. against whom Austria, Spain, and
England had formed a coalition, gave the chief com-
mand of his army to Marshal Luxembourg, who, since
the death of Turenne and Conde, was the ablest of his
generals. He defeated the allies at Fleurus in 1690.
In the campaign of 1691 he defeated William III. of
England at the great battle of Steenkerke. He was victo-
rious over the same enemy and leader at Neerwinden,
or Landen, in 1693. He died in January, 1695, after
which the army of Louis gained few victories. " Even
the admirers of William III.," says Macaulay, "were
forced to own that in the field he was not a match for
Luxembourg," whose "judgment was clearest and surest
when responsibility pressed heaviest on him and when
difficulties gathered thickest around him." "He gained
immense renown at William's expense ; but he had not
the art of improving a victory, while William, of all gen-
erals, was best qualified to repair a defeat." (" History
of England," vol. iv. chap, xix.)
See BEAURAIN, " Histoire militaire dn Due de Luxembourg,"
1756: "Memoirs of Marshal Luxemburg," written by himself, 1758;
VOLTAIRE, " Siecle de Louis XIV:" SAlNT-SrMON, "Me'moires;"
DE^ORMEAUX, " Histoire de la Maison de Montmorenci," vols. iv. and
v. ; L. ARTOING, " Le Marshal de Luxembourg," 1853 ; " Nouvellt
Biographic Ge'neVale."
Luxembourg or Luxemburg, de, (Louis,) Comte
de Saint-Pol, an ambitious French general, born in 1418.
He fought against Louis XI. at Montlheri about 1464,
but was soon after won over by the high office of Con-
stable of France, and married the queen's sister, Marie
de Savoie. He was called the pivot of the principal
intrigues of that time. His perfidy provoked Louis XL
and Charles the Bold to declare him their common
enemy. He was beheaded in 1475.
See COMINES, " Me'moires ;" SISMONDI, " Histoire des Frangais ;"
" Nouvelle Biographic G^neVale."
Luxembourg, de, (MADELENE ANGELIQUE de Neuf
ville-Villeroi — deh nufvel' vel'Rwa',) MARECHALE-
DUCHESSE, born in 1 707, was a granddaughter of Marshal
Villeroi. She was married to Marshal C. F. de Luxem-
bourg in 1750. About 1758 this couple gave Rousseau
an asylum at Montmorenci. Rousseau has commemo-
rated in his " Confessions" her charming conversation
and liberality. Her rank and talents gave her great
social influence in Paris. Died in 1787.
Luxembourg-Ligni, de, deh luk'sftN'booR' len'ye',
(WALERAN,) Comte de Saint-Pol, was born in 1355, of
one of the most illustrious families of Europe. Whilo
fighting for the French king, he was taken prisoner by
the English in 1374. He married Matilda, a sister of
Richard II. of England. Having been chosen Con-
stable of France in 1412, he defeated the Armagnaca
in battle. Died in 1417.
Luxemburg. See LUXEMBOURG.
Luyken or Luycken, loi'ken, (JAN,) a Dutch en-
graver, born in 1649, lived in Amsterdam. He etched,
after his own designs, many admired works, which dis-
play a fertile invention. The "Death of Coligny" is
called his best production. Died in 1712.
Luynes or Luines, de, deh lii-en', (CHARLES D'AL-
BERT,) Due, the favourite of Louis XIII. of France,
was born in Languedoc in 1578. As the companion
of Louis in youth, he acquired an ascendency over him,
and about 1616 he became his most powerful minister.
His cupidity and ambition excited many enemies, among
whom was the king's mother ; but through his influence
she was sent into exile. In 1621 he was appointed Con-
stable of France, and declared war against the Hugue-
nots. It appears that Louis had resolved to discard him ;
but before that purpose was effected Luynes died, in
December, 1621. He was a brother of Marshal Chaulnes,
noticed in this work.
See BAZIN, "Histoire de Louis XIII:" BASSOMPIERRE, " Me'-
moires;" SISMONDI, "Histoire des Francais;" "Nouvelle Biogra-
phic G^neYale."
Luynes, de, (HONORE THEODORIC PAUL JOSEPH
D'ALBERT,) Due, a French antiquary, born in Paris in
1802, was a liberal patron of arts and sciences. He was
admitted in 1830 into the Academy of Inscriptions, to
which he contributed many valuable treatises on antiqui
ties and medals. Died at Rome, December 14, 1867.
Luyts, loits, 'JAN,) a Dutch philosopher and astrono-
mer, born at Horn about 1660, became professor of
physics at Utrecht. He was an opponent of the Cartesian
philosophy. Died in 1721.
Luz, liiz, ? [Lat. Lu'cius,] (Louis,) a Swiss Protest-
ant theologian, born at Bale in 1577. He wrote a " His-
tory of the Jesuits," (1626,) and other works. Dieil in
1642.
Luzac, lii'zak', (ELIAS,) a Dutch philosopher and
jurist, born near Leyden in 1723. He published in 1756
" Researches into the Principles of Human Knowledge."
His "Riches of Holland," (1778,) a history of Dutch
commerce, is highly esteemed. Died in 1796.
Luzac, (JAN,) a philologist and publicist of great
merit, born at Leyden in 1746. He practised law in his
native place. In 1775 he became chief editor of the
"Gazette de Leyde." From 1785 until 1796 he was
professor of Greek in Leyden University. He corre-
,' cas.r; ghard; gasy; G,H,K,piittural; N, nasal: R, trilled; sasz; th as in this.
Explanations, n. 21.)
LUZAC
1600
LYCURGUS
•ponded with Washington and Jefferson, the former of
whom wrote, "America is under great obligations to the
writings and actions of such men as you." Among his
works are " Socrates as a Citizen," ("De Socrate Give, )
dedicated to John Adams, of Massachusetts, and "Attic
Readings," ("Lectiones Atticae," 1809.) He was killed
by an explosion of gunpowder at Leyden in 1807.
Luzac, (STEVEN,) the uncle of the preceding, was born
at Leyden in 1706. He became in 1738 proprietor and
editor of the " Gazette de Leyde," which is described
as a model of accuracy and wisdom, and possessed much
historical va'ue. Died in 1787.
Luzan, loo-than', (Don IGNACIO,) a Spanish critic,
poet, and literary reformer, born at Saragossa in 1702.
About 1750 he was appointed director of the mint, a
councillor of state, and minister of commerce. To coun-
teract the vicious poetical style of Gongora, he wrote
his celebrated " Art of Poetry," (" La Poetica, o Reglas
de la Poesia en general," 1737.) which is said to have
been effectual in rectifying the national taste. He pro-
duced several admired poems, one of which is " The
Judgment of Paris." Died in 1754.
See TICKNOR. " History of Spanish Literature:" LoNCreLLOw,
•' Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" " Nouvelle Biographic Generale.
Luzarches, de, deh lii'ztRsh', (ROBERT,) a French
architect, designed the magnificent cathedral of Amiens,
which was commenced in 1220 and finished in 1269.
Luzerne, de la, deh It lii'ziRn', (ANNE CESAR,)
CHEVALIER, a French diplomatist, born in Paris in 1741.
In 1779 he was sent as minister to the United States,
where he had much influence, and performed with credit
the duties of a position which the absence of instructions
made more responsible. He left the United States in
1783. He was ambassador from France to London from
1788 until bis death, in September, 1791.
Luzerne, de la, (CESAR GUILLAUME,) a learned prel-
ate, born in Paris in 1738, was a brother of the pre-
ceding. He became Bishop of Langres in 1770, and was
elected to the States-General in 1789. He emigrated in
1791, returned in 1814, and was made a cardinal in 1817.
Among his numerous works is " Considerations on
Divers Points of Christian Morality," (5 vols., 1795.)
Died in 1821.
Luzzatto, loot-sat'to, (PHILOXENE,) a Jewish linguist,
a son of S. D. Luzzatto, was born at Triest, July 10,
1829. He mastered twelve or more languages, and pub-
lished various treatises, chiefly on Sanscrit, Assyrian,
and other ancient tongues. Died January 25, 1854.
Luzzatto, (SAMUEL DAVID,) a Jewish scholar, born
at Triest, in Austria, August 22, 1800. In early life he
wrote against the Cabbalists and published some vol-
umes of Hebrew verse. In 1829 he was made professor
of biblical literature in the Rabbinical College of Padua.
He wrote various theological treatises, commentaries
etc., and left a nearly complete Italian version of the Olc
Testament. Died at Padua, September 30, 1865.
Lyaeus, li-ee'us, [Gr. \valof, from Aiu, to " free" 01
" loosen,"] a surname given to Bacchus, because he (wine
frees the mind from care ; though some say it is because
he loosens the limbs of his votaries, rendering them un
able to walk. (See BACCHUS.)
Ly'all, (Sir ALFRED COMYNS,) K.C.B., an English
writer, born at Coulston, Surrey, in 1835. He was edu
cated at Eton, and at Haileybury College, was appointee
home secretary in India in 1873, foreign secretary in
1878, Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Prov-
inces in 1882, and a member of the Council of India
in 1888. He published " Asiatic Studies," (1882,)
" Rise of the British Dominion in India," ( 1893,) etc.
and is a singularly able and original writer in prose
and verse.
Ly'all, (EDNA,) the pen-name of Ada Ellen Bay
ley, a novelist, born at Brighton, England. Amon|
her works are "Donovan," (1882,) with its sequel
"We Two," (1884,) " Knight-Errant," (1887,) " T<
Right the Wrong," (1893,) etc.
Lycambes. See ARCHILOCHUS.
Ly-ca'on, [Gr. Awcaui',] a fabulous king of Arcadia
»nd a son of Pelasgus. He and his numerous sons wer
otorious for impiety and cruelty The poets feigned
lat Jupiter in disguise once visited Lycaon, who offered
im human flesh to eat, for which offence he was changed
nto a wolf.
Lyciua, lish'e-us, [Ai/uoc,] a Greek sculptor, born in
Bceotia, lived about 425 B.C. According to Pliny, he was
pupil of Myron.
Lycomede. See LYCOMEDES.
Lycomede, le'ko'mad', the assumed name of GlU-
EPPE MARIA ARRiGHi,"(ar-ree'gee,) a Corsican writer,
orn in 1768. He published, in Italian, a "Historical
Lssay on the Civil and Political Revolutions of the
Cingdom of Naples," (3 vols., 1812.) Died in 1834.
Lyc-o-me'des, [Gr. Awca^^jc; Fr. LYCOMEDE, le'-
ko'mid',] a king of Scyros and of the Dolopians, was
he father of Deidamia, who became the mother of
Pyrrhus by Achilles. The poets relate that young
Achilles was committed to his care by Thetis to prevent
lim from going to the Trojan war. Lycomedes is said
o have murdered Theseus, who sought refuge at his
ourt.
Lycomedes, [Gr. Atwco^A/f,] an Arcadian general,
as one of the founders of Megalopolis, (370 B.C.) He
lefeated the Spartans in 369, and took Pellene. He was
murdered about 366 B.C.
Ly'con, [Awcui',] an Athenian orator, who acquired
notoriety as one of the accusers of Socrates. He was
>anished with Anytus for this offence.
Lyoon, a Greek philosopher, born at Laodicea, lived
about 300 B.C. He was the successor of Strato, and for
about forty years was the head of the Peripatetic school
of Athens. He had a high reputation for eloquence.
See RITTER, "History of Philosophy."
Lyc'o-phron, [Av(c6>poi>,] a Greek poet and gram-
marian, born at Chalcis, in Euboea. He lived at the
court of Ptolemy Philadelphus, in AlexanA '*, from 280
to 250 B.C. He was one of the seven poets who were
styled the " Pleiades." The numerous tragedies which
IB wrote have all been lost, but his lyric poem called
•Cassandra," or "Alexandra," has come down to us. It
s very obscure and enigmatical, but is admired as a
jrodigy of learning and valued as a treasury of facts
and traditions.
SeeOstANDHR, " Bemerkungen in Lycophron," 1826: FABRICIUS,
•Bibliotheca Graeca;" VOLKER, " De Lycophron.s Cassandra,
1810: " Nouvelle Biographic Generale.'
Ly-cor'tas [Awcoprar] of Megalopolis, an Achsan
general, was the father of Polybius the historian, and a
Friend of Philopoemen. He was sent as ambassador to
Rome in 189 B.C. Died after 168 B.C.
Lycosthenes, le-kos'ta-nes, (CONRAD,) the Greek
name of CONRAD WOLFFHART, a scholar, born in Alsaca
in 1518 He became minister of a church in Bale in
1545, and published a curious work on "Prodigies,1
(" Prodigiorum Chronicon,") a new edition of Gesner s
"Bibliotheca," and other works. Died in 1561.
Ly-cur'gus, [Gr. Avxovpyof ; Fr. LYCURGUE, le kuRg',]
in classic mythology, a king of Thrace, who is said to have
been a persecutor of Bacchus, and to have been punished
with madness. According to another tradition, Jupiter
deprived him of sight.
Lycurgus, [Gr. Avxavp-yof ; Fr. LYCURGUE, le kuRg';
Ger. LYKURGUS, le-kSoR'goos,] a famous Spartan law-
iver who belongs to the period anterior to authentic
riistnry. Plutarch begins his biography with the remark
that nothing certain can be said concerning him. Accord-
ing to Aristotle, he lived more than 850 years B.C. He is
supposed to have been the son of King Eunomus, who was
succeeded by another son, Polydectes. At the death of
the latter, Lycurgus refused the crown, and defended the
right of Charilaus, a posthumous son of Polydectes. He
visited many foreign countries, whose institutions he
studied, and, after a long absence, returned to Sparta,
where he made social and political changes of the most
radical kind. His constitution was considered by the
Greeks as the model of a perfect aristocracy, but con-
tained a strong democratic element The executive
power was divided between two persons called kings. A
remarkable feature in his system was the equal division
or community of property, which existed to an extent
unequalled in any other country in ancient or modem
• e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, e, d, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, j?, short; a, e, i, <}, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; ndt;good; moon
LYCURGUS
1601
LYMAN
times. The interference of the state with domestic affairs
and relations was carried to a great excess. His laws were
based on the idea that men are made for the government,
rather than the government for men. He is said to have
prohibited the use of gold and silver money, and abol-
ished all professions among the Spartans except that of
arms, assigning all mechanical and menial employment
to the slaves, ( Ifelots,) who appear to have been treated
with great severity. Having imposed on the people an
uath final they would not alter his laws during his ab-
sence, he went into voluntary exile, from which he never
returned. Tradition informs us that he vanished myste-
riously from the earth. The Spartans erected a temple
to him., and paid him divine honours. According to one
legend, he ordered his ashes to be cast into the sea after
his death, fearing that if his body were conveyed to
Sparta the Spartans might think themselves absolved
from their oath.
See PLUTARCH, " Life of Lycurgus ;" GROTE, " History of
Greece," vol. ii. chap. vi. ; PLATO. " De Legibus ;" K. O. MOLLKR,
" Die Dorier ;" ARISTOTLE, " Politica ;" THIRLWALL, " History of
Greece;" WHICHBRT, "Questionum Lycurgearum Specimen." 1844;
J. WBGELIN, " Politische und moralische Betrachtungen iiber die
Spartanische Gesetzgebung des Lycurgus," 1763; " Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Gine'rale."
Lycurgus, an eminent Athenian orator and an able
financier, was born about 400 B.C. He is said to have
studied philosophy under Plato, and eloquence under
Isocmtes. For about fifteen years he presided over the
public revenue with a high reputation for integrity and
financial ability. In the contest with Philip of Macedon
he supported the democratic party. He was one of the
orators whom Alexander required Athens to deliver up
to him in 335 B.C. This demand was firmly refused.
Fifteen of his orations were extant in the time of Plu-
tarch, and only one (that against Leoctates) has come
down to us. His style is noble rather than elegant
Died in 323 B.C.
Lyd'deker, (RICHARD,) an English naturalist,
born in 1849. He graduated at Cambridge, and was
on the staff of the Geological Survey of India 1874-82,
during which he made a special study of the vertebrate
fossils of the Siwalik Hills. He wrote numerous works
on natural history and geology, and was editor and
chief author of the " Royal Natural History." Among
his works are "Horses and Hoofs," "The Deer of
All Lands," " Phases of Animal Life," etc.
Lyde. See JOYNER, (WILLIAM.)
Lyd'gate, (JOHN,) an old English poet, born about
1375, became a monk of the abbey of Bury Saint Ed-
mund's. He was ordained a priest in 1397, after which
he travelled on the continent. On his return, he opned
at the abbey above named a school, in which he taught
languages, rhetoric, and versification. He acquired a
high reputation as a poet. Among his numerous works
are " The Story of Thebes," " The Fall of Princes," and
the " History, Siege, and Destruction of Troy." Died
about 1460.
See WARTON, " History of English Poetry."
Lydl-at, (THOMAS,) an English chronologer and
mathematician, was born at Okerton in 1572. He be-
came rector of Okerton about 1612. During the civil
war he suffered persecution for his loyalty to Charles I.,
and he died very poor in 1646. His adversities are
commemorated in these verses of Dr. Johnson :
" If dreams yet flatter, once again attend:
Hear Lydiat's life and Galileo's end."
Among his works (in Latin) are a Censure of Scaliger's
Chronology, ( " Emendatio Temporum contra Scalige-
rum," 1609,) "The Period of the Sun and Moon," and
"The Measurement of the Solar Year."
Ly>'dUB, a son of Atys and Callithea, was the sup-
posed ancestor of the ancient Lydians.
Lydus, [Gr. AwSnc,] the surname of JOANNES LAU-
RKNTIUS, ['[(joww Aat/pfi'riof,] a Greek historical writer,
born at Philadelphia, in Lydia, about 490 A.D. He was
employed many years in various official functions in the
imperial palace at Constantinople. He resigned his
offices about 550, and afterwards wrote many works,
some of which are lost. An important treatise, " On the
Magistrates of the Roman Republic," is still extant.
Lye, II, (EDWARD,) an English philologist and clergy-
man, born at Totness in 1704. Soon after he left college
he obtained the living of Houghton Parva, and in 1750
became vicar of Yardley Hastings. He acquired dis-
tinction by his researches into the Saxon language and
literature. In 1743 he published the " Etymologicon
Anglicanum," which Francis Junius had left in manu-
script. His chief work is his "Anglo-Saxon and Gothic
Dictionary," (1772.) Died in 1767!
Lyell, (Sir CHARLES,) an eminent British geologist,
son of a botanist, was born at Kinnordy, in Forfar-
shire, in November, 1797. He graduated at Oxford in
1821, and studied law, but soon relinquished the prac
tice of that profession in order to devote his time to
geology. About 1826 he began to contribute to the
"Transactions of the Geological Society" a series of
papers which display superior powers of observation
and comparison, and in 1830 published the first volume
of his important work, " Principles of Geology," (3
vols., 1830-33,) which was very favourably received. It
reached the fifth edition in 1837. He afterwards divided
the work into two parts, one of which was published
under the title of "Elements of Geology," (1838.) In a
subsequent edition the name was changed to " Manual
of Elementary Geology." It is generally admitted that
his work contributed much to place geology on a philo-
sophical basis as an inductive science. Having visited
the United States in 1841, he lectured on geology at Bos-
ton, and after his return published " Travels in North
America, with Geological Observations on the United
States, Canada, and Nova Scotia," (2 vols., 1845.) He
also wrote many treatises on the geology of America,
which were printed in the " Transactions" of the Geo-
logical Society, and in other journals. In 1845 he made
another excursion to the United States, the result of
which was a "Second Visit to the United States," (2
vols., 1849.) Both of these books of travel contain much
to interest the general reader. Mr. Lyell was knighted
in 1848. He was elected president of the Geological
Society in 1836, and again in 1850. He published in
1863 "The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of
Man, with Remarks on Theories of the Origin of Species
by Variation." He was formerly prominent among the
opponents of the "development" or Darwinian theory;
but later in life he changed his views in that respect.
Died February 22, 1875.
Lykurgos, le-koor'gos, (LOGOTHETIS,) a modern
Greek patriot, born in the island of Samoa in 1772.
Soon after the breaking out of the war of independence
in Greece, (1821,) he was chosen commander-in-chief of
the army in Samos. He was also appointed civil and
military governor of the island, which office he held till
1826. He afterwards became a senator under the new
monarchy of Greece. Died in 1850.
See BROCKHAUS, " Conversations- Lerikon."
Lykurgus or Lykurgos. See LYCURGUS.
Lyle, (THOMAS,) a Scottish poet, born at Paisley in
1792. He is remembered for the song " Kelvin Grove,"
which is still popular. Died in 1859.
Lyly, (JOHN.) See LILLY, (JOHN.)
Ly'man. (BENJAMIN SMITH,) an American geolo-
gist and mining engineer, was born at Northampton,
Massachusetts, in 1835. He became an assistant on
the Iowa State Geological Survey in 1858, was mining
engineer for the government of India in 1870, chief
geologist and mining engineer for the government of
Japan 1873-79, and assistant on the Pennsylvania
Geological Survey 1887-95. For many years he has
resided in Philadelphia as consulting mining engi-
neer. He has written numerous papers and reports,
chiefly on his explorations.
Ly'man, (PHINEAS,) an American officer, bom at
Durham,'in Connecticut, in 1716. He served with dis-
tinction against the French in Canada under General
Johnson, Abercrombie, and others, and attained the
rank of major-general. Died in 1775.
Lyman, (THEODORE,) an American naturalist, born
in Waltham, Massachusetts, August 23, 1833. He grad-
uated in arts at Harvard College in 1855 and in the sci-
i as A; 5 as /; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
101
Explanations, p.
LYMAN
1602
LYON
entlfic school in 1858, was a lieutenant-colonel and aide
on the staff of General MeaJe, 1863-65, and fishery com-
missioner of Massachusetts, 1865-82. He published the
" Reports" of the Massachusetts Fishery Commission,
1865-82, "The Ophiuroidea of the Challenger Expe-
dition," (410, 1882,) and numerous papers, chiefly on
the lower orders of marine zoology. In 1883 he was
elected to Congress as an Independent. Died in 1807.
Lyman, (THEODORE BENEDICT,) D.D., an American
bishop, born at Brighton, Massachusetts, November 27,
1815. He graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, New
York, in 1837, and at the General Theological Seminary,
New Vork, in 1840. He lived in Europe from 1860 to
1870, being founder and incumbent of an Episcopal
church in Rome, was consecrated Assistant Bishop of
North Carolina in 1873, and succeeded Dr. Atkinson 70
diocesan in 1881. Died December 13, 1893.
Lyna. See HLIN.
Lynacer. See LINACRE.
Lynar, von, fon lee'naR, (FRiEDRiCH,) COUNT, a
German statesman and scholar, born in Lower Lusatia
in 1708. He held several high offices in Denmark
oetween 1740 and 1749. He wrote political treatises,
•' Travels in Germany," etc. Uiid in 1781.
Lync6e. See LYNCEUS.
Lj?n'9eus, [Gr. AvyitEio; Fr. LYNCEE, liN'si', J a
king of Argos, was a son of yEgyptus, and married
Hypermnestra, one of the Danaides. She saved his life
when her forty-nine sisters killed their husbands. (See
DANAIDES.)
Lynceus, one of the Argonauts, was a son of Apha-
rens, and celebrated for his keenness of sight He was
killed by Pollux.
Lynch, (JoHN,) a learned Irish priest and writer,
born at Galway about 1600. He took refuge in France
in 1652, and returned to Ireland after the restoration,
(1660.) He wrote a historical work in Latin, entitled
"Cambrensis Eversus," (1662,) and other works. Died
in 1674.
Lynch, (PATRICK NIESON,) D.D., an American
bishop, born at Cheraw, South Carolina, March 10, 1817.
He studied in the Catholic seminary at Charleston, South
Carolina, was trained in theology (1834-40) at the Propa-
ganda in Rome, became a priest and a divinity-professor
of Charleston, and was made vicar-general under Bishop
Reynolds in 1850. In 1858 he was consecrated Bishop
of Charleston. Died February 26, 1882.
Lynch, (THOMAS,) one of the signers of the Declara-
tion of American Independence, was born in Prince
George's Parish, South Carolina, in 1749. He gradu-
ated at Cambridge, England, and soon after his return
was appointed to the command of a company in the first
South Carolina regiment of provincial regulars. He
was elected to the Congress of 1776. While on a voyage
for his health, he was lost at sea in 1779.
Lynch, (WILLIAM F.,) an American naval officer,
born in Virginia about 1805. He set out in 1847 on
an expedition to explore the shores of the Dead Sea,
of which he published an interesting account, entitled
" Narrative of the United States Expedition to the River
Jordan and the Dead Sea," (1849.) Died in 1865.
Lyncker, von, fon Hnk'er, (NlKOLAUS CHRISTOPH.)
a German jurist, born at Marburg in 1643. He was a
member of the aulic council at Vienna, and wrote many
legal works. Died in 1726.
Lynde, lind, (Sir HUMPHRY,) an English author, born
in Dorsetshire in 1579. He was a member of Parliament
for several years. He published "Ancient Characters
of the Visible Church," and "Via Tula, or the Safe
Way," which was often reprinted. Died in 1636.
Lynd'hurst, (JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY,) LORD, an
eminent English statesman, born at Boston, Massachu-
setts, in 1772, was the son of the distinguished painter
John S. Copley, who took him to England about 1775.
He was educated at Cambridge, and chose the profes-
sion of law. Having gradually risen to be the leader
of the Midland circuit, he was elected to Parliament as
a Tory in 1818, and appointed solicitor-general in 1819,
vhen he was also knighted. Sir John became attorney-
general in 1824, and was returned to Parliament by the
University of Cambridge in 1826. After opposing the bill
for Catholic emancipation, he accepted the office of lord
chancellor in the Liberal ministry of Canning in April,
1827, and was raised to the peerage, as Baron Lyndhurst.
Having been retained in his office by the Duke of Wel-
! lington, he voted in concurrence with his colleagues for
Catholic emancipation in 1829. In November, 1830, the
Liberal party, under Earl Grey, came into power, and
Lord Lyndhurst was deprived of the great seal ; but
in 1831 he was appointed chief baron of the exchequer.
He made an able speech against the Reform bill in 1832.
In the court of exchequer he displayed eminent judicial
qualifications. He was again lord chancellor during the
brief ministry of Sir Robert Peel in 1834. In August,
1841, Sir Robert became premier, and Lord Lyndhurst
lord chancellor, of a new Conservative ministry, which
was deprived of power by the triumph of :he Whigs in
1846. After that date, until near his death, he was one
of the most prominent orators of his party in the House
of Lords. He advocated the prosecution of the Russian
war (1854-56) in several eloquent speeches. Died in 1863.
See LORD CAMPBELL, "Life of Lord Lyndhurst," 1869; Foss,
' The Judges of England," vol. ix. ; " Biographical Sketches from
the Note-Book of a Law Reporter," by W. H. BKNKBTT, London
1867.
Lyndsay. See LINDSAY.
Lyne, (JOSEPH LKYCESTER,) an English clergyman,
born in London, November 23, 1837, best known as
FATHER IGNATIUS. He was educated at Trinity College,
Glenalmond, and in 1860 was ordained in the Established
Church, and occupied various curacies. After 1863 he
\ assumed the name of " Ignatius of Jesus," and founded
Llanthony Abbey (Anglican) in Wales, adopting a
Benedictine rule for the monks and nuns of his com-
munity. He published hymns, poems, "Tales of
Llanthony," "brother Placidus," " Leonard Morris,"
"Tales of the Monastery," etc., and in 1893 became
a vigorous opponent of the " Higher Critics" and other
assailants of orthodoxy within the Church of England.
Lynedoch, Hn'dgK, (THOMAS GRAHAM,) BARON, a
British general, born in Perthshire in 1750. Having
obtained the rank of general, he served under Sir John
Moore in Portugal in 1808-9. He gained a victory at
Barossa in 1811, and commanded the left wing at the
battle of Vitoria, in 1813. He was raised to the peerage
in 1814. Died in 1843.
Lyn'wood, Lyud'wood, or Lin'wood, (WIL-
LIAM,) an English canonist, and Bishop of Saint David's.
I Died in 1446.
Ly'on, (GEORGE FRANCIS,) an English navigator
born in Sussex in 1795, entered the navy in his youth.
In 1818-19 he was the companion of J. Ritchie in an
expedition into the interior of Africa, of which he pub-
lished an account in 1821. Captain Lyon commanded
one of the ships in Parry's voyage to the Northern
Ocean, (1821-23,) ar>d kept a journal, which was pub-
lished. Both of the works above named are commended
Died in 1832.
Ly'on, (MARY,) a meritorious teacher, born at Buck-
land, Massachusetts, in 1797, was the founder of the
Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in that State. It was
opened in 1837, and soon acquired a very high reputa-
tion and extensive patronage. " She presided for years
over an admirable school," says Allen. Died at South
Hadley in 1849.
Lyon, (MATTHEW,) born in Wicklow county, Ireland,
in 1746, emigrated to America, where he served in the
Revolutionary war and distinguished himself as a poli-
tician of the Democratic party. Died in 1822.
Lyou, (NATHANIEL,) an able American general, born
at Ashford. \Vindham county, Connecticut, in July, 1819,
graduated at West Point in 1841. He served in the
Mexican war, (1846-47,) and became a captain in 1851.
Early in 1861 he was placed in command of the United
States Arsenal at Saint Louis, where he rendered im-
portant services to the cause of the Union. He captured
a large band of secessionists at Camp Jackson, Missouri,
in May, and was appointed commander of the depart-
ment of Missouri in June, 1861. He defeated the insur-
gent at Booneville, June 17, after which he marched to
Springfield. He commanded an army of about 6000
a. e, I, o. u. y. /o«f/a, e, 6, sanr- itged; a, e, T, o, u, y, short:^. e, i, o. obscure: far, fill, fat; met; not: good: moon
LYONNET
160.1
LYSIPPUS
men which engaged a superior force at Wilson's Creek,
where he was killed, August 10, 1861. His loss was
deeply lamented as a national disaster. He left by will
about thirty thousand dollars to the public treasury.
See TENNEV, " Military History of the Rebellion;" "Last Po-
litical Writings, etc. of Nathaniel Lyon," New York, 1861.
Lyonnet, le'o'nj', (PIERRE,) a skilful anatomist, natu-
ralist, and engraver, of French origin, was born at Maes-
tricht in 1707. He studied law, and was employed at
the Hague as secretary and translator for Latin and
French by the government. About 1760 he published
an "Anatomical Treatise on the Caterpillar which eats
the Willow," which, says Cuvier, "is among the master-
pieces of human industry." The engravings are ex-
quisitely neat and delicate. Died in 1789.
See P. H. MARRON, "Notice biographique sur P. Lyonnet,'
'795; JOURDAN, in the " Biographic Medicale," vol. vi. ; "Nou-
Telle Biographic Ge"nerale."
Lyonnet, (ROBERT,) a French physician, born at
Puy-en-Velay. He became physician to Louis XIII.,
and published a treatise on the Plague, (1639.)
Ly'pns, (EDMUND,) LORD, a British admiral, born
near Chnstchurch, Hants, in 1790. He entered the
navy about 1801. In 1811 he performed a daring exploit
when he captured by storm the Dutch fort Marrack in
the island of Java. He became a post-captain in 1814,
after which a long peace followed. In 1828 he com-
manded a vessel at the blockade of Navarino. He was
knighted in 1835, and appointed minister-plenipotentiary
to the court of Athens, where he remained until 1849.
At the beginning of the war against Russia, (1853,) Sir
Edmund was appointed second in command in the Black
Sea. His ship, the Agamemnon, was engaged with the
enemy on the shore at the battle of Alma, in September,
1854. He planned a successful expedition against the
forts on the Sea of Azov, and became commander-in-
chiefof the fleet in June, 1855. He was raised to the
peerage, as Baron Lyons of Christchurch, in 1856. Died
in 1858.
Lyons, (ISRAEL,) a Polish Jew, taught Hebrew in the
University of Cambridge, and published a Hebrew
Grammar. Died in 1770.
Lyons, (ISRAEL,) an English botanist and mathema-
tician, born at Cambridge in 1739, was the son of the
preceding. He published a "Treatise on Fluxions,"
and a work on the plants growing near Cambridge. At
the invitation of Sir Joseph Banks, he went to Oxford
about 1762, and lectured there on botany. The bureau
of longitude selected him to accompany Captain Phipps
towards the North Pole in 1773. Died in 1775.
Lyons, (RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL,) LORD, a
son of Edmund, noticed above, was born in 1817, and
inherited the title of baron in 1858. He was ambassador
to the United States from 1859 to 1865, and to Con-
stantinople from 1865 to 1867, when he was sent to
Paris in the same capacity. He was made a viscount in
1881. Died December 5, 1887.
Lyra, de, deh le'ri', (NICOLAS,) a French monk and
exegetical writer of high reputation, born at Lyre in
the thirteenth century. He was a good Hebrew and
Greek scholar. He wrote a commentary on the Bible,
" Postillae Perpetuae," which was esteemed and often
reprinted. The first edition appeared at Rome in 1472,
(5 vols.) Died in Paris in 1340.
Lys. See Lis.
Ly-san'der, [Gr. At>oai><ipof ; Fr. LYSANDRE, le'-
eoNdR' ; Ger. LYSANDROS, le-zin'dRos,] one of the ablest
generals and statesmen of ancient Sparta, makes his
first appearance in history near the close of the Pelopon-
nesian war. In 407 B.C. he was chosen commander of
the fleet, with which he gained a victory over the Athe-
nians at Notium in that year. He made himself very
popular with the Persian allies of Sparta, and he de-
feated the Athenian fleet in a decisive battle at ^Egos-
potami in 405. In 404 he captured Athens, and changed
its democracy into an oligarchy ruled by thirty archons,
(usually called the Thirty Tyrants.) He was then the
most powerful man in Greece, but soon found an able
rival in Agesilaus, who became King of Sparta in 398
B.C. and thwarted his ambitious designs. Lysander
meditated a revolution in Sparta by the abolition of
hereditary royalty. Before his design was matured, he
was appointed commander of an army sent against the
Thebans, and was killed in battle at Haliartus in 395
B.C. In Plutarch's " Lives" Lj'sander is brought into
comparison with the Roman Sulla.
Sec XENOPHON, " Hellenica ;" CORNELIUS NBPOS, "Vita Lysan-
dri:" W. VISCHER, " Alcibiades und Lysandros," 1845; PLW-AHCH,
"Life of Agcjilaus:" THIRLWALL, " History of Greece."
Lysandre. See LYSANDER.
Lysandros, the German of LYSANDER, which see.
Lyschanderor Lyscander, lis-kSn'der, (CLAUDIUS
CHRISTOPHORSEN,) a Danish chronicler, born in 1557.
He wrote a " Chronicle of Greenland," in Danish verse,
(1608,) and flattered the national vanity in a fabulous
work on the genealogy of the Danish kings, entitled
"Synopsis of Danish History," ("Synopsis Historic
Danicae," 1622.) Died in 1623.
Lyi£r, lee'zer, originally Leonhardt, la'on-haRt',
(CAROLINE,) a German authoress, born at Dresden in
1817. Among her works are fugitive poems, " Sketches
of Character for German Matrons and Maids," (1838,)
and "Albert Durer," a drama, (1840.)
Lyser, (MICHAEL,) a German anatomist, born at
Leipsic about 1650. He published a good manual of
anatomy, entitled "Culter Anatomicus," (1653.) He
shares with Bartholin the honour of the discovery of
the lymphatic vessels.
Lyser or Lyserus, (PoLYCARp.) See LEYSER.
Lysias, lish'e-as, [Avoiof,] one of the ten Athenian
orators, was born at Athens in 458 B.C., and was the son
of Cephalus, in whose house Plato placed the scene of
his famous dialogue "On the Republic." From 443 until
411 he lived at Thurium, in Italy, from which he was
expelled by the victorious Spartans at the latter date.
He then returned to Athens, where his property was
confiscated by the Thirty Tyrants, who would have put
him to death if he had not escaped, 404 B.C. Soon after
that date he united with Thrasybulus in the expulsion
of the Thirty, and opened a school of rhetoric in Athens.
His orations, amounting to more than two hundred,
were mostly composed after his return to Athens, (411.)
Thirty-four of these have come down to us. Lysias
died at Athens about 378 B.C., leaving a high reputation
as a writer of orations, only one of which, it is said, was
spoken by him. His diction is eminently graceful, pure,
and perspicuous. " He resembles," says Quintilian,
" rather a pure fountain than a great river," (" puro fonti
quam magno flumini propior.")
See PLUTARCH, "VitieDecem Oratorum ;" FRANZ, " Dissertatio
de Lytia Oratore Attico," (in Greek,) iSjS; SVIDAS, "Lysias;"
L. HOELSCHER, " Dissertatio de Lysi« Vita et Dictione, 1837
Ly-sic'ra-tes, [AvoucpcmK,] an Athenian, who lived
about 335 B.C., and whose name has been preserved by
means of a beautiful choragic monument built for him at
Athens. It has been commonly called "the Lantern of
Demosthenes," from a tradition that he used it as a
place of study.
Ly-sim'a-ehus, [Gr. Avoi/iaxof; Fr. LYSIMAQUE,
le'ze'mSk',] King of Thrace, was born in Macedonia
about 355 B.C. In his youth he was so distinguished
for courage and strength that Alexander the Great
chose him as one of his body-guards. In the division of
provinces at the death of Alexander, (323,) Lysimachus
obtained Thrace and some adjacent districts. In 315
he joined Seleucus, Cassander, and Ptolemy in a coali-
tion against Antigonus. Lysimachus marched into Asia
Minor, formed a junction with Seleucus, and fought a
battle at Ipsus in 301 B.C., where Antigonus was defeated
and killed. By this victory he acquired the northwest-
ern part of Asia Minor. Demetrius of Macedon having
been defeated and dethroned by the allied armies olf
Lysimachus, Pyrrhus, and Seleucus, the first annexed
Macedon to his dominions in 286. He was soon after
involved in a war with Seleucus, and was killed in battle
at Corupedion in 281 B.C.
See ARRIAN, "Anabatis;" JUSTIN, " History," books ziii., »».,
and xviii. ; DIODORUS SICULUS, books xviii., xix., and xx.
Lysimaque. See LYSIMACHUS.
Lysippe. See LYSIPPUS.
Ly-sip'pus, a Greek poet of the old comedy, born lu
Arcadia, flourished about 434 B.C.
eas £: 9 as s;
/; gas/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasinMu.
Explanations, p. 23. %
L YSIPPUS
1604
MAAS
Lysippus, [Gr. Avoiimof ; Fr. LYSIPPE, le'zep',] a
Greek statuary of great celebrity, was born at Sicyon,
and flourished in the reign of Alexander the Great, about
330 B.C. He formed his style by the imitation of nature,
without much respect to the conventionalities of the
schools. His statues and groups, according to the best
authorities, were some fifteen hundred in number, all or
nearly all of which were of bronze. None of his works
are known to be extant, though several well-authenticated
copies are to be seen. Among his master-pieces, de-
scribed by Pliny, Pausanias, and others, were colossal
statues of Zeus and Hercules, a statue of Time or Oppor-
tunity, (Ktupof,) and several images of Alexander the
Great, who is said to have issued an edict that no one
should make his statue but Lysippus.
See PLINY, "Natural History," book rxxiv. ; PAUSANIAS, i., ii,
vi., and ix ; SILLIG, " Catalogus:" NAGLKR, " Allgemeines Kiinst-
ler-Lexikon ;" "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Ly'sis, [Aiotf,] an eminent Greek philosopher, born
at Tarentum, lived about 400 B.C. He is said to have
received lessons from Pythagoras. Having been driven
from Italy by persecution, he settled at Thebes, and be-
came the teacher of Epaminondas.
See RITTF.R, " History of Philosophy;" DIOGENES LAEETIUS.
Lysiatrate. See LYSISTRATUS.
Ly-sis'tra-tU8,| Fr. LYSISTRATE, le're'stRit',] a Greek
statuary of Sicyon, was a brother of Lysippus, and flour-
ished about 425 B.C. He is said to have been the first
who used gypsum moulds in the formation of wax
figures.
Ly'sons, (DANIEL,) an English physician, practised
at Bath, where he died in 1800. He had published several
medical treatises.
Lysons, (Rev. DANIEL,) an English topographical
writer, born at Rodmarton in 1760, was a nephew of the
preceding. He published a valuable work entitled " The
Environs of London," (1792-96,) and became rector of
Rodmarton. In partnership with his brother Samuel,
he published another excellent topographical work,
"Great Britain," ("Magna Britannia," 1806-22.) Died
in 1834.
Lysons, (SAMUEL,) an English antiquary, brother
of the preceding, was born at Rodmarton in 1763. He
was one of the directors of the Society of Antiquaries.
About 1804 he was chosen keeper of the records of
the Tower of London. His principal work is "Great
Britain," (" Magna Britannia," 1806-22,) in which he
was aided by his brother Daniel. Died in 1819.
Lyte, (HENRY,) an English botanist, born in Somer-
setshire in 1529. He published, in 1578, an English
version of Dodoen's " History of Plants," with many
engravings. Died in 1607.
Lyte, (HENRY FRANCIS,) a British hymn-writer, born
at Ednam, Scotland, June I, 1793. He was educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, entered the Anglican Church,
and held curacies in Ireland, and at Brixham, in England.
His health was never robust. He died at Nice, Novem-
ber 20, 1847. Among his works are "Tales in Verse,"
(1826,) "Poems, chiefly Religious," (1833,) "The Spirit
of the Psalms," (1834,) and a fine biography of Henry
Vaughan, the Silurist. He is chiefly remembered as the
author of several popular hymns.
Lytle, ll'tel, ("WILLIAM HAINES,) an American gene-
ral, born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1826. He served aa
colonel in Western Virginia in 1861, and was wounded
at Perryviile, Kentucky, in October, 1862. He was killed
at the battle of Chickamauga, September 20, 1863.
Lyt'tle-ton or Lyt'tel-tpn, (CHARLES,) an English
antiquary, born at Hagley in 1714, was a brother of Lord
George, noticed below. He became Bishop of Carlisle
in 1762. Died in 1768.
Lyttleton or Lyttelton, (GEORGE,) LORD, an Eng-
lish author and statesman, born in 1709, was the eldest
son of Sir Thomas Lyttleton, of Hagley, in Worcester
shire, and a descendant of the great jurist Littleton.
About 1730 he entered Parliament, where he became a
successful speaker and acted with the opponents of
Walpole. He was afterwards secretary to Frederick,
Prince of Wales, and in 1744 was appointed a lord of
the treasury. In 1747 he published "Observations on
the Conversion and Apostleship of Saint Paul," a work
of superior merit. He was chancellor of the exchequer
for several months in 1756, and resigned that office (for
which he was not well qualified) when Pitt became prime
minister. In 1759 he was created Baron Lyttleton. He
was author of a popular work entitled " Dialogues
Died in 1773.
See JOHNSON, " Lives of the Poets;" PHILLIMORE. " Life of Lord
Lyttleton," 1845: "Quarterly Review" tor June, 1846; "Monthly
Review" fot April and May, 1772, and December. 1774.
Lyttleton, (THOMAS.) See LITTLETON.
Lyttleton, (THOMAS,) LORD, a son of Lord George,
noticed above, was born about 1 744. The day of his
death is said to have been announced to him three days
before it occurred, by means of a dream or vision. Died
in 1779.
Lyt'ton, (EDWARD ROBERT Bulwer-Lytton,) EARL
OF, an English poet, only son of Edward Bulwer, Baron
Lytton, the celebrated novelist. He was born November
8, 1831, and was educated at Harrow and Bonn. He
entered the diplomatic .service in 1849, and did duty at
Washington, Florence, Paris, the Hague, Constantinople,
Vienna, Belgrade, Copenhagen, Athens, Lisbon, and
Madrid. While secretary of embassy at Paris in 1873 ne
succeeded to the titles of his father, and soon after was
made minister plenipotentiary at the French capital. In
1874 he was made minister at Lisbon, in 1880 Viceroy
of India, and in 1887 ambassador to Paris. He pub-
lished, under the pseudonym of Owen Meredith, sev-
eral volumes of verse, including " Lucile," (1860,)
"Orval,"(i869,) " Fables in Song," (1874,) etc. He
also published "The Ring of Amasis," (a romance,
1863,) " Life and Letters" of his father, (1883,) etc.
Died November 24, 1891. After his death were pub-
lished " Marah" and " King Poppy," (1892.)
Lyveden, Hv'den, (ROBERT VERNON SMITH,) LORD,
born in London in 1800, was a nephew of the famous
Rev. Sydney Smith. He represented Northampton as
a Liberal member of Parliament from 1831 to 1859. and
was secretary at war in 1852. Died February 10, 1873.
M.
Maan, moN, (JEAN,) a French historian and eccle-
siastic, born at Mans, became canon ot Tours in 1648.
Maartens, (MAAKTEN, ) the pen-name of J. M. M.
van der Poerten Schwarz, a Dutch i >rn at
Amsterdam in 1858. He spent part of his boyhood in
England, and writes in English, some of his best-known
works being "The Sin of I V. . lingh, i 1889,)
"A Question of Taste," (189 ool,"
(1893,) and "My Lady Nobody," (1895.)
Maas, (ARNOUI.T VAN AART, i n Dutch painter and
engraver, born at Gouda about 1620, was a pupil of
D. Teniers. Died after 1650.
Maas or Maes, mis, (DlRK or DIEDRIK,) a Dutch
painter, born at Haarlem in 1656, was a pupil of Berg-
hem and Huchtenburgh. He excelled in battle-pieces
and hunting-scenes. Died in 1715.
See PILKINGTON, " Dictionary of Painters;" DKSCAMPS, " Viet
des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc.
Maas or Maes, mis, (GoDFRlED,) a skilful Flemish
painter of history, born at Antwerp in 1660, was a pupil
of his father. He was chosen a director of the Academy
in 1682, and acquired a fair reputation as an artist. He
died in 1722, or, according to some authorities, about
1710.
Maas or Maes, (NicoLAAS,) an eminent Dutch paintei
S, e, I, o, ft, y, lAig: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1,5, u, y, short; a, e, j. u, .<«, nrc; far, fall, lat : mei; nut; good; moon:
MAASS
1605
MACAULAY
of genre and portraits, born at Dort in 1632, was a pupil
of Rembrandt. In his youth he imitated the manner
of that master with success. He afterwards adopted a
different style. About 1678 he removed to Amsterdam,
where he applied himself chiefly to portraits and became
a fashionable artist. Died in 1693.
See DKSCAMPS, " Vies des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc.
Maass, miss, (JOHANN GEFHARD EHRENREICH,) a
German philosopher and savant, born near Halberstadt
in 1766. He became professor of philosophy at Halle
in 1798, and published, besides other works, "Essays on
the Imagination," (1792,) the " Passions," (1805-07,) and
the "Sentiments," (iSn.) Died in 1823.
Ma'bie, (HAMILTON WRIGHT,) an American au-
thor, born at Cold Spring, New York, in 1845. He
graduated at Williams College and Columbia Univer-
sity, and became an associate editor of "The Out-
look." His works include several volumes of essays,
" Under the Trees and Elsewhere," " Short Studies in
Literature," " Norse Stories Retold from the Eddas,"
etc.
Mabil or Mabille, mS-beel' or miliel', (PiERRE
Louis,) a learned writer, of Italian extraction, was born
in Paris in 1752. He made a good translation of Livy
into Italian, and published " Mabiliania," " The Influence
of Poetry on the Customs of Nations," (1804-,) and othei
works. Died in 1836.
Mabillon, m^'be'voN', (JEAN,) a very learned French
author, born in the diocese of Rheims in 1632, became a
Benedictine monk. In 1685 he visited Italy, by order of
the king, to collect manuscripts and historical documents,
and on his return published his " Museum Italicum,"
(1687-89.) His "Treatise on Monastic Studies" (1691)
was received with favour. Among his most important
works is a treatise on Diplomatics, (1681.) Died in 1707.
Mably. de, deh mS'ble', (GABRIEL BONNOT,) AsnS,
a French historical writer, born at Grenoble in 1709,
was a brother of fitienne Bonnot de Condillac. He
became a resident of Paris in his youth, and produced
in 1740 his "Parallel between the Romans and French
in Respect to Government," which was very successful.
In 1743 he negotiated a secret treaty with Prussia against
Austria. Among his numerous works are " Observations
on the Romans," (1751,) and "Observations on the His-
tory of France," (1765.) Died in 1785.
Maboul, mS'bool', (JACQUES,) a French pulpit orator,
Bishop of Alet, born in Paris about 1650 ; died in 1723.
Mabuse, mf'biiz', or Maubeuge, mo'buzh', (JAN,)
a famous Flemish painter, whose family name was GES-
SART or GASSAERT, was born at Maubeuge in 1499. He
is said to have studied in Italy. He worked in Middel-
burg and in London, where he painted portraits of the
royal family in the reign of Henry VIII., and historical
pictures, which are still admired. Among his master-
pieces was a "Descent from the Cross," which was de-
stroyed by lightning at Middelburg, and "The Wise
Men's Offering," now owned by the Earl of Carlisle.
His habits were very intemperate and prodigal. Died
about 1562.
Mac-ad'am, (JoHN LOUDON,) a Scottish surveyor,
noted for his improvement in roads, born September 21,
1756. He lived in America, 1770-83, taking an active part
against the colonies, and making and losing a fortune in
the war. He constructed the first macadamized roads,
near Bristol, about 1815, and explained his system in his
"Es>ay on the Scientific Repair and Preservation of
Public Roads," (1819.) In 1827 he was made general
surveyor of the metropolitan roads, and afterwards re-
ceived a grant of ,£10,000 for his services. Died in 1836.
Macaire. See MACARIUS.
Mac-al'ister, (ALEXANDER,) anatomist, born at
Dublin, Ireland, in 1844. He was professor of zoology
at Dublin in 1869, of anatomy in 1873, and of anatomy
at Cambridge in 1883. He published "Morphology
of Vertebrate Animals," (1878,) "Some Morphologi-
cal Lessons taught by Human Variation," f 1894,) etc.
Mac-Al'ister, (JAMES,) an American educator,
born at Glasgow, Scotland, in 1840. He was super-
intendent of public schools at Milwaukee 1874-81, at
Philadelphia 1883-91, and president of the Drexel
Institute, Philadelphia, after 1891.
Mac-Ar'dell, (JAMES,) an excellent English engraver
in mezzotinto, born about 1710. He engraved portraits
i of many eminent contemporaries, and subjects after Rem-
brandt, Van Dyck, Murillo, and other masters. Among
his works are " Moses on the Nile," after Van Dyck, and
.in "Assumption," after Murillo. Died in 1765. Of
MacArdell Basan observes that he "was one of the best
engravers in mezzotinto that England ever produced."
Macarel, mfkfrel', (Louis ANTOINE,) a French
jurist, born at Orleans in 1790. He published, besides
other works, "Elements of Administrative Jurispru-
dence," (1818.) Died in 1851.
Ma-ca'rl-us, [Gr. Maxopiof / Fr. MACAIRE, mi'kiR',]
an eminent ascetic or hermit of Egypt, born about 301
A.D., has been canonized as a saint by the Catholic
Church. Fifty extant Greek homilies are ascribed to
him. Died about 390 A.D.
Another SAINT MACARIUS, called Junior, lived at
Alexandria in the fourth century, and was noted for
his ascetic piety. He is supposed to be the author of a
work called the "Rule of Saint Macarius."
Mac-Ar'thur, (ARTHUR,) an American general,
born in Massachusetts, and served in the civil war,
advancing from first lieutenant to brevet colonel. After
the war he entered the regular army as first lieutenant,
reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel in May, 1896.
In the war with Spain he was made successively briga-
dier- and major-general of volunteers, took part in the
conflict in the Philippines, and in the spring of 1900
succeeded General Otis as military governor of the
Philippine Islands.
Mac-ar'thur, (DUNCAN,) an American soldier and
statesman, born in Dutchess county, New York, in 1772.
He served in the war of 1812, and rose to the rank of
brigadier-general. He was elected Governor of Ohio
in 1830. Died in 1840.
MacArthur, (JOHN,) a distinguished architect, born
at Bladenoch, in Wigtonshire, Scotland, May 13, 1823,
came to Philadelphia when only ten years of age. He
learned the business of a carpenter, and studied drawing
and architecture in the evenings. In 1848 he was
awarded the first premium for his plan of a new House
of Refuge, besides which, among the prominent build-
ings erected by him in Philadelphia, are the Continen-
tal Hotel and Jayne's splendid mansion at Nineteenth
and Chestnut streets. He was architect for the war de-
partment during the war, and after its close for the navy
department, for which he built the Naval Hospital at
Philadelphia, but he regarded the new City Hall there
as the crowning work of his life. Died January 8, 1890.
Mac-art'ney, (GEORGE,) EARL OF, a statesman, of
Scottish descent, born near Belfast, Ireland, in 1737. He
was elected to Parliament in 1768, and appointed chief
secretary for Ireland in 1769. In 1775 he was chosen
Governor of the island of Granada, which the French
captured from him in 1779. From December, 1780, to
1786, he was Governor of Madras. He was appointed
Governor-General of India, as successor to Warren
Hastings, but declined on account of ill health. His
most remarkable public service was his embassy to
China, where he arrived in August, 1793, being the first
English ambassador to that court. He refused to pros-
trate himself before the emperor, according to Chinese
etiquette. Though he failed to obtain a commercial
treaty, he maintained his reputation as an able negotiator.
He was raised to the peerage as a baron in 1776, and
was made Earl of Macartney in 1794. He died in 1806,
after which appeared a "Journal of the Embassy to China
in 1792-94."
Macaulay, ma-kaw'le, (CATHARINE,) an English
authoress, whose maiden name was SAWBRIDGE, was
born in Kent in 1733. She was married to Dr. George
Macaulay, of London, about 1760, and published a
" History of England from the Accession of James I. to
the Elevation of the House of Hanover," (1763,) which
is favourable to republicanism. In 1785 she visited
Washington at Mount Vernon. She wrote several po-
litical treatises. " Her history," says T. B. Macaulay,
« as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23. )
MA CAUL AY
[606
MA CA ULA Y
" is more distinguished by zeal than either by candour
or skill." Died in 1791.
See WILKHS, " Life and Letters ;" " Monthly Review" for March
1765, May, 1769, and August, 1771.
Macaulay, (THOMAS BABINGTON,) BARON, an emi-
nent English scholar, critic, and historian, was born at
Rothley "Temple, in Leicestershire, October 25, 1800,
His father, Zachary Macaulay, was a native of Scotland,
of Highland descent ; his mother, Selina Mills, the
daughter of a bookseller of Bristol, was of a Quaker
family. His home education was religious and somewhat
austere. Mrs. Hannah More, who was intimate with
his parents, has given in her letters many interesting
particulars of the future historian. From his earliest
childhood he was passionately fond of poetry,— so much
so that he could hardly be prevailed on to read prose.
Later, however, we find him deeply interested in history,
and warmly discussing with a friend of his own age the
respective merits of Marlborough and other eminent
commanders. (See " Letters of Hannah More to Zach-
ary Macaulay, containing Notices of Lord Macaulay'»
Youth," 1860.)
When about twelve years of age, he was placed under
the instruction of Mr. Preston, with whom he laid the
foundations of his acquaintance with the classics. At
eighteen he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where
he greatly distinguished himself, having twice won the
chancellor's medal for English verse,— the first time for
a poem on " Pompeii," in 1819, the second for one on
"Evening,"in 1820. He graduated as B.A. in 1822, and
soon after was chosen a Fellow of his college. H«
studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and was admitted to the
bar in 1826. "The Battle of Ivry," one of the mosl
universally admired of his shorter poems, was published
in "Knight's Quarterly Magazine" in 1824. In 1825 he
contributed to the " Edinburgh Review" an article on
Milton, which at once placed him in the foremost rank
of the most distinguished essayists of the age. This
was the commencement of that splendid and fascinating
series of review-articles, the publication of which maybe
said to form an era in the history of literature, when for
the first time the critical or historic essay threatened to
bear away the palm of popularity from the most brilliant
works of fiction.
Macaulay entered Parliament in 1830, as a represents
live of the borough of Calne. While at Cambridge he
had distinguished himself as an orator, and he now more
than justified the high expectations which his friends
had formed of his parliamentary career. His speeches
on the Reform bill (in 1830-32) established his fame as
an able and eloquent speaker. It is said, however, that
owing to his rapid and somewhat monotonous delivery
his speeches were more effective and convincing when
they appeared in print than when spoken in the House
of Commons. One of his most remarkable efforts was
his great speech (1833) on the bill for the renewal of the
charter of the East India Company. He was soon afte
made a member of the supreme council of India, ant
placed at the head of the law commission to prepare
new code for the government of that country. Althoug
it was found impossible to carry into immediate effec
many of the reforms which he sought to introduce, hi
efforts in this cause have not been without importan
results. Since the government of India was transferre(
to the imperial crown, his code has been made the basi
of the legal system of the country. His sojourn in Indi
(from 1835 to 1838) had made him acquainted with its
history and with the character of its various peoples
and to the knowledge thus acquired in a field hithert
untrodden by him, we are indebted for two of his mos
effective and most brilliant essays, — those on Clive an
Warren Hastings.
Hiving returned to England in 1838, he again enterc
Parliament, as a representative of the city of Edinburgh
and soon after received the appointment of secretar
at war in the Melbourne ministry. On the fall of th
Whigs in 1841, he went into the opposition. When the
returned to power in 1846, he was made paymaster-gent
ral. He had been regularly re-elected from Edinburg
until 1847, when, owing to an unusual combination o
different party elements, he was defeated. The moi
fication of this repulse stung him very deeply. _ He
esolved to devote the remainder of his life to studious
etirement He seems to have felt, indeed, that his
roper vocation was the pursuit of literature, apart from
le excitements of the political arena. One of the im-
ortant results of his withdrawal from public life was his
eing able to apply himself without interruption to the
omposition of his great work, the " History of Eng-
and," the first two volumes of which made their appear-
nce near the close of 1848. Never before in the annals
f literature was any work of history welcomed by the
ublic with such enthusiastic admiration. His work was
ead by tens of thousands with as much eagerness and
elight as a fresh novel by Scott or Bulwer would have
een. In 1849 Macaulay was chosen lord rector of the
Jniversity of Glasgow. Not long after, in a speech which
e made in that city, he took a formal leave of political
fe, explaining at the same time the principles by which
e had sought to guide his course while he was con-
.ected with the government. Among other things, he
aid on that occasion, " I cannot accuse myself of having
ver been untrue either to the cause of civil or religious
iberty, or to the cause of property and law. I reflect
ith pleasure that I bore a part in some of those reforms
hich corrected great abuses and removed just discon-
ents. I reflect with equal pleasure that I never stooped
o the part of a demagogue, and never feared to confront
vhat seemed to me to be an unreasonable clamour." In
852 the people of Edinburgh, as some atonement for
he injustice which they felt had been done him five years
oefore, again returned Macaulay to Parliament, without
lis having io much as offered himself as a candidate or
laving made the smallest effort to procure his re-elec-
ion. Although he took his seat in the House of Com-
mons, his declining health did not permit him to lake
my active part in the debates. During the whole time
hat he was in the House he spoke but twice : on both
occasions he was listened to with the most respectful
and eager attention. An imperfect and extremely in-
accurate collection of his speeches having been printed
without his sanction, a correct edition was by his au-
hority issued in 1854. In 1856, on account of ill health,
ic resigned his seat in Parliament. In 1855 the third
and fourth volumes of his History made their appearance.
They were welcomed as warmly and read as eagerly as
the two former had been. It was his original purpose
to bring his History from the accession of James II.
down to a time within the memory of persons still living.
But in the last volume he had only reached the peace
of Ryswick, in 1697. After his decease another frag-
mentary volume was published, including an account
of the death of William III.
In 1857 Macaulay was raised to the peerage, with the
title of Baron Macaulay of Rothley. Although his
health continued to decline, he still applied himself to
his literary labours until very near the time of his death.
His disease was an affection of the heart, of which he
died suddenly on the 28th of December, 1859.
Besides the various productions of his pen already
referred to, he contributed a series of valuable biogra
phies to the " Encyclopaedia Britannica." Not content
with his acknowledged mastery in the different depart-
ments of prose, he became again in 1842 a candidate for
poetic laurels, and gave to the world his "Lays of Ancient
Rome," of which it is scarcely too much to say that,
for a combination of picturesqueness, simplicity, and
power, there is nothing of the kind superior to them in
the English language.
It is, however, as a writer on history that the name
of Macaulay is destined to take its most distinguished
place and descend to the remotest posterity. Already,
in his essays, he had proved his mastery in this depart-
ment of composition. A perfect history, according to
his ideal,* would not be content with merely recording
wars and revolutions, the lives of kings and heroes, but
would include literature and the arts, manners and
usages, the progress of civilization, — in short, the whole
life of the nation ; not of the aristocracy only, but of the
people in every rank and condition Referring to Mac-
• See his essay on " History." in the " Edinburgh Review," 1828
a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, ?, i, 0, obscure; fir, fill, fit; met; n&t; good; moon
At A CA ULA Y
1607
MACCABEES
smlay's historic essays, Dean Milman well observes, " The
variety of topics is almost as nothing to the variety of
information on every topic." Of the style he remarks,
" It was eminently his own. ... Its characteristics were
vigour, animation, copiousness, clearness, — above all,
sound English, now a rare excellence. . . . His English
was pure both in idiom and in words ; pure to fastidious-
ness ; not that he discarded or did not make free use
of the plainest and most homely terms, . . . but every
word must be plain English, — nothing that approached
real vulgarity, nothing that had not the stamp of popu-
lar use or the authority of sound English writers."
That Macaulay possessed in a pre-eminent degree
many of the highest attributes of a great historian, none
will deny. In that power of imagination by which he
was enabled to clothe the dead past with all the activity
»nd fulness of life, he was scarcely, if at all, inferior to the
most gifted writers of fiction. In the extent and variety
of his knowledge, in the quickness and strength of his
intellect, by which he was able to grasp with facility the
most difficult political and moral problems, in his thor-
ough acquaintance with all the springs of human action,
in the vividness of his descriptions, in the animation
and sustained interest of his nairative, in the clearness,
force, and brilliancy of his style, in his command, in
short, over every species of eloquence, whether declama-
tory, argumentative, or poetical, he has, even among the
greatest masters of historical composition, few, if any,
superiors. He is, however, it must be confessed with
regret, deficient in one important or rather essential
qualification, — impartiality. His feelings were so intense,
his attachments and aversions so strong, that, where
these chanced to enter into the subject to be weighed,
the balance was too seldom held with an equal hand.
Macaulay's great work has been compared to a vast
painting, in which the different figures correspond to
prominent historic characters. It may be said that as
in his style he too often sacrifices simplicity to his love
of antithesis, so in his history he is too apt to exagger-
ate, for the sake of effect, the lights and shadows of his
portraits.
In relation to his conversational powers, Dean Milman
observes, "In the quiet intercourse with the single
friend, no great talker was more free, easy, and genial
than Macaulay. There was the most equable interchange
of thought ; he listened with as much courtesy as he
spoke with gentle and pleasant persuasiveness. In a
larger circle, such as he delighted to meet and assemble
around him to the close of his life, a few chosen in-
timates, some accomplished ladies, foreigners of the
highest distinction who were eager to make his acquaint-
ance, his manners were frank and open. In conversation
in such a circle, a commanding voice, high animal spirits,
unrivalled quickness of apprehension, a flow of language
as rapid as inexhaustible, gave him, perhaps, a larger
share, but a share which few were not delighted to yield
up to him. His thoughts were like lightning, and clothed
themselves at once in words. . . . And the stores which
his memory had at instantaneous command ! . . . With
these came anecdotes, touches of character, drollery, fun,
excellent stories excellently told."
" Lord Macaulay," observes the same writer, " was
never married ; his strong domestic affections were
chiefly centred in his sister — happily married to his
frienrf Sir Charles Trevelyan — and her family. Her
children were to him as his own, and cherished with
almost parental tenderness. As a friend he was singu-
larly steadfast He was impatient of anything dispar-
aging of one for whom he entertained a sincere esteem.
In the war of political life he made, we believe, no lasting
enemy ; he secured the unswerving attachment of his po-
litical friends, to whom he had been unswervingly true."
All Macaulay's works have been reprinted in Germany.
His " History" has been translated into French, the first
two volumes by M. Jules de Peyronnet, the second and
third by M. Amedee Pichot,
See a " Memoir of Lord Macaulay," written for the Royal Society
far DEAN MILMAN ; the excellent article in ALLIBONH'S " Dictionary
of Authors;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale;" "Biographical
Sketches," by HARRIBT MABTINKAU, 1869; WHIPPLK'S "Essays
and Reviews," 2 vols., 1852 : " Edinburgh Review" for July, 1849,
October, 1854, January. 1857, and October, 1861 ; " Quarterly Review"
1859; North British Review for May, 1856, and Novembe
" Kraser's Magazine" for February, 1856 ; J. PAGKT, "New Ex*.
TRKVELVAN, "Life of Lord Macaulay."
Macaulay, (ZACHARY,) F.R.S., an English philan-
thropist, of Scottish descent, born about 1768, was the
father of Lord Macaulay, the historian. He was a
zealous coadjutor of Wilberforce in the abolition of
the slave-trade, in which cause he laboured many years.
Died in 1838. His father, John Macaulay, minister at
Inverary, is mentioned in Dr. Johnson's "Tour to the
Hebrides."
Mac-Auley, (CATHERINE E.,) an Irish lady, eminent
for benevolence and piety, born in the county of Dublin
in 1787. She was educated a Catholic. Having lost
her parents in early life, she was adopted by Mr. Cal-
lahan, a wealthy gentleman, who at his death, in 1822,
left her his entire fortune. She founded in 1827, in
Baggot Street, Dublin, an institution designed as a
temporary home for poor women out of employment,
and a school for children. It was afterwards called the
Institute of Our Blessed Lady of Mercy, having for its
object the care of the sick. She became in 1831 superior
of the Order of the Sisters of Mercy. This order has
been introduced into Great Britain, the United States,
Australia, and South America. Died in 1841.
See " Life of Catherine MacAuley," by a member of the Order
of Mercy, New York, 1866.
Mac-bgth' or Macb6da, mak-ba'tha, a king of
Scotland, who, according to the common tradition, was
a cousin of King Duncan, and originally Thane of Gla-
mis. About 1040 Macbeth assassinated Duncan and
usurped the throne. Malcolm, the lawful heir, fled to
England, and, having returned with an army, defeated
Macbeth, who was killed in 1056 or 1057.
The story of Macbeth's usurpation would seem to
possess scarcely any positive historic basis. " However
he may have gained his power," says Burton, " he exer-
cised it with good repute, according to the reports nearest
to his time. It is among the most curious of the an-
tagonisms that sometimes separate the popular opinion
of people of mark from anything positively known about
them, that this man, in a manner sacred to splendid in-
famy, is the first whose name appears in the ecclesiastical
records both as a king of Scotland and a benefactor of
the Church. . . . He had a wider dominion than any
previous ruler, having command over all the country
now known as Scotland, except the isles and a portion
of the western highlands." (" History of Scotland," vol.
"i. chap, x.) The legend of Macbeth forms the subject
of one of Shakspeare's most celebrated tragedies.
See HOLINSHED, "Chronicles of Englande, Scotlande." etc:
BUCHANAN, "Historia Scotica."
Mac-Bride', (DAVID,) an eminent surgeon, born in
the county of Antrim, Ireland, in 1726, settled in Dublin
in 1749. Besides other works, he published an "Intro-
duction to the Theory and Practice of Medicine," (1772,)
which is much esteemed. Died in 1778.
Maccabaeus, (JUDAS.) See JUDAS.
Mac-Cabe', (EDWARD,) an Irish cardinal, born at
Dublin, February 14, 1816, was bred at Maynooth, and
made a priest in 1839. In 1877 he became bishop and
assistant to Cardinal Cullen, to whom he had for several
years been a vicar-general. In 1879 he became Arch-
bishop of Dublin, and in 1882 he was created a cardinal-
priest. Died at Kingstown, Ireland, February 10, 1885.
MacCabe, (WILLIAM BERNARD,) an Irish journalist,
born in Dublin, November 23, 1801. For many years
he was connected with the press of Dublin and London,
and was (1847-51) Uruguayan consul at London. Be-
sides various books translated from the Italian and Ger-
man, he published a " Catholic History of England,"
(1848-54,) novels entitled "Bertha," (1851,) " Florine,"
"Agnes Arnold," (1860,) "Adelaide," etc., and other
works. Died December 14, 1891.
Mac'ca-bees, [Gr. MaxKataioi; Fr. MACCABEES, mf •
ki'ba',] a celebrated Jewish family, which attained the
royal dignity in Judea. The surname MACCABEUS, from
the Hebrew Makkab, a " hammer," was first given to
Judas for his victories over the King of Syria, about 165
B.C. His family and descendants were also called Mac-
€as/6; <;ass; %/iaril; gas/; G, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; R, trilled; sas«; thasinMu. (jySee Explanations, p. 23. i
MACCALL
1608
MACCLELLAN
cabees or Asmonaeans. Judas, who was the son of
Mattathias, had three brothers, John, Simon, and Jona-
than, noticed in this work.
See Apocryphal Book of Maccabees: JOSEPHUS, " Antiquitates
Judaioe."
Mac-Call', (GEORGE A.,) an American general, born
in Philadelphia in 1802, graduated at West Point in 1822.
He took command of a division or corps called the Penn-
sylvania Reserves, about May, i86i,and commanded the
same at Mechanicsville and Gaines's Mill, June 26-27,
1862. He was taken prisoner June 30 of that year.
Died in February, 1868.
Mac-Car'thy, (L>ENis FLORENCE,) an Irish author,
born at Cork in 1820. He was appointed professor of
poetry in the Catholic University of Dublin, and in 1871
was made the recipient of a literary pension of one hun-
dred pounds per annum. Among his works are trans-
lations from Calderon's dramas, (1853,) " Ballads, Poems,
and Lyrics," (1850,) " Under-Glimpses," (1857,) "The
Bell-Founder, and other Poems," (1857,) "Shelley's
Early Life," (1872,) etc. He also edited a "Book of
Irish Ballads," (1846.) Died April 7, 1882.
MacCarthy, (JUSTIN,) an Irish author, born at Cork-
November 22, 1830. He received a good education, and
became a journalist of Liverpool (1853) and London,
(1860.) He passed several years in the United States.
In 1879 he was returned to Parliament as a Home-Ruler,
representing the county of Longford, and in 1880 was
re-elected with no opposition. Among his works are
"The Waterdale Neighbours," (1867,) "My Enemy's
Daughter," (1869,) "Lady Judith," (1871,) "A Fair
Saxon," (1873,) "Linley Rochford," (1874,) "Dear Lady
Disdain," (1875.) "Miss Misanthrope," (1877,) "Con
Amore," (iSSi,) " A History of Our Own Times," a work
of much merit (1878-80,) "History of the Foui
Georges," (1884,) "Sir Robert Peel," (1891,) "The
Riddle Ring," (a novel, 1896,) and "Mr. Gladstone,"
(1897.)
MacCarthy, (Jusrix HUNTLY,) son of the pre-
ceding, was born in 1862. He was a Nationalist
member of Parliament 1884-92, and the author of
" England under Gladstone," (1884,) " Ireland since
the Union," (1889,) "The French Revolution,"
(1890,) "A London Legend," (1895,) etc.
MacCheyne, mak-shan', (ROBERT MURRAY,) a Scot-
tish divine, born at Edinburgh in 1813. He studied
theology under Dr. Chalmers in the university of his
native city, and in 1836 was ordained minister of Saint
Peter's, Dundee. His earnest and faithful labours were
instrumental in converting great numbers during the
memorable revival of 1839. He died in 1843, leaving a
number of hymns of great beauty.
Macchi, mlk'kee, (MAURO,) an Italian political
writer, born at Milan in 1815. He was a moderate Lib
eral in politics. Died in 1880.
Macchiavelli or Machiavelli, de, da ma-ke-S-vel'-
lee, often Anglicized as Machiavel, mak'e-a-v!l, [Lat.
MACHIAVEL'LUS ; Fr. MACHIAVEL, mfshe'fvel',] (Nic-
COL6 DI BERNARDO, ) a famous Italian statesman,
diplomatist, and writer, whose character abounds in
enigmas and paradoxes, and from whose name has been
derived a synonym of perfidious policy, ( Machiavfllism. ,
He was born at Florence on the 3d of May, 1469. In
1499 he was appointed secretary of the Ten who managec
the diplomatic affairs of the republic. He retained this
office about fourteen years, during which he was em-
ployed in many foreign missions to France, etc., anc
acquitted himself with great dexterity. In 1510, for the
third time, he was sent to France, and negotiated an
alliance with Louis XII. He zealously exerted his talents
and influence to maintain the independence of Florence
but without success. In 1512 the Medicis obtained sove
reign power in Florence by the aid of the pope and the
emperor, and Macchiavelli was banished from the city
but forbidden to leave the country. He passed severa
ensuing years in retirement, and during this period com
posed a treatise on the "Art of War," and his importam
work entitled "The Prince," ("Del Principe," or "De
Principatibus,") which has entailed a large portion ol
conventional infamy on his name. It was written for the
mvate use of Lorenzo de' Medici, and not designed for
jublication. "Few books," says Hallam, "have been
more misrepresented. His crime, in the eyes of the
world, was to have cast away the veil of hypocrisy."
"Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") About
1520 he was recalled into public service by Leo X., and
was employed on several missions, the last of which was
to the army of the league against Charles V., (1526.) He
died at Florence in June, 1527. His last work was an
excellent, luminous, and picturesque history of Florence,
" Storie Fiorentine," 1525,) the style of which is greatly
admired. He was also author of several comedies of
iome merit, and of valuable " Discourses on Livy."
' The character of Macchiavelli," says Macaulay, " was
lateful to the new masters of Italy. His works were
misrepresented by the learned, misconstrued by the
gnorant, censured by the Church, abused with all the
rancour of simulated virtue by the minions of a base
despotism and the priests of a baser superstition. . . .
The name of a man whose genius had illuminated all
the dark places of policy, and to whose patriotic wisdom
an oppressed people had owed their last chance of
emancipation, passed into a proverb of infamy. . . . The
terms in which he is commonly described would seem
to import that he was the tempter, the evil principle, the
discoverer of ambition and revenge, the original inventor
of perjury," etc. " His History of Florence," says Hal-
lam, " is enough to immortalize the name of Machiavel.
Seldom has a more giant stride been made in any de-
partment of literature than by this judicious, clear, and
ilegant history." (" Introduction to the Literature ot
"lurope.")
See GALANTI, " Elogio di Niccoli Machiavelli," 1779: BAL-
IKLLI, "Elogio di Niccoli Machiavelli," 1794: PBRIBS, "Histoir*
de N, Machiavel," 1823 : ARTAUD DB MONTOR, " Machiavel, son
Ge"nie et ses Erreurs," 1833 : MACAULAY'S " Essays," article " Ma-
chiavelli;" T. MUNDT, "Macchiavelli und der Gang der Euro-
paischen Politik," 1852; GINGUENB, "Histoire de la Litte'rature
Italienne ;" GERVINUS, " Historische Schriften :" F. W. EBELING,
" N. di Bernardo de Macchiavelli's rolitisches System." etc., 1850;
"Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale ;" "Edinburgh Review" for Septem-
ber, 1816, p. 209, (by SIR TAMES MACKINTOSH ;) "Edinburgh Re-
view" for March, 1827 ; " North American Review" for July, 1835.
Macchietti, mak-ke-et'tee, (GIROLAMO,) an Italian
painter, surnamed DEL CROClFlssAjo,(kRo-che-fes-sa'yo,)
(because, as we are told, his master painted crucifixes,)
was born at Florence about 1540. He worked at Florence
and Rome, and painted history and portraits with great
success. Among his master-pieces was a picture of the
Adoration of the Magi."
See VASARI, ''Lives of the Painters."
Mac-Clel'lan, (GEORGE,) M.D., an eminent American
surgeon, born at Woodstock, Windham county, Con-
necticut, in 1796. He graduated at Yale College in
1815, and studied medicine in the University of Penn-
sylvania, where he took the degree of M.D. in 1819.
He founded about 1826 the Jefferson Medical College
in Philadelphia, in which he became professor of surgery
and a very popular lecturer. He was one of the first in
the United States to introduce the system of clinical
instruction into the medical schools. He was particu-
larly distinguished as a bold and successful surgical
operator. Died in 1847.
See S. D. GROSS, "American Medical Biography," 1861 ; SAMUEL
G MORTON, "Biographical Noticeof Dr. George McClellan," 1849.;
W. DARRACH, " Memoir of Dr. George McClellan," 1847
MacClellan, ( GEORGE BRINTON, ) a distinguished
American general, the son of the preceding, was born in
Philadelphia, December 3, 1826. He entered the Military
Academy at West Point in 1842, and graduated there in
the summer of 1846, standing second in general rank in
a large class. He served in the Mexican war as lieutenant
of engineers in 1847, and was breveted captain for his
services at the capture of Mexico. In the spring of 1855
the government sent to the seat of war in the Crimea a
military commission to examine the military systems of
the European powers, etc. Captain McClellan was one
of the three officers selected for this mission. He re-
turned home in April, 1856, and gave the results of his
observations in a valuable report to the war department.
He resigned his commission in the army in 1857, and
was appointed chief engineer of the Illinois Central
Railroad.
In May, 1861, he took command of the Union forces
e, i, 5, u, y, long; ra, 6,6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, fi,y, short; a. c, i, i),ol>seure; far, fall, fat; met; not; good; moon;
MA CCLERNAND
1609
MACCLURE
In Western Virginia, which defeated the enemy at Rich
Mountain and Cheat River in July. A few days after
the battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861) he was, at the re-
commendation of General Scott, appointed commander
of the army at Washington. He reorganized that army
and brought it into a high state of discipline. When
General Scott retired from active service, November i,
1861, McClellan was appointed to the command of the
armies of the United States. About the end of January,
1862, the President ordered that a general movement
should be made by all the armies on the 22d of February.
Having been relieved from the command of all the de-
partments except that of the Potomac, McClellan began
to move towards Richmond about the loth of March.
He conveyed his army by water down the Potomac and
Chesapeake Bay to the mouth of James River. Soon
after the opening of this campaign he began to complain
that he was not properly supported by the President.
He commenced active operations about the 5th of April,
by the siege of Yorktown, which the insurgents evacuated
on the 3d or 4th of May. On the next day he fought an
indecisive battle at Williamsburg, from which he slowly
followed the retiring enemy to the Chickahominy.
According to his biographer and admirer, Mr. Hillard,
"the mind of McClellan was constantly burdened with
a conviction that his troops were not numerous enough."
He had about 95,000 men at Yorktown. The Union
army was attacked at Fair Oaks on the 3151 of May by
General J. E. Johnston, who was repulsed with heavy
loss. According to Hillard, McClellan was confined to
bed by illness during this battle. His army remained
nearly inactive in the swamps of the Chickahominy for
about three weeks, during which he lost great numbers
by sickness. Active hostilities were renewed by the
enemy on the 26th of June, and then began the Seven
Days' battles, at Mechanicsville, Savage's Station,
White Oak Swamp, Gaines's Mill, and Malvern Hill,
(July I, 1862,) the result of which was that the Union
army was compelled to retreat and abandon the con-
quest of Richmond. He wrote to Secretary Stanton,
June 28, "If I save this army now, I tell you plainly
that I owe no thanks to you or to any other persons in
Washington. You have done your best to sacrifice this
army." In July, 1862, he wrote the President a letter
on the policy which ought, in his view, to be adopted
in the conduct of the war. " Military power," he
wrote, "should not be allowed to interfere with the rela-
tions of servitude. ... A declaration of radical views,
especially upon slavery, will rapidly disintegrate our
present armies."
In August his army left the peninsula, and was
moved by water from the James River to Aqui'a Creek
About the 2d of September he was appointed general-ip.'
chief of the army which had been commanded by Pope
and had been driven back to Washington. General
Lee, having crossed the Potomac into Maryland, was
pursued by McClellan, who gained a victory at Antietam
Creek on the i6th and I?th of September, 1862. The
Union army lost in this battle 11,426 in killed and
wounded, and was unprepared or unable to pursue Lee,
who retired to Virginia on the i8th of September. On
the 6th of October McClellan was ordered to cross the
Potomac and give battle to the enemy or drive him
south ; but he delayed his advance for about three weeks,
and was removed from command by an order dated the
$th of November and received on the yth. In August,
1864, he was nominated as Democratic candidate for the
Presidency by the Convention at Chicago. He received
at the election only twenty-one electoral votes, cast by
the States of Kentucky, Delaware, and New Jersey.
He resigned his commission as major-general of the
regular army, November 8, 1864, and made a long visit
to Europe, from which he returned in 1868. He subse-
quently was appointed superintendent of docks and piers
in the city of New York, a position which he resigned
in 1872. In 1877 he was elected Governor of the State
of New Jersey. Died October 29, 1885.
Mac-Cler'nand, (JOHN A.,) an American general,
born in Breckinridge county, Kentucky, in 1812. He
removed to Illinois, and served as a member of Congress
from that State from 1843 to 1861. He commanded a
[rum mai oidie iruiii 1043 iu loui. lie UUIUUKIUUCU j «uu>u uy vapuuii i*.^i«,«.|
€ as ^; c as j; g hard; g as ;; G, H, Vi^ guttural: N, nasalt R, trilled; s as 2; th as in M/J.
brigade at Fort Donelson, February, 1862, and a division
at Shiloh, April 6 and 7 of that year. He succeeded
jeneral Sherman as commander of an army in Missis-
sippi in January, 1863, and directed a corps at the siege
of Vicksburg in May. He was removed from this com-
mand before the end of that siege. Died in 1900.
Macclesfield, EARL OF. See PARKER.
Mac-Clint'pck, (Sir FRANCIS LEOPOLD,) a successful
Arctic explorer, born at Dundalk, Ireland, in 1819. He
entered the navy about 1831, and obtained the rank of
lieutenant in 1845. I" '^48 an<^ '^49 ne served under
Sir James Ross in his expedition in search of Sir John
Franklin. He distinguished himself by his enterprise,
skill, and energy in several subsequent expeditions for
the same purpose, and performed remarkable feats in
sledge-travelling. In 1857 Captain McClintock received
command of the " Fox" screw-steamer, fitted out by Lady
Franklin for a final effort to obtain tidings of the lost
navigator. In the winter of 1858-59 he and his officers
performed extensive sledge-journeys, and in May found
at Point Victory, on King William's Island, the record
of Franklin's death and the remains of the last sur-
vivors of his party. (See FRANKLIN, Sir JOHN.) Soon
after his return, September, 1859, he was knighted, and
received various honours and rewards. He published a
" Narrative of the Discovery of the Fate of Sir John
Franklin," (1860.) He became vice-admiral in 1877.
Mac-Clint'ock, (JOHN,) D.D., an eminent American
scholar and Methodist divine, born in Philadelphia in
1814, graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in
1835. He was professor of Greek and Latin in Dickinson
College at Carlisle, became editor of the " Methodist
Quarterly Review" in 1848, and conducted the same with
great ability for eight years. In 1857 he was appointed
pastor of Saint Paul's Church, in the city of New York,
where he acquired distinction as a pulpit oratcr. He
accepted in 1860 the charge of the American Chapel
in Paris. During the civil war he rendered important
services to the cause of the Union by his pen and voice,
and his home in Paris became a rallying centre for pa-
triotic Americans. Having returned home about 1865,
he resumed his literary labours, and was selected in 1867
to organize the Drew Theological Seminary. His most
important work, in which he was assisted by Dr. W.
Strong, is a " Theological and Biblical Cyclopaedia," in
10 vols., of which only three volumes were published
before his death, which occurred March 4, 1870.
Mac-Clos'key, (JOHN,) D.D.,an American cardinal,
born in Brooklyn, New York, March 20, 1810. He was
trained in the college and seminary at Emmittsburg,
Maryland, was ordained a priest in 1834, and studied
two years at Rome. In 1844 he was consecrated Bishop
of Axiere and made coadjutor of the Bishop of New
York. In 1847 he was installed Bishop of Albany, where
his administration was brilliantly successful. In 1864
he was promoted to be Archbishop of New York, and
in 1875 was created a cardinal-priest. Died in 1885.
MacCloskey, (WILLIAM GEORGE,) D.D., an Ameri-
can bishop, born in Brooklyn, New York, November 10,
1823. He graduated at the college in Emmittsburg,
Maryland, in 1847, and became a professor in Saint
Mary's Theological Seminary, (Roman Catholic,) was
in 1859 appointed president of the American College in
Rome, and in 1868 was consecrated Bishop of Louis-
ville, Kentucky.
Mac-Clure' or Maclure, (Sir ROBERT LE MESU-
RIER,) a navigator, was born at Wexford, Ireland, in
1807. After serving many years in the navy, he accom-
panied Sir James Ross in search of Sir John Franklin
in 1848. On his return, in 1849, he was raised to the
rank of captain. In 1850, as captain of the Investigator,
he was directed to renew the enterprise by advancing
eastward from Behring's Strait. He entered a strait
which he named the Prince of Wales Strait, and, after
his ship was frozen fast, he pursued the exploration by
sledges until he reached Melville or Barrow's Strait, in
the winter of 1850-51. This is called the first discovery
of the Northwest Passage. In the next season he dis-
covered a second passage, on the north side of Baring
Island. In 1853 he was extricated from a perilous situ-
ation by Captain Kellet, who arrived at Melville Island
planations, p 23.
MACCLURG
1610
MACCULLOCH
from the east ; but he was forced to abandon the Inves-
tigator. On his return home he received a reward of
/T<;ooo for his discoveries. Died October 17, 1873.
into several languages. Died in 1825.
Mac-Coll', (MALCOLM,) a British author.born at trlen-
finan,' county of Inverness, Scotland, March 27, 1838.
He was educated at Edinburgh, Trinity College, Glenal-
mond, and the University of Naples, and became a cler-
and a number of books on political subjects.
Mac-Cook', (ALEXANDER MCDOWELL,) an Amer-
ican general, born in Columbiana county, Ohio, in
1831, graduated at West Point in 1852. He served
through the civil war, and was brevetted brigadier-
general and major-general of volunteers March 13,
1865. He was made colonel in 1880, reached the
rank of major-general in 1894, and was retired in 1895.
MacCook, (HENRY CHRISTOPHER,) D.D.,an Ameri-
can naturalist, born at New Lisbon, Ohio, July 3, 1837.
He graduated at Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Penn-
sylvania, in 1859, and studied at the Allegheny Theo-
logical Seminary, entered the Presbyterian ministry, and
in 1869 became pastor of a church in Philadelphia. His
religious books include " Object and Outline Teaching,"
(1871,) a "Teacher's Commentary," (2 vols., 1871-72,)
"The Tercentenary Book," (1873,) etc- His scientific
works include "Mound-Making Ants," (1877,) "Agri-
cultural Ants of Texas," (1880,) " Honey and Occident
Ants," (1882,) "The Tenants of an Old Farm," (1884,)
" American Spiders," etc. He has also written " The
Latimers," an historical novel. Dr. MacCook is the
highest authority on the ants and spiders of the New
World.
MacCord, (GEORGE HERBERT,) an American painter,
born in New York city, August I, 1848. Among his
best-known works are " Sunnyside," (1876,) "Wintry
Night, Fifth Avenue," (1878,) "The Ice-Harvest," (1884,)
etc. In 1883 he was elected an associate of the National
Academy.
Mac-Cor'mick, (CYRUS HALL,) an American in-
vento'r, born at Walnut Grove, in Rockbridge county,
Virginia, February II, 1809. He won great fame and
wealth by his improved reaping-machines, the first of
which was patented in 1834. In 1847 he became a resi-
dent of Chicago, where he died in 1884. He founded a
Presbyterian theological seminary in that city in 1859.
Mac-Cosh', (JAMES,) D.D..LL.D., an eminent Scot-
tish theologian and metaphysician, was born in Ayr-
shire, April I, iSii. He became a minister of the Free
Church of Scotland, and professor of logic at Belfast,
Ireland. Among his works are "The Method of the
Divine Government, Physical and Moral," (1850,) "The
Intuitions of the Mind Inductively Investigated," (1860,)
"The Supernatural in Relation to the Natural," (1862,)
"Examination of Mr. J. S. Mill's Philosophy," (1866,)
"Typical Forms and Special Ends in Creation," (in
conjunction with Dr. Dickie,) (1869,) "Christianity and
Positivism," (1871,) "The Scottish Philosophy, etc.,"
(1874,) "A Reply to Tyndall's Belfast Address," (1875,)
and "The Emotions," (1880.) Later works were
"Psychology," (1886,) "Realistic Philosophy,"
(1887,) "The Religious Aspects of Evolution,"
(1888,) "First and 'Fundamental Truths," (1889,)
and "Our Moral Nature," (1892.) He was president
of Princeton College, New Jersey, from 1868 to 1888.
Died in 1894.
Maccovius. See MAKOWSKI.
Mac-Gown', (JOHN PORTER,) an officer, born in
Tennessee, served in the Mexican war in 1847, and
became a brigadier-general in the Confederate army
in 1861.
Mac-Coy, (Sir FREDERICK K.,) a British geologist,
born at Dublin in 1823. He became actively engaged
on the geological survey of Ireland, studying the fos-
sils, on which he published several illustrated works.
He was one of the first professors in the Queen's Uni-
versity, Ireland, and for more than thirty years was
professor of natural science in the University of Mel-
bourne. He wrote largely on zoology and paleon-
tology, was elected a F.R.S. in 1880, and received
many other marks of honour.
Mac-Cra'ry, (GEORGE WASHINGTON,) an Ameri-
can cabinet officer, was born near Evansville, Indiana,
in 1835. He was elected to the Wisconsin legislature
in 1857, to the State senate in 1861, and was in Con-
gress from 1868 to 1876, when he entered the Hayes
cabinet as secretary of war. He was judge of the
Eighth Judicial District 1879-84. Died June 23, 1890.
MacCrea, mak-kra', (JANE,) a daughter of a Scottish
clergyman in New Jersey, was murdered in 1 777 by the In-
dian allies of Burgoyne, near Fort Edward, on the Hudson.
MacCrie, mak-kree', (THOMAS,) an eloquent Scottish
Presbyterian writer, born at Dunse, in Berwickshire, in
1772. He belonged to " the most straitest sect" of his
religion, styled " Anti-Burghers," a part of the Secession
Church. About 1795 he was ordained minister of a con-
gregation in Edinburgh. In 1811 or 1812 he published
a " Life of John Knox," which obtained great popularity.
His " Life of Andrew Melville" (1819) displays, with warm
sectarian partiality, much learning and ability. He after-
wards produced, besides other works, an interesting
" History of the Progress and Suppression of the Re-
formation in Italy, "'(1827.) Died in 1835. In reference
to his " Life of Knox," Lord Jeffrey says, " We do not
hesitate to pronounce it by far the best piece of history
which has appeared since the commencement of our
critical career. It is extremely accurate, learned, and
concise, and at the same time very full of spirit and
animation."
See " Edinburgh Review"for July, 1812; CHAMBERS, "Biogra-
phical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen," (Supplement.)
MacCrie, (THOMAS,) D.D., LL.D., a Scottish divine,
a son of the foregoing, was born at Edinburgh in 1798.
He became a professor of theology in the Presbyterian
McCrie," (his father,) etc. Died in 1875.
MacCullagh, mak-kul'laH, (JAMES,) a distinguished
mathematician and natural philosopher, born in the
county of Tyrone, Ireland, in 1809, was educated in
Trinity College, Dublin. He was chosen a Fellow of
that college in 1832, and professor of natural philosophy
in 1843. He gained distinction by his researches in the
wave theory of light, and other subjects, on which he
wrote several treatises. In 1846 he received the Coplev
medal of the Royal Society for his contributions to thf
science of light. He died, by suicide, in 1847.
MacCulloch, mak-kul'loh, (BENJAMIN,) an American
general, born in Rutherford county, Tennessee, in 1814
He served in the Mexican war, (1846-47,) and took arma
against the Union in 1861. He commanded at the battle
of Wilson's Creek, Missouri, August 10, 1861, and was
killed at the battle of Pea Ridge, March, 1862.
See TKNNEY, " Military History of the Rebellion," 1865.
MacCulloch, mak-kul'lph or mak-kul'loK, ( HORA-
TIO,) a skilful Scottish landscape-painter, born in Glas-
oow in iSob, worked in Edinburgh. Died June 15,
1867.
MacCulloch, mak-kul'lph, (HUGH,) an American
banker and statesman, born at Kennebunk, Maine, in
1808. He studied in Bowdoin College, and in 1835 be-
came a lawyer at Fort Wayne, Indiana. He was later a
bank-president. From 186310 1865 he was United States
umiptrolk-r .>!' (lie currency. He was secretary of the
lie. isury from 1865-69, and again in 1884-85. In 1870 he
In-, .line a banker in London. He published " Men and
Measures of Half a Century," (1888,) and became LL.D.
,,l iMiwdoin College in 1889. Died May 24, 1895.
MacCulloch, mak-kul'lph, (JoHN,) F.R.S., a Brit-
ish geologist and naturalist, born in Guernsey in 1773-
He studied medicine, which he practised for a short
e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, p, obscure; fir, fall, fat; mSt; nftt; good; moon;
MACCULLOCH
1611
MACDONOUGH
time. About 1812 he began to make a scientific survey
and exploration of Scotland in the service of the govern
ment, and while thus employed he examined the geology
and mineralogy of that region. He became well versed
in many natural sciences and in several arts. In 1821
he published a "Geological Classification of Rocks,"
division. He died in 1840, leaving his title of duke to
an only son.
See THIERS, "Histoire du Consulat et de 1'Empire:" JOMINI,
"Precis des Operations militaires ;" THIBAUDHAU, "Histoire d«
Napolfon;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ginfrale."
Macdonald, ( FLORA, ) a Scottish heroine, born in
etc.," and in 1824 "The Highlands and Western Isles of ! one of the Hebrides in 1720. After the battle of Cul-
Scotland, in a Series of Letters to Sir W. Scott." Foi loden, (1746,) the Pretender Charles Edward Stuart be-
many years, ending in 1832, he was employed in the came a fugitive, and was hunted from place to place by
geological and mineralogical survey of Scctland. H« i the king's troops until he was rescued by the courageous
afterwards published the results of this survey in an exertions of Flora, who conducted htm (disguised as her
ftmale servant) to the Isle of Skye. She was imprisoned
!"
excellent mineralogical map. Died in 1835.
a few months for this offence. About 1750 she was mar-
ried to Macdonald of Kingsburgh. They emigrated to
the United States of North America about 1774, anH
MacCulloch, (JoHN RAMSAY,) an eminent Scottish
writer on political economy and commerce, was born in
Wigtonshire about 1789. He edited the "Scotsman"
in Edinburgh for a few years, and contributed many afterwards returned to Skye, where she died in 1790.
articles to the "Edinburgh Review." About 1828 he See the " Autobiography of Flora Macdonald," Edinburgh, 1869.
removed to London and became professor of political MacDouald, (GEORGE,) a distinguished Scottish nov-
economy in the new university. He wrote many works, i elist, born at Huntly, in Aberdeensliire, in 1824. He was
which are highly esteemed. Among these are "The educated at the University of Aberdeen and in the
Principles of Political Economy," (1825,) a valuable \ college at Highbury, London, and was for a time a min-
" Dictionary of Commerce ana Commercial Naviga- ;stcr of the Independents, but afterwards joined the
tion," (1832,) and a "Dictionary, Geographical, Statis- ; English (Episcopal) Church as a layman.
tical, and Historical," etc. About 1838 he became
comptroller of the stationery office, London. Died in
1864.
Mac-Cunn, (HAMISH,) a Scotch composer, born
at Greenock in 1868. His works are largely Scottish
in subject and sentiment, and comprise overtures,
choral works, songs, the opera " Jeanie Deans,"
(1894,) etc.
Mac-don'ald, (ALEXANDER,) a Scottish Jacobite poet,
born 'at Dalile'a, in Moidart, in 1701. He was a school-
master, but served as an officer in the Young Pretender's
army. Among his works are a Gaelic vocabulary, (1741,)
a volume of Gaelic poems, and several collections of
verse in English. Died at Santaig about 1780.
Mac-don'ald, (ANDREW,) a Scottish poet, born at
Leith' about 1755. He was an Episcopal clergyman in
Glasgow for a few years. He wrote " Velina," a poem,
and a tragedy called " Vimonda," which was performed
with success in Edinburgh. Having retired from the
clerical profession, he removed about 1786 to London,
where he was reduced to extreme poverty. Died in 1788.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;"
DISRAELI. " Calamities of Authors. "
Macdonald, [Fr. pron. mik'do'njl',] (£TIENNH
JACQUES JOSEPH,) Duke of Tarentum, an able French
marshal, was born of a Scottish family at Sancerre in
1765. For his conduct at Jemmapes (1792) he was made
ding " David Elginbrod," (1862,) " Robert Falconer,"
58,) " The Princess and the Goblin," (1871,) " The Mar-
He has pub-
lished some volumes of poems, andjnany sjtories, in-
cludii _
(1868,)"'
quis of Lossie," (1877,) "Castle Warlock," (1882,)
"What's Mine's Mine," (1886,) " Lilith," (1895,)
"Salted with Fire," (1897,) etc. Some of his works
are for children, and all are written with some religious
or didactic purpose.
Macdonald, (HECTOR ARCHIBALD,) a British
army officer, who entered the service in 1880 and took
part in the Boer war of iSSi, the Nile expedition of
1885, the capture of Tokar 1891, the Dongola expedi-
tion of 1896, and commanded a Soudanese brigade at
Omderman 1898. After the death of General Wau-
chope, in the South African war of 1900, he took com-
mand of the Highland brigade.
Macdonald, (HUGH,) a Scottish author, born at
Glasgow in 1817. He was a block-printer, but became
a journalist. He wrote " Rambles about Glasgow,"
" Days at the Coast," and a volume of genial " Poems,"
(1863.) Died March 16, 1860.
Macdonald, (JOHN,) F.R.S., a Scottish officer and
writer, was the son of Flora, above noticed, and was born
at Kingsburgh in 1759. He passed many years in the
military service of the East India Company, and became
a captain in the corps of engineers. About 1800 he re-
turned to England. He published a valuable "Treatise
on Telegraphic Communications," (1808,) and wrote
many articles on magnetism and other sciences, some of
a colonel. In 1793, as general of brigade, he served under
Pichegru in Flanders. He was made a general of division _
in 1795 or 1796, and joined the army of Italy in 1797. In which were inserted in the " Gentleman's Magazine."
February, 1799, he succeeded Championnet in the chief He translated from the French several works on military
command at Rome, where his operations were success- tactics. Died in 1831.
fill. He commanded at the great battle of Trebbia, (June, Macdonald, (Sir JOHN ALEXANDER,) a statesman,
1799,) where the superior numbers of the allied forces , born in Sutherlandshire, Scotland, January II, 1815.
under Suwarow were victorious. In November, 1800, he He went in childhood to Canada, and in 1835 became a
led an army to Italy by the celebrated passage of the i lawyer of Kingston. He at once became a recognize
Splugen, which, says Alison, " was perhaps the most j leader among the Canadian Conservatives. He held
wonderful achievement of modern war." (" History of many important public offices, and in 1878 was made
is ambassador to Denmark in minister of the interior and premier of the Dominion.
Europe.") He was sent .. — —
1802, and returned in 1804. After this he passed about , He was knighted (
five years without employment, having, it is supposed,
offended Bonaparte by his public expressions in favour
of Moreau. Having received command of a division in
1809, he displayed great skill and courage at Wagram.
(July, 1809,) where Bonaparte gave him a marshal's
MacDonald, (JOHN BLAKE,) a British painter,
born in Morayshire in 1829. His " Prince Charlie
leaving Scotland," exhibited in 1862, was much ad-
mired, and was followed by numerous paintings of
Scottish subjects. He was elected to the Royal Scot-
biton on the field of battle. Soon after this event he j t;sh Academy in 1877.
was created Duke of Tarentum. In the Russian cam- : Macdonald, (LAURENCE,) a Scottish sculptor, born
paign of 1812, Marshal Macdonald commanded the tenth in 1798, passed the greater part of his mature life at
corps. He contributed to the victories of Lutzen and Rome. His subjects are mostly taken from the Greek
Bautzen, (1813,) and served the emperor with fidelity to and Roman mythology, and are treated in the pure
the last in the campaign of 1814. When Napoleon was classical style. Died March 4, 1878.
about to abdicate, he expressed his grateful sense of ' Macdonald, (WILLIAM BELL,) a Scottish scholar,
Macdonald's services, and presented to him a Turkish born in 1807. He was educated at the University of
sabre. Having declared his adhesion to Louis XVIII., i Glasgow, wrote a " Coptic Grammar," and made a trans-
he refused to serve his former master during the Hun- lation of " Faust." Died at Glasgow in 1862.
dred Days, and in 1816 was appointed grand chancellor Macdonough, mak-don'ph, (THOMAS,) an American
of the legion of honour, and commander of a military , commodore, born in New Castle county, Delaware, ir
•eas*; {as*; gAard; gas/;G, H, K,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: sasz; thasinMu. (B^'See Explanations, p. 23 J
MACDOUGAL
1612
MACFARLANE
1784. As commander of the American fleet on Lake
Champlain, he gained a splendid and decisive victory
over the British in September, 1814, in an action of little
more than two hours. For this service he was promoted
to the rank of captain. Died in 1825.
Macdougal, mak-doo'gal, (ALEXANDER,) an Amer-
ican officer, born about 1730, distinguished himself in the
war of the Revolution, rose to be major-general, and
commanded at the battle of White Plains, (1776.) He
was elected to the Continental Congress in 1781. Died
in 1786.
Mac-D8w'ell, (!RVIN,) an American general, born in
Franklin county, Ohio, about 1818, graduated at West
Point in 1838. He served in the Mexican war, (1846-
47,) and became a captain in 1847. In May, 1861, he
was appointed a brigadier-general of the regular army.
He commanded the Union forces at the battle of Bull
Run, July 21, 1861. In April, 1862, he took command of
the department of the Rappahannock. He commanded
a corps of the army of General Pope, and took part in
several battles near Manassas in August, 1862. In 1864-
65 he was commander of the department of the Pacific,
and became commander of the fourth military district
(Mississippi and Arkansas) in 1867. He was subsequently
transferred to the department of the Pacific. He became
major-general in 1872 ; retired in 1882 ; died in 1885.
MacDowell, (JAMES,) an American statesman, born
in Rockbridge county, Virginia, in 1796. He was Gov-
ernor of Virginia from 1842 to 1845, and a member of
Congress from 1845 to '851. Died in 1851.
MacDowell, (Mrs. KATHERINE S.,) born in Missis
sippi in 1853. She was married about 1869, and in 1871
removed to Boston, Massachusetts, to enter upon a liter-
ary life. Her principal works (" Like unto Like" and
" Dialect Tales") attained great and well-deserved suc-
cess. Her"Suwanee River Tales" appeared in 1884.
Died at Holly Springs, Mississippi, July 22, 1881.
Mac-D5w'eU, (PATRICK,) a skilful sculptor, born at
Belfast, in Ireland, in 1799. After he had served sev-
eral years as an apprentice to a coachmaker of London,
he became a self-taught sculptor. His marble statue
of a "Girl Reading" (1838) was greatly admired, and
procured for him liberal patronage. In 1844 he pro-
duced a marble group called " Love Triumphant." He
was elected a Royal Academician in 1846. Among his
master-pieces are "Psyche," "Eve," "Early Sorrow,"
and "The Day-Dream.*' Died December 9, 1870.
Mac-duff', (JoHN R.,) D.D., a Scottish clergyman,
born at Bonhard, in Perthshire, in 1818. He was edu-
cated at the Edinburgh High School and University. In
1842 he became a minister of the Church of Scotland,
and soon acquired fame as a pulpit orator. Among his
works are " Memories of Patmos." " Sunsets on Hebrew
Mountains," "Memories of Bethany," and "The Gates
of Praise," the last a collection of poems. Died in 1895.
Mac-Duf'fie, (GEORGE,) an American lawyer and
politician, born in Columbia county, Georgia, about
1788. He was a member of Congress from 1821 to
1835, supported Jackson for the Presidency in 1828, and
was elected Governor of South Carolina 'in 1834. He
gained distinction as a public speaker, and took an
»ctive part in the debates of Congress, in which he
advocated State rights and the policy of J. C. Calhoun.
In 1843 ne was elected a Senator of the United States
by the legislature of South Carolina. He resigned his
seat in 1846, on account of ill health. Died in 1851.
Mace, (FRANCES LAUGHTON,) an American poetess,
bom at Orono, Maine, in 1836. She has contributed to
the leading magazines, and one of her poems, " Only
Waiting," published anonymously in 1854, has achieved
a wide popularity.
Mace, mi'sa', (FRANCOIS,) a French ecclesiastic and
biblical writer, born in Paris about 1640. He wrote
"La Science de 1'F.criture sainte," (1708,) and othet
works. Died in 1721.
Mace, (JEAN,) a French author, born in Paris,
April 22, 1815. He was bred at the College Stanislas,
(1825-35,) Dut became a private soldier. Besides fairy-
tales of much merit, he wrote much for the populariza-
tion of science, and laboured for the establishment of
schools and libraries for the people. Many of his books
treat of popular education, of physiology and health, etc.
In 1880 he became a member of the Legion of Honour,
and in 1883 life senator. Died December 13, 1894.
Mace, mas, (THOMAS,) an English musician, born in
1613, published a book called "Music's Monument,"
(1676.) Died in 1709.
See BURNEY, " History of Music."
Macedo, de, (FRANCISCO,) a Portuguese monk and
prolific writer, born at Coimbra in 1596. Died at
Padua in 1681.
Macedo, de, (JOAQUIN MANOAL,) a Brazilian
poet, born in 1820. He was made professor of national
history in the College of Rio Janeiro in 1850, and was
several times elected deputy by the city of Rio Janeiro.
He is highly esteemed by the Brazilians as their best
lyric poet. He also wrote novels and composed several
dramas, which met with much success.
Macedo, de, (JozE AGOSTINHO,) a distinguished
Portuguese poet and critic, born at Ev'ora about 1770.
lie adopted the profession of a priest, and became a
popular preacher in Lisbon. He edited the official
Gazette of Lisbon, and wrote several political tracts.
About 1811 he produced an epic poem called "Gama."
A revised edition appeared with the title "The Orient,"
("O Oriente.") He was also author of poems entitled
"Meditation" (" Medhacao") and "Newton." Died in
1831.
Ma5'e-don, [Maxtduv,] said to have been a son of
Jupiter and Thyia, and a brother of Magnes. From his
name that of Macedonia is supposed to be derived.
Macedon'icus, a surname of Q. C^ECILIUS METEL-
LUS. See METELLUS.
Ma5-e-do'nl-us, [Gr. Moxfrfowof,] the founder of a
heretical sect called Macedonians. He was a leader of
the Semi-Arians, and was chosen Patriarch of Constan-
tinople by the Arians about 341 A.D. ; but the Catholics
refused to recognize him. In 360 he was deposed. He
afterwards denied the divinity or personality of the Holy
Spirit, and found followers, who composed a separate sect.
MacEntee, mak'en-tee, ([ERVIS,) an American land-
scape-painter, born at Rondout, New York, July 14.
1828. His pictures are very frequently autumn scenes
of great but melancholy beauty. He also painted the
figure with success. He was a member of the National
Academy. Died January 27, 1891.
Maceo, (ANTONIO,) a Cuban patriot, born at San-
tiago de Cuba in 1848. He took an active part in the
war for independence of 1868-78, becoming a general,
refused to lay down his arms when peace was made,
and was a leader in the war of 1895, making a brilliant
invasion of Pinar del Rio. He was shot from ambush
in 1896. His brother JOSE fought with him in both the
wars named and was killed in battle in the same year.
Macer. See CALVUS, (C. LICINIUS MACER.)
Ma'cer, (/EMILIUS,) a Roman poet of Verona, was
contemporary with Virgil. He wrote a poem or poems
on Birds, Snakes, and Medicinal Plants. His works are
not extant. Died in 16 B.C.
Macer, (^EMILIUS,) a Roman jurist, who lived in the
time of Alexander Severus. tie wrote several legal
works, of which extracts are given in the "Digest."
Among the titles of these are " De Appellationibus" and
" De Re Militari."
Macer, (C. LICINIUS,) a Roman historian, born about
no B.C., was the father of C. Licinius Calvus, and a
leader of the democratic party. He became praetor
about the year 70. His history of Rome, entitled "An-
nales," or "Rerum Romanorum Libri," is referred to by
Livy with respect. Having been impeached by Cicero,
and convicted under the law "De Repetundis," in 66
B.C., he committed suicide.
See Liw, " History of Rome," books iv., vii., ix., and x.
Mac-farlan, (JAMES,) a Scottish poet, born in Glas-
gow, April 9, 1832. He published several volumes,
chiefly of meritorious verse. After a short life of great
poverty and hardship, he died at Glasgow, November 6,
1862.
Macfarlane, mak-far'len, (CHARLES,) a British au-
thor, who published, besides other works, " Our Indian
i, e, 1, 5, u, y, long: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, a, u, y, short: a, e. i, o, obscure; far, fill, fat; m4t; n6t; good; moon:
MACFARLANE
1613
MA CHIN
Empire," (2 vols., 1844,) "The French Revolution," (4
vols., 1845,) and, in conjunction with George L. Craik,
"The Pictorial History of England," (8 vols., 1849,)
which is highly esteemed. Died in 1858.
Macfarlane, (ROBERT,) a Scottish writer, born in
1 734. He published a " History of the Reign of George
III.," edited the " Morning Chronicle," London, and is
said to have assisted Macpherson in the preparation of
Ossian. Died in 1804,
Mac-far'ren, (GEORGE ALEXANDER,) an eminent
English musical composer, born in London in 1813. He
became a professor in the Royal Academy of Music, and
his pastoral labours. He helped to found and was
president of the Anti-Poverty Society. Died in 1900.
Mac-greg'or, (JOHN,) a British statistician and
economist, born at Stornoway, county of Ross, in 1797.
He published a work entitled " British America," (1832,)
and became assistant secretary of the board of trade in
1840, and a member of Parliament about 1847. Among
his works is " The Progress of America from the Dis-
covery of Columbus to the Year 1846," (2 vols., 1847.)
Died in 1857.
MaoOregoi, (JOHN,) a British author, born at Graves-
end, January 24, 1825. He was educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and
was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1851. He
published "A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe,"
(1849,) "Robin Hood," (1860,) and " Jessie Lea," (1303.) (1866,) "The Rob Roy in the Baltic," " A Voyage Alone
Died in 1887. 'n tne Yawl Rob Roy," "The Rob Roy on the Jordan,"
Mac-Gee', (THOMAS D'ARCY,) a Canadian journalist, etc. Died July 16, 1892.
born 'in CarHngford, Ireland, April 13, 1825. He was Mac-Guf'fey, (WILLIAM HOLMES,) an American
editor of a Catholic paper in Boston, Massachusetts, 1842 I Presbyterian clergyman, born in Washington county,
-45, a politician and journalist of Dublin, 1845-48, and an Pennsylvania, September 23, 1800. He graduated at
editor of Irish-American papers in New York, 1848-57. Washington College, Pennsylvania, in 1826, held various
In 1857 he removed to Montreal, where he became a professorships in Miami University, Ohio, and was chosen
journalist and member of Parliament, filling several posi- president of Cincinnati College in 1836, and of Miami
tions in the Colonial ministry. Among his works are a University in 1839. He was professor of moral philos-
" Catholic History of North America," (1855,) " History ophy in the University of Virginia, 1845-73. His school-
of Ireland," (1863,) and " Poems," (1870.) He was mur- books are still extensively used. Died at Charlottesville,
dered by a Fenian at Ottawa, April 7, 1868. Virginia, May 4, 1873.
Machado. See BARBOSA-MACHADO.
Mac-Hale', ([OHM,) D.D., an Irish archbishop, bom
at Tubbernavine, county of Mayo, March 6, 1791.
He became a Roman Catholic priest in 1814, was
made Bishop of Killala in 1834, and in the same year
Archbishop of Tuam. He was the author of several
works in the Irish language. Died in 1881.
MacGee, (\V. J.,) an American ethnologist, born
in Iowa in 1853. He studied geology and archeology,
made a geologic survey of Northeast Iowa 1877-81,
and afterwards made extensive explorations in con-
nection with the United States Geological Survey.
In 1893 he became ethnologist in charge of the
Bureau of American Ethnology. He wrote several
geological and ethnological works, and many papers.
MacGeohegan, (JAMES,) an Irish priest, born
near Mullingar in 1698. He is chiefly remembered
for his "History of Ireland," (1758,) written
originally in French. Died in 1764.
MacGif'fen, (PniLO NORTON,) an American naval
officer, born in Pennsylvania in 1863. He graduated
at the Naval Academy in 1882, was sent to the Chinese
station, and there entered the service of China. In
the battle of the Yalu River, 1894, he was second in
command of the Chen Yuen, and on the death of
his superior officer became commander of the fleet.
He suffered so severely during the conflict as partly to
lose sight and hearing. His mind being affected by
Ma-ehant-das, a tyrant of Sparta, was killed by
Philopcemen in 207 B.C.
Ma-eha'on, [Malawi/,] a celebrated Greek physician,
a son of yEsculapius. He is said to have served as
surgeon at the siege of Troy, and, according to some
authors, was one of the Greek heroes inclosed in the
wooden horse.
See VIRGIL'S "^Eneid," book ii., 1. 263.
Machault, de, deh mi'sho', (GuiLLAUME,) a French
poet, born about 1284, of a noble family of Champagne.
He was a court officer to Philip the Fair, to King John
of Bohemia, and to other princes. He left a vast num-
ber of ballades
in 1362,) ai
icle. Died about
Machault, de, "deh mf'sho', (JACQUES,) a French
:ades, a long poem called "Voir dit," (written
nd " La Prise d'AIexandrie," a rhymed chron-
Jesuit, born in Paris in 1600. He wrote "The History
his injuries, he committed suicide in a New York
hospital, February n, 1897. _, ,
Mac-Gill,' (JAMES,) born at Glasgow, Scotland, Oc- • of Japan," (" De Rebus Japonicis," 1646,) and a work
tober'6, 1744, went in early life to Canada, acquired great ™ the Indian and Persian Missions. Died in 1680.
wealth, and served in the war of 1812 as a brigadier- Machault d'Arnouville, mS'sho' din'noo'vel',
general of provincial troops. He founded McGill Uni- (JEAN BAPTISTE,) an able French financier and statesman,
versity at Montreal, where he died, December 19, 1813. born in 1701. He was appointed amtrSleur-gfnfral of
Mac-gil'll-vray,( ALEXANDER,) born in Coosa county, the finances in 1745, and received in addition the office
Alabama, about 1 740, became chief of the Creek Indians ?f keeper of the seals m 1750. In order to divide the
on the breaking out of the Revolutionary war, in which imposts more equally, he encroached on the pecuniary
he sided with the Br.tish. Died in 179-. ' privileges of the clergy, and thus made powerful enemies
Mac-gil'li-vray, (WILLIAM,) a Scottish naturalist, In 1754 he was removed from the control of the finances,
born "in the Isle of Harris in 1796. He became con- but was placed at the head of the marine. He was dis-
servator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons missed finally from office in 1757. Died in 1794.
in Edinburgh, and subsequently professor of civil and Machebeuf, mtsh'buf, JOSEPH PROJECTUS,) D.D.,
natural history in Marischal College, Aberdeen. He a bishop, born at Riom, in France, January u, 1812.
was distinguished as a zoologist, and also cultivated He was educated at the College of Riom and at Cler-
botany and geology. His principal work is a " History , mont-Ferrand, graduating in art:', in 1830, and in theology
of British Birds," (3 vols.,) two volumes of which were ' in 1836, in which year he was ordained a Roman Catholic
Among his other works is a ! priest. In 1839 he came to the United States, and was
a pastor in Sandusky, Santa Fe, and Denver. In 1868
he was consecrated Bishop of Epiphania and appointed
Vicar-Apostolic of Colorado.
Machiavel. See MACCHIAVELLI.
Machin, mak'in, ? (JoHN,) F.R.S., a British mathema-
tician, was made professor of astronomy in Gresham Col-
lege in 1713. He wrote "On the Laws of the Moon's
Motions," a " Solution of Kepler's Problem," and a treat-
ise " On the Curve of Quickest Descent." Died in 1751.
See WARD. "Livesof the Professors of Gresham College," 174°
\i
published after his death.
"History of British Quadrupeds." Died in 1852.
MacGlynn, (EDWARD,) a Roman Catholic clergy-
man, born at New York in 1837. In 1866 he was
made pastor of St. Stephen's Church, New York, but
was removed for opposing the establishment of
parochial schools and advocating the single-tax doc-
trine of Henry George. He refused to obey a sum-
mons to the Vatican, and was excommunicated. He
was restored to the priesthood in 1893, and resumed
; jas-r; gAarJ; gas_/;G, H, TH,guttural; N, nasal; ^trilled; sasz; thasinMtf.
Explanations, p. 23.)
MACHOS
1614
MA CKENZIE
Ma'chon IMaruvl a Greek comic poet, born at born in the District of Columbia about 1818, served with
Corinth or Sicyon, lived at Alexandria between 300 and distinction in the Mexican war of 1846-47, and became
260 B.C. According to Athenaeus, he was one of the in 1861 a brigadier-general in the Confederate army,
best poets of the " Pleiad." His works are lost, except Mackau, mi'ko', (A.NGE REN£ ARMAND,) a French
small fragments. admiral, born in Paris in 1788. He was minister of the
Machy, de, deh mt'she', (PIERRE ANTOINE,) a French marine from ]„!„ ,843, to May, 1847. Died in 1855.
painter and engraver, born in Paris in 1722 ; died in 1807. Mac-kay , (CHARLES,) a Scottish poet and writer of
Macias. ml-Mee'ls, one of the most admired Span- &on^t was born at Perth in 1814. He published " The
ish poets of his age, lived in the fifteenth century^ and Salamandrine," a poem, (1842,) " Legends of the Isles,"
was surnamed EL ENAMORADO, ("the Enamored,") in (1845,) "Voices from the Crowd," (1846,) including a
reference to an unhappy passion which inspired his best popuiar song called " The Good Time Coming," " Voices
poetical effusions. He had many imitators among from tne Mountains," (1847,) "Town Lyrics," (1848,)
Spanish poets. He was assassinated by a man whose
motive was jealousy.
Maciejowski, mat-se-a-yov'skee
ALEXANDER,) a Polish historian and jurist, born in 1792
He published an excellent work entitled " Historya Pra-
woclawstw Slowianskich," (4 vols., 1885), which treats of
the political and civil institutions of the Slavonic nations.
Died February to, 1883.
Macnvaine, mak-il-van', (CHARLES PETTIT,) I
LL.D., an eminent American divine and writer, born at
Burlington, New Jersey, in 1798. He was appointed
professor of ethics and chaplain in the Military Academy
E;;eria, or the Spirit of Nature," (1850,) "The Lump
of Gold," (1855,) "Under Green Leaves," (1857,) "A
(\VENCESLAUS M.an's Heart," (1860,) " Studies from the Antique, etc.,"
(1864,) and several prose works. Died in 1889.
His son, GEORGE ERIC, born in 1851, has pub-
lished several volumes of verse, the most popular
being "The Love-Letters of a Violinist," (1886.)
Died in 1898. Marie Corelli, the novelist, is his
step-daughter. •
Mackay. ma-ki', (ROBERT,) oftener called ROB DONN,
[i.e., " Black Robert,") and ROBERT CALDER, a Highland
He was a herdsman and
at West Point in 1825. In 1832 he was consecrated bard, born at Durness in 1714. He was a herdsman and
Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Ohio, drover, afterwards a steward to Lord Reay, and m ,759
His lectures on "The Evidences of Christianity," deliv- enlisted in the army, but, from his high reputation, was
ered in New York in 1831, and published in 1832, have not permitted to do mibtary duty. Died in 1788. Hi.
nad an extraordinary success, and have been republished poems are among the I
in London and Edinburgh. He died March 12, 1873. Mack'aye, (TAMES STEELE,) an American actor,
Macllvaine, (JOSHUA HALL,) D.D., an American and piaywright, born at Buffalo, New York, in 1842.
Presbyterian divine, born at Lewes, Delaware, March 4, ^e wrute numerous plays, the most famous being
1815. He graduated in 183731 Princeton College, where .. Hazel Kirke," produced at the Madison Square
he also studied divinity. He was professor of belles- Theatre New Vork in l8So He buiu the Lyceum
lettres at !'; ; 60-70. His books are " 1 he Tree Th ; SH and ; lSS? produced " Anarchy,"
of Know edge," " I ..y ^npture £ is- f rfs & " Paul Kauvar," which had a long
" MacIntosn^Mack^tosn, (LlcHLA^ b^n^ar ™n in New York. Died October 24, 1894.
Inverness, Scotland, in 1727, emigrated to Georgia, Mac-Kean', (THOMAS,) an American patriot and
where he ruse to the rank of brigadier-general in the signer of the Declaration of Independence, born in
American army. He was elected to Congress in 1784. Chester county, Pennsylvania, in 1734. In 1765 he rep-
Died in 1806. resented the counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex,
in Delaware, in the so-called Stamp-Act Congress. He
was elected to the Congress of 1774 from Delaware, in
which post he continued till 1 783. He had been appointed
in 1777 president of the State of Delaware, and chief
justice of Pennsylvania. He was Governor of the latter
State from 1799 to 1808. Died in 1817. He was a
political friend of Jefferson.
Mac-Kee'v?r, (ISAAC,) an American commodore,
bom 'in Pennsylvania in 1793. He distinguished himself
.
Macintosh. (MARIA J.,) an American writer,
born at Sunbury. Georgia, in 1805. She has published
"Jessie Gran.-. ise and Principle," (1845,)
"Charms and Counter-Charms," (1848,) etc. Died
February ;
Macintosh, (\VMUAM C i.,) a Scotch
physician and naturalist, born at St. Andrews in 1838.
He was physician in Perth asylums 1860-93, ancl
professor of natural history at the University ot St. An
") a Scottish (Gaelic) poet, born ai i^ruuu- ,jg,. Died in l8"4.
liaghart, in Argyll, March 20, 1724. Much against his M4a'o.Kel'lar, (THOMAS,) an American poet, born in
will, he served in the royal army at the battle of Falkirk, • N>;V ^mk jn lgl2 Re ^^^ a printer)
i' D^ed atXEdineburPhein Mrerl8?2St m and Amoved to Philadelphia in 1833, where eventually
''Mack von Leiberilh.'makYo'nli'beh-riK', (KARL,) he be.ca11"e h|a<* of the exten
BARON, an Austrian general, noted for 'his ill success, MacKellar, Smiths ,> He published several
was born at Neuslingen in 1752. He served as quarter- volumes of poems.
master-general against the French in 1793. In 1794 he See ALLIBONE'S "Dictionary of Authors."
was sent to London to concert with the English minis- Mac-ken'dree, (WILLIAM,) born in King William
ters the operations of the war. The court of Naples county, Virginia, in 1757, entered the ministry about 1788.
having in 1798 requested that of Austria to send a gene- He was chosen a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal
ral to command the army against the French, Mack was Church in 1808. Died in 1835.
•elected. He was quickly defeated by Championnet, Mac-ken'zie, (Sir ALEXANDER,) an enterprising
and sought refuge from the rage of the Neapolitans in Scotchman, born at Inverness about 1755. In his youth
the French camp, (1799.) In 1805 he obtained com- he emigrated to Canada, and became a clerk in the
mand of the Austrian army, which was invested by Na- service of the Northwest Fur Company. From 1781 to
poleon in person at Ulni. On the 20th of October he 1789 he spent eight years in trading with the Indians at
ignominiously surrendered his army of 30,000 men as Lake Athabasca, and in the latter year discovered the
prisoners. Mack was tried by court-martial, and pun- river which bears his name, and traced it from its source
ished by imprisonment for several years. Died in 1828. to its entrance into the Arctic Ocean, where he arrived
See THIEKS, " Histoire du Consulat et de 1'Empire:" ALISON, in July, 1789. In 1792 he led another exploring party
•' History of Europe;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'neiale." westward to the Pacific. On his return to England, in
Mac-kail', (WILLIAM W.,) an American genera], 1801, he published his " Voyages from Montreal to the
a, e, i, o, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; moon;
161 1
MA CKINTOSH
Frozen and Pacific Oceans," which, says Chateaubriand,
"is a work of great merit" Died in 1820.
See CHATEAUBRIAND, "Voyages en AineYique;" CHAMBERS,
" Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;" ''Monthly Review"
for July and August, 1802.
Mackenzie, (ALEXANDER,) a statesman, born at
Logierait. Perthshire, Scotland, January 2S, 1822. He
became a business-man and journalist in Canada West,
and held prominent offices in Ontario. In 1867 he en-
tered the Parliament of the Dominion, and was premier
and minister of public works, (1873-78.) Died in
1892.
Mackenzie, (Sir ALEXANDER CAMPBELL,) a
Scotch composer, born at Edinburgh in 1847. Of
his several operas, " Colomba" is the best known.
Some of his best work is in his oratorio, " The Rose
of Sharon."
Mac-ken'zie, (ALEXANDER SLIDELL,) an American
naval officer and miscellaneous writer, born in New York
in 1803. Having visited Europe in 1825, he published,
soon after his return, his "Year in Spain," which was
received with great favour. In 1835 he made another
voyage to Europe, the result of which was his two works
entitled " The American in England" and " Spain Re-
visited." While commander of the Somers, in 1842, he
ordered the mutineer Spencer and two of his associates
to be hanged from the yard-arm uf the vessel, which act
was publicly approved by a high court of inquiry after
his return. He died in 1848. Besides the above-named
works, he wrote a " Life of Paul Jones," in Sparks's
"American Biography."
See DI'VCKINCK, "Cyclopzdia of American Literature," vol. u.
Mackenzie, (CHARLES FRAZER,) a Scottish mission-
ary, born in Peebleshire in 1825. He went to Southern
Africa in 1860, and began to labour near the Zambesi
River. He died in Africa in January, 1862.
Mackenzie, (GEORGE,) Earl of Cromarty, a Scottish
politician and writer, born in 1630. He was appointed
justice-general in 1678, and a lord of session in 1681.
In 1685 he was created Viscount Tarbat, and in 1703
Earl of Cromarty. He was secretary of state for Scot-
land from 1701 to 1704. He wrote, besides other works,
"Synopsis Apocalyptica," (1708,) and an "Account of
the Conspiracy of the Earl of Gowrie against James
VI.," (1713.) Died in 1714.
See WALPOU!, "Royal and Noble Authors;" CHAMBERS, "Bio-
graphical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Mackenzie, (Sir GEORGE,) a Scottish lawyer and
writer, born at Dundee in 1636. He attained eminence
in his profession, and about 1661 was appointed justice-
depute, or judge. He published " Religio Laid," a treat-
ise on religion and morality, (1663,) "Moral Gallantry,"
(1667,) " Institutions of the Laws of Scotland," (1684,)
and other works. From 1674 to 1685 he was employed
as king's advocate, and in this period had some agency
in the persecution of the Covenanters, who designated
him "the bloodthirsty advocate." Died in 1691.
Mackenzie, ( GEORGE, ) a Scottish physician and
writer, who practised in Edinburgh with success, and
published " Lives and Characters of the Most Eminent
Writers of the Scottish Nation," (3 vols., 1708-22.)
Died in 1726.
Mackenzie, (HENRY,) an eminent Scottish novelist
and essayist, born in Edinburgh in 1745. In his youth
he obtained the office of attorney in the Scottish court of
exchequer. In 1771 he published, anonymously, "The
Man of Feeling," a novel, which is his principal work,
and was generally admired. He edited " The Mirror,"
a periodical resembling the "Spectator," which was first
issued in 1779, and was discontinued the next year.
More than one-third of the articles in this popular work
were written by him. He afterwards produced "The
Man of the World," a novel, several political treatises
favourable to the Tory party, " The Prince of Tunis,"
and other dramas. He contributed many essays to " The
Lounger," a successful periodical, of which he was editor
in 1785-86. In 1804 he obtained the lucrative office of
comptroller of taxes for Scotland. Died in 1831.
Mackenzie, (Sir MORELL,) an English physician,
born at Leytonstone in 1837. He became famous as
€ as£; 533,1; gAarJ; gas/'/G, H,K.,giit!ural; N, nasal; v.,trillcd; sasz; thasinMu.
a laryngologist, and was selected to treat the throat
disease of the German Crown Prince, afterwards
Frederick III. Died in 1892.
Mackenzie, (ROKF.HT SHELTON,) D.C.L., a writer
and journalist of much ability, born in Limerick county,
Ireland, in 1809. He was editor successively of the
" Liverpool Journal" and various other British periodi-
cals, and in "1852 settled in America, where he became
literary and foreign editor of the Philadelphia " Press."
He published "Lays of Palestine," (1828,) "Life of
Curran," (1855,) "Tressilian, or the Story-Tellers,"
(1857,) a "Life of Charles Dickens," (1870,) and many
other works. Died November 21, 1881.
Mackenzie, (WILLIAM LYON,) a Canadian journalist
and politician, born at Dundee, Scotland, in 1794. He
emigrated to Canada in early life, and became the editoi
I of a paper. He was the leader of a party which took
arms against the government in December, 1837, and
was quickly dispersed. He took refuge in New York.
Died in 1861.
Mackie,mak-kee', (JOHN,) a Scottish physician, born
in Fifeshire in 1748, published, besides medical treatises,
"A Sketch of a New Theory of Man." Died in 1831.
MacKin'ley, (WILLIAM,) statesman and soldier, the
twenty-fourth president of the United States, was born
at Niles, Ohio, January 29, 1843. After distinguished
service in the civil war he settled in Canton, Ohio, was
representative of his district in Congress for several
terms, and in 1890, as chairman of the Committee of
Ways and Means, he originated the high tariff bill
known as the " McKinley Tariff." He was Governor
of Ohio from 1890 to 1894, and in 1896 was elected
President of the United States as the candidate of the
Republican party, William J. Bryan being the Demo-
cratic and Populist nominee. His administration was
signalized by the Spanish-American war and the
Philippine insurrection. He received the Republican
party nomination in 1900, with Bryan again as his
opponent, and was re-elected with a greater electoral
majority than in 1896.
Mackinnon, (HENRY,) a British general, born near
Winchester in 1773. He served many campaigns against
the French. He distinguished himself in several actions
in Spain, obtained command of a brigade in 1809, and
was killed at Ciudad Rodrigo in 1812.
Mack'in-toBh, (Sir JAMES,) an illustrious British
author, orator, and statesman, was born at Aldourie,
near Inverness, on the 24th of October, 1765. He war
the son of Captain John Mackintosh, of the army, and
Marjory Macgillivray. At King's College, Aberdeen,
which he entered in 1780, he profited by the congenial
society of Robert Hall, who was his fellow-student and
intimate friend. He studied medicine in Edinburgh,
and, having obtained his diploma, in 1788 removed to
London, where he married Catherine Stuart in 1789. His
fluent elocution, admirable temper, and refined manner?
procured his admission into the best society. He had a
" boundless literary ambition," and a most capacious and
accurate memory. In defence, or rather ardent eulogy,
of the first reforms of the French Revolution, he produced,
in answer to Burke's famous "Reflections," his "Vindi-
ciae Gallicae," (1791,) which raised him into sudden
celebrity and caused him to be warmly caressed by Fox,
Sheridan, and other chiefs of the Whig party. About
this time he renounced medicine and became a student
of law. He was called to the bar in 1795, gave special
attention to public law, and practised with success in the
home circuit In 1799 he delivered a series of lectures
" On the Law of Nature and of Nations," which were
highly applauded by the most eminent judges of all
parties as a noble monument of intellectual power and
wisdom. He expressed in these lectures more conserva-
tive views than those of his "Vindiciae Gallicae." In
1803 he gained a high reputation for forensic eloquence
by his defence of M. Peltier, a French emigrant, who
was tried for a libel on Bonaparte, and was acquitted.
This speech was translated into French by Madame de
Stael. He accepted the office of recorder of Bombay,
where he arrived in 1804, and was appointed judge of
the admiralty court in 1806. Sir James returned to
e Explanations, p. 23.)
MAC KLIN
1616
MACLEAN
England in 1812, and was elected to Parliament by the
Whigs in 1813. He won and maintained a high place
among parliamentary speakers. From 1818 to 1824 he
was professor of law and politics in the college at Hai-
leybury. He contributed to the " Edinburgh Review,"
and wrote an important " Dissertation on the Progress
of Ethical Philosophy," which appeared among the pre-
liminary essays of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica." In
1830 he accepted office as commissioner for the affairs
of India under the ministry of Earl Gray. He made a
powerful and luminous speech in the House on the Re-
form bill in 1831. He wrote a " History of England," a
work of great merit, which was published in " Lardner's
Cyclopaedia," (1831.) He died in May, 1832, leaving
unfinished a "History of the Revolution in England
in 1688," which was published in 1832. " We have no
hesitation," says Macaulay, "in pronouncing this frag-
ment decidedly the best history now extant of the reign
of James II. ... The intellectual and moral qualities
which are most important in a historian, he possessed in
a very high degree. He was singularly mild, calm, and
impartial in his judgments of men and of parties." The
same critic adds, " He distinguished himself highly in
Parliament. But nevertheless Parliament was not ex-
actly the sphere for him. The effect of his most success-
ful speeches was small, when compared with the quantity
of ability and learning which was expended on them."
Mac-klin', (CHARLES,) a popular Irish actor and
dramatist, (whose family name was McLaughlin,) was
born at Westmeath in 1690. He appeared on the Lon-
don stage in 1725, and did not retire until 1789. He
excelled in the rile of "Shylock," and wrote, besides
several other plays, a successful comedy called "The
Man of the World." Died in 1797, at the age of 107.
See J. T. KIRKMAN, " Memoirs of Charles Macklin," 1799: WIL-
LIAM COOKE, " Memoirs of C. Macklin," 1804 ; " Monthly Review"
for November and December, 1709.
MacKnight, mak-nit', (GEORGE,) M.D., an American
poet, born at Sterling, New York, in 1840. He has
published "Life and Faith," a collection of religious
sonnets, of a high order of merit, (1878.)
MacKnight, mak-nit', (/AMES,) an eminent Scottish
Presbyterian divine, born at Irvine in 1721. He became
minister at Maybole in 1753, and published his " Har-
mony of the Gospels," (1756,) which is esteemed an ex-
cellent standard work and has been often reprinted. In
1763 he produced "The Truth of the Gospel History,"
which was received with favour. From 1772 until 1778
he preached in Lady Yester's parish in Edinburgh, and
during the remainder of his life he was minister of the
Old Church of that city. In 1795 he published a " Lite-
ral Translation of all the Apostolic Epistles," a work of
high reputation. Died in 1800.
See "Life of J. Macknight," by his son; CHAMBERS, " Bio-
graphical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
MacLachlan, mak-laK'lan, (ALEXANDER,) a Scottish-
Canadian poet, born at Johnstone, in Renfrewshire, Au-
gust 12, 1818. He removed in 1841 to Canada. Among
his works are " Poems, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect,"
(iS55,) "Lyrics," (1858,) "The Emigrant," etc., (1861,)
" Poems and Songs,'1 (1874,) etc.
Maclachlan, i EWEN,) a Scottish philologist and poet,
born at Torracalltuinn, Lochaber, in 1775, graduated
at the University of Saint Andrew's. He died March
29, 1822. He compiled a learned and laborious Gaelic
dictionary, and wrote poems in Gaelic, English, Latin,
and Greek.
MacLachlan, (ROBERT,) an English entomolo-
gist, born at London in 1837. His attention was
first directed to botany and afterwards to entomology,
on which he wrote abundantly, a irticle
" Insects" to the ninth edition of the " Encyclopaedia
Britannica," and writing a large and valuable work
on the Neuroptera.
Maclane, mak-lan', (ARCHIBALD,) an Irish clergyman,
born at Monaghan about 1722. He preached for the
Anglican Church of the Hague about fifty years, ending
in 1796. He published a volume of sermons, and trans-
lated Mosheim's "History of the Clnirr'n," (1765.)
Died in 1804.
MacLane, mak-lan', (Louis.) an America- I .
man, born at Smyrna, Delaware, in May, 1786. He
gained distinction as a lawyer, and represented Delaware
in Congress from 1817 to 1827. In the latter year he
was elected a Senator of the United States by the legis-
lature of Delaware. He served as minister to England
about two years, (1829-31,) and was appointed secretary
of the treasury by President Jackson in April or May,
1831 ; but, not approving, it is said, of the removal of the
deposits from the United States Bank, he was in 1833
removed from the treasury and made secretary of state,
which position he resigned in June, 1834. In 1845 ne
went to England as ambassador. After the question of
the boundary of Oregon was settled, he returned home.
Died in October, 1857.
See " National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans,' '
vol. 1.
MacLane. (ROBERT MILLIGAN,) an American
diplomatist, born at Wilmington, Delaware, in 1815.
He graduated at West Point, served in the army till
1843, and subsequently was thrice elected to Congress.
In 1853 he was appointed United States commissioner
to China, and in 1859 minister to Mexico, where he
negotiated a treaty for the protection of American citi-
zens. He was afterwards in law practice, was again
elected to Congress in 1878 and 1880, became Gov-
ernor of Maryland in 1883, and was minister to France
1885-89. Died April 16, 1898.
Mac-lar'en, (CHARLES,) a Scottish jouinalist and
geologist, born about 1783. He was chief editor of the
" Scotsman" (a leading political journal of Edinburgh)
from 1820 to 1847. He published, besides other works,
"The Geology of Fife and the Lothians," (1839.) Died
in September, 1866.
Maclaren, (!AN.) See WATSON, (Rev. JOHN.)
Mac-Lar'en, (WILLIAM EDWARD,) D.D.,an American
bisho'p, born in Geneva, New York, December 13, 1831,
graduated in 1851 from the college at Washington, Penn-
sylvania, was a journalist, 1852-57, studied theology in
the Presbyterian Seminary at Pittsburg, and became a
Presbyterian clergyman. In 1872 he took orders in the
Episcopal Church, and in 1875 he was made Bishop of
Illinois.
Mac-lau'rin, (CoLlN,) an eminent Scottish mathe-
matician, born at Kilmodan in 1698. He obtained the
chair of mathematics in Marischal College, Aberdeen,
in 1 7 1 7. In 1 720 he published " Geometria Organica sive
Descriptio Linearum Curvarum universalis," a treatise
on curve lines, which is said to have excited the admira-
tion of Newton. In 1725 he was appointed assistant of
Professor Gregory in the University of Edinburgh, where
he remained about twenty years. While he was em-
ployed in fortifying Edinburgh against the Pretender's
army, in 1745, he contracted a disease which hastened
his death. He shared with D. Bernoulli and Euler the
prize awarded in 1740 by the Academy of Paris for a
memoir on Tides. He was the author of several original
and profound works, among which are a " Treatise on
Fluxions," (1742,) and a "Treatise on Algebra," (1748.)
Died in 1746.
Mac-Laws', (LAFAYETTE,) an American general, born
in Georgia in 1821. He commanded a division of Gen
eral Lee's army. Died July 24, 1897.
Mac-lay', (ARCHIBALD,) D.D., a Baptist divine, born
in Scotland in 1778, emigrated to America in 1805, and
became pastor of a church in New York. He was
thirteen years general agent of the American and Foreign
Bible Society. Died in 1860.
Maclay, (EDGAR STANTON,) an American author,
born at Foo Chow, China, in 1863. He became a
journalist in New York, and after 1896 devoted him-
self to historical work, writing " The History of the
United States Navy," " Reminiscences of the Old
Navy," "The History of American Privateers," etc.
Maclay, (MiCKLfCHo.) See MICKLUCHO-MACLAY.
MacLean or Maclean, mak-lan', (JOHN,) an Ameri-
can statesman and jurist, born in Morris county, New
Jersey, in March, 1785. He removed with his father tu
1 itiont 1798, was admitted to the bar in 1807, and
T, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, 011, fit; met; not; good; moon;
MA CLEAN
1617
MA CMULLEN
began to practise at Lebanon. In 1812 he was elected fn 1763. Having made an extensive scientific tour in
a member of Congress, in which he acted with the Europe, he removed to the United States, and about
Democrats, and supported the war against England. ; 1806 entered upon a geological survey of that country.
He was again elected by a unanimous vote in 1814, In the accomplishment of this task, he visited nearly
was a judge of the supreme court of Ohio from 1816 to every State and Territory in the Union, and crossed and
1822, and became postmaster-general in 1823. He filled recrossed the Alleghanies fifty times. An account of his
this office with great credit and ability until March, 1829, tour was published in the " Transactions of the Ameri-
during which period he introduced many improvements '. can Philosophical Society," (1809.) In 1812 Mr. Maclure
and brought the department into a state of the highest j became one of the first members of the Academy of
efficiency. He declined a place in the cabinet of Presi-
dent Jackson, and was appointed a judge of the supreme
court of the United States in 1829. He dissented from
Natural Sciences just founded at Philadelphia, and wag
elected president of that institution in 1817. He con-
tinued to fill this post for twenty-two years, and the " Jour-
His
the decision of the court in the Dred Scott case, as given nal" of the Academy was begun under his auspices.
by Chief-Justice Taney in 1857, and opposed the exten- ; donations of books to the Academy amounted to nearly
sion of slavery. At the Republican National Convention fifteen hundred volumes, comprising valuable works on
of 1856 he received one hundred and ninety-six votes as natural history, antiquities, etc., and he gave the sum of
a candidate for the Presidency of the United States. $20,000 towards the erection of the building on Broad
Died in Cincinnati in April, 1861. Street, finished in 1840. Died in 1840, at San Angel, in
See the " National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," Mexico, whither he had gone on account of his health,
vol. iv. See " Memoirs of Wm. Maclure," by SAMUEL G. MORTON.
Maclean, (Mrs. L. E.) See LANDON, (L. E.) MacMahou, mik'mfoN', (MARIE EDME PATRICK
vations which led to her novel
r-on, <'r,H.-= " en became a general of division. In the siege of Sevastopol
vanons wiiiun icu iu nci uuvci Cape cod roiks, so . . t> t-
striking real.stic that some of the people brought ^"ne^^^
suit against her for libel. L the second corps.d,arm^ in the Itali^n campaign of l859i
and took a prominent part in the battle of Magenta.
This service was rewarded by the rank of marshal of
France and the title of Due de Magenta. He also con-
tributed to the victory of Solferino, June 24, 1859. In the
war with Prussia he was defeated at Worth (August 6,
1870) and at Sedan, (September i,) where he was severely
Other Folks," (1883,)
ous later novels. She married F. L. Greene in 1887.
MacLehose, mak'le-hose, (AGNES,) a friend and cor-
respondent of Burns, was born in 1759. Her maiden
name was CRAIG. During a long separation from her
husband, she carried on (between 1787 and 1792) a very
sentimental correspondence with Burns. Her letters,
often reprinted, are signed "Clarinda." Died at Edin-
burgh, October 22, 1841.
wounded. He suppressed the Commune in 1871, and
he was President of France, 1873-79. Died Oct. 17, 1893.
Mac-Mas'ter,(GuY HUMPHREYS,) an American poet.
Mac-Lel'lan, (ISAAC,) an American poet, born at Port- t>orn at Clyde, New York, January 31, 1829. He gradu
land, 'Maine, about 1810. Among his works we may , ated at Hamilton College in 1847, ancl became a lawyer.
.11 of the Indian, (1830,) and "The He was county judge of Steuben county, New York,
jems," (1832.) Died in 1899. , from 1864 to 1871, and from 1878 to 1884. In 1884 he
RISWOLD. "Poets and Poetry of America;" CLEVELAND, was made surrogate of the same county. He wrote
dium of American Literature." ^ j "Carmen Bellicosum," etc. Died September 13, 1887.
MacMaster, (JOHN BACH,) an American author, born
He graduated
mention " The Fa
Year, and other Poems," (1832.) Died in 1899.
Sae GR
" Compem
Mac-Len'nan, (JOHN FERGUSON,) a Scottish social
philosopher, born at Inverness, October 14, 1827. He
was educated at King's College, Aberdeen, and at Cam-
bridge, and in 1857 was passed as an advocate at Edin-
burgh. His principal works are " Primitive Marriage,"
(1865,) a "Life of Thomas Drummond," (1867,) and
'•Studies in Ancient History," (1876.) His works are
highly original, and are of recognized value. Died June
14, 1881.
Macleod, (FIONA,) a Scotch novelist, author of
numerous romances since 1894, including " Pharais,"
(1894,) "The Mountain Lovers," (1895,) "Green
Fire," (1896,) three volumes of Celtic tales, (1897,)
etc.
MacLeod, mak-lowd', (HENRY DUNNING,) a Scottish
political economist, born in Edinburgh in 1821. He
studied at Eton, Edinburgh, and Cambridge, and in 1849
became a barrister of London. Among his works are
"Theory and Practice of Banking," (1856,) "Elements
of Political Economy," (1858,) and a " Dictionary of
Political Economy."
Maclise, mak-leess', (DANIEL,) a popular historical
painter, born at Cork, Ireland, in 1806. He went to
London in 1828, and became a student in the Royal
Academy, where he quickly won several prize medals.
He gained a high reputation by his "Vow of the Ladies
in Brooklyn, New York, June 29, 1852. 0
at the College of the City of New York in 1872, and
studied civil engineering. He was an instructor first in
his alma mater and then in Princeton College, and in
1883 was chosen professor of history in the University
of Pennsylvania. He is the author of a " History of
the People of the United States," (6 vols., 1883 et seg.)
MacMichael, mak-mi'kel, (MORTON,) an able Ameri-
can editor and orator, born in Burlington county, New
Jersey, in 1807, was sheriff of the county of Philadelphia
from 1843 to 1846. In 1845 he became proprietor and
chief editor of the "North American and United States
Gazette." He was mayor of Philadelphia from 1865 to
1868. Died January 6, 1879.
MacMichael, mak-mi'kel, (WILLIAM.) an English
physician, born in 1784. He published a "Journey from
Moscow to Constantinople," (1819.) Died in 1839.
Mac-mil'lan, (HUGH,) D.D., LL.D., a Scottish divine,
born at Aberfeldy, September 17, 1833. He was educated
at the Edinburgh University, and became a distinguished
Free Church minister. He published " Bible Teach-
ings in Nature," (1866,) "First Forms of Vegetation,"
"Holidays on High Lands," "The True Vine," and
many other popular religious books.
MacMon'nies, (FREDERICK,) an American
sculptor, born at Brooklyn, New York, in 1863. He
and the Peacock," (1835,) and "Merry Christmas in the , stu(jied art in Europe, and exhibited his first figure,
Baron's Hall," (1838.) In 1840 he was elected an «<Dianaj» m the Paris Salon of 1889. He received
Academician. Among his admired productions are
"The Sleeping Beauty," (1841,) "The Play Scene in
Hamlet," (1842,) "Noah's Sacrifice," (1847,) and " Shak-
speare's Seven Ages," (1848.) He is regarded as one
of the most original of English painters of the present
time. Died in April, 1870.
Maclure. See MACCLURE.
Mac-lure', (WILLIAM,) an eminent naturalist, and
pioneer of American geology, born at Ayr, in Scotland,
the decoration of the Legion of Honour from the
French government in 1896. Chief among his notable
works was the fountain of the World's Columbian
Exposition of 1893. Others are the "Bacchante,"
for the Boston Public Library, the bronze doors and
Shakspeare statue for the Library of Congress, etc.
Mac-Mul'len, (JoHN,) D.D., a bishop, born at Bally-
nahin'ch, Ireland, March 8, 1833. He was taken in 1837
€ as k; c as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as 2; %h as in this. (3^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
MACNAB
1618
MACPHERSON
to Canada, and in 1843 ^° Chicago, graduated at Saint
Mary's College in 1853, studied at Rome, and was ordained
in 1858 to the Catholic priesthood. He became presi-
dent of Saint Mary's University, and in 1881 was made
Bishop of Davenport, Iowa. Died July 4, 1883.
Mac-Nab', (Sir ALLAN,) an officer in the British ser-
vice, born in Canada in 1798. He studied law, and was
elected to the legislature of Canada West. During the
insurrection of 1837 he commanded near Niagara, and
sent over the falls the steamboat Caroline, which had
been captured from the insurgents. He was the prin-
cipal minister during part of the period in which Lord
Elgin governed Canada. (1846-54.) He was knighted
for his services in the rebellion above mentioned. Died
in Canada in August, 1862.
MacNaghten, mak-naw'ten, (Sir WILLIAM,) a British
officer in the civil service of the East India Company,
was sent as envoy to Shah Soojah about 1840, and was
assassinated at Cabool by Akbar Khan in 1841.
Mac-Nal'ljf, (LEONARD,) an Irish barrister and dram-
atist, born in Dublin in 1752. He wrote "Fashionable
Levities," a successful comedy, and several operas and
farces, also "The Rules of Evidence." Died in 1820.
Mac-nee', (Sir DANIEL,) a Scottish portrait-painter,
born at Fintry in 1806. He was of humble origin, and
was in the main self-educated. He was knighted in
1876. Died at Edinburgh, January 18, 1882.
Mac-neil', (HECTOR,) a Scottish poet, born near
Roslin in 1746. He passed many of his early years in
the West Indies, probably as overseer, and returned to
Scotland about 1788. He published "The Harp," (1789,)
"Scotland's Skaith," (1795,) which was much admired,
and other poems. Died in 1818.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Mac-neil', (JOHN,) an American general, born in
New Hampshire in 1784, served with distinction at the
battle of Chippewa in 1814. Died in 1850.
Macneile, mak-neel', (Rev. HUGH,) D.D., an Irish
Protestant clergyman, born in the countjrfif Antrim about
1794. He preached several years in London, and be-
came the incumbent of Saint Paul's, near Liverpool, in
1848. He published "The Church and the Churches
of Christ," (1847,) ar|d other works. Died in 1879.
MacNeill, mak-neel', (Sir JOHN,) G.C.B., a British
officer and diplomatist, born at Colonsay in 1795. He
passed several years in the army of the East India Com-
pany. From 1835 until 1844 he was British ambassador
to the court of Persia, where he gained important in
formation respecting the policy and resources of several
Asiatic nations. In the winter of 1854-55 he was one
of two commissioners sent to the Crimea to inspect the
commissariat department. He was chosen a member of
the privy council in 1857. Died March 2, 1880.
Mac-nev'in, (WILLIAM JAMES,) born in Galway
county, in Ireland, in 1763, joined the United Irishmen
in the rebellion of 1791, and subsequently entered the
French army. In 1805 he removed to America, and
was appointed professor of chemistry in the Medical
College, New York. He was the author of " Rambles
in Switzerland," and several scientific works. Died in
1841.
Mac-nish', (ROBERT,) M.D., a Scottish author, burn
at Glasgow in 1802. He became one of the editors of
" Eraser's Magazine" in 1831. Among his works is "Tht
Philosophy of Sleep," (1830.) Died at Glasgow in 1837
See D. MOIR, "Life of R. Macnish," prefixed to a collection <A
his "Tales, Essays, and Sketches," 1839 and 1844; CHAMIH;
^Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen," (Supplement;)
" Fraser's Magazine" for December, 1835, (with a portrait.)
Macomb, ma-koom' or ma-kom', (ALEXANDER,) a
distinguished American general, born at Detroit in 1782.
ie served in the war of 1812, and, as brigadier-general,
in 1814, gained the victory of Plattsburg over the British
at the same time that Commodore Macdonough signally
defeated them on the lake. General Macomb was ap-
pointed in 1835 commander-in-chief of the United States
army. Died in 1841.
See the "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans,"
voL i.
Macomb, (WILLIAM H.,) an American conm
a son of General Alexander Macomb, was born in Mich-
igan in 1820. He entered the navy in 1834, served with
distinction through the war of 1861-65 with tne ra"k of
commander, and was made a commodore in 1870, Died
at Philadelphia, August 12, 1872.
Ma'con, (NATHANIEL,) an American statesman, born
in Warren county, North Carolina, in 1757. He served
as a private in the army from 1778 to 1782, and opposed
the adoption of the Constitution of the United States,
(1788.) In 1791 "he was elected a member of Congress
for a district of North Carolina, which he represented
until 1815. He was always a Democrat, and a strict-
constructionist. He was Speaker of the National House
of Representatives for three terms, (1801-06,) and be-
came a Senator of the United States in 1816. Hii
speeches were short, but effective. He served in the
Senate until 1826, having then been a member of Con-
gress for thirty-seven consecutive years. He died in
Warren county, North Carolina, in June, 1837. John
Randolph called him "the best and wisest man that I
ever knew."
Mac-Os'car, (WILLIAM,) a Scottish minor poet, born
at Lochwinnoch, May 7, 1806. He was a schoolmaster,
and lived many years in London. Died at Kilbarchan,
January 1 1, 1877. His " Poetical Works" were published
in 1878.
Mac-Pher'spu, (EDWARD,) LL.D., an American
author, was born at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 31,
1830. He graduated at Pennsylvania College in 1848,
and became a journalist. He was in Congress from 1859
to 1863, and was clerk of the lower house of Congress,
1863-69. He published a "Political History of the
United States," (1864,) a " Political Manual," and other
works. Died December 14, 1895.
Mac-pher'aon, (JAMES,) a Scottish poet, celebrated
as the translator or author of " Ossian," was born in In-
verness-shire in 1738. After leaving college he became
a school-teacher at Ruthven, and in 1 758 published " The
Highlander," a poem, which was not successful. In 1760
he surprised the literary world by the publication of
" Fragments of Ancient Poetry collected in the High-
lands of Scotland, and translated from the Gaelic or Erse
Language." These were admired by the poet Gray and
others, and a subscription was raised to aid Macpherson
in exploring the Highlands for other similar treasures.
The ostensible result of this search appeared in " Fingal,
an Epic Poem," (1762,) and "Temora, an Epic Poem,"
(1763,) which purported to be the work of Ossian, a
poet of the third century. These poems found many
enthusiastic admirers throughout Europe. An animated
controversy ensued about their authenticity, which was
defended by Dr. Blair and other eminent critics. Dr.
Johnson, on the other hand, confidently maintained that
they were forgeries. Many others adopt the theory that
he caught the spirit of the Ossianic poetry from the
tales of the old Celtic bards, but supplied from his own
invention much of the peculiar imagery and cloudy
verbiage which abound in his pretended translations.
About 1772 he settled in London, and produced a prose
version of the " Iliad," which was a failure, a " History
of Great Britain," and other works. He was a member
of Parliament from 1780 to 1790. Died in 1796.
See BLAIK, " Critical Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian," 1763 ,
H. MACKHNZIH, " Report of the Committee of the Highland Society
of Scotland," etc. : J. SINCLAIR, "On the Authenticity of Ossian'*
Poems," 1806. " Nouvelle Biographic Generate ;" CHAMBERS "Bio-
graphical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen;" Review of "Opaian,"
in the " Monthly Review" for January and February, 176*.
Mac-Fher'son, (JAMES BIRDSEYE,) an eminent Amer-
ican general, born in Sandusky county, Ohio, in Novem-
ber, 1828. He entered the Military Academy of West
Point in 1849, and graduated at the head of his class in
1853. Having been assigned to the corps of engineers,
tie was employed as engineer at New York, Fort Del-
aware, and Alcatraz Island, California. He obtained
the rank of first lieutenant in 1858, and that of captain
in August, 1861. In November ensuing he became
aide-de-camp to General Halleck, with the rank of lieu-
tenant-colonel. He served as chief engineer on General
Grant's staff at the capture of Fort Donelson, and at the
battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, 1862. In May of that
year he was appointed a colonel in the regular army,
and brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded a
i, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, o, u, y, snort: a., e, i, o, otseiite; far, fill, fat; met; ndt; good; moon-
MACPHERSON
1619
MACRO BIUS
division which broke through the lines of General Price,
then investing Corinth, and marched in to the relief of
the garrison in October. For this service he was pro-
moted to the rank of major-general on the 8th of Octo-
ber, 1862. Having obtained command of the seventeenth
army corps in December, he served under General Gi ant
in the campaign against Vicksburg. His corps gained a
victory at Raymond on the 12th of May, 1863, and, with
the aid of General Sherman's corps, defeated General
Joseph E. Johnston at Jackson on the I4th. Genera]
McPherson contributed to the victory of Champion's
Hills, and took part in two unsuccessful assaults on
the works of Vicksburg in May. For his services in this
campaign he was promoted to be a brigadier-general in
the regular army, to date from the capture of Vicksburg,
and was appointed commander of the district of Vicks-
burg, July, 1863. He served under Sherman in the
expedition to Meridian in February, 1864. In the next
month, General Grant, who had just been nominated
general-in-chief of all the Union armies, wrote a letter
to Sherman, in which he expressed his thanks to Sher-
man and McPherson as the men to whom he was most
indebted fir his success. On the I2th of March, McPher-
son was appointed commander of the department and
army of the Tennessee.
As commander of the army of the Tennessee, he
maintained his high reputation in the campaign which
Sherman conducted in Georgia. His army fought with
success against the rebels at Dallas on the 28th of May.
On the 27th of June, Generals Thomas and McPherson
assaulted the fortified lines ot Kenesaw Mountain, but
were repulsed with severe loss. By a flank movement
of the army of McPherson, General Johnston was induced
to abandon his strong position at Kenesaw about July 3,
and to retreat to Atlanta. After the Union armies had
advanced to the vicinity of Atlanta, the enemy adopted
a bolder policy, and made several attacks, in one of which
McPherson was killed, July 22, 1864. "About I P.M.
of this day," says General Grant, " the brave, accom-
plished, and noble-hearted McPherson was killed." (Re-
port, dated July 22, 1865.)
See TKNNHY, " Military History of the Rebellion."
Macpherson, (Sir JOHN,) born in Skye, Scotland,
about 1767, became a member of the supreme council
of Bengal in 1781. He acted as Governor-General of
India alter the retirement of Warren Hastings, (Feb-
ruary, 1785,) until July, 1786. Died in 1821.
Macquarie, ma-kwor're, (LACHLAN,) a British gene-
ral, born in the island of Mull in 1762. He served many
years in India, and fought against the French in Egypt in
1801. From 1809 to 1821 he was Governor of New South
Wales. About 1814 he obtained the rank of general.
Died in 1824.
Macquart, mfkaV, (Louis CHARLHS HENRI,) a
French mineralogist, born at Rheims in 1745. He pub-
lished a "Manual of the Properties of Water," (1783,)
and a " Dictionary of Health and Education," (2 vols.,
1800.) Died in iSoS.
Macquer, mfkaii;', (PHILIPPE,) a French litterateur
and advocate, born in Paris in 1720. He was author
of a "Chronological Abridgment of Ecclesiastical His-
tory," (2 vols., 1751,) "Roman Annals," (1756,) and an
"Abridged History of Spain and Portugal," (2 vols.,
1759,) (all in French,) which were received with favour.
Died in 1770.
See QUBRARD, "La France Litte'raire."
Macquer, (PIERRE JOSEPH,) a meritorious French
chemist and physician, born in Paris in 1718, was a
brother of the preceding. He discovered new properties
in many chemical substances, and is said to have been
the first who proved that the diamond is combustible,
(1771.) He published " Elements of Theoretical Chem-
istry," (1741,) and avaluable "Dictionary of Chemistry,"
(1766.) In 1745 he was elected a member of the Academ)
of Sciences. He succeeded Bourdelin as professor of
chemistry at the Jardin du Roi, and edited the scientific
department of the "Journal des Savants" from 1768 to
1776. Died in 1784.
Mac-quoid', (KATHARINE S.,) an English authoress,
born in Kentish Town, London, about 1835. Among
her works are many novels (" A Bad Beginning," (1862,)
"Hester Kirton," "Patty," (1871.) "Doris Barugh,''
(1878,) "Beside the River," " Fifine," etc.,) and some
books of travel, such as " Through Normandy,"
"Through Brittany," " In the Ardennes," etc. Some of
her works have been illustrated by her husband, Mr.
Thomas R. Macquoid.
Maoready, ma-kree'de, ( WILLIAM CHARLES, ) a
popular English tragic actor, born in London in 1793.
He made a successful debut at Birmingham in 1810, and
appeared on the London stage in 1816, when he per-
formed " Orestes" at Covent Garden with great applause.
His reputation was increased by his performance of the
" Virginius" of Sheridan Knowles, and of" Richard III."
and other leading characters of Shakspeare. From 1837
to 1839 he was lessee and manager of Covent Garden
Theatre. About 1842 he assumed the management of
Drury Lane ; but, as he failed to make it profitable, he
kept it only two or three seasons. He performed with
great success in the principal cities of the United States
in 1848 and 1849. While he was in this country, a
quarrel between him and Edwin Forrest resulted in a
serious riot in New York. He retired from the stage
in 1851. Died April 27, 1873.
Macret, ma"lcRi', (CHARLES FRANCOIS ADRIKN,) a
French engraver, born at Abbeville in 1750; died in
I7S3-
Mac-rl-a'nus, [Fr. MACRIEN, mt'kRg-^N',) (MARCUS
FULVIUS,) a Roman emperor, born in Kcypt. He rose
from the lowest to the highest rank in the army. The
emperor Valerian having been taken prisoner by the
Persians, a part of the army, in 261 A.D., chose for his
successor Macrianus, who was then an old man. In
262 he was defeated in Illyricum, and put to death, by
Domitian, a general of Gallienus.
Macrien. See MACRIANUS.
Macrin. See MACRINUS, and SALMON, (JEAN.)
Macrino d'Alba, ma-kRee'no dal'ba, an Italian
painter, born at Alba, near Turin, about 1460. He was
among the most skilful artists of his time, and one of the
first to adopt the modern style. Many of his works are
preserved at Turin and Alba. Died about 1520.
See LANZI, "History of Painting in Italy."
Macrinus, mS'kRe'niiss', (CHARLES SALMON,) a
French writer, was a brother of Jean the poet, and pre-
ceptor to Catherine of Navarre. He was a victim of the
Massacre of Saint Bartholomew, (1572.)
Ma-cii'iius, [Fr. MACRIN, ma"kRaN',] (M. OPELIUS
or OPILIUS,) a Roman emperor, was born of obscure
! parents in Mauritania in 164 A.D. lie obtained the high
office of prefect of the praetorians under Caracalla. In
April, 217 A.D., he instigated the assassination of Cara-
calla, and was proclaimed emperor by the army, whose
choice was confirmed by the senate. In the same year
he was defeated by the Parthians at Nisibis. He was
defeated near Antioch in June, 218, by the partisans of
Elagabalus, and put to death.
MacRit/chie, (DAVID,) a Scotch folk-lorist, born
at Edinburgh in 1851. He became a student of
ethnology and folk-lore, and wrote "Ancient and
Modern Britons," (1884,) " Testimony of Tradition,"
(1890,) " Fians, Fairies, and Picts," (1893,) etc.
Ma'cro, [Fr. MACRON, ma"kR6N',| (N/Evius SERTO-
R1US,) a profligate Roman courtier, who enjoyed the
favour of the emperor Tiberius and was the principa-
agent in the arrest of Sejanus. After the death of
Sejanus, he became prefect of the praetorian guard. He
was put to death by Caligula in 38 A.D.
Macrobe. See MACROBIUS.
Ma-cro'bI-UB,[Fr. MACROHE, mi'kRob',](AMBROSius
AURELIUS THEODOSIUS,) a grammarian and writer, who
is supposed to have lived at Rome in the fifth century-
It is not known whether he was a Christian or a pagan, a
Greek or a Roman. He was the author of three Latin
works which have come down to us, a " Treatise on the
Latin and Greek Verb," a "Commentary on the Dream
of Scipio," and a series of curious and valuable essays
on history, mythology, criticism, etc., entitled "Saturna-
' liorum Conviviorum Libri Septem."
£,- cas s; gAarJ; gas;;G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; til as in this.
xplanations, p. ;
MACTYEIRE
1620
MADISON
Mactyeire, mak-te-air', ? (HOLLAND NIMMONS,)
n D., a Methodist divine, born in South Carolina in
^824, became editor of the "Christian Advocate," at
Nashville, and was chosen a bishop of the Southern
Methodist Church in 1866. Died February 15, 1889.
MacVeagh, mac-va', (WAYNE,) LL.D., an American
lawver, born at Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, April 19, 1833,
graduated at Yale College in 1853, became a lawyer, was
United States minister to Turkey from 1872 to 1873, and
in 1881 was appointed attorney-general of the United I
States. He was chairman of the Civil Service
Association of Philadelphia and of the Indian Rights
Association, and was ambassador to Italy 1893-97.
Mac-vick'ar, (JOHN,) D.D., an American Episcopal
divine, born in New York in 1787. He was appointed
in 1817 professor of moral philosophy and rhetoric
Columbia College. He published " Outlines of Political
Economy," " The Professional Years of Bishop Hobart,
and other works. Died October 29, 1868.
Mac-Vick'ar, (WILLIAM NEILSOIN,) D.D., an Amer-
ican c'lergyman.'born in New York city, October 19, 1843.
He graduated at Columbia College in 1865, was rector
of Holy Trinity Church, New York, 1868-75, and became
Madeleine. See MAGDALENE.
Madelenet, mtd'leh-na', (GABRIEL,) a French poet,
born in the Auxerrois about 1587, lived mostly in Pans.
He composed elegant Latin odes. Died in 1661.
Mader, ma'der, (JOACHIM JOHANN,) aGerman philol-
ogist, born at Hanover in 1626. He published editions
of some Latin and Greek Fathers, and wrote " De Coro-
nis sacriset profanis," (1662.) Died in 1680.
Maderno, mi-deVno, (CARLO,) an eminent Italian
architect, born in Lombardy in 1556. He studied or
worked with his uncle, Domenico Fontana, in Rome.
Having acquired a great reputation, he obtained about
1614 the title of architect of Saint Peter's Church, and
" e pope to finish the anterior part. He
original plan by adopting the form of
a i^auii 1.1 u=>= u.=Lead of a Greek cross. His additions
to this edifice are condemned by Milizia and others.
Among his best works is the Mattei palace. Died in
1629.
' Nouvelle Biographic G^neiale."
Maderno, (STEFANO,) an Italian sculptor, born near
hurches of Rome
. (FDR.ca learned Ger-
W rt " l,R7fi "The Andeol in 1785. He showed firmness and sagacity in the
ti^'^^A^^ aK^^d M^ %"$? * *" ^
«ral of his pictures are very popular as en- abM^™ y^,) ' D.D.,: an. American prelate, born
in 1875. In 1898 he was appointed coadjutor bishop |
^^K^t^^ L^^n^^=^u^b--B^gS:
KXr-Tht LtdTofttToodJ" i.sS"-- Andeolin^. He showed firmness and sagacity in the
Lord of the i
etc. Seve
gravings.
Macwhorter, mak-hwur'ter, ? (ALEXANDER,) a Pres-
byterian minister, born in New Castle county, Delaware,
in 1734. He preached many years at Newark, New Jer-
sey. Died in 1807.
Madai, von, von mod'oy, (DAVID SAMUEL,) a Hun-
garian numismatist, born at Schemnitz in 1709. He pub-
lished a work entitled "A Complete Cabinet of Medals,'
(1765-74.) Died in 1780.
Mad'an, (MARTIN,) an English clergyman, born near
Hertford' in 1726. He became a popular preacher at the
Lock Hospital, and published, besides other works,
Thelyphthora," in which he advocated polygamy. Died
in 1790.
Madan, (SPENCER,) a brother of the
jreceding, be
n Rockingham county, Virginia, in 1 749, became Episco-
pal Bishop of Virginia in 1790. He had been previously
jlected president of William and Mary College. Died
n 1812.
Madison, (JAMES,) an eminent American statesman,
he fourth President of the United States, born in King
George county, Virginia, on the i6th of March, 1751,
was a son of Colonel James Madison and Eleanor or
Nelly Conway. He entered Princeton College, New
Jersey, in 1769, and graduated in 1771, after which he
studied law. In 1776 he was elected a member of the
Assembly or Convention of Virginia. He was defeated
in the election of 1777 because he refused to "treat" the
voters; but he was elected a member of the Geneial
Congress by the Assembly of Virginia in 1779. From
this period he was one of the most prominent men in
the political history of the republic. He was re-elected
in 1786, and was a member of the National Convention
which met at Philadelphia in 1787 to form the Constitu-
tion of the United States. He took a prominent part
in the debates on the Constitution, and advocated the
adoption of the same by a series of able essays, forming
part of "The Federalist," which is the joint production
of Hamilton, Madison, and Jay. Madison was a mem-
ber of the Virginia Convention which, after a spirited
contest, adopted the Federal Constitution by a small
majority in June, 1788. He became a member of Con-
gress in 1789, and united with the Republicans as a
moderate opponent of the administration of Washington
and the financial measures of Hamilton. He was dis-
posed to be a mediator rather than a partisan in '
the
came Bishop of Peterborough. Died in 1813
Madan, (Rev. SPENCER,) a son of Martin, noticed
above, was born in 1759. He was an eloquent preacher,
and obtained the living of Ibstock and the prebend of
Peterborough. For about thirty years he was chaplain
to the king. Died in 1836.
Mad'den, (Sir FREDERICK,) an eminent English
antiquary, 'born at Portsmouth in 1801, was appointed
keeper of the manuscripts in the British Museum in
1837. He was a valuable contributor to British history,
and edited many works, among which are " Havelock
the Dane," (1828,) and "Layamon's Brut, or Chronicle
of Britain," (1847.) Died March 8, 1873.
Mad'den, (RICHARD ROBERT,) an Irish physician
and writer on various subjects, was born in Dublin in
1798. Among his numerous works are "Travels in
Turkey, Egypt, and Palestine," (2 vols., 1829,) "The
Lives and Times of the United Irishmen^' (7 vols) _ ^ __ __ .. _
and "Memoirs and Correspondence of the Countess o |),,rothy Paine, a woman eminent for her virtues and
Blessington," (3 vols., 1855.) Died in 1886. ' accomplishments. He declined the office of secretary
Madden, (SAMUEL,) an Irish clergyman and writer, of s(ate vacate(j by Jefferson in December, 1793, ar4
whom Dr. Johnson said Ireland ought to honour, was contjnue(j to serve in Congress until 1797. He opposed
born in 1687. He was noted for public spirit, and founded
at Dublin a society for the promotion of the arts by pre-
miums. He wrote "Memoirs of the Twentieth Cen-
tury," (1732,) and the " Monument of Boulter," a poem.
Died in 1765.
Maddersteg, mad'der-ste'G', (MICHAEL,) a Dutch
painter of marine views, etc., born at Amsterdam in
1659, worked in Berlin. Died in 1709.
Mad'dpx, (ISAAC,) born in London in 1697, became
Bishop of Worcester in 1743. He wrote a " Review of
Neal's History of the Puritans." Died in 1759.
dissensions which arose among the founders of the re-
public. In 1794 he married Dorothy Todd, originally
the alien and sedition laws of 1798, and was the author
of a series of resolutions adopted by the Assembly of
Virginia and known as the Resolutions of 1798, which
protested against all attempts to increase the power of
the Federal government by forced constructions of gen-
eral clauses of the Constitution. He was appointed
secretary of state by President Jefferson in Maich, 1801,
and filled that office for eight years in such a manner as
to acquire the confidence and approbation of the people.
Having been nominated for the Presidency by a caucus
of Republican members of Congress, he was elected n
i, e, i, 6, u, v, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, ?, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; m£t; nSt; good; moon;
MADLER
1621
MAECENAS
p
b
iSoS, receiving one hundred and twenty-two electoral
votes out of one hundred and seventy-five, which was
the whole number. Charles C. Pinckney, the Federal
candidate, received forty-seven votes. On entering upon
the office of President, March 4, 1809, he found the United
States involved in difficulties and disputes with the British
government, which had offended the Americans by im-
pressing seamen and by searching American vessels for
deserters, and had injured their commerce by orders
in council. His cabinet at first consisted Oi Twyuert
Smith, secretary of state, Albert Gallatin, secretary of
the treasury, William Eustis, secretary of war, and Paul
Hamilton, secretary of the navy.
In May, 1810, Congress passed a non-intercourse act.
The President sent to Congress a special message on
the subject of British aggressions about the 1st of June,
1812, and war was declared on the l8th of the same
month. A few days later the British ministry repealed
their orders in council in relation to the rights of neu-
trals, but they refused to satisfy the Americans in relation
to the impressment of seamen. In the autumn of 1812
Mr. Madison was re-elected to the Presidency by one
hundred and twenty eight electoral votes. His com-
petitor was De Witt Clinton, who received eighty-nine
votes. The slave States, with Pennsylvania, Ohio, and
Vermont, voted for Madison. A strong party in the
United States was opposed to the war of 1812, which
was waged with various success on land and sea. Com-
modore Perry gained a naval victory on Lake Erie in
September, 1813. About the 3d of July, 1814, a small
American army invaded Canada, gained a victory at
Chippewa, and fought a severe battle at Lundy's Lane,
or Niagara, (July 25,) in which the Americans lost 743
killed and wounded and the British lost 878. In August
of that year a small British force ascended the Chesa-
eake, took Washington by a sudden movement, and
urned the Capitol. A treaty of peace was signed at
Ghent, December 24, 1814; but, before the tidings of
this event had reached the United States, General Jack-
son gained a signal victory over the British at New
Orleans, January 8, 1815. In 1816 Madison approved a
bill which Congress had passed to charter the Bank of
the United States for twenty years. On the 4th of March,
1817, he retired from public life. He passed the re-
mainder of his days on his farm at Montpelier, Orange
county, Virginia. He was a member of the Virginia
Convention called in 1829 to revise the Constitution of
'he State. Died at Montpelier, June 28, 1836.
"This great statesman and philosopher," says R. W.
Griswold, "was the confidential, personal, and political
friend of Jefferson ; but in almost every respect their
characters were essentially different. Mr. Madison's in-
tellect was of a far higher order, and its ascendency over
his passions was nearly perfect. His triumphs were
those of pure reason. His public and private life were
above reproach. . . . His writings on the Constitution
and other subjects were second only to those of Hamilton
in ability and influence; and his extensive information,
sound judgment, skill as a logician, and unvarying cour-
tesy, secured him the highest consideration in the Con-
gresses of which he was a member." (" Prose Writers
of America.") He left in manuscript " Reports of the
Debates in the National Convention of 1788," which
were purchased by Congress after his death, and pub-
lished in 3 vols., (1840.) This is a work of great value to
students of political philosophy.
See WM. C. RIVES, " History of the Life and Times of James
Madison," 3 vols., 1859-1868, (unfinished. This work extends only
to 1797;) JOHN Q. ADAMS, "Life of James Madison." 1850; BAN-
CROFT, " History of the United States;" "National Portrait-Gallery
of Distinguished Americana, "vol. iii. ; " New American Cyclopedia ;'
*" Quarterly Review" tor September, 1812.
Madler or Maedler, m£d'ler, (JOHANN HEINRICH,)
a German astronomer, born in Berlin in 1794. In con-
junction with Beer, he produced an excellent lunar chart,
— " Mappa Selenographica," (1834-36.) In 1840 he was
appointed professor of astronomy and director of the
Observatory of Dorpat. He published, besides other
works, "The Existence of a Central Sun," (1846,) and
" Researches into the System of Fixed Stars," which is
highly commended. Died March 14, 1874.
See BROCKHAUS, " Conversations- Lexikon."
Mad'oc or Madog, the second son of Owen Gwy-
nedd, Prince of Wales, lived in the twelfth century.
Some writers favour the hypothesis that he discovered
America about 1170, at which period he was compelled
to leave Wales by a successful rebellion against his
dynasty. Tradition informs us that he sailed from Wales
on a second expedition to the newly-discovered shores,
and was never heard from after. His history furnishei
the subject of Southey's poem entitled "Madoc."
MacVog. See MADOC.
Maclou, int'doo', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a Belgian painter
Sid engraver, born in Brussels in 1796; died April 3,
1877-
Madox, (ISAAC.) See MADDOX.
Mad'px, (THOMAS,) an eminent English antiquary,
was an inmate of the Middle Temple, London, and
was called to the bar about 1704. He was a diligent
collector of old legal and historical records, and obtained
the title of royal historiographer. His principal work
is "The History and Antiquities of the Exchequer of
the Kings of England from the Norman Conquest to
the End of the Reign of Edward II.," (1711.) He also
published " Firma Burgi ; or, A Historical Essay con-
cerning the Cities, Towns, and Boroughs of England,"
(1726.) Died about 1735.
See NICHOLS and BOWYHR, " Literary Anecdotes."
Madoz, ml-d6th', (PASCHAL,) a Spanish author and
liberal statesman, was born at Pampeluna in 1806. He
chose the profession of the law, and was appointed a
judge at Barcelona in 1835. He edited a "Universal
Geographical Dictionary," (1831-34,) — a work of de-
cided merit. Having been elected a deputy to the
Cortes, he removed to Madrid, where he devoted much
time to an arduous and successful enterprise, as editor
of a voluminous " Geographical - Historical Dictionary
of Spain," (1848,) which is, perhaps, the most com-
plete and excellent work of the kind ever published.
Madoz became a leader of the party called Progre-
sistas, and was minister of finance for about four months
in 1855. Died December II, 1870.
See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Madrazo, de, da ma-DRa'tho, (Don FEDERICO,) a
Spanish painter, a son of the following, was born at
Rome in 1815. He painted portraits with success, and
became court painter at Madrid. He gained a medal of
the first class in 1855. Died June 10, 1894.
Madrazo y Agudo, de, da ma-DRa'tho e i-goo'oo,
( Don JOSE, ) a Spanish painter of history and portraits,
born at Santander in 1781. He became court painter to
Ferdinand VII., and director of the Academy of Madrid.
Died in 1859.
Madrid, de, da mio-reo', ( JOSE FERNANDEZ,) born
at Carthagena, South America, in 1789. He was chosen
president of the republic of New Granada in 1816, but
in the same year was made prisoner by the Spaniards.
After an imprisonment of nine years in Havana, he
escaped in 1825, after which he was employed by Bolivar
as secret agent in Paris. He wrote " Atala," a tragedy.
Died in 1830.
Madrolle, mS'dRol', (ANTOINE,) a French writer on
religion and politics, born at Saint-Seine in 1792. He
published numerous works, in which he advocated ultra-
montane doctrines. Died in 1861.
Madvig, mad'vig, (JOHANN or JENS NIKOLAI,) a
Danish philologist, born in the isle of Bornholm in 1804.
He was appointed minister of public instruction in 1848.
Among his works are " Opuscula Academica," 2 vols.,
(1834-42,) a noted " Latin Grammar," (1841,) and edition!
of Latin authors. Died in 1886.
Maecenas, me-see'nas, [It. MECENATE, mj-cha-na'tl,
orMECENATO; Fr. MECENE, ma'sin',] (CAlusClLNius,)
a celebrated patron of literature at Rome, was born prob-
ably about 70 B.C. He was descended from an ancient
and royal Etruscan family, and belonged to the eques-
trian order. (Horace, Carm. I. 1-20.) He was the friend
of Octavius before his accession as the emperor Augus-
tus. His fidelity and talents having been approved in
many important negotiations, Octavius intrusted to him
the administration of Rome during his absence in 36 B.C.
when he went to war against Sextus Pompeius. After
the battle of Actium (31 A.D.) had rendered Octaviui
« as/J; {as s; ^hard; gas/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sast; th asinMw.
xplanations, p.
MMCIANUS
1622
MAGALOTT1
master ot Rome, he is said to have followed the counsel
of Maecenas in founding an empire instead of restoring
the republic. Agrippa and Maecenas were the favourites
and chief ministers of Augustus for many years. The
political career of the latter ended about 16 B.C. Mae-
cenas was versed in Greek and Roman literature, and
rendered his name memorable by his liberal patronage
of Horace, Virgil, and other poets, who were his intimate
friends. His name had become proverbial as a patron
of letters as early as the time of Martial. It is said that
Virgil's " Georgics" was written at the request of Mae-
cenas. In the councils of state he advocated mild arid
liberal measures and the free expression of opinions.
He wrote several mediocre works, of which only small
fragments are extant. Died in 8 B.C.
See A. Rivmus, " Dissertationes II. de Mzcenate," 1649-52
HENRI RICHER, "Vie de MteSnas," 1746; R. SCHOMBERG, "Lift
of Maecenas," London, 1766; C. CAPORALI, "Vita di Mecenate,'
1604 ; S. VIOLA, " Storia di C. C. Mecenato," 1816 : FRANDSEN. " C.
C. Mzcenas," etc., 1843; MEIBOMIUS, " De C. C. Msecenatis Vita,1'
1653; BELLMAN, "Maecenas Literatorum Patronus," Upsal, 1705-
TACITUS, "Annales," books i., iii., vi., and xiv. ; DION CASSIUS.
" History of Rome."
Msecianus, me-se-a'nus, (Lucius VOL.USIUS,) a
Roman jurist of the second century. He was a legal
adviser of Antoninus Pius, and a preceptor of Marcus
Aurelius. He wrote " De Fideicommissis," and other
works, of which extracts are found in the "Digest."
Maeder, (FREDERICK GEORGE,) an American
actor and playwright, born at New York in 1840. He
played in many parts, dramatized a number of novels,
and wrote several plays. The best known of these
are "Help," " Shamus O'Brien," "The Runaway
Wife," and "The Canuck." Died in 1891.
Maedler. See MADLER.
Maelzel. See MALZF.L.
Maenades, men'a-dez, [from ftaivn/tat, to "rave,") a
name of the priestesses of BACCHUS, (which see.)
Maerlandor Maeriaut, van, van mai'iant, (JACOB,)
an early Flemish poet, born about 1235, is called "the
father of Flemish poetry." He was a person of uncom-
mon information and learning for that age. Among his
works are " Sentences from Aristotle," "The War of
Troy," and " Wapen Martyn." Died in 1300.
Maes. See MAAS.
Maes, mis, (ANDREAS,) a Belgian Orientalist, born
in Brabant in 1515 or 1516 ; died in 1573.
Maes, mSs. <CAMILLUS PAUL,) D.D., a bishop, born
at Courtrai, Belgium, March 13, 1846. He graduated
in 1863 at the College of Courtrai, studied divinity at
Hinges and Louvain, was ordained a Roman Catholic
priest in 1868, came to America in 1869, was stationed
chiefly in Detroit, and in 1884 was appointed
Covington.
Maestlin. See MASTI.IN.
Mae'terlinck, (MAURICE,) a Belgian dramatist,
born at Ghent in 1864. He has been called the
'Belgian Shakspeare," and became well known by
" La Princesse Maleine," ( 1890, i which was foil
by various other plays, essays, etc.
Masvius, mee've-us, an obscure Roman poetaster of
the Augustan age, acquired notoriety by his envious
attacks on the best poets of his time. His name has
been saved from oblivion by the ridicule of Virgil, who
mentions him in his Third Eclogue. The name of
Gilford's satiric poem "The Mzviad" is derived from
Msevius.
Maffei, maf-fa'ee, (ANDREA,) an Italian poet, born at
Riva di Trento in 1802. He published several volumes
of original verse, but is chiefly knuwn for his excellent
translations from other literatures, mainly English and
German. Died in 1885.
Maffei, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian painter, born at
Vicenza. He imitated Paul Veronese in colouring. His
style is grand, but rather exaggerated. Died about 1660.
Maffei, (FRANCESCO SCII'IONE,) MARQUIS, a cele-
brated Italian scholar and author, born at Verona in
June, 1675. He made a campaign in the service of
Bavaria, and distinguished himself at Donauwerth in
1704, but soon renounced the military profession and
devoted himself to literature. In 1713 he produced
" Merope," a tragedy, which was highly applauded, and
ran through seventy editions in forty years. His prin-
cipal work, "Verona Illustrata," (2 vols. fol., 1731,)
treats of the origin, history, and literary history of
Verona. It is admirable for profound research, sound
criticism, and elegant style. He also wrote "Introduc-
tion to the Science of Diplomatics," ("Istoria diplo-
matica che serve d'Introduzione all' Arte critica in tal
Materia,") and other works. He was a member of the
Royal Societies of London and of Berlin. Died in 1755.
Maffei, [Lat. MAFFVE'IUS or MAPHJE'US,] (GIOVANNI
PIETRO,) an excellent Italian writer, born at Bergamo
in 1535. He went to Rome and entered the order of
Jesuits in 1565, after which he lectured on eloquence for
six years at the Roman College with great success. His
most celebrated work is "Historiae Indicae," ("History
of India," 1588,) of which the style is the chief merit.
" Maffei," says Hallam, " threw all the graces of a pure
Latin style over his description of the East." He wrote
a" Life of Loyola,"(i585,) and other works. Died in 1603.
See TlRABosCHi, "Storia della Letteratura Italiana;" NICERON,
" Memoires."
Maffei, (PAOLO ALESSANDRO,) an Italian antiquary,
born at Volterra in 1653. He published a "Collection
of Ancient and Modern Statues, with Critical Observa-
tions," and another esteemed work, illustrative of ancient
gems, ("Gemme antiche figurate," 1707.) Died in 1716.
Maffei, (RAFFAELLO,) also called Raffaello Volter-
rano, raf-fa-el'lo vol-ter-ra'no, an Italian scholar, born
at Volterra in 1451. His most important work is "Com-
mentarii Urbani," which treats of geography, biography,
sciences, etc. It was reprinted at Paris in 1526. Died
at Rome in 1522.
Maffeo (or Maffei) Vegio, maf-fa'o va'jo, [Lat.
MAPH/ii'rs YE'(;II:S,| one of the most eminent Latin
poets of the fifteenth century, was born at Lodi in 1406.
He became a resident of Rome, and was appointed
secretary of briefs and datary by Eugene IV. Besides
.several reiigi'ms works in prose, he composed Latin
poems, entitled "The Golden Fleece," (" Astyanax Vel-
lus Aureum,") and "vEneidos Supplementum," (1471,)
a continuation of Virgil's great epic. The last was the
mostadmi:< .mrks. He was highly praised by
Scaliger. Died in 1458.
Sec TiRABo<;i:in. "Storia della Letteratura Italiana;" BAYLB,
cal and Critical Dictionary ;" NICBRON. " Memoires."
Maf'fitt, ( I ins NEWLAND, ) a noted Methodist
preacher, born at Dublin, Ireland, in 1794. Having
(-migrated to the United States in 1819, he became
in 1833 associate editor of the "Western Methodist,'
published at Nashville, Tennessee. lie was electee
professor of elocution at La Grange College, Alabama,
in 1837. Died in 1850.
Mafoma- See MOHAMMED.
Magalhaens. See MAGKLI.IN.
Magalhaens, ma-si! -y.Ve'xs. (GABRIEL,) a Portu-
guese missionary, born near Coimbra in 1609, laboured
in the Jesuit missions in China from 1640 until his death,
in 1677, and wrote a "Description of China," (1688.)
Magalhaens de Gandavo, de. <ii ma-gal-yi'e.Ns
da gan-di'vo, (PEDRO,) a Portuguese historian, born at
Braga about 1550. He passed some years in Brazil, and
published at Lisbon in 1576 a "History of Brazil," a
work of some merit.
Magalon, mf'gt'16N', (JEAN DENIS,) a French write,
and journalist, born at Bagnoles in 1794; died about 1840.
Magalotti, ma-ga-lot'tee, ( LORENZO, ) COUNT, an
Italian philosopher, bom at Rome in 1637, was versed
in ancient and modern languages. He became a resident
of Florence, the grand duke of which employed him en
diplomatic missions to Vienna and Mantua. Among his
works are a treatise against atheism, called " Familiar
Letters," (1719,) "Scientific and Learned Letters,"
(" Lettere scientifiche ed erudite." 1721,) nnri "Ana-
creontic Songs," (1723.) "The Letters of Magalotti
and of Redi," says Hallam, "seem to do more credit
than anything else to this period," (of Italian literature.)
Died in 1712.
a, e, t, o, u, y, lint;; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1,0, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fall, fit; met; nflt; good; moon;
MAGANZA
1623
MA GILL
Maganza, mi-gin'zi, (ALESSANDRO,) an Italian his-
torical painter, born at Vicenza in 1556. He imitated
Paul Veronese with moderate success. Died in 1630.
Alessandro had three sons, who were promising artists ;
but they died prematurely before their father.
See A. M. MKNKGHELLI, " Elogio di A. Maganza," 1845; LANZI,
" History of Painting in Italy."
Maganza, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA,) an Italian painter,
surnamed IL MAGAGNO, (el ma-gan'yo,) born at Vicenza
in 1509, was the father of the preceding. He was a
pupil of Titian, and was successful in portraits and his-
tory. He was author of a volume of poems, (" Rime,")
published in 1570. Died in 1589.
See LANZI, " History of Painting in Italy ;" BALDINUCCI, " No-
tixie "
Maganza, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA,) a painter of the
Venetian school, born at Vicenza in 1577, was a son and
pupil of Alessandro, noticed above. Died in 1617.
Ma'gas, [Gr. Ma>af,] a king of Gyrene, and a step-
son of Ptolemy Soter. Died in 258 B.C.
Magati, mj-ga'tee, or Magatti, ma-gat'tee, [Lat
MAGA'TUS,] (CESARE,) an eminent Italian surgical writer,
born at Scandiano in 1579. He wrote " De rara Medi-
catione Vulnerum," (1616.) Died in 1647.
Magatus. See MAGATI.
Mag'da-lene or Mag'da-len, [Fr. MADELEINE or
MADELINE, mid'lin',] (MARY,) an eminent Christian
saint, was probably born at Magdala, in Galilee. She
was one of the personal followers of Christ, by whom
she was "healed of evil spirits and infirmities." (See
Luke viii. 2.) Nothing appears to be known of her his-
tory in addition to the facts narrated by the four Evan-
gelists. (See Matthew xxvii. and xxviii., Mark xvi., and
John xix. 25 and xx. 1-18.) The learned differ on the
question of her identity with Mary the sister of Lazarus
of Bethany. The prevalent notion that her morals were
very depraved before her conversion appears to have no
real foundation.
Ma-gee'. (WILLIAM,) Archbishop of Dublin, was
born in Ireland in 1765. . He opposed Unitarianism in
" Discourses on the Scriptural Doctrines of the Atone-
ment," (2 vols., 1801,) which procured for him a wide
reputation. He became Bishop of Raphoe in 1819, and
Archbishop of Dublin in 1822. Died in 1831.
Magee, (WILLIAM CONNOR,) D.D., a prelate, a
grandson of the preceding, was born at Cork, Decem-
ber 17, 1821. He was educated at Kilkenny College,
and at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1864 he was made
Dean of Cork, and soon after dean of the Chapel
Royal, Dublin. In 1868 he was consecrated Bishop of
Peterborough, (Anglican,) and in 1891 became Arch-
bishop of York. Died May 5, 1891.
Magellan, ma-jel'lan, [Sp. pron. ml-hel-yan'; Port.
MAGALHAENS, ma-gil-ya'gNs,] (FERNANDO,) a Portu-
guese navigator, distinguished for his skill, enterprise,
and important discoveries, was born about 1470. He
terved several years in the East Indies under Aibu-
querque, and took part in the capture of Malacca in
1511. A few years later he offered his services to
Charles V., and received command of a fleet of five
vessels and 230 men. With these he sailed, September,
1319, with a view to find a western route to the East
Indies. He passed the winter of 1520 (from May to
September) in the Bay of Saint Julian, about 49° south
latitude, where a serious mutiny or conspiracy was sup-
pressed by the execution of two captains of vessels. In
October, 1520, he discovered and passed through the
strait which bears his name. Pursuing his course through
the great ocean of which he was the first navigator,
and which he named the Pacific, he discovered the La-
drones about the 6th of March, 1521. He proceeded
thence to the Philippine Isles, and was amicably received
by the Prince of Zebu or Cebu. Having become an ally
of this prince in a war against another small island of
the same group, Magellan was killed in battle in April,
1521. One of his ships, the Vittoria, commanded by
Sebastian del Cano, returned to Spain, and was the first
that circumnavigated the globe. An Italian named Pi-
gafetta accompanied Magellan in this last voyage, and
kept a journal, which was published. (See PIGAFETTA.)
Magellan or Magalhaens, ( JoXo JACINTO,) was
born at Lisbon in 1723. He emigrated to England
about 1764, cultivated natural philosophy with success,
and was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society, (1774.)
He wrote a " Description of English Octants and Sex-
tants," and other scientific treatises. Died near London
in 1790.
Magendie, mfzhoN'de', (FRANC.OIS,) an eminent
French physiologist and physician, was born at Bor-
deaux on the 1 5th of October, 1783, and was educated
in Paris. He became demonstrator of anatomy in the
Faculty of Medicine, Paris, about 1805. In 1816 he
produced a manual of physiology, " Precis elementaire
de Physiologic," which was translated into German and
English. He was admitted into the Academy of Sci-
ences about 1821, and became professor of anatomy or
medicine in the College of France in 1831. His experi-
ments contributed greatly to the progress of physiology.
Among his important services was the discovery or
demonstration of the functions of the spinal nerves. The
honour of this discovery, however, is shared by Charles
Bell. Magendie discovered that in the circulation of
the blood, the arteries act not by irritability, but by elas-
ticity, and proved that the veins are organs of absorption.
He experimented on living animals more than any of his
predecessors. Among his principal works are " Lectures
on the Physical Phenomena of Life," (" Le9ons sur les
Phenomenes physiques de la Vie," 4 vols., 1836-42,)
and " Lectures on the Functions and Diseases of the
Nervous System," (2 vols., 1839.) He founded in 1821
the "Journal of Experimental Physiology," which he
continued to edit until 1831. He was appointed presi-
dent of the board of public health (comiti cotisultotif
(Thygiint publique) in 1848. Died in October, 1855.
See. FLOUKENS, "filoge historique de F. Masendie," 1858; Do-
BOIS^ D' AMIENS, " Eloge de Magendie;" " Nouvelle Biographic
G^nerale."
Magenta, Due DE. See MACMAHON.
Mageoghegan, (JAMES.) See MACGEOHEGAN.
Maggi, mid'jee, [Lat. MAD'DIUS,] (CARLO MARIA,)
an Italian poet, born at Milan in 1630. He became a
member of the Academy Delia Crusca, and professor
of Greek in Milan. His works consist of Greek, Latin,
and Italian poems, of Letters, etc. " Maggi bore an
honourable part," says Hallam, "in the restoration of
poetry." Died in 1699.
See L. A. MURATOKI, " Vita di C. M. Maggi, Milanese," 1700;
TIRABOSCHI, " Storia della Letteratura Italians. "
Maggi, (GIOVANNI,) an Italian painter and etcher,
born in Rome about 1566; died after 1618.
Maggi, (GiROLAMO,) a lawyer and writer, born at
Anghiari, in Tuscany. About 1560 he settled in Venice,
where he published several works, among which were
" The War of Flanders," a poem, and " Variae Lee-
tiones." Having been made prisoner by the Turks in
Cyprus, he attempted to escape, was recaptured, and
strangled in Constantinople in 1572.
Maggi, (LuciLio FILALTEO,) a learned Italian physi-
cian, was born at Brescia about 1510. He obtained the
chair of medicine in the University of Pavia about 1553.
He wrote "Familiar Letters" ("Epistolae Familiares")
on the literary history of Italy. Died about 1570.
Maggio, mad'jo, or Magio, ma'jo, (FRANCESCO
MARIA,) a monk, born at Palermo in 1612, became
skilled in Oriental languages. He was employed as a
missionary in Syria, Georgia, etc., and wrote a " Gram-
mar of the Georgian Language." Died in 1686.
Ma'gi, a religious sect or priestly caste of ancien:
Persia, which had exclusive possession of scientific
knowledge. They worshipped fire and the sun, and
were reformed by Zoroaster. In the Gospel certain
members of this caste are mentioned as " wise men of
the East." ( See Matthew ii. I.) In process of time
the term Magi became synonymous with philosophers,
learned men, astronomers, and soothsayers, or dealers
in magic arts.
Ma-gUl', (EDWARD H.,) LL.D., an American educator
and scholar, was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania,
September 24, 1825. He graduated at Brown University,
Providence, Rhode Island, in 1852. The same year he
became principal of the classical department of the Prov
« as k; c as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as »; th as in this. ( J^="See Explanations, p. 23. >
MA G1N1
1624
MAGNUS
fdence High School, which position he held till 1859,
when he was appointed sub-master of the Boston Latin
School. Having in 1867 resigned his place in the Latin
School, he spent some time in foreign travel. From 1871
to 1890 he was president of Swarthmore College, and
subsequently professor of French there. The high de-
gree of prosperity which that institution enjoys is due
in no small measure both to his rare skill as an in-
structor and to his wise and efficient government. Dr.
Magill is a zealous advocate of the co-education of the
sexes, and the complete and signal success of this system
at Swarthmore furnishes a practical argument in its
favour not easy to refute cr resist. During his connec-
tion with the Boston Latin School, Mr. Magill published
a French Grammar and a series of French Readers which
have been widely used in the schools and colleges of our
country.
Maginl, ma-jee'nee, (GIOVANNI ANTONIO,) an Italian
astronomer, born at Padua in 1555. He was professor
of mathematics at Bologna from 1588 to 1617, and wrote
many works, among which are " Ephemerides," and
" New Theories of the Celestial Orbs," (" Novae Cceles-
tium Orbium Theoriae," 1589.) Died in 1617.
Ma-ginn', (WILLIAM,) a witty and versatile writer,
born 'at Cork, in Ireland, about 1793. He removed to
London about 1824, and adopted literature as a profes-
sion. About this time he was a frequent contributor to
"Blackwood's Magazine," in which he appears as the
" Morgan O'Doherry" of the " Noctes Ambrosianae."
About 1828 he became sub-editor of "The Standard," a
Tory paper, and began to write able and caustic articles
for " Eraser's Magazine." He also wrote a novel called
" Whitehall." Died in 1842.
See "Autobiography of William Jerdan," vol. Hi. chap. vii. ;
" Eraser's Magazine" for January, 1831, (with a portrait,) and for
February, March, and April, 1838.
Magirus, ma-gee'rus, (TOBIAS,) aGerman philosopher,
born at Angermunde in 1586, taught logic and physics
at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Died in 1651.
Magistris, de, deh mi-jes'tRess, (GiACiNTO,) an Ital-
ian missionary, born in the diocese of Cremona in 1605 ;
died at Goa, India, in 1666.
Magistris, de, (SlMONF.,) an Italian priest, noted for
his mastery of ancient languages, was born in Corsica in
1728 ; died at Rome in 1802.
Magliabecchi, mal-yi-bek'kee, (ANTONIO,) an Italian
bibliomaniac and librarian, noted for his prodigious
memory and learning, was born at Florence in 1633. He
devoured a great number of books with avidity, became
versed in languages and antiquities, and was regarded as
an oracle by the learned. His habits were very eccentric.
He was for many years librarian of Cosimo III., Grand
Duke of Tuscany, and of his successors. At his death,
in 1714, he left his rich library to the city of Florence,
by which it is kept open to the public.
Magnan, min'yfiN', (BERNARD PIERRE,) a French
general, born in Paris in 1791. He served as captain at
Waterloo, (1815,) and obtained the rank of colonel about
1827, after which he was employed in Algeria. He
became a lieutenant-general in 1845, an^ commanded
he army of the Alps in 1849. In July, 1851, he was
appointed commander-in-chief of the army of Paris, and
in December, 1852, he was raised to the rank of marshal
of France. Died in 1865.
See J. LASSAGNE, " Notice sur le Ge'ne'ral Magnan," 1852.
Magnan, (DOMINIQUE,) a French antiquary and monk,
born at Raillane in 1731. He lived in Avignon and
Rome, and acquired a European reputation by his works,
among which are a " Description of the City of Rome,"
(1763,) and several treatises on numismatics. Died ID
1796.
Magnani, mSn-y3'nee, (CRISTOPORO,) an able Italian
painter, born at Pizzighettone before 1550, was a pupil
of Bernardino Campi.
Magnasco, man-yas'ko, (ALESSANDRO,) called Lis-
SANDRINO, an Italian painter, born at Genoa in 1681.
His favourite subjects were processions, etc. Died in
1747.
Magnasco, (STEFANO,) a painter, born about 1630,
was the father of the preceding. Died in 1665.
Magne, mln, (PIERRE,) a French advocate and min-
ister of state, born at Perigueux in 1806. He was ap-
pointed minister of public works in January, 1851, and
minister of finance in February, 1855. He retired from
this office about 1861. Died in 1879.
Magnence. See MAGNENTIUS.
Magnentius, mag-neVshe-us, [Fr. MAGNENCE, mSn'-
Nss',] (FLAVIUS,) a Roman general, born in Germany
about 300 A.D. While commanding an army in Gaul,
he revolted against the emperor Constans, and usurped
the empire of the West in 350. Constans was killed by
his orders. Magnentius made himself master of the city
of Rome. A war ensued between him and Constantius,
who defeated the usurper on the river Drave in 351.
He retreated to Gaul, was again defeated, and killed
himself in August, 353 A.D.
Mag'nes, [Moywjc,] an Athenian poet of the old
comedy, was born in Icaria, and lived about 450 B.C.
See FABRICIUS, " Bibliolheca Grarca."
Magni, (JoHAN.) See MAGNUS.
Magni, mag'nee, written also Magne, [from Magn,
"strength,"] a son ot Thor, who, with his brother Modi,
will survive the conflagration of the world at Ragnarock.
(See MODI.)
Magni, mag'nee, or Magnus, mag'nus, (JoHAN 01
JONAS,) a Swedish bishop, born at Wexio in 1583, wrote
" Synopsis Historian universalis," (1622,) and other works.
Died in 1651.
Magni, mjn'yee, [La1- MAG'NUS,] (VALERIANO,) an
Italian writer and Capuchin friar, born at Milan about
1586. He wrote against the Jesuits. " This fire" says
Pascal, in a letter to the Jesuits, " has found the secret
of stopping your mouth." Among his works is "Or
gamim theologicum," (1643.) Died in 1661.
See PASCAL, " Lettres Provinciates."
Magnier, (EDMOND,) a French journalist and
statesman, born at Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1841. In
1872 he founded the journal "Evenement," which
proved very successful. He became a deputy in
1876, a senator in 1891, and in 1895 was tried and
convicted of complicity in railway frauds. His
" History of a French Commune" and "Dante and
the Middle Ages" are works of much value.
Magnier, mSn'ye-a',(LAURENT,) called also MANIERE,
a French sculptor, born in Paris in 1618 ; died in 1700.
Magnin, mJn'yiN', (CHARLES,) a French critic, born
in Paris in 1793. He acquired reputation as a critic of
dramatic literature. Among his works are a series of
"Lectures on the Drama," (1838,) and "Causeries et
Meditations historiques et litteraires," (2 Yols., 1842.)
Died in 1862.
Magnocavalli, man-yo-kl-val'lee, (FRANCESCO Ox-
TAVIO,) Count de Varengo, an Italian poet, born at
Casal in 1707, wrote "CorraHin, Marquis de Mont-
ferrat," and other tragedies. Died in 1788.
Magnol, min'yol', (PiERRE,) a French botanist and
physician, born at Montpellier in 1638. He became
professor of botany in his native city in 1694, before
which he had published " Introduction to the General
History of Plants," ("Prodromus Historiae generalis
Plantarum," 1689.) He had some sound ideas on
botanical philosophy, and shares with other botanists
of his time the merit of favouring the progress of the
natural method. He wrote several minor works on
botany. The genus Magnolia was named in his honour.
Died in 1715.
See " Biographic Me'djcale."
Magnon, mtn'yoN', (JEAN,) a mediocre French poet
and dramatist, born at Tournus. He left unfinished a
poem entitled "La Science universelle," (1663.) He
was assassinated at Paris in 1662.
Mag'nus I_, King of Norway, surnamed THE GOOD,
was the son of Saint Olaiis. He became king in 1034,
and at the death of Canute II., in 1042, obtained the
throne of Denmark. He died in 1047, leaving Norway
to Harold, and Denmark to Sweyn, a nephew of Canute
the Great.
See TORF^US, " Historia Rerum Norvegicarum."
Magnus, surnamed LADULOS, King of Sweden, born
i. e, T, o, ii, y, /ong; a., 6, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 5, ii, J, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; not; good; moon'
MA GNUS
MA HAN
about 1363, when Albert of Mecklenburg became king.
Magnus died in 1374.
Mag'nus, a Greek physician, lived about loo A.D.
He was one of the Pneumatic sect.
Magnus, (ALBERTUS.) See AI.RERTUS MAGNUS.
Magnus, mjg'nus, (EDUARD,) a German painter of
genre and portraits, born at Berlin in 1799. His works
are commended as excellent in colour and correct in
design. Died August 9,
Magruder, ma-groo'der, (JOHN
general, born in Virginia about 1810, graduated at West
Point in 1830. He served as captain in the Mexican
war (1846-47-) With the rank of major-general, he
fought against the Union at White Oak Swamp and
Malvern Hill, Tuly I, 1862. He commanded the army
in Texas in 1863 and 1864. Died in 1871.
Magruder, (JULIA,) an American author, born at
Charlottesville, Virginia, in 1854. She has published.
Magnus, (HEINRICH GUSTAV,) a German physicist, ^"number of novels', including'" Across the Chasm,
born at Berlin, May 2, 1802. In 1834 he was made ex- ,, , ,, :,;,.„„> piaK«;,r, " "fi^H Selves." etc.
traordinary professor of physics there, and in 1845 m!'
professor. His main refutation came from his experi-
ments and papers respecting heat, on the physics of
gases, and on capillarity. He also made some chemical
discoveries. Died April 4, 1870.
Magnus, mlg'nus, or Magni, mag'nee, (JoHAN or Sa
JONAS,) Archbishop of Upsal, was born at Linkoping in , as
'1488. He opposed the Reformation in Sweden without : destruction,
'A Magnificent Plebeian," "Dead Selves," etc.
Maguire, ma-gw!r', (JOHN FRANCIS,) M.P., an Irish
Catholic politician, born at Cork about 1815, wrote
Rome and its Rulers," (1857,) etc. Died in 1872
ics,
eat
success, and retired to Rome, where he died in 1544.
He was author of a " History of Sweden," in Latin,
(" Historia Gothorum Suevorumque," 1554-)
Magnus, (OLAUS or OLOF,) a Swedish prelate, brother
of the preceding, was born at Linkoping about 1490. 1 le
was sent by Pope Paul III. to the Council of Trent in
1546. He wrote (in Latin) a " History of the Northern
Nations," (1555,) which was translated into English,
Dutch, German, and Italian. Died in Rome in 1568.
Mag'nus, (THOMAS,) an English emissary, sent by
____ _ _
etc. °See These names in their alphabetical
place.
Maha-Bali. See BALI.
Mahabharata, ma-ha'ba'ra-ta,
ma-ha'ba'rat, [from the Sanscrit
'
Mahabharat,
tz, "great," and
BhArStS, a descendant of Bharata, a famous Hindoo
prince,] the name of the great epic poem of the Hindoos,
so called because it treats of the war waged among the
descendants of Bharata. It is said to contain 200,000
lines, or 100,000 double verses. Tradition ascribes it
Vyasa, the arranger or editor of the Vedas. (See
,
Cardinal Wolsey to Scotland in 1524, in the twofold VYASA.) But there is reason to believe that it is the
capacity of ambassador and spy. He sent to the Eng- production or compilation of several — perhaps of many
lish court some curious details (preserved in the state — writers, living in different ages, both before and after
the Christian era. It was made a kind of cyclopaedia
of such knowledge as was deemed desirable for the
Kshatriyas, or warrior caste.
MahadSva, ma-ha'da'va, or MaM-Deo, ma-ha' da'o,
(i.e. the " great god,") the name by which Siva is com-
nonly known in many parts of India. (See SIVA.)
Ma-haf' fy, (JOHN PENTLAND,) an eminent scholar and
critic,' born at Chaponnaire, near Vevay, Switzerland,
February 26, 1839. He graduated at Trinity College,
Dublin, in 1856. He was appointed professor of ancient
history in that institution in 1871, and became distin-
guished for his versatility and wide attainments. He
took orders in the Anglican Church. Among his books
are "Twelve Lectures on Primitive Civilization," (1868.)
"Prolegomena to Ancient History," (1871,) "Kant's
nV>™ for Fr,crli<;h Readers." (1871,,
1 (1874,) " Greek
and was' elected chief magistrate. Having led another Antiquities'," (1876,) "Rambles and Studies in Greece,"
land-army into Sicily, he was killed, and his army was (,3761 "History of C
. f . « ' . j-. i i i T^- .• _i t «o*» T. .-i 111;^. » ' *' . . •* i m
papers of Henry VIII.) relating to the young King of
Scotland and the customs of those times.
Magnusen, mag'nas-en, or Magnusson, mig'nus-
non, (FiNN,) an Icelandic historian and antiquary, born
at Skalholt in 1781. He published, among other works,
a "Translation and Explanation of the Elder Edda."
(1821.) Died in 1847.
Magnusson. See ARNI-MAGNUSSON.
Magny, de, deh min'ye', (OLIVIER,) a French poet,
born at Cahors about 1524. He was a lover of Louise
Labe, and a follower of the Pleiadi. His " Odes,"
" Amours," " Soupirs," " Gayetes," etc., evince much
talent. Died in 1560.
Ma'go, [Gr. Muyui' ,• Fr. MAGON, mf'gfiN',] a Cartha-
«*inian admiral, who gained a victory over the fleet of
Syracuse about 396 B.C. A few years later he was de- crjtjcai philosophy for English Readers," (1871,) "Greek
feated by Dionysius in Sicily. He returned to Carthage, gocjai Life, from Homer to Menander," (187.
defeated at Cabala by Dionysius, about 382 B.C. His
son, MAGO, succeeded to the command of the army, and
prosecuted the war with success.
Mago, a Carthaginian writer of uncertain period, was
called "the father of agriculture" by Columella. He
wrote an extensive work on agriculture, which was trans-
lated into Latin by the order of the Roman senate after
the destruction of Carthage.
Mago, a brother of the famous Hannibal, followed
him in the invasion of Italy, and held a high command
at the battle of Cannae, 216 B.C. He carried the news
of this victory to Carthage, and solicited reinforcements,
but was ordered to Spain, where he and Hasdrubal com-
manded for several years against the Scipios with vari-
ous success. After gaining some advantages in Liguria
Classical Greek Literature," (1880,)
GrTek Life and Thought," (1887,) "The Greek
World under Roman Sway," (1890,) "Problems in
Greek History," (1892,) etc.
Maha-Kall See KALt.
Maha-Maya, ma-ha' mi'ya, the name of the mother
of Booddha. See'GAUTAMA.
Mahan, (ALFRED T.,) an American naval captain
and author, was born at West Point, New York, in
1840. He graduated at the Naval Academy in 1859,
served through the civil war and until 1896, when he
retired with the rank of captain. He was a member
of the Naval Advisory Board in 1898 during the war
with Spain. He became widely known as an author
through his notable work, "The Influence of Sea-
" . , , , j j , LlllVJUl/li 11 13 livitiun- « ui i\ j * »»•
where he was severely wounded, he was ordered to pow(£ History," (1892-96,) and wrote lives of
Vncfer, fr, thp Ar>ff>n<~p r»f CafthpCTP. hilt hp fllPfl during
hasten to the defence of Carthage, but he died during
the voyage, in 203 B.C.
Magon. See MAGO.
Magon de Clos-Dore, mf'goN' deh klo'do'ri', Vernon, New York, in 1799. He graduated at Hamiltc
(CHARLES RENfc,) a French rear-admiral, born in Paris , College in 1824, and at Andover Seminary in 1827.
in 1763. He was killed at the battle of Trafalgar, in 1805. ; 1829 he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, ar
Ma-goon', (ELIAS L.,) D.D., an American Baptist he held various pastorates in that and the Congreg
€ as *; s as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( 3J=See Explanations, p. 23.)
Farragut and Nelson, and other works.
Ma-hail', (ASA,) D.D., an American divine, born at
In
MAHAN
1626
MAHMOOD
alist denomination. He was chosen president of Ober-
lin College in 1835, and of Cleveland University in 1850.
He was also (1861-71) president of Adrian College.
Among his works are "Science of Intellectual Philos-
ophy," (1845,) "Doctrine of the Will," (1846.) "The
True Believer," (1847,) "Science of Moral Philosophy,"
(1856,) "Science of Logic," (1857,) and a work entitled
"Doctrine of Christian Perfection," — a doctrine which
he earnestly maintained. Died April 4, 1889.
Mahan, (DENNIS HART,) LL.D., an American soldier
and engineer, born in New York, April 2, 1802. He
graduated at West Point with highest honours in 1824,
and was an assistant professor there, 1824-26. and pro-
fessor of engineering, 1832-71. Among his works are
treatises on " Field Fortifications," (1836,) "Civil Engi-
neering," (1837; mostly rewritten, 1868.) "On Indus-
trial Drawing," (1853,) "Descriptive Geometry," (1864,)
and "Military Engineering," (part i., 1865; part ii.,
1867.) He committed suicide by drowning, near Stony
Point, New York, September 16, 1871.
Mahan, (Mii.o,) D.D., an American theologian,
brother of the preceding, was born at Suffolk, Virginia,
May 24, 1819. He studied at Saint Paul's College,
Flushing, New York, and in 1845 entered the Episcopa-
lian ministry. He was professor of church history in
the General Theological Seminary, New York city, from
1861 to 1864. He published "The Exercise of Faith,"
(1851,) " History of the Church," (1860; enlarged, 1872,)
and other works, which gave him a high place among
the theologians of his church. Died in Baltimore, Sep-
tember 3, 1870. (See his "Collected Works and Life,"
by J. H. Hopkins, 3 vols., 1872-75.)
Ma-ha' Fral'ya, [ modern Hindoo pron, ma-hi'
prul'ya,] (i.e. the "great end" or "great destruction,") a
term applied to the final consummation of all things,
which, it is supposed, will take place after a hundred
years of Brahma have elapsed, in which each day (with
its night) is reckoned as 8640 millions of our years. At
the time referred to, all the gods, including Brahma, as
well as all creatures, will be annihilated ; Brahm, the
eternal, self-existent Spirit, will alone remain.
See MOOR. "Hindoo Pantheon."
Maharbal. See MAHEKBAL.
Maha-Rudra, a name of Siva. See RUDRA.
Mahdee, Mahay, or Mahdi, Al, tl mah'dee, (Mo-
n\MME!>, mo-Ham'med,) the third Abbasside caliph of
Bagdad, succeeded his father, Al-Mansoor, in 775 .\.n.
He waged war against the Greeks with such success thai
the empress Irene sued for peace. He died in 785. and
was succeeded by his son Hadee, (or Hady.)
See WEIL, " Geschichte der Chalifen," vol. ii. chap, iii
Mahdi, EL, el ma'dee, (Arabic for " the well-directed,")
tne title of a prophet and deliverer of Islam foretold
by Mohammed ; also the assumed title of Mohammed
Ahmed, known to Europeans as "The False Prophet
of the Soudan," who was born near Dongola, Nubia, in
1842. He worked in his youth as a boat-builder at
Khartoom, and engaged in the traffic in wild animals for
European menageries. He learned to read and write
after becoming an adult, taught school at Khartoom, and
subsequently established himself at Tamaniat as an in-
terpreter of the Koran. Afterwards he went with some
disciples to reside on the island of Aba, in the White
Nile, where, by strict seclusion and austerity for six
years, he acquired great tame as a holy man and was
visited by pilgrims. In 1881 he announced himself by
proclamation as the expected M.tluli, claiming to have
all the physical signs prophesied of that personage. On
the overthrow of Arabi Pasha in 1882 he acquired great
ascendency in the Soudan, took possession of Sennaar,
Kordofan, and Darfur, raised immense forces, and anni-
hilated, in November, i,SS;v irar El Obeid, the Egyptian
army commanded by Hicks Pasha. In 1884 his power
extended to the Red Sea, lie waged war with the British
at Suakim and vicinity, blockaded General Gordon at
Khartoom, rejecting the title of " Sultan of Kordofan"
offered him by Gordon, and forced England to send
an expedition under Lord Wolseley to Khartoom for
the relief of Gordon. Khartoom fell and Gordon wjs
killed January 26, 1885. El Mahdi died June 22.
Mah6 de la Bourdonnais, mS'a' deh Ii booR'do'-
ni', (BERNARD FRANCOIS,) a distinguished French naval
officer, born at Saint-Malo in 1699. About 1718 he
entered the service of the French East India Company.
He was appointed Governor-General of the Isles of
France and Bourbon in 1734, and received command of
a squadron in 1741. War having begun between France
and England, he repulsed an English fleet near Madras,
and captured that place, in 1746. He quarrelled with
Dupleix, governor of the French possessions in Hin-
dostan, who refused to give up Madras, which La Bour-
donnais by treaty had agreed to restore to the English.
Having been recalled to France, where he arrived in
1748, he was confined in the Bastille three years, and
then tried and acquitted. His talents and virtues are
praised by Saint-Pierre in the preface to " Paul and
Virginia." Died in 1754 or 1755.
See GERARD, " Vies des plus illustres Marins Francais," 182$ ;
M[LL, " History of British India." 1826.
Ma-hen'dra, called also Mahiu'do, a son of Asoka,
introduced Booddhism into Ceylon about 200 B.C.
Ma-her'bal or Ma-har'bal, [Gr. Mdop«of,] a Car-
thaginian general, who followed Hannibal into Italy,
fought at Thrasymene, and commanded the right wing at
the battle of Cannae, in 216 B.C. He urged Hannibal to
advance on the Roman capital, and, when the latter
rejected this counsel, said to him, " You know how to
gain victories, but not how to improve them."
See LIVY, " History of Rome," books jcd -xxiii.
Mahesa. ma-ha'sa, or MahSsha, ma-ha'sha, and
Mah&swara, ma-has'wa-ra, names of SIVA, which see.
Mahiudo. See MAHENDRA.
Mahlmann, mil'man, (SIEGFRIED AUGUST,) a Ger-
man poet, born at Leipsic in 177:. Some of his produc-
tions were very popular. Died in 1826.
Mahmed. See MOHAMMED.
Mahmood, Mahmoud, or Mahmud, maH-mood',
I., Sultan of Turkey, born in 1696, was the son of
Mustafa II. He succeeded his uncle, Ahmed (Achmet)
III., in 1730. In 1734 he began a war against the Rus-
sians, who were assisted by the Austrians. The latter
made peace and gave up Belgrade to Turkey in 1739.
Soon after that date he made a treaty of peace with
Russia. Mahmood left the direction of affairs to his
ministers. Died in December, 1754.
See VON HAMMER, "Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs ;"
LKVKSQUH, " Histoire de laRussie."
Mahmood, Mahmoud, or Mahmud H., Sultan
of Turkey, a younger son of Sultan Ahdool Hamid,
was born July 20, 1785. His youth was passed in seclu-
sion or confinement and in literary pursuits. Curing
the reign of his brother, Mustafa IV., the deposed Sul-
tan, Selim III., was his fellow-captive, and initiated him
in those projects of reform which he himself had failed
to effect. In Tuly, 1808, Mustafa was deposed by the
military, and Mahmood was proclaimed Sultan at one of
the most critical periods in the history of the Ottoman
empire. The pashas of Asia and Africa had rendered
themselves nearly independent of the Sultan, and the
disaffection of the Janissaries threatened a revolution in
the capital. He began the work of reform in the army,
which he ordered to be organized after the European
system. In November, 1808, the Janissaries rebelled,
attacked the Sultan's palace, and proclaimed Mustafa.
Mahmood suppressed this dangerous revolt by the exe-
cution of Mustafa and his heirs, after which he remained
the only surviving prince of his race.
A war with Russia, in which the Turks had been de-
feated, was terminated by a treaty of peace in May, 1812.
He pursued his projects of reform with courage and
energy, amidst the violent opposition of his subjects.
About 1822 begun a general insurrection of the Greeks,
of several years, were liberated from
the Turkish yoke. During this war he continued his
bold innovations "against the old customs and traditions ;
he dressed himsrll in tl-,<- European fashion, and finally
•iplished his must important measure, — the destruc-
iiad instigated a formidable
insnurr! inn in th . The next day (June 15) the
standard of the prophet was unfurled, and all good
a, e, I, o, u, y, A>«£Ya,e,6, same, less prolonged; a, e, !, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure, far, fill, fat; mft; not; good; moon;
MAHMOOD
1627
MAHMOOD
Mussulmans were summoned to arms. The Janissaries
weie outnumbered and speedily overpowered, and many
thousands of them were killed. On the i6th an edict
was issued for the abolition of their organization.
On the 2oth of October, 1827, Mahmood's fleet was
defeated and ail-but annihilated at Navarino by the allied
French, English, and Russians, who fought there for the
liberty of Greece. Mahmood is censured for rashness
in renewing the war with Russia in 1828. The Russian
general Diebitsch defeated the Turks at Shumla, crossed
the Balkan, and took Adrianople in 1829. The existence
of the Turkish empire was in peril ; but, through the
mediation of England and other powers, the Sultan ob-
tained peace (September, 1829) by paying a large sum
of money and resigning the sovereignty of Moldavia,
Wallachia, and Servia. In 1832 he was involved in war
with Mehemet All of Egypt, whose army, commanded
by his son Ibraheem, (Ibrahim,) gained a decisive vic-
tory at Konieh, (December, 1832.) Russia interposed
to protect Mahmood against his rebellious vassal. The
Ottoman empire was apparently on the verge of disso-
lution, when the Sultan died, in June, 1839, and was
succeeded by his son, Abdool-Mejeed.
See VON MUNCH, " Mahmud II., sein Leben," etc., 1839 ; POUQUE-
VILLB, " Histoire de la Refutation de la Grece," and article
" Mahmoud" in the " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'neVale."
Mahmood, Mahmoud, or Mahmud, maH'mood',
Brahmans, in great trepidation, offered him an immense
sum of gold if he would spare their idol. Some of his
officers advised him to accept the ransom ; but his real
as a true Moslem forbade such a compromise. He
smote the image and broke it to pieces. It proved to
be hollow, and a countless treasure of diamonds, rubies,
and pearls was poured from its cavity upon the ground,
thus richly rewarding the incorruptible zeal of the con-
queror, and at the same time explaining the pious libe-
rality of the Brahmans. In the extensive wars which
Mahmood carried on in Central Asia, after his first ex-
pedition into India, he appears to have been mainly
indebted for his success to the elephants used in his
army. It is related that on one occasion Ilij (or Elich)
Khan, a Turkish prince, invaded Khorassan with a large
army. Mahmood hastily assembled an inferior force,
which was accompanied, however, by five hundred ele-
phants. The hostile armies met near Bulkh, (or Balkh,)
in the vicinity of the river Amoo, or Oxus. Mahmood
was mounted on a superb elephant, which, during the heat
of the battle, rushed forward, and, seizing with his trunk
the chief standard-bearer of the Turks, hurled him into
the air. The other elephants followed the example of
their great leader : with their trunks they lifted the horse-
men from their saddles and dashed them on the ground,
so that the Turkish army was soon broken and put to a
total rout. Later, the military establishment of Mah-
(Abool-Kasim- Yemeen-ed-Dowlah, or Abftl- 1 mooc) ;s said to have comprised no fewer than thirteen
(Aboul-) Kasim-Yemin-ed-Daulah, J'bool ka'sim \ hun(jred elephants and more than fifty thousand horse.
v£h-meen' ed-dow'lah,) one of the most celebrated of all Along with great military talents and a fierce, uncon-
f. .,.(-_... j _r*l /-* . _o ' _ _ . . __j
the Mohammedan conquerors, the founder of the Gazne-
vide dynasty, and the first who established a permanent
Moslem empire in India, was born at Gazna (or Ghiznee)
in 967 A.D. He was the son of Sabuktageen, whom he
succeeded as governor of the province of Candahar, (or
Gazna.) At an early age he distinguished himself while
fighting under his father against the enemies of Nooh,
(or Nouh,) the Samanide sovereign of Persia, from whom
he received the title of Seif-ed-Dowlah, (" Sword of the
State.") But afterwards, having been ill treated by
Mansoor, a successor to Nooh, he overthrew the throne
of the Samanides, and established his empire over a
vast territory, including what is now called Afghanistan,
besides an extensive region in the northeastern part of
Persia Bit, still unsatisfied, he resolved on the subju-
gation ct" the countries beyond the Indus. During a reign
of rather more than thirty years, he made no fewer than
twelve expeditions into Ind'ia, besides carrying on several
important wars in Central Asia. He extended his con-
quests not only over the whole of the Punjab, but pene-
trated as far as Bundelcund on the east and Guzerat on
the south. Moore, in his beautiful poem of " Paradise
and the Peri," gives a striking picture of Mahmood's
sanguinary and desolating career through Hindostan
Apostrophizing India, he says,
"Land of the sun ! what foot invades
Thy pagods and thy pillared shades?
'Tis he of Gazna. — fierce in wrath
****••*
He conies, and India's diadems
Lie scattered in his ruinous path.
His bloodhounds he adorns with gems
Torn from the violated necks
Of many a young and loved sultana ;
Maidens within their pure zenana.
Priests in the very fane he slaughters,
And chokes up with the glittering wrecks
Of golden shrines the sacred waters."
Lalla Rookh.
It is related by Ferishta, a celebrated Moslem his-
torian, that, having hoard of the immense riches de-
posited in the temple of Somnath, famous throughout
all India for its sanctity, Mahmood determined to take
possession of that place. The priests of Somnath had
boasted that, if he dared approach their holy shrine, he
would receive from the avenging gods the just reward
of his temerity. The temple stood on the extremity
of a point of land in Guzerat, and was. surrounded on
three sides by the sea. It was defended by the Hindoos
with all the courage of religious enthusiasm and all the
obstinacy of despair. But nothing could withstand the
valour of the fierce invaders. Mahmood, having enterec
querable energy and courage, Mahmood possessed some
virtues of a more exalted Tdnd. A woman from a dis-
tant province, it is said, complained one day to the Sultan
that her son had been killed and her property carried
off by robbers. He replied that it was impossible for
iim to prevent all disorders in a region so remote.
"Why, then," said the woman, "do you conquer king-
doms which you cannot protect, and for which you will
have to answer at the day of judgment?" Far from
resenting the freedom of this rebuke, he immediately
took effective measures for establishing order in that dis-
:ant part of his dominions. After his Indian conquests
he not only greatly embellished Gazna, which still con-
tinued to be the capital of his empire, so that it rivalled,
it is said, the most splendid cities of the East, but he
showed himself a patron of science and literature, espe-
cially of poetry. It was during his reign that Firdousee,
(or Firdausi,) the greatest of all the poets of Moham-
medanism, flourished. (See FIRDOUSEE.) Seven other
distinguished poets, according to Von Hammer, lived at
his court and chanted his praises. Mahmood was the
first, it is said, of the great Moslem rulers who employed
the Persian language in official documents. Died in 1030.
See FBRISHTA, " History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power
in India," (translated by GENERAL BRIGGS;) IBN KHAU.IKAN, "Dic-
tionnaire Biographique ;" WILKEN, "Historia Gh.isnevidarum ;"
VON HAMMER. "Geschichte der schiinen Redekunste Persiens ;'
HAMDALLAH MESTOUFI. " Histoires choisies;" " History of British
India," in "Harper1'! Family Library," vol. i. : VON HAMMER,
" Gemahldesaal grosser Moslemischer Herscher."
Mahmood (Mahmoud or Mahmud) n.,_surnamed
NASIR-OOD-DEEN, (NAsiR-ouo-DlN,) nl'sir ood-deen',
(i.e. " Defender of the Faith,") an eccentric though able
Sultan of Delhi, who ascended the throne in 1246. After
the death of his father, Altmish, (Slt'mish,) he was im-
prisoned by his step-mother, and remained in confine-
ment several years. During this period he voluntarily
earned his bread by copying manuscripts. Even after
he was raised to the throne he continued, it is said, to
earn his subsistence by his pen. As a king he was dis-
tinguished for his ability, justice, and liberality; he was
a patron of learning, the protector of his people, and ;
friend of the poor. He was a successful general, and
speedily reduced several insurrections which broke out
during his reign. Contrary to the custom of Moslem
princes, Mahmood had but one wife, whom he required
to be as industrious as himself, and to perform all the
homely duties of housewifery like the meanest of her
subjects. Her majesty, having one day burned her
fingers while cooking, begged Mahmood to let her have
a maid to assist her ; but he refused, saying he was but '-
he temple was about to demolish a gigantic image, the a mald to ass.st her ; but he re! i£a sa;
obiect_cjf_the idolatrous worship of the Hindoos. The I trustee of the state and had no rigl
; « as s; g hard: g as>; G, H, ^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as *; th as in tfus. '.<J^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
MAHMOOD
1628
MAIA
needless expenses. He used to say, "Those who will
not work for their bread do not deserve it." Mahmood
Nasir-ood-Deen was a half-brother of the distinguished
Sultana Ruzeea Begum. (See RUZEEA BEGUM.) He
died after a reign of twenty years.
See FERISHTA, "Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India."
(BRIGGS'S translation.) vol. i. ; " History of British India," vol. i., in
" Harper's Family Library."
Malimood (Mahmoud or Mahmfid) Shah, (Na-
sir-ed-Deen cr -Eddyn, na'sjr ed-deen',) Emperor of
Hindostan, was the son of Mohammed III. Heascended
the throne of Delhi in 1394, and was a feeble ruler. His
reign was a disastrous period of intestine wars and an-
archy. Timur (Tamerlane) invaded India, defeated the
army of Mahmood in 1399, and took Delhi. A few years
later, Mahmood returned to Delhi, but he obtained but
little power. He died in 1413, being the last of his
dynasty.
Mahmood, (Sultan of Syria and Egypt) See NoOR-
ED-DEEN.)
Mahmoud. See MAHMOOD.
Mahmud. See MAHMOOD.
Mahomet, (the Prophet.) See MOHAMMED.
Ma-hom'et* [ Fr. pron. mS'o'mi'] or Mohammed
(mo-ham'mSd) I., Emperor or Sultan of the Ottomans,
born in 1374, was a younger son of Bayazeed (Bajazet) I.,
who was defeated by Tamerlane at Ancyra in 1401. At
this time he was governor of Amasia, of which the victor
left him in possession. Mahomet and his brother Moosa
(Mousa) having appealed to arms for a decision of their
claims to the throne, the latter was killed in battle in 1413.
Mahomet restored the Ottoman empire to its former sta-
bility, subjected the Bosnians and Servians, and was the
first Sultan that disputed with the Venetians the empire
of the sea. He died in 1421, and was succeeded by his
son, Amurath II.
See VON HAMMER, "Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs."
Mahomet or Mohammed IL,styled THE GREAT, the
son of Amurath II., was born in 1430, and succeeded his
father in 1451. Having raised an army of about 300,000
men, he attacked Constantinople, defended by the Greek
emperor Constantine Palzologus. After a siege of fifty-
five days, the city was taken by storm on the 2gth of May,
1453, and Constantine was killed fighting in the breach.
Great numbers of the Greek citizens were massacred by
the orders or permission of the victor, who in 1456 returned
to Adrianople, his former capital. In that year he was
defeated at Belgrade by the Hungarian chief Huniades.
He conquered Trebizond from David Comnenus in 1461,
and afterwards acquired by his arms Bosnia, and seve-
ral islands in the Archipelago. In 1465 he was defeated
by Scanderbeg in Albania. He waged successful wars
against the Venetians and the Persians, (1470-78,) and
invaded Italy in 1480. Death arrested his progress to
further conquest in 1481, and delivered Christian nations
from a formidable adversary. He left the throne to his
son, Bayazeed (Bajazet) II.
See GUILLET DE SAINT-GEORGES. "Histoire du Regne de Ma-
homet," 1682 ; VON HAMMER, " Geschichte des Osmanischen
Reichs;" GIBBON, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;"
" Nouvelle Biographic Gen^rale. "
Mahomet or Mohammed ITT, Sultan of Turkey,
was born about 1568, and succeeded his father, Amurath
HI., in 1595. He put his brothers to death in the first
days of his reign. He was a feeble ruler, and preferred the
pursuit of pleasure to his duties as a monarch. Among
the chief events of his reign was a war with the emperoi
Rudolph in Hungary, where the Turks lost several
towns. He died in 1603, and was succeeded by his son,
Ahmed (Achmet) I.
See VON HAMMER, "Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs."
Mahomet or Mohammed IV., the son and succes-
sor of Ibraheem I., was seven years old when his father
was killed by the Janissaries in 1649. Having a ruling
passion for the chase, he permitted the grand vizier,
Mahomet Koprili, to direct the affairs of the empire.
That able minister took Lemnos and Mitylene from the
Venetians in 1660, and about the same time waged war
against the Austrians in Hungary. After several victories,
* For some remarks on the pronunciation of this name, see MO-
HAMMED, (the Prophet.)
the Turks were defeated at Saint Gothard on the Raab in
1663, and the war was suspended by a treaty. In that year
Koprili died, and his son Ahmed (Achmet) became grand
vizier. He took the capital of Candia in 1669, after a
long siege. In 1683 a Turkish army of about 200,000
men under Cara Mustafa invaded Austria and besieged
Vienna, from which the emperor Leopold fled without
offering battle. After a siege of nearly two months, John
Sobieski marched to the relief of the city, and put the
Turks to a total rout. In consequence of this and other
later reverses, Mahomet was deposed in 1687, and was
succeeded by his brother, Solyman II. Mahomet wai
imprisoned until his death, in 1691.
See VON HAMMER, "Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs;'
DEVIZE, " Histoire de Mahomet IV diposi en 1687," Amsterdam,
1688.
Mahon, LORD. See STANHOPE, EARL OF.
Mahon, mi'6N', ( PAUL AUGUSTUS OLIVIER,) a French
physician, born at Chartres in 1752. He wrote " Mede-
cine legale," (3 vols., 1802.) Died in 1801.
Ma-hone', (WILLIAM,) an American Senator, was born
near Monroe, Southampton county, Virginia, December
I, 1826. He graduated at the Virginia Military Institute
in 1847, and became a civil engineer and railroad-presi-
dent He entered the Confederate army as colonel in
i86i,and rose to be major-general, winning great distinc-
tion as a fighting corps-commander. After the war he
resumed the railway-presidency. Entering the field of
politics, he combined the Republican and Readjuster
parties of Virginia, and from 1881 to 1887 occupied a
scat in the United States Senate. Died Oct. 8, 1895.
Ma-ho'iiy, ( FRANCIS,) an Irish writer and wit, born
about 1805, wrote under the assumed name of " Father
Prout." He contributed many able articles to " Eraser's
Magazine," which were published separately in 1860.
He also wrote as correspondent for several daily jour-
nals of London. Died in 1866.
Mahudel, mfii'dSl', (NicoLAS,) a French antiquary,
born at Langres in 1673. He practised medicine in
Paris for many years. He wrote a "Treatise on the
Ancient Medals or Coins of Spain," (1725,) and several
antiquarian treatises inserted in the records of the Acad-
emy of Inscriptions. Died in 1747.
Mahul, mrul', (ALPHONSE JACQUES,) a French po-
litical writer, born at Carcassone in 1795. He published
a valuable work entitled "Annuaire necrologique, pu
Supplement annuel et Continuation de toutes les Bio-
graphies," (6 vols., 1821-26.) Died August 25, 1871.
Mai, ma'ee or mi, (ANGELO,) CARDINAL, a celebrated
Italian critic and philologist, born at Schilpario, in the
province of Bergamo, on the 7th of March, 1782. He
became an excellent classical scholar, and about 1808
was admitted as an associate in the Ambrosian Library
of Milan, which was rich in ancient manuscripts. He
applied himself to the task of deciphering palimpsests,
and discovered portions of Cicero's orations and other
classic works which had never been printed. In 1819
he was appointed chief librarian of the Vatican at Rome.
The discovery which made the greatest sensation was
that of six books of Cicero, " De Republica," which he
published, with able critical notes, in 1822. These
books, which had been lost since the twelfth century,
were found by him in the Vatican. Among the monu-
ments of his critical sagacity and patient research are
three collections, entitled " A New Collection of Ancient
Authors, produced from the Library of the Vatican,"
(" Scriptorum Veterum nova Collectio e Vaticanis Codi-
cibus edita," 10 vols. 410, 1825-38,) "Classic Writer!
published from the Manuscripts of the Vatican," ("Clas-
sic! Scriptores ex Codicibus Vaticanis editi," 10 vols.,
1828-38,) and " New Library of the Fathers," (" Nova
Bibliotheca Patrum," 6 vols., 1845-53.) He was raised
to the dignity of cardinal in 1838, was chosen a foreign
associate of the French Institute in 1842, and librarian
of the Roman Church in 1853. Died in September, 1854.
See P. A. MUTTI, " Elogio di Angelo Mai," 1828; "Nouvelle
Biographic Gent-rale."
Ma'Ia, [Moia or Maiac,] in Greek mythology, is repre-
sented as the daughter of Atlas and Pleione, (whence
she was called Atlantis and Pleias,) and the eldest of the
Pleiades. She was the mother of Hermes, (Mercury.)
i. e. i. o, u, v,lo>if; a, e, 6, same, k>s prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y, short: a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fat; m?t; not; good; m<5on;
MAIANO
1629
MAILLY
Another MAIA, alias MAJESTA, was a goddess of the
Rinnans, who named one of the months in honour
of her.
Maiano or Majano, da, da ma-ya'no, (BENEDETTO,;
an eminent Italian sculptor and architect, was horn in
Tuscany, perhaps in Florence, in 1424, or, according to
other authorities, in 1442. He acquired fame first by
his unrivalled skill in inlaid work, and afterwards de-
voted himself to sculpture in marble. He worked in
Florence and Naples. Among his best productions are
a bust of Giotto, and a marble pulpit of Santa Croce,
(in Florence,) in which he represented the life of Saint
Francis. Died in 1498.
See VASARI, "Lives oi" the Painters," etc.; QUATREMERH DH
QUINCV, "Vies des Architectes ce'iebres."
Maiano or Majano, da, (GIULIANO,) an excellent
Italian architect, born in Naples. His birth is variously
dated 1377, 1387, and 1432. He designed at Naples the
royal palace of Poggio Reale and the triumphal arch of
Castello Nuovo. Having been invited to Rome by Paul
II., he built between 1464 and 1471 one of the courts of
the Vatican and the palace and church of San Marco.
Died about 1490.
See VASARI, "Lives of the Painters, " etc. ;Tlcozzi, " Dizionario."
Maichel, mi'Kel, (DANIEL,) a German philologist,
born at Stuttgart in 1693, became professor of philoso-
phy at Tubingen in 1724. He published an " Introduc-
tion to Literary History," in which he describes the
great libraries of Paris. Died in 1752.
Maidalchini-Pamfili. See MALDACHINI-PAMFILI.
Maienne. See MAYENNE.
Maier. See MAYER.
Maier, ml'er, (MICHAEL.) a famous German alchemist,
born in Holstein in 1568. He became physician to the
emperor Rudolph, but left his service, and wasted his
time and money in the researches of alchemy. He wrote,
besides other works, "Jocus Severus," "Atalanta fu-
giens," ( 1618,) and " Tripus Aureus," (" Golden Tripod,")
which are prized by amateurs. Died in 1622.
See HOEFER, " Histoire de la Chimie."
Maignan, min'ySN', [Lat MAIGNA'NUS,](EMANUEL,)
a French monk, eminent as a geometer and philosopher,
was born at Toulouse in 1601. He became professor
of mathematics in Rome in 1636. He wrote " Perspec-
tiva Horaria," an able " Treatise on Catoptrics, "(1648,)
and a few other works. Died in 1676.
See SAGUENS, " De Vita, Moribus, etc. E. Maignani," 1697
NICERON, " Memoires."
Maignanus. See MAIGNAN.
Maigrot, m^'gRo', (CHARLES,) a French missionary,
born in Paris in 1652. He laboured in China from 1683
to 1706, and wrote " De Sinica Religione," (unpublished.)
Died at Rome in 1730.
See MAILLA, " Histoire ge'nerale de la Chine."
Maikof, Maikov, Maikoff, or Maikow, mi-kof,
(VASIL IVANOVITCH,) a Russian soldier and poet, born
at Yaroslaf in 1725. He obtained some reputation for
humour and comic power by his " Yelisei, or Bacchus
Enraged," a burlesque poem. He also wrote several
dramas and fables. Died in 1778.
Mailath or Majlith, mi'ltt, (JANOS NEPOMUK,)
COUNT, an eminent Hungarian poet and historian, was
born at Pesth in 1786. He was employed many years
in the civil service of Austria. In the affairs of Hun-
gary he was identified with the conservatives, or adver-
saries of Kossuth. He published, in German, two
important works, a "History of the Magyars," (1828-
31,) and a " History of the Austrian Empire," (1834-50.)
The revolution of 1848 deprived him of his official em-
ployment as jitdex curia at Pesth, and reduced him to
extreme poverty. He and his daughter Henrietta drowned
themselves in Lake Starnberg, in Bavaria, in 1855. He
leJt several poems and translations. He was highly
respected as a man.
See BROCKHAUR, " Conversations-Lexikon ;" also an article on
the " Language and Literature of the Magyars" in the " Foreign
Quarterly Review" for September, i8aS, and October, 1839.
Mailhe, mil, (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French revolution-
ist, bjrn in 1754, was elected to the Convention in 1792.
Duiing the trial of the king, he voted for an appeal to
the people ; but he was counted among those who voted
for death conditionally. Died in 1834.
Mailla, Maillat, m'i'yf', or Maillac, de, deh mi'yik'
(JOSEPH ANNE MARIE DE MOYRIA,) a French' Jesuit and
missionary, born near Nantua in 1679. He was sent to
China in 1702, resided at court, and received the title of
mandarin. He translated into French a " General His-
tory of China," (12 vols., 1777-83.) "This work," says
Weiss, "with the Memoirs published by Batteux, Bre-
quigny, etc., (1775-1816,) forms the most extensive and
valuable collection that has yet appeared on China." H«
died in Pekin in 1748.
Maillac. See MAILLA.
Maillaue. See DURAND DE MAILLANE.
Maillard, mi'yiu', (OLIVIER,) a celebrated Frentu
pulpit orator, born in Bretagne. He preached in Paris
in 1494, and gave much offence by his boldness. Louis
XI. having threatened to throw him into the river, Mail-
lard said to the person who conveyed the menace, "Go
tell the king that I shall arrive at heaven by water sooner
than he can by post-horses." Died about 1505.
See NICBRON, "Me'moires;" " Nouvelle Biographic GeniSraJe
Maillard, (SEBASTIAN,) a scientific Austrian general,
born at Luneville in 1746. He wrote "The Mechanics
of Arches," and other works. Died in 1822.
Maillard de Chambure, mfyin' deh shflN'bu'R',
( CHARLES HIPPOLYTE,) a French antiquary, born at
Semur in 1772 ; died in 1841.
Maillat See MAILLA.
Maillebois, de, deh mfl'bwa' or ml'ye-bwa', (JEAN
BAPTISTE FRANCOIS Desmarets — di-nit'rA',) MARQUIS,
a famous French general, born in Paris in 1682, was a son
of Nicolas Desmarets, contrSleur-glniral, and a grandson
of the great Colbert. After many services, he was made
lieutenant-general in 1731, commanded a division in Italy
in 1 733, and took Corsica in 1 739. He obtained the rank
of marshal in 1741, defeated the Austrians on the Po in
September, 1745, and was forced to retreat at the battle
of Piacenza, in June, 1746. Died in 1762.
See VOLTAIRE, " Siecle de Louis XV ;" SISMONDI, " Histoire de»
Franjais :" MASSON DE PEZAY, " Histoire des Campagnes du Mare-
chal de Maillebois en Italic," 3 vois., 1775.
Maille-Breze, de, deh mfya' bReh-zi', (URBAIN,) a
French genera], who obtained command of the French
army in Germany in 1634, and defeated the Spaniards
at Avesnes in 1635. Having gained several advantages
in Flanders between 1642 and 1650, he was made a
marshal of France. His wife was Nicole, a sister of
Cardinal Richelieu. He died in 1650.
His son, ARMAND, born in 1619, became Due de
Fronsac and de Caumont. As admiral of France, he
defeated the Spaniards off Cadiz in 1640, and was killed
at Orbitello in 1646.
See GRIFFET, " Histoire de Louis XIII."
Maille de Breze, de, deh mi'ya' deh bReh-zi',
SIMM",) a French prelate, born in 1515. He became
Archbishop of Tours in 1554, and was a member of the
Council of Trent. Died in 1597.
Maillet, mi'yi', ( JACQUES LEONARD, ) a French
sculptor, born in Paris in 1823. He gained the first
arize in 1847. Died February 14, 1894.
Maillet, de, deh ma"yi', (BENotr,) a French writer,
xjrn at Saint-Mihiel in 1656. He was consul-general of
France in Egypt about ten years, ending in 1702, and
published a "Description of Egypt," (1735,) which has
some merit. He also wrote a singular treatise on cos
mology, entitled "Telliamed," (anagram of De Maillet.)
Died in 1738.
Maillet-Duclairon, mi'yi' dii'kli'rd.N', (ANTOINE,)
a French author, born near Macon in 1721. He cor-
responded with Voltaire and Turgot, and wrote several
works, among which is "Cromwell," a tragedy, (1764.)
Died in 1809.
Mailly.mS'ye', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a respectable French
listorian, born at Dijon in 1744. He lectured on his-
ory at Godran College in Dijon, and published " Spirit
of the Fronde," ("L'Esprit de la Fronde," 1772,) and
' Spirit of the Crusades," (" L'Esprit des Croisades," 4
vols., 1780.) Died in 1794.
Mailly d'Hautcourt, de, deh mi'ye' do'kooR', (Jo-
SF.PH AUGUSTIN.) COUNT, a French general, born in
eas k; c as s; g hard; g as/'.- G, H, K.,ffuttural; N, nasal; R, trilltd; s as z; th as in Ms.
Explanations, p. 23.)
MAIMBOURG
1630
MAINTENON
1708. After the peace of 1763 he was commandant-in-
cliief of Roussillon. He obtained the rank of marshal
in 1783. He was beheaded as a royalist in 1794.
Maimbourg, miN'booR', (Louis,) a French Jesuit
and historian, born at Nancy in 1620. He acquired
reputation by his historical works, which, however, are
neither accurate nor impartial. Having written a treatise
in defence of the liberties of the Gallican Church, and
thus offended the pope, he was expelled from the order
of Jesuits. Among his works are (in French) a "His-
tory of the Iconoclasts," (1674,) a "History of the
Crusades," (1675,) a "History of Arianism," (1682,) a
"History of Calvinism," (1682,) and a " History of the
Pontificate of Saint Leo," (1687.) His style is agree-
able. Voltaire expressed the opinion that he was " over-
rated at first, and too much neglected afterwards." Died
in 1686.
See Di'pix, " Bibliothcquc eccMsiasrique ;" BAYLE, " Historical
And Critical Dictionary."
Maimon. Sc.: MAIMONIDES.
Malmon, mi'mon, (SOLOMON,) a Jewish rabbi and
philosopher, born in Lithuania in 1753. He had a talent
ror metaphysical speculations, and a skeptical spirit.
Among his'best works are "Critical Researches on the
Human Mind," (" Kritische Untersuchungen uber den
menschlichen Geist," 1797,) and memoirs of his own life,
entitled " Lebensgeschichte," (2 vols., 1793.) Died in
1800.
Maimonide. See MAIMONIDES.
Maimonidea.mi-inon'e-des, [Fr. MAIMONIDE. mfe'-
mo'ned', ] or Mo'aea-Ben-Maimon, ( ben-mT'mon, )
called by the Arabs Moosa-Tbn-Maimoon, iMflsa-
Ibn-Maimflu or -Maimoun,) moo'si Ib'n mi'moTm', a
Jewish rabbi and philosopher of great celebrity, was born
at Cdrdova, in Spain, about 1135. He studied philosophy
and medicine under the famous Averrnes, with whom he
formed a lasting friendship, and was also versed in mathe-
matics and several languages. Having removed to F.gypt
about 1165, he became chief physician to the Sultan
Saladin and his successor. lie acquired a great repu-
tation for talents and learning. Among his numerous
works are "The Strong Hand," a digest of Hebrew
laws, and " More Nebokhim ; or, Teacher of the Per-
plexed,"(in Arabic,) which explains difficult and obscure
portions of the Old Testament. Died in 1209.
See ABRAHAM GHIGHR. " Mose Hen Maimon, seine Lebensge-
schichte," 1850; OI.AUS CHI.MUS, " De Maimonide," 1737; P«T«R
BKKR, " Das Lebtn Moses ben Maimon." i<<5 ; LHMAN^. " Levens-
beschrijvinc van Maimonides," 1815; STHIN. "Moses Maimonides,"
1846; R. M. MAIMONIDES, "Account of the Life, etc of Maimoni-
des," London, 1837: " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Mainardi, mi-naR'dee, (ANDREA,) an Italian painter,
born at Cremona about 1550. He was sometimes caller!
CHIAVEGHINO, (ke-a-vi-gee'no.) Died after 1613.
Mainardi, (BASTIANO,) a painter of the Florentine
school, born in Tuscany, lived about 1500.
Mainardi, (LATTANZIO,) an Italian painter, born at
Bologna, lived about 1590. He wag employed by the
pope Sixtus V. to adorn with ftescos the church of Santa
Maria Maggiore. and the Vatican. Died at the age of
twenty-seven.
Maiiidrora, mau'dRoN', (ETIEXNE HIPPOLYTE,) a
French statuary, born in the department of Maine-et-
Loire in 1801 ; died in Paris, March 21, 1884.
Maine, man. (Sir HENRY JAMES SUMNER,) LL.D., an
English jurist. .'.:. He graduated with high
honours at Pembroke College. Cambridge, in 1844, and
was appointed a tutor of Trinity Hall. He was regius
professor of civil law at Cambridge I: . 1854,
was called to the bar in 1850, was law-member of the
government of India from 1862 to 1869, and in that time
effected great reforms, was proft- nice at
Oxford from 1870 to 1879, and in 1879 became master
of Trinity Hall, Cambric; j \vnrks are
"Roman Law and Legal Educal \ucient
Law: its Connection with i nf Society,"
(1861,) " Village Communit- " Lectures on the
Early History of Ins!.; ^7$,) " Dissertations on
Early Law and Custom," (1883,) etc. Died in 1888.
Maine, (LACROIX DC.) See LACROIX nu MAINE.
Maine de Biran, m&n deh be'roN'. (MARIE FRAN-
COIS PIERRE GONTHIER.) aa eminent French metaphy-
sician, born near Bergerac in 1766. After opposing the
excesses of the Revolution, he was deputed from Doi
dogne to the Council of Five Hundred in 1797. From
1809 to 1814 he was a member of the legislative body.
After the restoration of 1816 he was a moderate royalisl
member of the Chamber of Deputies. He gained in
i 1803 a prize of the Institute for his essay " On the Influ-
ence of Habit on the Faculty of Thought," (" De I'lnflu-
: ence de PHabitude sur la Faculte de Penser.") He also
! wrote the metaphysical part of the article " Leibnitz" in
the "Biographic Universelle," a "Memoir on the De-
composition of Thought," ("Sur la Decomposition de la
Pensee," 1805,) and several other works. M. V. Cousin
estimated him as the greatest metaphysician of Franc*
since Malebranche. Died in 1824.
See ERNEST NAVILLE, " Maine de Biran, sa Vie et ses Pense'es,"
1857; DAMIEON, "Essai sur 1'Histoire de la Philosophic en France
au dn-iieuvieme Siecle;" SAINTE-BEUVE, "Causeriesdu Lundi :"
COI'SIN, Preface to the " CEuvres philosophiques de Maine de
Eiron," 1841 ; " Nouvelie Biographic Generate ;" " British Quarterlf
Review" for October, 1866.
Maine, du, dii m£m, (Louis AUGUSTE DE BOURBON,)
DUKE, the son of Louis XIV. and Madame de Montes-
pan, was born in 1670, and legitimated in 1673. He was
appointed general of the galleys in 1688, and grand
master of the artillery in 1694. The king recognized
him as a prince of the blood and capable of succeeding
to the throne. The duke appears to have displayed a
gentle and liberal spirit, with moderate literary talents.
Died in 1736.
See SAINT-SIMON, " Mimoires ;" LEMONTHV, " Histoire de ia
Re'gence;" MADAME DE SKVIGNE, "Lettres."
Mainfroi See MANFRED.
Maino, mi'no, (GiASONE,) an Italian jurist, born at
Pesaro in 1435. He w.is professor of law at Pavia from
1467 to 1486. After an absence he returned to Pavia in
1491. and lectured to large classes of Italian, French,
and German students. He published commentaries on
the Digest, three Latin orations, and " Consilia sive
Responsa." Died in 1519.
See KAHRONI, " Vitx Italorum doctrina excellentium. "
Maintenon, de, deh mlNt'n6N', (FRANCOIS D'Au-
RIGN&,) MARQUISE, a French lady, whose life wa»
marked by romantic adventures and surprising vicissi-
tudes, was born in 1635, in the prison of Niort, (where
her father, Constant d'Auhigne, was detained.) Shew-as
a granddaughter of the eminent author T. A. d'Aubigne.
Having become a poor orphan, she was constrained
by her guardians to abjure Calvinism. To escape the
miseries of dependence on her unkind godmother, she
married in 1652 Scarron the burlesque poet and wit, who
was infirm and deformed in person. His house was a
fashionable resort of the most brilliant wits and noblesse
of Paris. He died in 1660, leaving her again destitute
of resources except her rare beauty and talents. Her
eyes are described as dark, intensely spiritual, and inex-
pressibly lustrous. She received a pension of 2000 livres
from the queen-mother for several years preceding the
death of the latter, in 1666.
About 1670 Madame Scarron was selected as govern-
ess of the Due du Maine, a son of Louis XIV. and
Madame <le Montespan. The king presented to her the
estate of Maintenon in 1674, after which she was called
Madame de Maintenon. She gradually gained a com-
plete ascendant over Louis, and was secretly married to
him in 1685. The marriage was never formally avowed
by him. " It would be hard to name any woman," says
Macaulay, " who, with so little romance in her temper,
has had so much in her life. ... A just understanding ;
an inexhaustible yet never redundant flow of rational,
sprightly conversation ; a temper of which the serenity
was never for a moment ruffled ; a tact which surpassed
the tact of her sex as much as the tact of her sex sur-
passes the tact of ours: such were the qualities which
made the widow of a buffoon first the confidential friend
and then the spouse of the proudest and most powerful
of European kings." Madame de Sevigne describes her
society as " truly delicious."
She laboured assiduously to convert the king to vital
religion. Louis transacted business with his ministers
in her apartment, discussed the most important ques-
tions in her presence, and often asked her advice in these
i, e, i, o, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y, short; a, e, {, o, obscure; fir, fall, fat; met; not; good; moon:
MAINVIELLE
1631
MAISTRE
verms : " Qu'en pense votre Solidite ?" ("What does
your Solidity think about it ?") He was once dissuaded
by her from the cruel purpose of burning the city of
Treves. As the king grew old and fretful, her task of
entertaining him became very arduous. " I have seen
her," says Mile. d'Aumale, " divert the king by a thou-
sand inventions for four hours together, without repeti-
tion, yawning, or slander." She founded a good school
for girls at Saint-Cyr. She died in 1719. Her letters
and other works have been published by M. Lavallee, in
Idvols., (1854 ft stf.) This edition includes "Souvenirs
de Mme. de Caylus," and " Memoires de Mile. d'Au-
male."
See CARACCIOLI, " Vie de Madame de Maintenon," 17.%; MA-
DAMS SUARD. " Madame de Maintenon peinte par elle-mgnie," 1810 ;
MONMHRQUB, "Notice sur Madame de Maintenon," 1829; LA
BBAUMELLE, " Me"moires pour servir al'Histoire de Mme. de Main-
tenon." 1756 ; LE Due DK NOAILI.ES, " Histoire de Madame de
Maintenon," 4 vols., 1848-59: LAFONT D'AUSONNE, "Histoire de
Madame de Maintenon," 1814; VOLTAIRE, "Si&cle de Lnuis XIV;"
SAINTH-BEUV*, " Causeries du Lundi," tome iv. ; " Noitvelle Bin-
graphie Gtei^rale ;" W. H. D. ADAMS, " Famous Beauties and
Historic Women," vol. i., London, 1865; "Blackwood's Maza-
rine" for February, 1850 ; " Fraser's Magazine" for March, 1849;
*' Letter* of Madame de Maintenon," in the " Monthly Review" for
January, 1753.
Mainvielle, maN've'el', or Maiuville, miN'vtl',
(PIERRE,) a member of the French Convention of 1792,
was born at Avignon in 1765. He was executed with
the Girondists in October, 1793.
See LAMARTINK, "Histoire des Girondms."
Maiiizer, mlnt'ser, (JOSEPH,) a German musician and
writer on music, born at Treves in 1801 ; died in 1851.
Maio or Majo, da, da ma'yo, (FRANCESCO or Cic-
cio,) an excellent Italian composer of operas and sacred
music, born at Naples in 1745, (some say about 1740.)
Among his operas are "Montezuma," (1765,) and
"Ipermnestra," (1770.) Died at Rome in 1774.
See FETIS, " Biopraphie Universelle des Musiciens."
Maioli or Majoli, mi-yo'lee, (CESARE,) an Italian
naturalist, born at Forll in 1746. He obtained a chair
of philosophy at Rome in 1781. He wrote many works
on botany and zoology, the most of which remain in
manuscript. Died in 1823.
See FARINI, "Memorie sopra !a Vita del Majoli," 1824.
Maioli or Majoli, (SiMONE,) an Italian canonist
born at Asti in 1520; died about 1597.
Maioragio or Majoragio, ma-yo-ra'jo, [Lat. MA-
IORA'GIUS,] (MARCANTONIO,) an eloquent and learned
Italian writer, whose proper name was ANTONIO MARIA
CONTI, was born in the Milanese in 1514. At the age
of twenty-six he obtained the chair 01 eloquence at
Milan. He wrote a "Commentary on the Works of
Cicero," poems, harangues, and various other works.
Died in 1555.
Maiquez, ml-keth', (IsiDORO,) a popular Spanish
comedian, born at Carthagena about 1766. He intro-
duced at Madrid a more simple and natural style of
action, and was reputed the most excellent comedian
that Spain had produced. Died in 1820.
Mair, (JOHN.) See MAJOR, (JOHN.)
Mairaii, de, deh mi'roN', (JEAN JACQUES DORTOUS,)
a distinguished French savant and litterateur, born at
Beziers in 1678. About 1718 he removed to Paris, and
was elected to the Academy of Sciences, for which he
wrote many memoirs on geometry, physics, and other
sciences. He published a " Dissertation on Ice," (" Dis-
sertation sur la Glace,") " Letters on China," and other
works. In 1740 he succeeded Fontenelle as secretary
to the Academy of Sciences, and in 1743 was elected to
the French Academy. He was intimate with Voltaire.
Died in 1771.
See VILLEMAIN, "Tableau de la Litte"rature Francaise au dix-
huitieme Siecle ;" VOLTAIRE, " Correspondance G^ne"rale;" SABA-
THISR. " Eloge de Mairan," 1841 ; GRANDJEAN DE FOUCHV, " filoge
de Mairan," 1771 ; " Nouvelle Biographic G^nerale."
Mairault, de, deh mi'ro', (ADRIEN MAURICE,) a
French critic, born in Paris in 1708. He aided Desfon-
taines in his critical works. Died in 1746.
Maire, Le. See LEMAIRE.
Mairet, tni'ri', (JEAN,) a French dramatic poet, born
at Besan9on in 1604. In 1629 he produced his principal
work, " Sophonisba," a tragedy, which was very suc-
7. Among his works is the " Ohservatcur Anglais,'-
;ols., 1778,) reprinted under the title of "Espion
cessful, and formed an epoch in the annals of the French
theatre, being the first in which the rule of unities was
observed. He wrote many other tragedies and come-
dies. Died in 1686.
See LA HAVPR, "Cours de la Litte"r.itnre :" GUIZOT, " Omeille
et Ron Temps;" FUNTENELLE, "Vie de Corneille."
Mairobert, de, deh mi'ro'baip.', (MATHIF.U FRAM-
Cois PIDANSAT,) a French writer, born in Champagne in
1707.
(4 vols.,
Anglais," ("English Spy.") Died in 1779.
Maironi da Ponte, mi-ro'nee da pon'ta, (Gio-
VANNI,) an Italian naturalist and writer, born at Be>-
gamo in 1748; died in 1833.
Maiseaux, Des. See DESMAISEAUX.
Maison, mi'z6N', (NICOLAS JOSEPH,) COUNT, a mar-
shal of France, was born at Epinay, near Paris, in 1771-
He distinguished himself at Jemmapes in 1792. In 1799
he became adjutant-general or chief of the staff in the
army of Bernadotte. For his services at Austerlitz, in
1805, he was made a general of brigade. He took part
in the Russian campaign of 1812, during which he ob-
tained the rank of general of division. In 1814 he
received from Louis XVIII. the title of peer and the
command of the army of Paris. He refused to recog-
nize Bonaparte on his return from Elba. He commanded
the expedition against the Turks of the Morea in 1828,
and on his return received a marshal's baton. He was
sent as ambassador to Vienna in 1830, and became min-
ister of war in 1835. Died in 1840.
See THIERS, " Histoire de la Re'publique, du Consulat et de
1'Empire ;" MAZMONT, " Memoires ;" VICTOR DE BROGLIE, " £loge
historique du Mare"chal Maison, " 1842 ; " Nouvelle Biographic G4n^-
rale."
Maisonfort, de la, deh IS m|'z6N'foR', (Louis Du-
BOIS DESCOURS,) MARQUIS, a French biographer, born
in Berry in 1763, was a royalist. He published a bio-
graphical Dictionary of those who figured in the French
Revolution, (3 vols., 1800.) Died in 1827.
Maisonneuve, m4'z6'nuv', (JULES GERMAIN FRAN-
COIS,) a French surgeon, born at Nantes in 1810. He
took his degree of doctor at Paris in 1835, and acquired
an extended fame by the boldness and brilliancy of his
surgical operations. He published many papers and
minor works on surgery and its methods.
Maisonneuve, de, deh mi'zo'nuv', (Louis JEAN
BAPTISTF,) a French dramatic poet, born at Saint-Cloud
about 1745. His tragedy of " Roxelane et Mustapha"
(1785) had a prodigious success. He produced, also,
" Odmar and Zulma," (1788.) Died in 1819.
Maissiat, m^'se'S', (MICHEL,) a French topographical
engineer, born at Nantua in 1770. He published several
professional works. Died in 1822.
Maistral, mi'tRfl', (ESPRIT TRANQUILLE,) a French
naval officer, born at Quimper in 1763 ; died in 1815.
Maistre. See SACY.
Maistre, (ISAAC.) See LEMAISTRE.
Maistre, de, deh mJtR, (JOSEPH MARIE,) COUNT, an
eminent political writer and philosopher, was born at
Chambery, in Savoy, in 1754. He was a warm oppo-
nent of the French Revolution, and attached to the
ultramontane school of theology. In 1796 he published
"Considerations on France," which obtained great suc-
cess. He was appointed by the King of Sardinia grand
chancellor in 1799. From 1802 to 1816 he was ambas-
sador to Saint Petersburg, and, on his return to Turin
in 1817, became minister of state. His most important
work is entitled " On the Pope," (" Du Pape," 1819,) an
argument for the cause of popery and absolutism. Died
in 1821. He was distinguished as an original thinker.
See RAYMOND, " Eloge du Comte J. M. de Maistre," 1827 ; VIL-
LEMAIN, " Cours de LitteVature Francaise au dix-huitieme Siecle •"
VILLENEUVE-ARIFAT, " filoge du Comte J. de Maistre," 1853:
SAINTS-BEUVB, "Causeries du Lundi," and "Portraits contempo-
rains;" "Nouvelle Biographie GeneVale ;" "Edinburgh Review"
for October, 1852 ; "Eraser's Magazine" for April, 1849-
Maistre, de, (XAVIER,) a popular and witty author,
a brothr.r of the preceding, was born at Chambery
in 1764, He entered the Russian service about 1800,
fought against the Persians, and obtained the rank of
major-general. In 1794 he produced (in French) his in-
genious and humorous "Journey around my Chamber,"
; g hard; g as/; G, H, ^guttural; fi,tiastl; R,triilfii: sast.-th as in this.
Explanations, p.
MAITANI
1632
MAJOR
("Voyage autour de ma Chambre.") He maintained
his reputation as an elegant writer by tales entitled
" Prisoners of the Caucasus," and " Prascovie, ou la
jeune Sibe>ienne." After 1817 he lived alternately in
France and Saint Petersburg. Died in 1852.
See SAINTE-BEUVK, " Poitraits contemporains ;" " Nouvelle Bio-
graphie Ge'ne'rale."
Maitani, mi-ti'nee, (LORENZO,) an Italian architect
born at Sienna about 1240; died after 1310.
Mait/land, (Sir FREDERICK LEWIS,) a British naval
officer, born in Scotland in 1779. As captain, he served
with distinction against the French on the coast of Egypt
In 1801. In 1815 he was ordered to keep watch on the
coast of France in order to prevent the escape of Na-
poleon, who surrendered himself to Captain Maitland in
July and was conveyed by him in the Bellerophon to
England. He obtained the rank of rear-admiral. Died
in 1839.
Maitland, (JAMES.) See LAUDERDALE, EARL OF.
Maitland, (JOHN.) See LAUDERDALE, DUKE OF.
Maitland, (JOHN,) of Thirlestane, first Lord Mait-
land, an eminent Scottish statesman, born about 1540,
was the second son of Sir Richard Maitland, noticed
below, and grandfather of the Duke of Lauderdale. He
was appointed keeper of the privy seal in 1567. For his
loyalty to Queen Mary he was proscribed by the domi-
nant party about 1570 and imprisoned several years. In
1584 he was made secretary of state, and became in fact
the chief minister of James VI. He was appointed chan-
cellor of Scotland in 1586 or 1587, and created Baron
Maitland in 1590. He is praised for his moderation and
integrity as well as for his talents. Several of his Latin
epigrams have been published. Died in 1595.
See MACKENZIE, "Scotch Writers;" LODGE, "Lives of Eminent
Personages."
Maitland, (Sir RICHARD,) of Lethington, a Scottish
writer and judge, born in 1496, was the father of Sir Wil-
liam Maitland, noticed below, and of John, first Lord
Maitland. He studied law in France, and held several
high offices. About 1550 he was chosen a lord of session,
and in 1562 lord privy seal. He acquired distinction
as a poet and collector of Scottish poetry. One of his
poems is entitled " Creation and Paradise Lost." Died
in 1586.
See IRVINE, " Lives of the Scottish Poets;" MACKENZIE, " Scotch
Writers;" CHAMBERS, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scots-
men."
Maitland, (Rev. SAMUEL ROFFEY,) D.D., F.R.S., an
able English essayist and writer on ecclesiastical history,
etc., was born in London in 1792. He was librarian to
the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1837 to 1848. He
was author of numerous essays on theology, morals, etc.
Among his principal and most popular works is "The
Dark Ages : being a Series of Essays intended to Illus-
trate the State of Religion and Literature in the Ninth,
Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Centuries," (1844.) He
aims to prove that those ages were not so dark as they
are commonly represented. Died in 1866.
Maitland, (Sir WILLIAM,) of Lethington, Lithington,
or Lidington, an able Scottish minister of state, was
the eldest son of Sir Richard, noticed above. In 1558
he became principal secretary to Mary of Guise, queen-
regent ; but in 1559 he joined the Protestant chiefs who
had taken arms against her. He was restored to the
office of secretary of state by Mary Queen of Scots in
1561. Though not a Catholic, he enjoyed the favour and
confidence of the queen, who sent him on several em-
bassies to Queen Elizabeth. After Mary was imprisoned,
(1567,) he adhered to her cause, and united with the
Duke of Norfolk in an effort to save her. Having failed
in an attempt to mediate between the two hostile parties,
in 1570 he declared openly for the queen. His enemy,
Regent Morton, took him prisoner, and would probably
have hung him if Maitland had not died soon after, as
some suppose, by his own hand, in 1573. "All the con-
temporary writers." says Robertson, "mention him with
an admiration which nothing could have excited but the
greatest superiority of penetration and abilities." " His
name," says Burton, " was a by-word for subtlety and
state-craft. Yet, ... if we look at his life and doings,
we do not find he was one of those who have left the
mark of their influence upon their age. . . . He had
great abilities, but they were rather those of the wit and
rhetorician than of the practical man." ("History of
Scotland," vol. iv. pp. 55-57.) Hume styles Maitland
"Secretary Lidington." Queen Elizabeth called him
"the flower of the wits of Scotland."
See FROUDE, "Reign of Elizabeth," faiiim, but particularly
chaps, six and xxiii. ; HUME, " History of England ;" ROBERTSCW.
" History of Scotland."
Maitland, (WILLIAM,) a Scottish antiquary, bom at
Brechin about 1693. He became a resident of London,
and was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society. He
published a " History of London," (1739,) and a "Ht»
tory of Edinburgh." Died in 1757.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen
Maittaire, mJ'tSR', (MICHEL,) an eminent scholar
and bibliographer, born in France in 1668, was the son
of Protestant parents, who emigrated to England when
the edict of Nantes was revoked, (1685.) He was a
good classical scholar, and edited many Greek and Latin
authors. He resided many years in London. Among
his most important productions are " Dialects of the
Greek Language," (1706,) and "Typographic Annals
from the Invention of Printing to 1557," ("Annales Ty-
pographic! ab Artis InvenUe Origine ad Annum 1557,"
9 vols., 1719-41,) a work of great research, and superior
to any that had appeared on that subject. Died in 1747.
See DIBDIN, "Bibliomania;" P. CHASLES, "Dissertation on th«
Life and Works of M Maittaire," London, 1819.
Maitz de Goimpy, du, dii mits deh gwaN'pe', (FRAN-
COIS Louis EDME GABRIEL,) COUNT, a French astrono-
mer and naval officer, born in Beauce in 1729 ; died aftei
1784.
Mains. See MAY.
Maizeroy, de, deh m4z'rwa', (PAUL GKD£ON JOLY,)
a French officer and eminent tactician, was born at Mett
in 1719. He served several campaigns, ending at the
peace of 1763, and became lieutenant-colonel. He wrote
numerous works on tactics and military science, which
had a transient success, but are now obsolete. Died in
1780.
Maizieres, de, deh mi'ze-aiR', (PHILIPPE,) a French
writer, born in the diocese of Amiens in 1312. He insti-
gated the Kings of France and of Cyprus to conduct t
crusade against the Saracens of Egypt in 1365. He
wrote an allegory, "Le Songe du vieil Pelerin," etc.
Died in 1405.
Majano. See MAIANO.
Majlath. See MAILATH.
Majo. See MAIO.
Mujoli See MAIOLI.
Major, ma'yoR, or Meier, ml'er, (GEORG,) a German
Lutheran theologian, born at Nuremberg in 1502. He
studied under Luther and Melanchthon at Wittenberg,
where he was afterwards professor of theology for many
years. He published commentaries on the New Testa-
ment, and many theological works. Died in 1574.
See C. ULENBERG, "Vita et Res gesLe M. Lutheri, P. Melanch-
thonis et G. Majoris," 1622.
Major, (ISAAC,) a German painter and engraver,
born at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1576. He engraved
a number of large landscapes representing scenes in
the mountains of Bohemia. Died in 1630.
Major, (JOHANN DANIEL,) a German physician and
antiquary, born at Breslau in 1634. He practised with
success at Hamburg. In 1665 he obtained the chair of
medicine at Kiel, where he planted a botanic garden.
He wrote, in Latin, many learned professional treatises.
Died in 1693.
Ma'jpr, (JOHN,) written also Malr, a Scottish his-
torian and theologian, born near North Berwick about
1470. He passed a number of years in Paris as a stu-
dent and then as a professor of scholastic philosophy.
In 1519 he returned to Scotland, and some years later
became professor of theology at Saint Andrew's, where
George Buchanan and John Knox were his pupils. He
wrote, (in Latin,) besides other works, " Commentaries
on the Four Books of Sentences," and a " History of
Scotland." Died about 1550. Robertson calls him a
"succinct and dry writer."
a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 5, u, J, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; nfll; good; m65n;
MAJOR
MALAN
M'S'jor, (RICHARD HENRY,) an English antiquary,
born m London in 1818. He edited several works on
geographical exploration, and wrote a " Life of Prince
Henry the Navigator," (1868.) Died June 25, 1891.
Major, (THOMAS,) a skilful English engraver, born
about 1715. He engraved landscapes after Berghem,
Teniers,' Claude Lorrain, etc. Among his most ad-
mired works are twenty-four views of the Ruins of
Passtum, after J. B. Borra, published at London, (1768.)
Died in 1770.
Majoragio. See MAIORAGIO.
Majoragius. See MAIORAGIO.
Majorano, (GAETANO.) See GAFFARELLI.
Ma-jo'rI-an, [Lat. MAJORIA'NUS; Fr. MAJORIF.X,
mi'zho're^N',] (Juuus VALERIUS,) a Roman general,
who succeeded Avitus as Emperor of the West in 457
A.D. He defeated Theodoric the Visigoth in Gaul in 459,
and afterwards waged war against Genseric. He was
deposed and put to death by Ricimer in 461.
Majorien. See MAJORJAN.
Majus, ml'yus, (HEINRICH,) a German natural philos-
opher, born at Cassel in 1632 ; died in 1696.
Majus, (JoHANN BURKHARD,) a German historian,
born at Pforzheim in 1652. He wrote " De Rebus
Badensibus," (1678,) and other works. Died in 1726.
Majus or Malus, (JoHANN HEINRICH,) an Oriental-
ist, brother of the preceding, was born in 1653. He wrote
on theology and Hebrew antiquities. Died in 1719.
Makart, ma'kaRt', (HANS,) a celebrated Austrian
painter, born at Salzburg, May 28, 1840. He began to
learn engraving in his youth, but, turning his attention to
painting, became a pupil of Piloty, at Munich. His first
picture was a "Sleeping Horseman embraced by a
Nymph," (1866,) which was soon followed by "Modern
Flirtations," a painting which established his fame.
Among his later works are "Leda and the Swan," "The
Plague of Florence," "The Seven Capital Sins, ""Entry
of Charles V. into Antwerp," (1878,) etc. Died at
Vienna, October 3, 1884.
Makeblyde, ma'keh-bli'deh, (Louis,) a Flemish
religious writer, born at Poperingue in 1564; died in
1630.
Makkaree, Makkarl, or Makkary, Al, tl mak'-
ka-ree, (AHMED-lBN-MoHAMMED,aH'm£d ib'n ir.u-hirr/-
med,) an Arabian historian, born at Tlemcen about
1585. He became a resident of Cairo about 1620, and
wrote numerous historical and theological works, the
most important of which is a valuable " History of Spain
during the Domination of the Moors," which was trans-
lated into English by Pascual de Gayangos, under the
title of a "History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in
Spain," (2 vols., 1843.) Died in 1631.
See " Nouvelle Biographie Ge'ne'rale."
Mako, mok'ko, (PAUL,) a learned Hungarian Jesuit,
born in 1 723. He wrote on geometry, physical science,
etc. Died in 1793.
Makouski. See MAKOWSKI.
Makowskt, ml-kov'skee, written also Makouski,
[Lat. MACCO'VIUS,] (JoHNj a Polish Protestant divine,
born at Lobzenick in 1588. He was noted for disputa-
tiousness and fondness for scholastic subtleties. Died
in 1644.
See JOHANN COCCEJI, "Oratio in Funere J. Maccovii," 1644.
Makreezee or Makrizi, Al, tl ma-kRee'zee, sur-
named TAKYAH-ED-DEEN or TAKY-ED-DEEN, (or TAKI-
EDDfN,) tak'yed-deen', (i.e. the " Support of Religion,") a
celebrated Arabic writer, born at Cairo about 1360. He
held several civil and religious offices in his native city.
He wrote many historical works, which attest the variety
and extent of his knowledge. His "Historical and Topo-
graphical Description of Egypt" gives an ample account
of the events which occurred after the conquest of the
Saracens, and of the customs and antiquities of that
country. He also wrote a "History of Saladin and
his Successors," and a treatise on Moslem Coins. The
above-named works have been translated into French
by Silvestre de Sacy. Al Makreezee has the reputa-
tion of being, on the whole, an impartial, trustworthy,
and eminently judicious writer. Died in 1442.
See SILVHSTRB DE SACY, " Chrestomalliie Arabe.
Makrizi. See MAKREEZEE.
Malaba'ri, (BEHRAMJI MERWAUGI,) a Hindoo
poet and reformer, born at Baroda in 1853. His
poems are in the native and the English tongues, and
are highly esteemed. He has also written largely on
political and moral questions, and is the leading social
reformer in India. He has made an earnest crusade
against infant marriages and enforced widowhood in
Hindostan.
Malabranca, ma-la-bRan'ka, (LATINO,) an Italian
Dominican, called also Frangipani, was a nephew of
Pope Nicholas III. He was made Bishop of Ostia and
Velletri in 1278. His diplomatic talents were employed
and approved by several successive popes. Died about
1294. The celebrated hymn "Dies Irs" is attributed
to him by many writers.
Malacarne, ma la-kaR'ni, (MiCHELE VINCENZO,) an
Italian surgeon, born at Saluzzo in 1 744. He contributed
by his works to the progress of science in Italy. I le was
professor of surgery at Padua from 1794 until his death,
m 1816. Among his works is a treatise on Encepha-
lotomy.
Mal'a-ehi, [Heb. '3KTO,] the last of the minor He-
brew prophets, is supposed to have prophesied about
420 B.C. Nothing is positively known of his history.
The name signifies " angel," or " messenger of the Lord.'"
The book of Malachi is the last book of the Old Testa-
ment, in the order of time as well as of position.
Malachowski, ina-la-Kov'skee, (CASIMIR,) a Polish
general, born in 1765. He had the chief command at
Warsaw when that place was taken by the Russians in
1831. Died in 1845.
Malachy (mal'a-ki) H., or Maelsechlainn, a king of
Ireland, the last of the Hui Neill dynasty who was un-
disputed over-king of the whole island. He gained the
throne in 980, and soon after won a great battle at Tara
over the Danes of Dublin, Man, and the Isles. In 989 he
took Dublin. He had, in later years, continual warfare
with Danes and Irish vassals alike, and in 1001 submitted
to Brian Boroihme.
Malachy, SAINT, (in Irish, MAELMAEDOG.UA MOR-
GAIR,) also called Imar Malachy, an Irish archbishop,
born at Armagh about 1095, of a noble race. He
became about 1127 Bishop of. Connor and Dromore,
where he did much to introduce the Roman obedience.
In 1129 he was promoted to be Archbishop of Armagh,
but actually held that see only from 1134 to 1137,
when he took the bishopric of Down. While at Rome
in 1 139 he was made papal legate a latcre, with authority
to visit and reform the Irish Church. In 1148 he con-
vened a national council at Inis Phatlrig, and in the same
year went to meet the pope at Clairvaux, where he
died, in the arms of Saint Bernard, November 2, 1148.
The celebrated " Prophecy of Saint Malachy regarding
the Lives of Future Pontiffs" was not written by him.
Malagrida, ma-la-gRee'dl, (GABRIELE,) an Italian
Jesuit, born in the Milanese in 1689. He removed to
Portugal, became a popular preacher, and wrote several
works. He was suspected of complicity in the attempt
to assassinate the King of Portugal, (1758,) and was
convicted of heresy, for which he'was burned in 1761.
Malaguti, ma-13-goo'tee, (FRANCOIS,) a distinguished
chemist, born at Bologna in 1802. Having settled in
France, he studied in the laboratory of Gay-Lussac, and
became in 1850 professor of chemistry at Rennes. He
published several valuable works, among which is " Les-
sons of Agricultural Chemistry." Died April 25, 1878.
Malaine, mS'lJn', (JOSEPH LAURENT,) a French
painter of flowers, born at Tournai in 1745; died in
Paris in 1809.
Mal'a-la, Mal'e-la, or Mal'e-las, [Gr. MoJ^la or
Ma/lEAa,J ca'lled also JOHN OF ANTIOCH, was the author
of a Greek chronicle which extends from the creation
to the year 566 A.D. It was first printed by Chilmead,
at Oxford, in 1691. The time and place of his birth and
death are not known. He was, perhaps, the same as
John of Antioch the Scholastic.
See CAVE, " Historia Litemria."
Malan, (SOLOMON CAESAR,) D.D., a Swiss-English
clergyman and linguist, born at Geneva in 1812, was
«aai; 9 as s; g hartl; g as ;'; G, H, Yi, guttural; N, «<ua/; R, trilled; sasz; th as in this. (J®=See Explanations, p. 23.)
MALAPERT
1634
MALCZEWSKT
educated in England, graduating at St. Edmund Hall,
Oxford, in 1837. He went to Calcutta and became a
professor in Bishop's College, but returned to Oxford,
took priest's orders in the English Church, and attained
various preferments, being a prebendary of Sarum from
1871 to 1875. He published a vast number of transla-
tions from Oriental languages, (Chinese, Armenian,
Georgian, Coptic, Geez, Russian, Japanese, etc.,) very
often of works of much interest in connection with litur-
gical and doctrinal questions. He was also gifted as an
artist, musician, and naturalist. He is said to have con-
versed fluently in twenty-five languages and to have been
able to translate over one hundred. For awhile he ranked
as the greatest living polyglot scholar, but was subse-
quently rivalled by Leitner in this regard. Died in 1894.
Malapert, mi'U'paiR', (CHARLFS,) a Flemish poet
and geometer, born at Mons in 1581. He became a
Jesuit, and a professor of mathematics in various col-
leges. He published Latin poems, and several works
on geometry. Died in Spain about 1630.
Malarme, de, deh mJ'la'Rm', (CHARLOTTE,) COUNT-
Ess, a novelist, born at Metz, France, in 1753, was a
sister of Count de Bournon, the mineralogist. She
wrote "Niralba," (1800,) and other novels. Died about
1830.
Malaspina, ma-11-spee'na, (RlCORDANO,) the earliest
historian of Florence, was born in that city in the thir-
teenth century. He wrote a "History of Florence from
its Origin to the Year 1281."
See TiRABOscHi. "Sloria della Letteratura Italiana."
Malaspuia di Sannazaro, mj-ll-spee'na de sin-
nad-zl'ro, (Luici,) MARQUIS, an Italian writer and politi-
cal economist, born at Pa via in 1754. He founded a
school of fine arts in his native city. Died in 1834.
Malatesta, ma-ld-ieVta, a noble Italian family, which
acquired the lordship of Rimini in the thirteenth cen-
tury, and furnished several leaders of the Guelph party.
MALATESTA II. and GALEOTTO MALATESTI, sons of
Pandolfe I., began to reign over Rimini in 1335. They
had a great military reputation, and next to the Visconti
were perhaps the most powerful princes of Italy. The
former died in 1364, and Galeotto in 1385, leaving two
sons, CARLO and PANDOLFO III. These two became
able generals, and commanded the army of Visconti,
Duke of Milan, from 1393 to 1408. Carlo, who was
Lord of Rimiii, died without issue in 1429. The de-
scendants of Pandolfo III. possessed Rimini until 1528,
when it was added to the papal dominions.
Malatesta, (BATTISTA,) an Italian lady of eminent
talents, was married in 1405 to Galeotto Malatesta,
Seigneur of Pesaro. She taught philosophy in public,
made Latin orations before the emperor and pope, and
wrote some admired verses.
Malaval, ma'la'vSl', (FRANQOIS.) a French mystic,
born at Marseilles in 1627, became blind in infancy,
but studied Latin with success. He published, besides
several prose works of a mystical character, " Poesies
spirituelles," ("Spiritual Poems.") Died in 1719.
Mai-bone', (EDWARD G., ) an American portrait-
painter, born at Newport, Rhode Island, in 1 777. He
visited Europe in 1801 in company with Washington
Allston, but returned the same year to America, where
he soon acquired a high reputation in his art. Died
in 1807.
See DUNLAP, " History of the Arts of Design in America," vol.
ii. chap. ii. : TUCKERMAN, " Book of the Artists."
Mal'ehua [Gr. Mu?..vor] OF PHILADELPH[A, called
THE SOPHIST, a Byzantine historian, lived about 600
A.D. Fragments of his works are extant.
See CAVE, " Historia Litcraria."
Malchus, you, fon mJl'Kus, (KARL AUGUST,) BARON,
a German writer, born at Mannheim in 1770, was ap-
pointed minister of the interior in the kingdom of West-
phalia in 1813. He published several works on political
economy. Died in 1840.
Malcolm (mal'kom) I., King of Scots, the son of
Donald IV., succeeded his cousin, Constantine III., in
938 A. p. He was killed by some of his own subjects who
har! revolted ; but the date of this event is not known.
Malcolm U., King of Scotland, was the son of Ken-
neth III. He began to reign in 1003, and resisted seve-
ral hostile incursions of the Danes with success. He
died in 1033, leaving two daughters, one of whom was
the mother of Duncan I.
Malcolm ILL, surnamed CANMORE, (" Great Head,")
was the son of King Duncan, whose virtues and tragical
fate are commemorated in Shakspeare's "Macbeth."
When Duncan was killed, in 1040, Malcolm escaped to
England. (See MACBETH.) He returned with an army,
defeated Macbeth, and ascended the throne in 1057.
About logo a war commenced between William II. of
England and Malcolm, who was killed in battle at Aln-
wick Castle in 1093. His sons Alexander and David
became kings.
See BURTON, " History of Scotland," vol. i. chap. ri.
Malcolm IV., King of Scotland, was born about
1140, and succeeded his grandfather, David I., in 1153.
He made peace with Henry II. of England by ceding
to him Northumberland. He died in 1165, and was
succeeded by his brother William.
See BURTON, " History of Scotland," vol. ii. chaps, xiii., xjv. ;
BUCHANAN, " Rerum Scoiicarum Historia."
Malcolm, mil'kom, ([AMES PELLER.) an engraver
and antiquary, born in Philadelphia about 1768. He
visited Europe in his youth, and became a student in
the Royal Academy ot London. He published " Lon-
dinum Redivivum ; or, The Ancient History and Modern
Description of London," (1802-05,) "Seventy Views
taken within the Compass of Twelve Miles round Lon-
don," (iSn,) and other works. Died in 1815.
Malcolm, maKkprn, (Sir JOHN,) G.C.B., a British
general and eminent historian, born in Dumfriesshire,
Scotland, in 1769. In his youth he went to India as a
cadet in the army of the Company. After performing
an important political mission to Persia, (1799,) he was
appointed to the presidency of Mysore in 1803. He
was minister-plenipotentiary to the court of Persia in
1809 and 1810. Having collected information respect-
ing Persia, he went to England in 1812, and published
a valuable "History of Persia" (1815) from the earliest
times to the date of publication. He returned to India
in lSf7, obtained the rank of brigadier-general, and, as
second in command, distinguished himself at the battle
of Mehidpoor, where Holkar was defeated. For several
ensuing years he governed Malwa and the adjacent
provinces in a manner which is highly commended. He
returned to England in 1821, with the rank of major-
general, was appointed Governor of Bombay in 1827,
and resigned that post about the end of 1830. Sir John
published, besides other works, a "Political History of
India," (from 1784 to 1823,) and left a "Life of Lord
Clive," which appeared in 1836. lie was a brother of
Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm. Died in 1833.
See J. W. KAYE, " Life and Correspondence of Sir John Mal-
colm," 2 vols , 1856: "Quarterly Review" for April, 1816. and July,
1823 ; " Edinburgh Review" for Juiy, 1812, and April, 1857 ; " Nou-
vetle Biographic Ge"ne>ale;" CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary
of Eminent Scotsmen."
Malcolm, (Sir PULTENEY,) G.C.B., a British admiral,
born near Langholm, Scotland, in 1768, was a brother of
the preceding. He entered the navy in 1778, fought
against the French in the West Indies, and was made
a post-captain in 1794. He escorted the army of Sir
Arthur Wellesley to Portugal in 1808, and obtained the
rank of rear-admiral in 1813. In 1816 and 1817 he was
commander-in-chief of the Saint Helena station, where
his duty called him into intercourse with Bonaparte, who
expressed himself much pleased with his manners and
conduct. lie was promoted to the rank of full admiral
in 1837. Died in 1838.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen,"
(Supplement.)
Mal'cpm, (HOWARD,) D.D., a Baptist divine, born
in Philadelphia in 1799, was one of the founders of the
American Tract Society and of the American Sunday-
School Union. In 1835 he visited India and China, and
on his return published " Travels in South-Eastern Asia,"
(1839) He published a "Dictionary of the Bible,"
which had an extensive circulation, and other religious
works. Died March 25, 1879.
Malczewski, mal-chcv'skee, written also Mai-
czeski, (A.NTONi,) an excellent Polish poet, born in Vol.
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mil; nflt; good; nioun:
MALDACHINI
1635
MALET
hynia about 1792, was a son of a gener.il in the Russian
service. He received a French education, and entered
the army in 1811. Having quitted the army in 1816, he
travelled for some years, and is said to have been the
first Pole that ascended Mont Blanc. His reputation is
founded on a single poem, entitled "Maria; a Tale of
the Ukraine," (Warsaw, 1826,) which is one of the most
popular poems in the Polish language. He died poor at
Warsaw in 1826.
See BIELOWSKI, "A. Malczewski," etc., 1843.
Maldachini - Famfili, mal-di-kee'nee pam-feelee,
(Donna OLIMPIA,) an Italian woman, noted for her am-
bition, vices, and political influence, was born at Viterbo
in 1594. She was married to a man whose brother, J. B.
Pamfili, was elected pope in 1644 and assumed the title
of Innocent X. Died in 1656.
Mal'den, (HENRY,) an English writer, bom about
1800, graduated at Cambridge in 1822. He became
professor of Greek in University College, London, about
1830. Died July 4, 1876.
Maldonado, mal-do-na'Do, (LorEZ,) a Spanish poet
of the sixteenth century, was contemporary with Cer-
vantes, who mentions him with eulogy.
See LONGFELLOW, '* Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Maldonado, (LORENZO FERRER,) a navigator, who
was born probably in Spain. He wrote a narrative of a
voyage which he made, or pretended to have made, from
the Atlantic to the Pacific through Behring Strait in 1588.
The majority of geographers have discredited his story.
See F. DE NAVARRBTE, " Historia de la Nautica."
Maldonat, mal-do-nit', [Lat. MALDONA'TUS,](JUAN,)
a celebrated Spanish theologian, born in Estremadura
in 1534. Having entered the order of Jesuits, he went
to Paris about 1564, and and acquired a high reputation
as a professor of theology. He is said to have been a
person of great talents, learning, and piety, and to have
written Latin with much purity. He wrote, besides
other works, "Commentaries on the Four Evangelists,"
(1596,) which, says Hallam, "have been highly praised
by theologians of the Protestant side." Died in 1583.
See PRAT, "Maldonat et 1'Universii^ de Paris." 1857: BAYLB,
** Historical and Critical Dictionary ;" NIC^RON, " Memoires."
Maldonatus. See MALDONAT.
Malebranche, mSI'bR6Nsh',[Lat MALEBRAN'CHHTO]
(NICOLAS,) a French metaphysical philosopher of great
eminence, was bom in Paris on the 6th of August, 1638.
H is habits in youth were retired and studious. He became
a priest of the Oratory in 1660, and was a zealous Carte-
sian in philosophy, which was his favourite study. In 1674
he produced the first volume of his admirable and original
"Search for Truth," (" Recherche de la VeriteV1) which
was quickly and highly appreciated. New and enlarged
editions of it rapidly followed. The general design of
this work is to demonstrate the harmony of the Cartesian
philosophy with revealed religion. His style is eminently
pure, perspicuous, and elegant, having, says Fontenelle,
"all the dignity which the subject requires, and all the
grace or ornament which it could properly receive."
"He was," says Hallam, "a warm and almost enthusi-
astic admirer of Descartes, but hi? mind was independent,
searching, and fond of its own inventions ; he acknow-
ledged no master, and in some points dissents from the
Cartesian school. . . . The fame of Malebranche, and,
still more, the popularity in modern times of his ' Search
for Truth,' have been affected by that peculiar hypothe-
sis, so mystically expressed, the seeing all things in God,
which has been more remembered than any other part
of that treatise." " He bears a striking resemblance,"
adds the same critic, " to his great contemporary Pascal.
Both of ardent minds, endowed with strong imagination
and lively wit, sarcastic, severe, fearless, disdainful of
popular opinion and accredited reputations. . . . But
in Malebranche there is a less overpowering sense of
religion ; his eye roams unblenched in the light before
which that of Pascal had been veiled in awe. He has
less energy, but more copiousness and variety." (" Intro-
duction to the Literature of Europe.") "This ingenious
philosopher and beautiful writer," says Mackintosh, "is
the only celebrated Cartesian who has professedly
handled the Theory of Morals. . . . The manner in
which he applied his principles to the particulars of
human duty is excellent. He is perhaps the first phi-
losopher who has precisely laid down, and rigidly ad-
hered to, the great principle that virtue consists in pure
intentions and dispositions of mind, without which actions,
however conformable to rules, are not truly moral." He
was involved in a long and intemperate controversy with
Arnauld on the theory of ideas and on the doctrine of
grace.
In 1687 he combined all the parts of his system, and
developed them more fully, in "Conversations on Meta-
physics and Religion," (" Entretiens sur la Metaphysique
et la Religion.") He was author of other religious and
mystical works, among which are "Christian and Meta-
physical Meditations," (1683,) and a "Treatise on Mo-
rality," ("Traite" de Morale," 1684.) He gave proof of
his profound attainments as a geometer by a "Treatise
on the Communication of Motion." Died at Paris in
October, 1715.
See FONTENELLE, "Eloge de Malebranche;" MACKINTOSH,
"View of the Progress of Ethical Philosophy;" J. E. ERDMANN,
"Malebranche, Spinoza und die Sceptiker und Mysliker des sieb-
zehnten Jahrhunderts," 1836; KARL RELSTAG, " Dissertatio da
Malebranchio Philosopho," 1846; NlCBRON, " Me'moires;" "Nou-
velle Biographic Generale."
Malebranchius. See MALEBRANCHE.
Maleguzzi-Valeri, ma-la-goot'see va-la'ree, (VERO-
NICA,) COUNTESS, one of the most learned and gifted
women of Italy, was born at Reggio, Lombardy, in 1630.
She wrote a drama called " Innocence Recognized."
Died in 1690.
Malek-Ibn-Anas, ma'lek Ib'n Jn'as, the chief or
founder of one of the four Moslem sects which are ac-
counted orthodox, was bom at Medina in 714 A.D. His
doctrines, of which he published an explanation, were
generally adopted by the Mussulmans of Spain, Egypt,
and Barbary. Died about 795.
See HAMMEK-PURGSTALL, " Literaturgeschichte der Arabcr;"
" Nouvelle Biographic Generale."
Malek-Shah. See MALIK-SHAH.
Malela. See MALALA.
Malermi, ma-leR'mee, or Malerbi, ma-le'R'bee, (NIC-
COL6,) an Italian translator, born in Venice in 1422. He
produced (1471) the first Italian version of the Bible
that was ever printed.
Malesherbes, de, deh mtl'ziRb', (CHRETIEN GyiL-
LAUME DE Lamoignon — la"mwSn'y6N',) a meritorious
French judge and philanthropist, born in Parts in 1721,
was a son of Chancellor de Lamoignon. At the age of
twenty-four he was chosen a counsellor in the Parliament,
and in 1 750 became president of the Cour des Aides. He
was directeitr de la librairie, or censor of books, from
1750 to 1768, and was praised for his liberality or indul-
gence by Rousseau, Voltaire, and the Encyclopaedists.
He acquired great popularity by his defence of the Parlia-
ment against the ministry about 1772. In 1775, having
been indicated by the public voice, he was appointed a
colleague of Turgot in the new ministry, as minister of
the king's household and of the police, but he resigned
in 1776, when Turgot was dismissed. He was elected
to the French Academy in 1775, though he had not pro-
duced any purely literary work. He was author of
treatises on rural economy and finances, and of a " Me*
moir on the Liberty of the Press." When Louis XVL
was arraigned by the Convention in 1792, Malesherbes
generously offered to him his services as counsel, which
were accepted. This act of fidelity having rendered him
suspected by the terrorists, he was executed in April,
1794. His virtues are warmly eulogized by both royal-
ists and republicans.
See DELISLE DK SALES, "Me'moires sur la Vie publique et prive*
de Malesherbes," 1803; GAILLARD, "Vie ou Eloge hislorique do
Malesherbes," 1805; J. B. DUBOIS, "Notice sur Lamoignon-Males-
herbes," 1806 ; BOISSY D'ANGLAS, " Essai sur la Vie, etc. de Males-
herbes," avols., iSi8; C. P. DUPLESSIS, "EloRede Malesherbes,"
1820; DUPIN A!NB, "Cloge de Lamoignon-Malesherbes," 1841;.
SAINTE-BEUVE. "Malesherbes," in " Causeries du Lundi," tome u.
Malet, de,deh mS'li', (CLAUDE FRANC.OIS,) a French
general and conspirator, born at Dole in 1754. About
1806 he was dismissed from the service, and went to
Paris, where he plotted against Bonaparte, and was im-
prisoned from 1808 to 1812. Having formed another
conspiracy, he announced at the barracks, in Paris, oa
« as k; 5 as s ; g hard; g asy; c, H, v~,£uttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (J®="See Explanations, p. 23.)
MALEVILL
1636
MALLEOLUS
the 24th of October, 1812, that Bonaparte had died in
Russia, and that he (Malet) had been appointed gov-
ernor of Paris by the senate. By forged orders he im-
posed on the prefect of Paris, made Savary prisoner, and
shot General Hullin. At this crisis his audatity was
baffled by Laborde, who made him prisoner. Malet and
his accomplices were shot, after a summary process, in
October, 1812.
See LAFON, " Histoire de la Conspiratlon du gninl Malet,
1814 : DOURILLB, " Hisloire de la Conspiretion de Malet. 1840.
Mal'e-vUl or Mel'viU, (GEOFFREY,) a Scottish states-
man, became lord justiciary of Scotland in 1171. He is
said to have been the first who held that office.
Maleville, de, deh mal'vel', (JACQUES,) MARQUIS, a
French jurist, born in Perigord in 1741. He aided For-
lalis and others in framing the Civil Code, about iSpo,
and wrote an " Analysis of the Discussion of the Uvi)
Code," (4 vols., 1805.) Died in 1824.
Maleville, de, (LEON,) a French advocate and poli-
tician, born at Montauban in 1803. He was minister of
the interior for a short time in December, 1848.
was a moderate royalist, and a devoted friend of Ihiers.
Died March 29, 1879.
COLONEL DE MALEVILLE, a brother of the prec< ng,
born at Domme in 1813, was killed at Solferino in 1859.
Malezieu, de, deh raSl'ze-ijh', (NICOLAS,) a French
scholar, born in Paris in 1650. He was a friend of Fene-
lon and Bossuet, whose influence procured for him the
place of preceptor of the Due du Maine. He after-
wards taught mathematics to the Duke of Burgundy,
was elected to the French Academy in 1701, and pub-
lished "Elements of Geometry for the Duke of Bur-
gundy," (1715.) Died in 1729.
Malfilatre or Malfillatre, de, deh mSl'fe'latR',
(JACQUES CHARLES Louis,) a French poet, born at
Caen in 1733. He composed a poem on the "Transla-
tion of Elijah to Heaven," and another called " Narcissus
in the Island of Venus," (1769,) which is said to possess
great beauties. Died in 1767.
See DH BAUDKE, " Discours sur la Vie, etc. de Malfilatre," 1825 ,
LA HARPS, "Cours de Literature."
Malgalgne, mJl'gSn', (JOSEPH FRANCOIS,) a French
medical writer and surgeon, born in Paris about 1806.
He published, besides other works, a "Treatise on Sur-
gical Anatomy and Experimental Surgery," (2 vols..
1838.) Died in 1865.
Malherbe, de, deh mfl.\Rb', (FRANCOIS,) a
dis-
tinguished French lyric poet, born at Caen about 1555.
He served several campaigns in the civil wars of the
League, and married Madeleine de Carriolis in 1581.
In 1587 he composed his first work, "The Tears of Saint
Peter." An " Ode to the Queen Marie de Medicis" (1600)
was the foundation of his fame. He came to Paris a few
years later, and enjoyed the patronage of Henry IV.
during the life of that prince. Malherbe was called the
poet of princes and the prince of poets. He died in 1628.
" He was," says La Harpe, " the first [French] model of
the noble style, and the creator of lyric poetry. He has
its enthusiasm, its movements, and its fonrniirts." " Mai-
nerbe," says Hallam, " gave a polish and a grace to the
lyric poetry of France, which has rendered his name cele-
brated in her criticism. In general, we find in his poems
neither imagery nor sentiments that yield us delight."
Comparing him with Horace, the same critic remarks,
" He is far from deficient in that calm philosophy which
forms the charm of the Roman poet." ("Introduction
to the Literature of Europe.")
See Roux-ALpHftSAN, " Recherches sur Malherbe el sa Famille,1
1840; "Malherbe, sa Vie et ses CEuvres," by M. DE GOURNAY,
1852; SAINTE-BEUVR," Causericsdu Luudi," tomevili ; "Nouvelle
Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Malhouet, See MALOUET.
MaJibraii, mS'le'bRdN', (MARIA FELICITA.) a cele-
brated singer and actress, born in Paris in 1808, was the
daughter of Manuel Garcia, a Spanish tenor singer. She
made her debut in London in 1825, and in 1826 visited
New York, where she married M. Malibran, a banker.
After he had become a bankrupt, she separated from him
and went to Paris, where she performed with complete
success in 1828. In Italy, England, and Germany she
also obtained triumphs almost unexampled in the his-
tory of artistes. Her voice was a mezzo-soprano of great
volume. She was very successful as an actress. She
died in England in 1836, soon after a second marriage
with M. de Beriot, a violinist.
See KHTI-S, " Biographic Ui.iversclle des Musiciens;" "Memoirs
of Madame Malibran," by the COUNTESS OF MERLIN.
Malietoa Laupepa, King of Samoa, succeeded to
the throne in 1880. A rival, Tamasese, was favoured
by the Germans, who seized and exiled Malietoa and
sought to establish a protectorate. The exile was
brought back in response to the protests of Great
Britain and the United States, and restored to the
throne November 9, 1889. Died August 22,
Malik (mal'ik) or Melik, mel'ik, El Adel, el .Vclel,
I., (Seif-ed-Deen Aboobeker Mohammed, or Saif-
Eddyn Aboubekr Mohammed, sif ed-deen' 4'boo-
bek'er mo-h.Wmed,) Sultan of Egypt and Damascus,
born at Baalbec in 1139, was a brother of the famous
Saladin. He gained victories over the crusaders in 1 174
nd 1187. In 1201 he became Sultan of Egypt. He
xtended his dominions by conquest in Syria. Died
1218.
See Wwu "Geschichte der Chalifen," vol. iii.
Malik-Sh&h, mal'ik shah, written also Malek
Malec- or Melek-) Shah, a famous Seljookicle sove-
eign, the son of Alp-Arslan, whom he succeeded in 1072.
Under Malik-Shah the Seljookian empire reached its
lighest point of power and glory. His character, like
hat of his father, appears to have been singularly noble,
lis succession to the throne had been disputed by his
jrother Toortoosh, (Tourtousch.) Before giving battle
o his rival, he asked his minister, Nizam-ool-Moolk, as
hey came out of the mosque together, what he had
>raycd for. " I have prayed," answered the minister,
that God would give you the victory over your brother."
And I," said Malik-Shah, "that God would take away
my life and crown, if my brother is worthier to reign than
[." Perhaps the only stain upon the character of this
;reat prince is his having, at the instigation of his Sul-
•ana, the Khitoon Toorkan, removed from office his
minister, the illustrious Nizam-ool-Moolk,* to whose
wise administration the empire was chiefly indebted for
its long-continued prosperity. Nizam-ool-Moolk died
soon after by the dagger of an assassin. Malik-Shah
survived his minister only a few months, lie died in 1092.
Malinche or Malintzin. See MARINA.
Malingre, mS'laNgR', (CLAUDE,) a French histo-
rian of little merit, born at Sens about 1580. He wrote
several works on French history, which were not suc-
cessful. Died about 1653.
Mallalieu, mal-la-UV, (Wn.LARD FRANCIS,) D.D., an
American Methodist bishop, born at Sutton, Massachu-
setts, December II, 1828. He graduated at the Wes-
leyan University in 1857, became a preacher in the same
year, and for some time was presiding elder at Boston.
In 1884 he was chosen a bishop.
Mallarme1, mal-lar-me', (STEPHANE,) a French
poet, born at Paris in 1842. He became first known
through a translation of Poe's " Raven." His
" Divagations" appeared in 1896. He is a repre-
sentative of the " decadent" school, employing odd
words and constructions, and ignoring the laws of
prosody.
Mal'la-ry, (CHARLES,) a Baptist minister, born in
Poultney', Vermont, in 1801, removed to Georgia. He
was one of the founders of Mercer Theological Seminary,
at Penfield, Georgia, Died July 31, 1864.
Mallary, (ROLLIN CARLOS,) a lawyer, a brother of
the preceding, was born in Cheshire, Connecticut, in
1784. He was a member of Congress from 1819 until
his death, in 1831.
Mallemans de Messanges.mll'mSN' deh mi'scX'zh',
(CLAUDE,) a French savant, born at Beaune in 1653. He
was professor of philosophy for thirty-four years at the
College du Plessis, Paris. He published "A Physical
Treatise on the World," and other works. Died in 1723.
Malleolus. See HAMMERLEIN.
• This nalne, the only one by which he was known, signifies the
" regulator of lie state or kingdom."
a, e, 7, 6, u, y, long; A, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; m?t; n5t; good; moon;
MALLERV
'637
MA LONE
Mal'lery, (GARRICK,) an American ethnologist,
born at Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, in 1831. He
graduated at Yale College in 1850, was in the army
in the civil war, was executive officer of the Sig-
nal Service Bureau 1870-76, and subsequently on the
survey of the Rocky Mountain region. He retired
from the army in 1879, when he became chief of the
Bureau of Ethnology. He wrote various works and
papers on the ethnology of the North American
Indians. Died in 1894.
Mallet, mi'14', (CHARLES AUGUSTE,) a French phi-
losopher, born at Lille in 1807. He published, besides
other works, "Etudes philosophiques," (2 vols., 1837-
38,) which gained a prize of the French Academy. He
wrote numerous articles in -the "Nouvelle Biographic
Generale." Died March 28, 1876.
Mal'let or Malloch, mal'loK, (DAVID,) a Scottish
poet and dramatist, born at Crieff, in Perthshire, about
1698, was the son of James Malloch. He removed to
London about 1724, and changed his name to Mallet. In
1728 he produced "The Excursion, "a poem, and in 1731
" Eurydice," a tragedy, lie became intimate with Pope,
who procured him a situation as travelling tutor, llis
tragedy " Mustapha" (1739) was performed with ap-
plause. About 1740 he was appointed under-secretary
to Frederick, Prince of Wales. Among his other works
are " Amyntor and Theodora," and a "Life of Bacon."
He is censured for acting as the venal agent of Boling-
broke in an attempt to blast the memory of Pope, (1749.)
Died in 1755.^
Mallet, (EDMF.,) a French litltrateur, born at Melun
in 1713. He published an "Essay on the Study of
Belles-Lettres," and translated into French Davila's
"History." Died in 1755.
Mallet, mll'let, (FREDRICK,) a Swedish writer on
science, born in 1728, was for many years professor of
mathematics at Upsal. lie published many treatises
between 1752 and 1774, and co-operated with Bergman
in a general description of the earth. Of this work
Mallet wrote the astronomical part. Died in 1797.
Mallet, mS'li', (JACQUES ANDRE,) called Mallet-
Favre, a Swiss astronomer, born at Geneva in 1740, was
a favourite pupil of Daniel Bernoulli. He became pro-
fessor of astronomy at Geneva about 1770, and built an
observatory there. He wrote memoirs on astronomy,
mechanics, etc. for the Academy of Paris and the Royal
Society of London, of which he was a member. Died
in 1790.
Mallet, (PAUL HENRI,) a Swiss historian, born at
Geneva in 1730. He taught French to the Prince-Royal
of Denmark, (Christian VII.,) and returned to Geneva
in 1760. He was appointed professor of history in the
Academy of that city. Among his works (in French)
are "Monuments of the Mythology and Poetry of the
Celts," (1756,) "Memoirs on the Literature of the
North," (6 vols., 1760,) and a " History of Denmark,"
(3 vols., 1777,) which is highly esteemed and has been
translated into English, German, etc. Died in 1807.
His " Introduction a 1'Histoire de Danemark" was
translated into English, under the title of " Northern An-
tiquities," wh;ch is one of the most valuable works on
Northern mythology.
SeeSiSMONDi, "Dela Vie et les £crits de P. H. Mallet," 1807:
HA.\C, "La France protestante;" " Nouvelle liiographie G^n£-
raje ;" " Monthly Review" for March, 1771.
Mal'let, (ROBERT,) a British engineer and seismolo-
gist, born at Dublin, June 3, 1810. He graduated at
Trinity College, Dublin, in, 1830. His numerous reports,
papers, and catalogues on earthquakes (prepared by him
with the aid of his son, Dr. J. W. Mallet) are of higli
importance. He invented several seismometers. His
largest independent work is "First Principles of Obser-
vational Seismology," (2 vqls., 1862.) Died in London,
November 5, 1881.
Mallet-Dupan, mS'li' dii'pSN', (JACQUES,) a distin-
guished publicist and editor, born at Geneva in 1749.
He became a resident of Paris in 1782, and editor of a
journal called " Mercure historique et politique," which
was very successful. In the Revolution he defended the
royalist cause, and in 1792 was compelled to suspend
the publication of the " Mercure," of which he had
written the political editorials. He then became an
exile, and in 1799 began to issue, in London, the " Mer-
cure Britannique," which was ranked among the ablest
political journals of that time. Died in England in 1800.
See "Me'moires et Correspondence de Mallet-Dupan." Paris,
Mallet-Prevost, mt'li'pRi'vo', (HENRI,) a scientific
Swiss writer, born at Geneva in 1727. He published a
valuable "Metrologic Manual, or Repertory of Weights,
Measures, and Coins of Various Nations," (1802,) and a
"Description of Geneva," (1807.) Died in 1811. Uo
was a brother of Paul Henri Mallet, noticed above.
Malleville, de, deh mal'vel', (CLAUDE,) a French
minor poet, born in Paris in 1597, was one of the first
members of the Academic Fran9aise. " He seldom
produced a finished piece," says Hallam, " though not
deficient in spirit and delicacy." His poems are son-
nets, one of which is called "The Fair Early-Riser,'-
("La belle Matineuse.") Died in 1647.
Mallinkrot, von, fon maTlln-kRot', (BERNARD,). ..
German philologist, was dean of the chapter of Munster.
He wrote, besides other works, a treatise "On the Rise
and Progress of the Art of Printing." Died in 1664.
Mallio, mal'le-o, (MiCHELE,) an Italian writer of verse
and fiction, born at Sant' Elpidio in 1756; died in 1831
Malloch. See MALLET, (DAVID.)
Mal'lock, (WILLIAM HUKRELL,) an English author,
a nephew of the historian Froude, was born in Devon-
shire in 1849. He graduated with high honours at Balliol
College, Oxford. Among his principal works are "Every
Man his Own Poet," (1872.) "The New Republic," (1876,
a satirical work which for a time attracted great attention,)
"The New Paul and Virginia," (1877,) "Is Life Worth
Living?" (1879,) "Labour and the Popular Wel-
fare," (1893,) "Classes and Masses," (1896,)
"Aristocracy and Evolution," (1898,) and several
novels and volumes of poems.
Mal'lo-ry, (STEPHEN R.,) an American Democratic
politician, born about 1810. He was elected a Senator of
the United States by the legislature of Florida in 1850,
and re-elected in 1856. He served as secretary of the
navy of the Confederate States from March, 1861, to
1065. Died at Pensacola, November 9, 1873.
Malmesbury, EARL OF. See HARRIS, (JAMES.)
Malmesbury, mams'ber-e, (JAMES HOWARD HAR-
RIS,) third EARL OF, a British Tory statesman, a grand-
son of the first Earl of Malmesbury, was born in 1807.
He succeeded to the earldom at the death of his father,
in 1841, before which he was styled LORD FITZHARRIS,
In February, 1852, he was appointed secretary of foreign
affairs in the Derby ministry, which was dissolved in
December of that year. He again became foreign secre-
tary under Lord Derby in 1858, and on the formation
of the Liberal ministry in June, 1859, was succeeded by
Lord John Russell. He edited the " Diaries and Official
Correspondence of the First Earl of Malmesbury," ( 1 844.)
From 1866 to 1868 and from 1874 to 1876 he was lord
keeper of the privy seal. Died May 17, 1889.
Malmesbury, (WILLIAM OF,) an old English histo-
rian, who is supposed to have been born in Somerset-
shire about 1095. lie became a monk in the monastery
of Malmesbury, where he held the office of librarian,
llis principal works are a " History of England from
450 to 1127," (" De Gestis Regum Anglorum,") " Recent
History," (" Historia Novella,") wherein he relates events
of which he was an eye-witness, and a " History of the
English Prelates," (" De Gestis Pontificum." ) These aro
highly prized for accuracy, veracity, and critical judg-
ment. He died in or after 1143.
Malmstrom or Malmstroem, malm'stRom, (Ei.is,)
a Swedish poef, born in 1816. He published a collection
of elegies entitled "Angelica," (1840,) and an epic poem
of "Ariadne." Died at Stockholm in June, 1865.
Malombra, ma-lom'bRi,(PiETRO,) a Venetian painter,
born in 1556. He was successful in portraits and in
historical pictures. Died in 1618.
Ma-lone', (EDMUND,) an Irish critic, chiefly distin-
guished as an editor and commentator of Shakspeare,
was born in Dublin in r74i. Having inherited an easy
fortune, he removed to London and devoted himself to
€ as k; i as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; K, trilled; s as 2; tU as in this.
Explanations, p.
MALORY
1638
MALTZAN
literature. He associated with Dr. Johnson, Burke, and
other eminent authors. In 1790 he published his edition
of Shakspeare, with commentaries. He excelled Stee-
Vens, a rival commentator, in candour and love of truth ;
but "neither seems," says Hallam, "to have had a full
discernment of Shakspeare's genius." Malone published
an edition of Sir Joshua Reynolds's works, with a Me-
moir of his Life, (1797,) and other works. He died in
1812, leaving unfinished an improved edition of Shak-
epeare, since published, (1821.)
See JAMES BOSWELL, " Biographical Memoir of Edmund Ma-
lone;" SIR JAMES PRIOR, "Life of Edmund Malone," 1860;
44 Monthly Review" for September, 1793.
Mal'p-rjr, (Sir THOMAS,) a Welsh or English knight,
born about 1430. He is noted as the compiler and trans-
lator (from the French) of the English "Morte Darthur,"
begun about 1461 and finished about 1470. He was
probably a priest His book was printed by Caxton in
1485. It is a noble prose epic, and its appearance marks
an epoch in the history of English literature.
Malot, (HECTOR HENRI,) a French novelist, born
near Rouen in 1830. He resided in London as a
newspaper correspondent, and published a long series
of novels, including his autobiographical " Le Roman
de mes Romans," (1896.)
Malou. ma"loo', (JULIUS,) a Belgian statesman and
leader of the Catholic party, born at V pres in 1810 ; died
in 1886. He became minister of finance in 1845.
Malouet orMalhouet, m^loo'4', (PIERRE VICTOR,)
a French statesman, born at Riom in 1740. In 1789 he
was elected to the States-General, where he became
prominent as a liberal royalist and co-operated with
Clermont-Tonnerre. He took refuge in England in
1792, returned about 1802, and was chosen a councillor
of state in 1810. Died in 1814.
Malouin, mi'loo-a.N', (PAUL JACQUES,) a French
Chemist and physician, born at Caen in 1701. He be-
came professor of chemistry in the Jardin du Roi, Paris,
in 1745, wrote many articles on that science for the
" Encyclopedic," and published an esteemed work on
"Medical Chemistry," (1750.) He was a member of the
Academy of Sciences. Died in 1778.
See CONDORCET, " Eloge de P. J. Malouin ;" "Biographic Me'di-.
eale,"
Malpighi, mal-pee'gee, (MARCELLO,) [Lat MARCEL'-
lus MALPIG'HIUS,'] a celebrated Italian anatomist and
naturalist, born near Bologna in 1628. Having gradu-
ated as a physician in 1653, he became professor at Pisa
in 1656, and at Messina about 1664. He published, be-
tween 1661 and 1665, treatises "On the Lungs," ("De
Pulmonibus,") "On the Tongue," (" De Lingua,") anc1
"On the Brain" (" De Cerebro.") Malpighi was the
first who used fhe microscope in the study of anatomy.
In 1670 he returned to Bologna, and wrote an important
work on the anatofny of plants, " Anatome Plantarum,"
(1675,) a science which was first cultivated by Grew and
Malpighi. He made discoveries in the structure of the
skin and glands. In 1691 he was chosen chief physician
to Pope Innocent XII. He died in Rome in 1694.
Malpighius. See MALPIGHI.
Malsburg, mals'bSoRC, (ERNST FRIEDRICH GEORG
OTTO,) BARON, a German littlrateur, born at Hanau in
1786, translated Calderon's dramas into German, and
published a number of religious poems. Died in 1824
Malt'by, (EDWARD,) an English theologian, born ai
Norwich in 1770. He became Bishop of Durham in
1836, and published several volumes of sermons. Died
in 1859.
See the "Monthly Review" for March, 1820.
Malte-Bnin,mault'brun'ortnaTteh-bruN',(CoNRAD,)
a Danish author and geographer of great merit and celeb-
rity, was born at Thister, Jutland, in 1775. His original
name, MALTHE CONRAD BRUUN, (bRoon,) was changed
by the French into Malte-Brun, by which he is now
universally known. He had a great facility for learning
languages, and wrote French with an ease and elegance
which perhaps no other foreigner ever acquired. In his
enthusiasm for liberty, he wrote some political articles,
forwhich he was banished in 1796. He composed several
admired odes ; that on the death of Count Bernstorf
is esteemed one of the finest in the Danish language.
Induced partly by admiration of Napolecxi, he became
an adopted citizen of France about 1800. In 1806 he
was engaged as one of the editors of the "Journal des
Debats" of Paris, for which he wrote, during many years,
able articles on foreign politics, history, languages, science,
etc. Malte-Brun and Eyries edited in 1808 the "An-
nalsof Voyages of Geography and of History," ("Annales
des Voyages de la Geographic et de 1'Histoire.") Be-
fore this period he had devoted his attention chiefly to
the science of geography, in which he surpassed all his
predecessors by his happy union of philosophy with a
highly poetic imagination. In 1810 he published the
first volume of his great work, "A System of Universal
Geography," (" Precis de la Geographic universelle,")
the plan of which was too vast for one man to execute.
The sixth volume was finished in 1825. Exhausted with
excessive labour and study, he died in December, 1826,
leaving his task unfinished. The language of this work
is graphic, picturesque, and at times highly poetical. In
order to complete the plan, two more volumes were sub-
sequently added by M. HuoL There is a good English
version of Malte-Brun's Geography, by J. G. Percival, the
American poet and savant.
See BORV DB SAINT-VINCENT, " Notice biograohique sur M.
Maile-Brun," 1827; QU^RARD, "La France Liue'raire:" ERSLEW,
" FoHatter- Lexicon ;" *' Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ue'rale,"
Malte-Brun, (VICTOR ADOLPHE,) a geographer, a
son of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1816. Ho
became professor of history at Pamiers in 1838. He
published a new edition of his father's Geography, (3
vols., 1852-55.) Died in 1889.
Mal'thus, (THOMAS ROBERT,) an English political
economist, distinguished as the author of the Malthusian
theory, was born near Dorking, Surrey, in 1766. Ho
graduated as M.A. at Cambridge in 1797, took orders,
and settled in a parish near his native place. In 1798
he controverted the theories of Godwin and others on
the progress and perfectibility of human nature, in his
" Essay on the Principle of Population as it affects the
Future Improvement of Society." Much attention was
excited by his fundamental principle, that population
tends to increase in geometrical progression, and that
the supply of food and other necessaries of life can only
be increased in an arithmetical progression. After ex-
ploring several countries of Europe in search of facts to
confirm his system, he published in 1803 an enlarged
edition of his essay. His principles were approved by
many statesmen and political economists. From 1805
until his death he was professor of modern history and
political economy in the college at Haileybury. He was
author of an "Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of
Rent," (1815,) " Principles of Political Economy," (1820,*
and other works. Died in 1834.
See OTTER, "Memoir of Malthus:" "Nouvelle Bioirraphie
GeWrale:" "Edinburgh Review" for January, 1837; "Monthly
Review" for December, 1803. January, 1804. and May, 1831.
Maltitz, mal'tits, (FRANZ FRIEDRICH,) BARON, a
Russian statesman, of German extraction, born in 1794,
was appointed minister-plenipotentiary of Russia at the
Hague. He was the author of poems and dramas, (in
German,) and wrote a continuation of Schiller's " Deme-
trius."
Maltiz, mal'tits, (APOLLONIUS,) z.litt!rateurzn& diplo-
matist, of German extraction, born in 1795, was ambas-
sador from the Russian court to Lisbon. He wrote
tales, plays, epigrams, and poems. Died March 2, 1870.
Maltiz, mal'tits, (GoTTHiLF AUGUST,) BARON, a
German writer, born at Konigsberg in 1794, published
several dramas, and a political satire entitled "Pepper-
Corns," (" PfefTerkb'rner.") Died in 1837.
Mal'tou, (THOMAS,) an English geometer and artist,
born between 1735 and 1750, lived in London. He
published about 1776 a "Complete Treatise on Per-
spective," which is highly commended. He also pub-
lished various engravings, designed by himself, among
which were " Views of London." Died about 1802.
Maltzau, von, fon malt'sin, (HEINRICH KARL EcK-
HARDT HELLMUTH,) Baron von Wartenburg-Penzlin,
a German traveller and ethnologist, born near Dres-
den, September 6, 1826. He studied law in Jena. He
travelled largely in North Africa, Arabia, etc., and pub-
, e, i, 6, u, y, lung; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; tar, fill, fat; m?t; nil; good; moonj
MALUS
1639
MANARA
lished "Three Years in the North-West of Africa,"
(1863,) " Meine Wallfahrt nach Mecca," (1865.) " Reise
in Tunis und Tripolis," (1870.) "Reise in Arabien,"
(1873,) alul other works, containing much valuable lin-
fulsiic and scientific material. Died by suicide at Pisa,
'ebruary 22, 1874.
Malus, mS'liis', (EriENNE Louis,) an eminent French
optician and military engineer, was born in Paris in 1775-
He became a student of the Polytechnic School about
1794, and, aided by the tuition of Monge, made great
progress in mathematics. "Of all the pupils who then
attended that school," says Biot, "he showed himself
the first in application and talents." In 1798 he accom-
panied as engineer the army to Egypt, and was employed
at the sieges of Jaffa, Cairo, etc. He returned to France
in 1801, devoted his leisure to analytic optics, and pub-
lished an excellent "Traite' d'Optique." In iSoS the
Institute proposed a prize for a memoir on the double
refraction of crystals. Malus won this prize, after a mul-
titude of experiments, in which he happened to make
one of the most important discoveries of physical
science, — viz., the property or phenomenon which he
named the "polarization of light." He was elected to
the Institute, and in 1811 received the Rumford medal
from the Royal Society of London for the discovery just
named. He was chosen examiner for physics and geome-
try at the Polytechnic School. " While thus surrounded,"
as Biot observes, " with numerous friends who appre-
ciated his genius, honoured with eminent positions to
which his talents, services, and probity had raised him,
already celebrated for great discoveries," etc., he died
prematurely, in February, 1812.
See ARAGO, "Notices biosraphiques," vol. iiL ; "Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Ge'ne'rale."
Malvasia, mal-va-see'3, (CARLO CESARF.,) a learned
Italian antiquary, born at Bologna in 1616. was versed
in law, medicine, and theology. lie became professor
of law in the University of Bologna, and published, be-
sides numerous other works, one on the Bolognese
painters, " Felsina Pittrice, Vite e Ritratti de' Pittori
Bolognesi," (1678.) Died in 1693.
See CRESPI, " Vita di C. C. Malvasia."
Malvenda, mal-veVdl, (ToMAS,) a learned Spanish
Dominican, born at Xstiva in 1566, was a good Hebrew
scholar. He lived at Rome and Valencia. He wrote a
"Commentary on the Old Testament," with a literal
Latin version, and a "Commentarius de Paradiso,"
("Account of Paradise.") Died in 1628.
Malvezzi, mll-vet'see, (VIRGILIO,) MARQUIS, an
Italian author, born at Bologna in 1599. He served in
the Spanish army, and was sent as ambassador to Eng-
land by Philip IV. of Spain. He wrote, besides other
historical and political works, "A Life of Romulus," and
a " Life of Tarquin the Proud." Died in 1654.
Malvoisine. See MAVOIOISINE.
Malzel or Maelzel, me'lt'sel, (JOHANN NEPOMUK,) a
German mechanician, noted for ingenuity, was born at
Ratisbon in 1772. Hi made an automaton, called the
Panharmonicon, which could play many instruments at
once, and invented a metronome, which is useful to musi-
cians. He afterwards lived in the United States. Died
at sea, July 21, 1838.
Mamachi, ma'ma-kee, (TOMMASO MARIA,) a monk,
born in the isle of Scio in 1713. He went to Rome in
1740, and became professor in the College of the Propa-
ganda. He wrote "On the Oracles of the Heathen,"
(1738,) and "Christian Antiquities," ("Origines et Anti-
quitates Christianac," 4 vols., 1749-55.) "Died in 1792.
Mambelli, mam-tiel'lee, (MARCANTOMO,) an Italian
grammarian, born at Forli in 1582 ; died in 1644.
Mambrun, miN'bRuN', (PiERR'E,) a French critic
and Latin poet, born at Clermont-Ferrand in 1600. lie
became a Jesuit, and taught philosophy at Caen and
theology at La Fleche with a high reputation. Taking
Virgil for his model, he composed Latin eclogues, an
epic poem called "Constantinus," (1658,) and an " Essay
on Epic Poetry." His epic obtained a transient favour
with the public. Died in 1661.
Mameli, mi-ma'lee, (GoFFREDO,) an accomplished
poet, called "the Italian Kbrner," was born at Genoa in
1826, and was killed at Rome in 1849 while fighting the
French. The patriotic song " Fratelli d'ltalia" is his
most celebrated piece.
Ma-m?r'cus [Gr^Nuf^pKof] was tyrant of Catana
when Timoleon invaded Sicily in 344 B.C. He formed
an alliance with Hicetas and the Carthaginians against
Timoleon, by whom he was defeated and executed about
338 B.C.
Mamiani, mi-me-a'nee, (TERENZIO DF.LLA ROVERE.)
COUNT, an Italian philosopher and poet, born at Pesaro
about 1802. He produced " Nuove Poesie," (1836,) and
" Dialoghi di Scienza prima," (1846.) He was minister
of the interior and president of the ministry at Rome
from May to July, 1848. In politics he was a moderate
Liberal, and opposed to the temporal power of the pope,
on which he published an able work, "Del Papato,"
(1851.) lie became minister of public instruction under
Victor Emmanuel in 1860, was ambassador to Greece in
1861, and minister to Switzerland in 1865. Died in 1885.
Mammjea, mam-mee'a, or Mamaea, ma-mee'a, (Ju-
LIA,) a Roman lady or princess, born at Emesa, was the
daughter of Julia Mxsa, and the aunt of Elagabalus. She
became the wife of Gessius Marcianus and the mothei
of Alexander Severus, whose moral education she guarded
with watchful diligence. Severus having been chosen
emperor in 222 A.D., she acted as regent during his
minority. She and her son were assassinated by the
partisans of Maximin in 235 A.D.
See DION CASSIUS, " History of Rome."
Mamoon, Mamoun, or Mamun, Al, al-ml'moon',
(Abool- (or Abul-) Abbas- Abdallah, a'bool' ab'bis*
ab-ddl'lah,) the seventh Abbasside caliph, was born at
Bagdad in 786 A.D., and was the son of Haroun-al-
Raschid. After defeating his brother Alameen in battle,
he ascended the throne in 813. His reign was disturbed
by rebellions excited by princes of the race of Alee and
others. He enforced by persecution the dogma that the
Koran was created and not eternal, which was considered
heretical by many of the Moslem doctors. While he
was prosecuting a war against the Greek emperor The-
ophilus in Cilicia, he died, in 833, leaving his extensive
empire to his brother Motassem. Mamoon was cele-
brated ns a patron of science and literature, and was
praised by Eastern writers for his talents and liberality,
lie founded colleges, collected Greek and Hindoo manu-
scripts, which were translated at his expense, and invited
the scholars and savants of all nations to his capital,
(Bagdad,) then the great centre of learning and science
in the world.
See HAMMER-PURGSTALL, "Literaturgeschichte der Araber;"
ABOOLFEDA, "Annales Moslemici;" ELMACIN, "Historic Sara-
cenorum ;" CONDE, " Historia de la Domination de los Arabes;'*
WEIL, " Geschichte der Chalifen," vol. ii. chap. vii. ; CASIRI, " Biblio-
theca Arabico-Hispana."
Mamoun. See MAMOON.
Mamun. See MAMOON.
Ma-mu'rI-us Ve-tu'rI-us, a worker in brass at
Rome in the time of Numa, was employed to make
other shields exactly like the one which was said tr>
have fallen from heaven. He asked no other reward
but that his name might be sung at the feast of the An-
cilia, (shields.)
Ma-mur'ra, a Roman knight, was the commander
of the engineers in Julius Caesar's army in Gaul. He
amassed a large fortune.
Man or Maan, mjn, (CORNELIS.) a Dutch portrait-
painter, born at Delft in 1621. Having studied and
worked ia Rome and Venice some years, he settled at
Delft. He was a good colorist, and his style is said to
riave resembled that of Titian. His portraits of surgeons
and physicians in the Surgeons' Hall of Delft are highly
praised. Died in 1706.
See DBSCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc.
Manaigo, ma-ni'go, (SlLVESTRO,) a historical painter,
born in Venice about 1080.
Manara, ma-ni'ra, (PROSPERO,) MARQUIS, an Italian
writer, born at Taro, near Parma, in 1714. He became
a councillor of state, and afterwards prime minister of
the Prince of Parma. He translated into Italian verse
Virgil's "Georgics" and " Eclogues," and wrote sonnets,
eclogues, and other short poems. Died in 1800.
See ANTONIO CERATI, " Elogio di P. Manara," 1801.
e as k; c as s; g hard; g as /; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (SF=See Explanations, p. 23.'
MANARDI
1640
MANDEL
Mauardi, ma-naR'dee, (GIOVANNI,) an Italian phy-
sician and writer, born at Ferrara in 1462 ; died in
1536.
Manasse1. See MANASSEH.
Ma-uas's?h or Ma-nas'ses, [Heb. HtyjD ; Fr. MA
NASSE, ma"na"s&',] a Hebrew patriarch, born in Egyp
about 1712 B.C., was the son of Joseph and Asenath
(See Genesis xli. 51.) His descendants formed two half
tribes among the tribes of Israel, one on the east, the
Other to the west,. of -the river Jordan.
Manasseh, [Heb. HtyjO,] King of Judah, the son of
Jlezekiah, was twelve years of age when he succeedec
his father, in 697 B.C. Having forsaken the true worship
and become an open idolater, he was taken captive by
the King of. Assyria, and detained at Babylon some
years. He repented, and was restored to his kingdom.
After a reign of fifty-five years, he died, and was suc-
ceeded by his son Amon.
See II. Kings xxj. and II. Chronicles xxxiii.
Ma-nas'ses, (CONSTANTINE,) a Greek writer of the
twelfth century, wrote a general chronicle, in verse, from
the creation to the year 1081 A.D. It is of some value
for the history of the Byzantine empire.
Ma-nas'ses Ben-Jo'seph-Ben-lB'rae,, a learned
Jewish rabbi, born in Spain about 1604. He resided
mostly at Amsterdam. He wrote, besides other works,
"On the Harmony of the Scriptures," ("De Convenien-
tia Locorum Sanctoe Scripture," etc.,) and "The Hope
of Israel," (" Spes Israelis.") Died in 1659.
Man'b?, (Captain GEORGE WILLIAM,) a British
officer, born in Norfolk in 1765. Having entered the
army, he obtained the rank of captain. About 1808
he invented a mode of saving life by shooting from a
mortar a rope to mariners shipwrecked near, the coast.
Several crews having been rescued by this means, the
government provided mortars and other apparatus at
numerous stations, and presented to Captain Manby
several sums, amounting to ^7000. Died in 1854.
See " Edinburgh Review" for May, 1823.
Man'ches-ter, (Sir EDWARD MONTAGU,) EARL OF,
an English general, born in 1602, was the son of Henry,
first Earl of Manchester. He was styled Lord Kimbolton
before his father's death, (1642.) Having joined the
opposition to the court about 1640, he acquired great
popularity. In 1642 he was impeached for treason, with
Uampden and four other members of Parliament, whom
ihe king attempted to seize in the House. lie was
appointed a general of the army of Parliament in 164-,
and co-operated with Fairfax at the victory of Marston
Moor, (1644.) Manchester and Essex were charged by
Cromwell with temporizing and with being averse to a
decisive victory of the popular party, and the command
was taken from them by the " Self-denying Ordinance,"
(1644.) At the restoration (1660) he was appointed lord
chamberlain by Charles II. Died in 1671. "lie was
distinguished," says Hume, "by humanity, generosity,
and every amiable virtue."
See CLARENDON, "History of the Rebellion;" LODGE, " Por-
traits of Illustrious Personages."
Manchester, (HENRY MONTAGU,) first EARL OF, an
English statesman, father of the preceding, was born in
Northamptonshire about 1562. He became lord chief
justice about 1617, and lord treasurer of England in
1620. He was created Earl of Manchester in 1626
Died in 1642.
Manchoo or Manchu Khan. See MANGOO.
Mancinelli, nian-che-nel'lee, (ANTONIO,) an Italian
poet, born at Velletri in 1452. He taught grammar at
Rome, Venice, etc., and wrote several works on gram-
mar. He was author of "The Mirror of Morality,"
("Speculum de Moribus,") "Carmen de Vita sua," (a
poem on his own life,) and other poems. Died about
1506.
See BAYLE, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" NICEKON
Memoires."
Mancini, man-chee'nee, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian
painter, born in the Romagna in 1725. He worked in
Rome, and was reputed one of the best painters of his
time. Died in 1758.
Mancini, (HORTENSIA.) Duchess of Mazarin, an.
Italian lady of remarkable beauty, born at Rome in
1646, was a niece of Cardinal Mazarin, who refused to
give her in marriage to Charles II. of England, then an
exile. She made in 1661 an ill-assorted marriage with
the French Due de la Meilleraie, who then received the
title of the Due de Mazarin. She soon separated from
him, and lived many years in London, where her house
was the resort of men of wit and pleasure. Died in
1699. According to Macaulay, she was one of the sul-
tanas of Charles II. in the last years of his reign.
See A. RENEE, "Les Nieces de Mazarin."
Manciui, (Louis JULES ) See NIVERNAIS.
Manciui, (MARIA,) Princess of Colonna, a sister of
Ilortensia, noticed above, was born in Rome in 1640,
and was a daughter of Cardinal Mazarin's sister. Louis
XIV. was so well pleased with her in his early youth
that he was inclined to marry her; but Mazarin sent
her to a convent. In 1661 she was married to Prince
Colonna. She ran away from him in 1672, obtained a
divorce, and. became a nun. Died about 1715.
See SAINT-SIMON, "Me'moires;" A. RENEE, "Les Nieces do
Mazarin."
Mancini, (MARIA ANNA,) Duchess of Bouillon; a niece
of Mazarin, was born in Rome in 1649. She was mar-
ried in 1662 to the Duke of Bouillon, and became the
mother of the Prince de Turenne. She was the first
person who patronized La Fontaine the fabulist, who has
praised her in his letters. She died in 1714.
See VoLTAiKE,"Siedede Louis XIV;" A. REN BE, "LesNitcei
de Mazarin,"
Mancini, (OLYMriA,) Countess de Soissons, another
sister of the preceding, born about 1642, was married to
Eugene Maurice of Savoy, Count de Soissons. She was
.he mother of the celebrated Prince Eugene, commander-
n-chief of the Austrian armies.
Mancini, (PAOLO,) the founder of the Academy of
Umoriiti, was born at Rome. He was the grandfather
of Ilortensia and Maria Mancini, noticed above. Died
n 1635.
See TIRABOSCHI, "Storiadella Lctteratura Italiana."|
Man'co Ca-pac'(ormang'ko ki-pak') was, according
:o tradition, the first Inca of Peru. He instituted the
worship of the sun, of which he pretended to be the
offspring, founded the city of Cuzco, and gave laws to
•he natives of that region, whom he found in a savage
:tate. He is supposed to have flourished about looo
A.D. (See INCA.)
Manco Capac, Inca of Peru, was the son of Iluayna
Capac. lie became heir to the throne after Atahualpa
vas killed by Pizarro, in 1533. He made a treaty with
'izarro, but, finding himself treated as a captive, he
escaped in 1535, raised a native army, and besieged
-uzco. The approach of Almagro forced him to retire,
ie was assassinated by a Spaniard about 1544.
See PRE^COTT, " History of the Conquest of Peru," vol. ii. chap,
ui. ; G. DE VEGA, " Historia general del Peru."
Mandajors, de.'deh moN'dS'^hoR', (JEAN PIERRE
DES OURS,) a French historical writer, born at Alais in
679. He published a "Critical History of Gallia Nar-
)onensis," (1733.) Died in 1747.
Man'da-ne, [Gr. Mowiui^,) a daughter of Astyages,
Cing of Media, and mother of Cyrus the Great.
Maudar, mun'dur, the same as MANDARA, which see.
Man dar,m6N'claV, (MICHEL PHILIITE,) better known
as THEOPHILE MANDAR, a French political writer and
evolutionist, born at Marines in 1759. He took an active
iart in several insurrections in Paris from 1789 to 1793.
t is said that in the councils of his party he attempted
o arrest the massacre of September, 1792, and proposed
dictatorship for that purpose. He wrote "The Genius
>f Ages," and other poems, and several political works.
)ied in 1823.
Man'da-ra, [modern Hindoo pron. mun'da-ra,] in the
lindoo mythology, a famous mountain used by the gods
n churning the ocean. (See K0RMA.)
Maudel, m_an'del, (EnuARD,) a German engraver,
iorn at Berlin in 1810. His portrait of Charles I., aftei
Van Dyck, is esteemed a master-piece. He obtained a
medal of the first class at the Exposition of Paris in 1
Died October 26, 1882.
i, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, J, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; Rt. fill, fit; m5t; not; good; moon.
MANDELOT
1641
MANFRED
Mandelot, de, deh moNd'lo', (FRANCOIS,) a French
fanatic and general, born in Paris in 1529. lie was
commandant at Lyons, and co-operated with the king in
ihe massacre of the Protestants in 1572. Died in 1588.
Mander, van, vtn man'dcr, (CAREL,) an eminent
Flemish painter, poet, and biographer, born at Meule-
beke, near Courtrai, in 1548. He received lessons in art
from Lucas de Heere of Ghent, and about 1574 went to
Rome, where he worked three years and gained a high
icputation as a painter of landscapes and of frescos.
In 1583 he settled at Haarlem, where he remained
twenty years and founded an academy of painting.
Among his master-pieces are "Adam and Eve in Eden,"
and "The Adoration of the Magi." He translated the
"Iliad," and Virgil's " Bucolics" and "Georgics." He
was author of " Dina," a drama, and of other poems.
His best literary work is " Lives of Flemish and Italian
Painters," (1604,) which is highly esteemed. Died in
1606.
See DESCAMPS, "Vies des Peintret Flamands, Hollandais," etc. ;
CESLACHT, "Vie de Carel van Mander," prefixed to his works;
NAGLER, " Allgemeines Kiinsller-Lexikon ;" " Nouvelle Biographic
Gdnirale."
Mander, van, (CAREL,) a painter, a son of the pre-
ceding, was born at Delft in 1580. He worked at the
court of Denmark. Died about' 1665.
Man'de-ville, de, (or deh mdNd'vel',) {BERNARD,) an
ingenious author, born at Dort, in Holland, about 1670.
He became a resident of London, where he practised
medicine before he appeared as an author. In 1 7 14 he pub-
lished a poetical satire called "The Grumbling Hive, or
Knaves Turned Honest." This having been censured as
immoral by William Law and other writers, he published,
with notes, a new edition, with the title of "The Fable
of the Bees, or Private Vices Public Benefits," (1723.)
It was denounced by the grand jury of Middlesex as a
pernicious book. (For an analysis of this remarkable
work, see the "Nouvelle Biographic GeneVale," article
"Mandeville, B. de.") He also wrote "Free Thoughts
on Religion, the Church, and National Happiness."
Died in 1733.
See BIRTH, "Life of Bernard de Mandeville;" "Biographia
Britannica."
Mandeville, de, deh man'deh-vil', (Sir JOHN,) a fa-
mous English traveller, born at Saint Alban's about 1300.
In early life he practised medicine. According to his
own account, in 1327 he went to Palestine, enlisted in
the army of the Sultan of Egypt, and afterwards travelled
in various countries of Asia, lie spent about three years
in Cambalu, (Peking,) and returned home in 1360. In
point of fact, he probably never went farther east than
Jerusalem. He wrote an account of his travels, which
obtained a wide reputation. His book abounds in mar-
vellous and extravagant stories, partly borrowed from
Pliny and from medieval romances, and largely made up
from the writings of Odoric, Carpini, Boldensele, and
other travellers. Mandeville's famous story is in fact a
tioax. It is said that he died in 1371 ; but there is really
nothing known as to this date. Mandeville is absurdly
called "the first English prose writer;" but he wrote in
French. The Latin versions, the delightfully quaint (but
very inaccurate) old English version, and the Italian
translation are by unknown hands.
See DISRAELI, "Amenities of Literature :" SPRENGEL. "Ge-
Bchiclite der geographischen Entdeckungen ;" "Retrospective Re-
view," vol. iii., (1821.)
Mandosio, min-do'se-o, (PROSTERO,) a mediocre
Italian writer, born at Rome. He compiled a work
called "Bibliotheca Romana," consisting of biographies
of about five hundred Roman writers, ancient and
modern, (2 vols., 1682-92.) Died about 1700.
Manes. See LAKF.S.
Ma'nes, Ma'ni, or Manichjeus, man-e-kee'us, the
founder of the heretical sect of Manichxans, was prob-
ably born in Persia in the early part of the third cen-
tury. He corrupted the Christian religion by mixing
with it some doctrines of the Magi, teaching that the
world is made or ruled by two eternal and opposing
principles of light and darkness. He rejected the Old
Testament, professed that he was the Comforter promised
ill lohn xvi., held the doctrine of metempsychosis, and
•published a book which he pretended contained a revela-
tion from heaven. Manes obtained proselytes in Persia,
Egypt, and other countries. Saint Augustine was a zealot
of this sect in his youth. The Oriental accounts of Manes,
differing widely from those of the Greek or Catholic
writers, state that he was born of the race of Magi, lived
in Susiana, was an adept in painting and other arts,
produced a "gorgeous picture-book," which was re-
ceived as sacred by his disciples, and was put to death
by Varanes, King of Persia, about 272 A.D. The Latin
and Greek writers say that his original name was CuBRl-
CUS, that he derived his doctrines from an impostor
named Terebinthus, and was punished with death for
his heresy, in 277 A.D.
See BEAUSOBRE, " Histoire du Manich^Isme ;" BASNAGE, " His-
toire des Eglises re'forme'es ;" SAINT AUGUSTINE, " De Moribus
Manichsoruro;" WALCH, " Geschichte der Ketzereien ;" PLUCQUHT.
" Dictionnaire des Heresies;" RITTER, "History of Philosophy;"
BAVLH, " Historical and Critical Dictionary," article " Manicheisro."
Manesse, mi'nSss', (DENIS JOSEPH,) a French natu-
ralist, born atLandrecies in 1743 ; died in 1820.
Manesson-Mallet, mS'ni'soN' mt'14', (ALAIN,) a
French geometer and military engineer, born in Paris in
1630. He published a "Description of the World,"
("Description de 1'Univers," 5 vols., 1683.) Died in 1706.
Man'e-tho, [Gr. Mai't'tfuv and Mavcfric; Fr. MAN&-
THON, mS'na'toN',] a celebrated Egyptian writer and
priest, was a native of Sebennytus, or, according to some
accounts, of Diospolis, and flourished in the reigns of
Ptolemy Soter and Ptolemy Philadelphus, between 300
and 250 B.C. He was reputed to have attained the highest
possible degree of wisdom. He was keeper of the sacred
archives at Heliopolis, and author of several important
works, among which was a "General- History of Egypt,"
in Greek. This is lost, except fragments preserved by
Josephus in his "Reply to Apion," and by George Syn-
cellus. He was the first Egyptian who wrote in Greek
an account of the religion, history, and ch'onology of
Egypt. A poem, in Greek, on the influence of the stars,
entitled "Apotelesmatica," (which has come down to us
entire,) is sometimes ascribed to Manetho, but was proba-
bly written by a later author.
See But-'SEN, "Egyptens Slelle in der Weltgeschichle;" POECK,
" Manetho und die Hundssternperiode," 1845 : FAHRICIUS. " Biblio-
theca Gra?ca ;" KRUIN, " Dissertatio historica de Manellione," 1847;
"Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale;" SMITH, " Dictionary of Creel
and Roman Biography," etc.
Manethon. See MANETHO.
Mauetti, ma-net'tee, [Lat. MANET'TUS,] (GiAN-
NOZZO,) an Italian statesman and author, born at Flor-
ence in 1396, was one of those who contributed to the
revival of learning in Italy. He was versed in Latin,
Greek, and Hebrew, and was reputed one of the most
learned men of his time. After holding other high offices
in Florence, he was elected to the Council of Ten, and
was secretary to Pope Nicholas V. Among his works
are a " Life of Petrarch," and a "Specimen of the Lite-
rary History of Florence during the Thirteenth and
Fourteenth Centuries," in Latin, (1747.) Died in 1459.
See TIRABOSCHI, " Storia della Letter.ilura Ilaliana;" I. B.
REQUIEH, " Vie de G. Manetti, Se'nateur de Florence," 1762 ; NAI.DO
NALDI, "Vita Manetti," in MURATORI'S "Scriptores Renjm Itali-
laruin."
Manetti, (RUTILIO,) an Italian painter, born at Sienna
in 1571, was a pupil of Francesco Vanni. His design
and style are commended as correct and noble. He
painted both in oil and fresco with equal success. Died
in 1639.
See LANZI, " History of Painting in Italy ;" BALDINUCCI, " No-
tizie."
Manetti, (SAVERIO,) an Italian physician and natu-
ralist, born at Florence in 1723. He became keeper of
the botanic garden of that city, and corresponded with
the most eminent savants of Europe. He published,
among other works, a "Treatise on Different Species of
Grain and Bread," (1765.) and a splendid work on the
"Natural History of Birds," with coloured plates, (1767.)
Died in 1785.
Manettus. See MANETTI, (GiANNOZzo.)
Man'fred, [It. MANFREDI, man-fra'dcc; Lat. MAN-
FRE'DUS; Fr. MAI.NFROI, maN'fRw.V,] King of Naples,
born about 1234, was a natural son of the emperor Frede-
rick II., from whom he seems to have inherited noble 01
at least popular qualities. By the will of Frederick, who
tas k; 9 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
xplanations, p. 23.)
MANFREDI
1642
MANILIUS
died in 1250, Manfred became Regent of the Two Sicilies
until the arrival of Conrad, the lawful heir, who was
in Germany. Conrad died in 1254, leaving an infant
son, Conradin or Corradino, and Manfred again became
regent. A rumour of Conradin's death having obtained
credence, Manfred was proclaimed king in 1258, and he
refused to relinquish the royal power when that report
was proved to be false. He became an ally of the Ghibe-
lines of Northern Italy against the Guelpbs. Urban IV.,
who became pope in 1261, and who had long been an
enemy to the house of Suabia, excommunicated Manfred,
and offered the kingdom of the Two Sicilies to Charles
of Anjou, a brother of Louis IX. of France. Charles
accepted it as a fief of the see of Rome, marched an
army into Naples, and gained a victory, in which Man-
fred was killed, in 1266.
See BURIGNI, "Hisltiire de Sicile:" StSMONDl, "Histoire des
Re'piibliques Italiennes;" GIUSEPPE D". CESAKE, "Storia di Man-
fredi R£ di Siciiia," a vols., 1837 : VON MUNCH, "Kooig Manfred,"
1840: C. M. RICCIO, "Alcuni Studii storici mtomo a Manfred!,"
etc., 1850: F. A. SEBIRE, "fltude hislorique: Les Partis au Moyen-
Age," etc., 1853.
Manfred! See MANFRED.
Manfred!, min-fRa'dee, (BARTOLOMMEO,) an Italian
painter, born at Mantua about 1580. He was a pupil of
Caravaggio, whom he imitated so well that good judges
mistook his works for those of his master. Among his
productions is "A Party of Men drinking.1' Died in
Rome in 1617.
See LANZI, " Hislory of Painting in Italy."
Manfred!, (EUSTACHIO,) an eminent Italian geometer
and astronomer, born at Bologna in 1674. He was ap-
pointed professor of mathematics in the University of
Bologna in 1698, and astronomer to the Institute of that
citv in 1711. He published Ephemerides from 1715 to
1750, "Elements of Chronology," (1744.) "Institutes of
Astronomy," (" Instituzioni astronomiche,") and other
works. Manfred! also wrote admired sonnets and can-
zoni. He was a foreign associate of the Academy of
Sciences of Paris, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of
London. Died in 1739.
See FONTENELLE, " Eloge de Manfred!;" G. P. ZANOTTI, "Vita
di E. Manfredi," 1745: FABRONI. "Vitas Italorum doctrina eicel-
lentium;" KANTUZZI, "Scrittori Bolognesi."
Manfredi, (GABRIELS,) bom at Bologna in 1681, be
came professor of mathematics in Bologna in 1720. He
succeeded his brother Eustachio in 1739 as superin
tendent of the waters. He wrote an able treatise "On
Equations of the First Degree," and several Memoirs
for the Institute of Bologna. Died in 1761.
See MONTUCLA, " Histoire des Math^matiques."
Manfredini, man-fRa-dee'nee, ( FEDERIGOJ MAR
QUIS, an Italian minister of state, born at Rovigo in
1743. He became prime minister of the archduke Fer-
dinand of Tuscany in 1790. His prudent measures pre-
served Tuscany from invasion by the French until 1799,
when Ferdinand and his minister were forced to retire
into exile. Died in 1829.
Manfredus. See MANFRED.
Man'gan, (JAMES CLARENCE,) an Irish poet, born in
Dublin in 1803. He became a solicitor's clerk. Over
work and misery drove him to drink and opium. Having
found employment in the library of Dublin University,
he acquired great learning. Died at Dublin, of intern
perate habits, June 20, 1849. Among his works is "An
thologia Germanica," (2 vols., 1845.) John Mitchell in
1859 published a volume of his poems, ballads, and
translations.
Mangeart, moN'zhaR', (THOMAS,) a French nu
tnismatist and monk, born at Metz in 1695, wrote an
"Introduction to the Knowledge of Medals," (1763."
Died in 1762.
Mangenot, mSNzh'no', (Louts,) ABBE, a French poel
and priest, born in Paris in 1694. He wrote an admired
eclogue called "The Rendezvous." Died in 1768.
Mauget, moN'zhi', (JEAN JACOB,) a Swiss physician
and writer, born at Geneva in 1652. He practised in
that city, and published many scientific works, among
which are "Anatomical Library," (" Bibliotheca Ana
tomica," 1685,) and "Curious Chemical Library," ("Bi-
bliotheca chemica curiosa," 1702.) In 1699 he received
:he title of first physician to the Elector of Brandenburg.
Died at Geneva in 1742.
See S^NEBIER, " Histoire litteraire de Geneve."
Man'gey, (THOMAS,) an English theological writer,
jorn at Leeds in 1684. He obtained the first stall of
Durham in 1722. Died in 1755.
See HUTCHINSON, •" History of Durham."
Mangili, man-jee'lee, (GIUSEPPE,) an Italian nato
ralist and physician, born at Caprino in 1767; died in,
1829. He wrote several scientific treatises.
Mangin, mox'zhaN', (CHARLES,) a French architect,
x>rn near Meaux in 1721, designed several important
edifices in Paris, among which were the Halle au Ble"
[Grain-Market) and the Church du Gros-Caillou. Died
in 1807.
Mangin, (JEAN HENRI CLAUDE,) a French advocate,
born at Metz in 1786. He wrote several legal works.
Died in 1835.
Manglard, m&N'gliR', (ADRIEN,) a French painter
of landscapes and marine views, was born at Lyons in
1695 ; died at Rome in 1760.
Mangles, mang'g'lz, (Captain JAMES,) a British trav-
eller, who obtained the rank of commander in the navy
in 1815. In 1816, accompanied by Captain Irby, he be-
gan an extensive journey, in which they explored the
Upper Nile, the ruined city of Petra, and the Dead
Sea. They returned to England in 1820. See IRBY,
(CHARLES L.) Died November 18, 1867.
Man'goo' (or Mangou) Khan, written also Meng-
ko and Moengke, Emperor or Grand Khan of the
Mongols, was the son of Toolee, (Touli,) and grandson of
Jengis Khan. He ascended the throne about 1250. His
empire included Tartary, India, a part of China, and
Persia. One of his armies, under his brother Kooblai
Khan, subdued Thibet ; and another army at the same
time (1256) conquered in Persia the Ismaeelian dynasty.
Two years later he took Bagdad and made himself mas-
ter of the caliph's dominions. While pursuing his con-
quests in China, he was killed in battle, in 1259. He was
succeeded by his brother, Kooblai Khan.
See VON HAMMER, "Histoire des llkans;" '* Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Ge'nerale."
Mangnm, mang'gum,(\ViLLIE PERSON,) an American
statesman, born in Orange county, North Carolina, in
1792. He was elected a Senator of the United States
by the legislature of North Carolina in 1831. and acted
with the Whigs until that party was dissolved. He
also represented North Carolina in the Senate for two
terms, (1841-53,) and was president of that body during
the administration of Tyler. Died in 1861.
Manhea, mS'neV, (CHARLES AXTOINE,) a French
general, born at Aurillac in 1777. He entered the service
of Muratin 1809, and suppressed brigandage in Calabria
with extreme severity. Died in 1854.
Man! See MANES.
Manichseua. See MANES.
Manigault, man'e-go', ? (GABRIEL.) a wealthy Amer-
ican merchant and patriot of the Revolution, born at
Charleston, South Carolina, in 1704 ; died in 1781.
Ma-nil'I-a Gens, the name of a plebeian Roman
gfns, 'which was not numerous and consequently was
not divided into families. MARCUS MANILIUS, who be-
came consul in 149 B.C. was the first member of this
gens that figures in history.
Ma-nil'I-us, (CAIUS,) a Roman tribune, and partisan
of Pompey. He was tribune of the people in 66 B.C.
He proposed a bill called " Lex Manilla," granting to
Pompey the command of the war against Mithridates in
place of Lucullus. On this occasion Cicero uttered his
celebrated oration "Pro Lege Manilla."
Manilius, (MARCUS or CAIUS,) a Latin poet, known
as the author of an astrological poem called "Astro-
nomica." His name is sometimes written MALLIUS pi
MANLIUS. Nothing is certainly known of his nativity
or history; but he is supposed to have lived in Rome
in the reign of Augustus or of Tiberius. His poetn,
first discovered by Poggio about 1410, is a work of
much learning, and contains some fine passages, but is
faulty in style.
See SCAUGER, "Prolegomena in Manilium," 1600; F. JACOB.
" De M. Manilto Poeta," etc, 1832.
a, e,i,6, u, y, /tf»»; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, q.etucurt; far, fall, fit; m£t; nit; good; moon;
MANIN
1643
MANN
Manin, mi-neen', (DANIELP.,) an eminent Italian
patriot and statesman, born in Venice in May, 1804, was
educated for the profession of advocate. He was a re-
publican, and promoted the liberation of Venetia by legal
means rather than by arms. In March, 1848, he pro-
claimed a republic at Venice, and became president of
the provisional government. Having vainly opposed
the annexation of Venetia to Piedmont, he resigned in
July, 1848. He was soon recalled, and governed Venice
as dictator during the siege, which lasted a year, and
fnded, after a heroic struggle, in August, 1849. He
went into exile, and died in Paris in 1857. His remains
were honoured with a magnificent public funeral, by
order of the Italian Parliament, in the metropolitan
church of Venice, in March, 1868.
See HENRI MARTIN, "Life of Daniel Manin," 1859: G. V.
ROVANI, " Memoria storica di D. Manin," Turin, 1850; H. CAS-
TILLE, "Manin;" CHASSIS, "Manin et 1'Italie," 1859; EDMOND
FLAGG, " Venice, the City of the Sea." New York, 1853 : " Eraser's
Magazine" for November, 1857; "Westminster Review" for April,
1860.
Manin or Manini, ma-nee'nee, (LoDovico,) the last
Doge of Venice, was born about 1727. He was elected in
1788, a period when the republic manifested evident signs
of approaching ruin. He refused to join Austria in a
coalition against the French in 1 792, and remained neutral
In the war that ensued. Venice was invaded by the
French in 1797, the form of the government was changed,
and Manini retired to private life.
See DARU, " Histoire de Venise."
Manini, ma-nee'nee, (GIUSEPPE,) an Italian writer on
theology and history, was born at Ferrara in 1750; died
in 1834.
Manini, (Looovico.) See MANIN.
Man'ley, (JAMES R.,) an American physician, born
in the latter part of the eighteenth century, became
professor in the Medical College of New York. Died
in 1851.
Manley, (JOHN,) CAPTAIN, an American naval officer
of the Revolution, born in 1734. He performed several
important services. Died in Boston in 1793.
Man'ley, (MARY DE LA RIVIERE,) a popular English
authoress, born in Guernsey about 1672, was the daughter
of Sir Roger Manley. To procure a subsistence, she
wrote "The Royal Mischief," (1696,) a tragedy, which
was successful. Her next work was a romance called
"Memoirs of the New Atalantis," containing severe
strictures on some of the persons in power, which caused
her to be prosecuted and imprisoned for libel. She
wrote political articles for the Tory ministry between
1710 and 1714, and edited the " Examiner" with ability
after Dean Swift had retired from the direction of that
paper. She also left an autobiography, and some novels
and plays remarkable for their gross indelicacy as well
as for their literary power. Died in 1724.
See GIBBER, " Lives of the Poets."
Man'Q-a Gens, one of the most ancient and cele-
brated of the patrician getites or tribes of Rome. The
family names of the Manlii were Cincinnatus, Acidinus,
Capitolinus, Torquatus, and Vulso. Among the emi-
nent persons of this.fjw was
Man'U-us Cap-it-o-li'nus, (MARCUS,) who was
elected consul in 392 B.C. In 399 the Gauls under Bren-
nus captured Rome and besieged the Capitol, which
Manlius and others defended. According to tradition, an
attempt of the Gauls to surprise this fortress by night was
defeated by Manlius, who was awakened by the clamour
of a flock of geese. For this service he received the
surname of CAPITOLINUS. He became a champion of
the popular party, or plebeians, in 385, spent his for-
tune freely for the relief of those who were oppressed
by debt, and was accused of aspiring to royalty. His
enemy Camillus was appointed dictator, and Manlius,
having been tried for treason and condemned to death
by the patricians, was thrown from the Tarpeian rock in
381 B.C.
See Li w, " History of Rome :" CICERO, " De Republics ;" AURE-
LIUS VICTOR, " De Viris illustribus."
MauTI-us Tor-qua'tus, or, more fully, Ti'tusMan'-
lius Capitoli'nus Torqua'tus, a popular Roman hero,
was the son of L. Manlius Imperiosus, who was dictator
Tor:
lio
in 362 or 363 B.C. He signalized 'his filial affection by
extorting from Pomponius an oath that he would desist
from the prosecution of his father. In 359 he was elected
a military tribune. He killed in battle a Gaul of gigantic
stature and despoiled him of a chain, (torques,) from
which he derived the surname TORQUATUS. He was ap-
pointed dictator in 353, and again in 349 B.C. Having
been elected consul for the third time in 340, he defeated
the Latins, and punished with death his own son, who
had violated orders by fighting a single combat with
one of the enemy.
See Liw. " History of Rome," books vii., viiL ; AURHLIUS Vie-
R, "De Viris illustribus;" P. EKERMAN, " Dissertatio de T. Man-
Torquato," 1767.
Manlius Torquatus, (Tijus.) a Roman general, of
the same family as the preceding, was consul in 235 B.C.
Sardinia having been subjected by him in that year, the
temple of Janus was shut, for the second time in the his-
tory of Rome, because the Romans enjoyed a universal
peace. He was re-elected consul in 234, and made a
speech against the motion to ransom the prisoners taken
by Hannibal at Cannae, (216.) In 215 B.C. he gained a
decisive victory over .the Carthaginians in Sardinia. He
was appointed dictator in 208, and died in 202 B.C.
See Liw, " History of Rome," books xxii., xxiii., xxv., etc.
Manlius Vul'so,(CNEius,) a Roman general, elected
consul about 190 B.C. He conquered the Gauls of Ga-
latia, and received the honour of a triumph in 186 B.C.
Man'ly, (BASIL,) a Baptist minister, bom in Chatham
county, North Carolina, in 1798. He became president
of the University of Alabama in 1837. Died in 1868.
Mann, (HORACE,) LL.D., an eminent American edu-
cationist, born in Franklin, Norfolk county, Massachu-
setts, May 4, 1796. His father was a farmer in limited
circumstances, so that Horace was obliged to procure by
his own exertions the means of obtaining an education.
The books to which he had access in early life, as he
informs us, "were few, and their contents meagre and
miserable." "My teachers," he adds, "were very good
people, but they were very poor teachers." There was,
however, no lack of hard work, and in summer his
labours often encroached upon the hours which should
have been devoted to sleep ; yet, with all these disad-
vantages, his mind gave early proof of uncommon power
and intense activity. He had earned his school-books,
when a child, by braiding straw; and his severe and
frugal life gave him the habit of depending solely upon
himself for the gratification of all his wants. When
about the age of twenty, he commenced the study of
Latin, and in six months prepared himself to enter the
sophomore class in Brown University, at Providence,
Rhode Island, where he graduated with the highest
honours in 1819. The subject of his discourse on that
occasion was " The Progressive Character of the Human
Race." This was always a favourite theme with him,
and his first oration may be said to have foreshadowed
his subsequent career as philanthropist and statesman.
While at Providence he became acquainted with the
young lady whom he afterwards married. She was the
daughter of Dr. Messer, president of the university. In
1821 he entered the law school at Litchfield. and in 1823
was admitted to the bar. He commenced the practice
of law at Dedham. He was elected in 1827 to the State
legislature, and during his connection with that body was
distinguished for the zeal with which he devoted himself
to the interests of education and temperance. In the
practice of his profession he had adopted the principle
never to take the unjust side of any cause : it is said that
he gained four out of five of all the contested cases in
which he was engaged. The extraordinary influence
which he exerted over the minds of the juries was owing
in a great measure to the confidence which all felt in
his honesty of purpose. In 1833 he removed from
Dedham to Boston, and soon after was elected to the
State Senate. In 1836, and again in 1837, he was chosen
president of the Senate. About this time he became
acquainted with Dr. W. E. Channing and Dr. S. G. Howe,
for whom he ever afterwards cherished the sincerest
respect and affection.
To his enlightened philanthropy and untiring efforts
was due the establishment of the State Lunatic Hospital
e as k; j as s; g hard; g as^'; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal: R, triilid; s as z; th as in Ms. (J^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
MANN
1644
MANNYNG
at Worcester. In 1837 lie was elected secretary of the
Massachusetts Board of Education, (then recently organ-
ized,) and was unanimously re-elected to the same posi-
tion for eleven successive years. From the moment that
he entered upon his new duties, he devoted himself to
them with undivided attention and unremitting zeal. Hy
his lectures and writings he awakened an interest in the
cause of education that had never been felt before.
Through his influence, important changes were made in
the school laws of Massachusetts, and a thorough reform
was effected in the educational system of the State.
In May, 1843, Mr. Mann married as his second wife
Miss Mary Feabody, daughter of Dr. Nathaniel Peabody
and sister-in-law of Mr. Hawthorne; and immediately
afterwards he sailed for Europe, chiefly for the purpose
of visiting European schools, particularly those of Ger-
many. He returned to his native country in the autumn
of the same year.
1866. He resigned in December, iS6S. He was post-
master-general from 1874 to 1880.
Manners, (ROBERT,) LORD, a younger son of John,
Marquis of Granby, was a brother of the fourth Duke
of Rutland. He died of wounds received at a battle in
the West Indies in August, 1782, where he commanded
the ship Resolution.
Manners, (ROBERT WILLIAM,) LORD, an English
general, born in 1781. lie entered the army in 1798,
served Wellington as aide-de-camp in the Peninsular
war from 1808 to 1813, and was wounded at Waterloo,
(1815.) In 1830 he obtained the rank of major-general.
He was frequently elected to Parliament. Died in 1835.
Mannert, min'neRt', (KONRAD,) a German writer,
born at Altdorf in 1756, was the author of a "History
of the Vandals," (1785,) " History of Bavaria," (iS26,)r
ai.d other works. Died in 1834.
Manni, mln'nee, (DoMENico MARIA,) a distinguished
f,
In the spring of 1848, Mr. Mann was elected to Con- Italian antiquary and printer, born at Florence in 1690.
,re;s, as successor to J. Quincy Adams, who had died | He published new editions of early Italian works, which
n February of that year. His first speech in the House j he enriched with prefaces, notes, etc., and wrote valuable
of Representatives was in advocacy of the right and duty dissertations on the history of Florence. His " Historic
of Congress to exclude slavery from the territories. He n> : u- °"'- "f "- »':-''"- a ™" '-« "«'«
says, in a letter dated December, 1848, "I think the
country is to experience serious times. Interference
with slavery will excite civil commotion at the South.
Still, it is best to interfere. Now is the time to see
whether the Union is a rope of sand or a band of steel."
In another letter, dated January, 1850, he says, "Dark
clouds overhang the future ; and that is not all : they are i prelate, born in London in 1809, graduated at i
full of lightning." Again, " I really think if we insist ue took orders in the Anglican Church, and
upon passing the Wilmot Proviso for the territories that Archdeacon of Chichester in 1840. In 1851 he
Observations on the Seals of the Middle Ages" (30 vols.
1739-86) is a work of merit. Died in 1788.
See TOMITANO, " Elogio di D. M. Manni," 1789.
Manni, (GIANNICOLA,) an Italian painter, born at
Perugia about 1478, was a pupil of Perugino. Died in
1544.
Man'ning, (HENRY EDWARD,) a Roman Catholic
Oxford,
became
upon passing the Wilmot rroviso lor me territories mat Archdeacon ol Winchester in 1840. in 1.551 ne entered
the South— a part of them— will rebel. I5ut / would the priesthood of the Catholic Church. He was ap-
pass it, rebellion or not. I consider no aril so great as that pointed Archbishop of Westminster in 1865. Among
vf the extension of slavery." On the 7th of March, ^1850, his works are "The Unity of the Church," (1843,) and
Webster delivered his great speech against the Wilmot "The Temporal Sovereignty of the Popes," (1860.) He
Proviso. This led to an open rupture between him and took part in the CEcumenical Council which held its ses-
Mann. Through the influence of Webster's friends, in ! sions jn Rorne frOm December, 1869, to May, 1870, and
the following November Mann failed by a single vote to he maintained the dogma of papal infallibility. He was
obtain a re-nomination in the Whig convention. He, created cardinal in 1875. Died January 14, 1892.
however, appealed to the people as an independent can- Man'ning, (JAMES,) D.D., an American Baptist di-
didate, and was triumphantly re-elected. vine, born at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, in 1738, was
In September, 1852, Mr. Mann was chosen president of , the first president of Brown University, Rhode Island.
Antioch College, at Yellow Springs, Ohio. On the same rjicd |n ,791.
day he was nominated for Governor of Massachusetts by Manning, (OWEN,) an English antiquary, born in
a convention of the Free Democracy (otherwise called Northamptonshire in 1721. lie became Vicar of Godal-
the Free-Soil party) assembled at Lowell. Although not ming and rector of Pcppcrharrow, (1769.) He wrote the
elected Governor, his popularity was shown by his vote •• History and Antiquities of Surrey," and completed
running far ahead of that of the other Free-Soil candi- Lye's "Saxon Dictionary." Died in 1801.
dates. He accepted the presidency of Antioch College, see \v. BRAV, " Life of O. Manning," prefixed to the first volume
which under his able management attained a large of his "Antiquities of Surrey."
measure of success. But the labours and anxieties of Manning, (THOMAS,) an English linguist, born in
that responsible position proved at length too much for Norfolk in 1774. He resided for a long time in Thibet,
his health, never strong, and now undermined by a life ancj accompanied Lord Amherst to China in 1816. Died
of the most intense and unremitting activity. He died ;n ,§40.
August 2, 1859.
Mannini, min-nee'nee, (JACOPO ANTONIO,) an Italiaa
j. n _ painter, born at Bologna in 1646 ; died in 1732
Mann, man, (THEODORE AUCUSTIN,) ADDE, a Flem- P 'n,icher. von f FERDINAND RlTTER.l ;
ish writer and antiquary, born about 1740, resided at
Brussels. He published a "Tableau of the Coins,
Weights, and Measures of Different Nations," (1779,) a
"Description of Brussels," (1785,) and other works.
Died at Prague in 1809.
Mann, (ToM,) a British labour leader, born in
Warwickshire in 1856. He worked in a mine as a
boy, became an engineer, and went to London in
1871. In 1881 he became closely connected with the
Trade Union movement, joined the Socialists in 1885,
and took a leading part in managing the dock strike
of 1890. He became president of several trade
associations, and is the author of several works on
Socialism, Trade Unionism, etc.
Manners. See RUTLAND, DUKE OF.
Manners, (JoiiN.) See GRANBY, MARQUIS OF.
Man'ners, (JOHN JAMES ROBERT,) LORD, a second ' ------ ,
son of the Duke of Rutland, was born in 1818. He "The Patronage of the Arts and Sciences by Lorenzo
Mannlicher, von, (FERDINAND RITTER,) a Ger-
man inventor, born at Mayence in 1848. After the
use of the needle-gun at Sadowa in 1866 he began to
experiment with rifles, and in 1885 produced a maga-
zine rirlc, which was adopted for the Austrian army.
Manno, mln'no, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian painter,
born at Palermo in 1754; died in 1831.
Mannory, mS'no're', (Louis,) a French advocate,
born in Paris in 1696. He published " Voltairiana,"
(1748,) and "Plaidoyers et Memoires," (18 vols., 1759.)
Died in 1777.
Mannozzi, man-not'see, (GIOVANNI,) an excellent
Italian fresco-painter, born at San Giovanni, near Flor-
ence, in 1590, was sometimes called GIOVANNI DA SA*
GIOVANNI. He was a pupil of Rosselli. In 1621 he
went to Rome, where he painted, in rivalry with Guido's
"Aurora," a picture of "Night in a Chariot." Having
returned to Florence, he painted "The Judgment of
Paris," "Aurora and Tithonus," etc. The picture of
entered the House of Commons in 1841, and identified
himself with the Tory party. 1 le was first commissioner
nf the board of works for a short time in 1858-59, and j Biographic
obtained the same position in the Derby cabinet in July, '
de' Medici" is called his master-piece. Died in 1636.
See BALDINUCCI, " NoiU'ie ;" Ticozzi, " Dizionario ;" " Nouvell
Man'nyng or Man'ning, (ROBERT,) an English
a, e, i, 6, u, y, h>ng; a, e, 6, same, IL-.SS prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, y,s/iurf; a, e, j, o, obscure; lar, till, tit; met; not; good; mubn
MANOEL
1645
MANSOOR
monk, was also called ROBERT DE BRUNNE. He lived
in the reign of Edward I. and Edward II., and was a
canon in the monastery of Brunne or Bourne. He trans-
lated into English rhyming chronicles from the "Brut
d'Angleterre" and "Roman le Rou."
Manoel. See MANUEL.
Manoel OF PORTUGAL. See EMMANUEL,
Manoncourt. See SONNINI.
Maurique, man-ree'ki, (JoRGE,) a Spanish poet,
born about 1420. His reputation is founded on his
moral poems, which are highly commended. Died
about 1485.
See TICKNOR, "History of Spanish Literature;" LONGFELLOW,
**Puets and Poetry of Europe."
Mansard or Mansart, m&N's!R', (FRANCOIS,) an
excellent French architect, born in Paris in 1598. He
restored the Hotel Toulouse, and erected the chateaus
of Berny and of Choisy-sur-Seine, and several churches
In Paris. The Chateau de Maisons, a few miles from
Paris, is one of his most admired works. His designs
are remarkable for nobleness and majesty. He invented
the curb-roof called "Mansard." Died in 1666.
See FONTBNAY, " Dictionnaire des Artistes."
Mansard or Mansart, (JULES HARDOUIN,) a cele-
brated architect, born in Paris in 1645, was a son of
Jules Hardouin, a painter. His mother was a sister of
F. Mansard, noticed above. He studied the art with
this uncle, and assumed his name. Having obtained
the favour of Louis XIV., he designed the most im-
portant architectural works of his reign. He had a rare
opportunity to display his genius in the chateau or royal
palace of Versailles, which, though imposing in dimen-
sions and rich in ornaments, fails to satisfy the require-
ments «f good taste. He built the Hotel des Inyalides,
—in the grand dome of which he attempted to rival Sir
Christopher Wren,— the Chateau de Marly, the Place
Vendome, and other public works. In 1699 he was
chosen superintendent of buildings, arts, and manufac-
lures. Died in 1708.
See QUATREMBRB DE QuiNCV, "Vies des plus cflebres Archi-
tectes;" FONTENAY, "Dictionnaire des Artistes;" JEAN DUCHESNE,
"Notice sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de J. H. Mansart," 1805.
Mansart. See MANSARD.
Man'sel, (Rev. HENRY LONGUEVILLE,) a prominent
English writer on metaphysics and theology, logic, etc.,
was born at Cosgrove, in Northamptonshire, in 1820.
He became professor of moral and metaphysical philos-
ophy at Oxford about 1859, and regius professor of
ecclesiastical history in 1867. Among his works is
"The Limits of Religious Thought Examined," (1858,)
which has attracted much attention and no little criti-
cism and has passed through a number of editions. In
this treatise he takes as the basis of his argument Sir
\Villiam Hamilton's position that "the unconditioned is
Incognizable and inconceivable ;" and the work is justly
regarded as one of the most important applications of
the llamiltonian philosophy to questions of religion.
wards published separately. I Ie was appointed Dean of
Saint Paul's, London, in 1868. Died July 30, 1871.
Mansfeld, von, fon mlns'felt, (ERNST,) COUNT, one
of the greatest generals of his time, born in 1585, was
the natural son of Peter Ernst, noticed below. After
fighting for the King of Spain and the Emperor of Ger
many, he left their service about 1610, and became an
enemy of the house of Austria. He avowed himself a
Convert to the Reformed faith, and in 1618 was chosen
general-in-chief of the Bohemian insurgents. In the
service of Frederick, whom those insurgents hnd electee
king, he fought many battles, and defeated the Bavarian;
in 1622. lie afterwards marched into Flanders and re
pulsed the Spaniards at Fleurus. Having raised anothe
army to attack Austria, he was defeated by Wallenstein
in 1626, and died near Zara in the same year. He wa
one of those generals who are as formidable after defea
as before.
See " Acta Mansfeldica," 1624; NIEMANN, " Geschichte der Gra
fen von Mansfeld," 1834 ; " Nouvelle Biographic Generale."
Mansfeld, von, (PETER ERNST,) COUNT, an abl
German general, born in 1517. In -his youth he entere'
army of the emperor Charles V. After serving in
everal campaigns, he commanded an army against the
riench in 1552, and in 1569 led another army to aid
Charles IX. against the Huguenots. He distinguished
limself at the battle of Moncontour. He succeeded the
Duke of Parma as Governor-General of the Low Couu-
ries in 1592. Died in 1604.
Mans'field, (EDWARD D.,) LL.D., an American author,
>orn at New Haven, Connecticut, August 17, 1801. He
raduated at West Point in 1819, and at Princeton Col-
ege in 1822. Removing to Cincinnati, he practised law,
nd for many years was a prominent journalist. He
ublished a " Political Grammar," a "Treatise on Con-
titutional Law," "Life of General Scott," a "History
f the Mexican War," and various educational and legal
works. Died October 27, iSSo.
Mans'Celd, (JARED,) an American mathematician,
3orn at New Haven, Connecticut. He became pro-
essor of natural philosophy in the Military Academy at
West Point. He published several scientific works.
Died in 1830.
Mansfield, (JOSEPH KINO FENNO,) an American
general, born at New Haven, Connecticut, in 1803,
;raduated at West Point in 1822. He served as captain
n the Mexican war, (1846-47,) and became a colonel in
853. lie commanded the department of Washington
n June and July, 1861, and directed a corps at the
>attle of Antietam, where he was killed, September 17,
1862. He was a brigadier-general in the regular army.
Mansfield, LORD. See MURRAY, (WILLIAM.)
Mansfield, (RICHARD,) an actor, born at Heligo-
and in 1857. He studied art in England, but adopted
he theatrical profession, his career being mainly in
.he United States, and his range of characters readi-
ng from the Mikado to Richard III. He appeared
as Cyrano de Bergerac in 1899.
Mansi, min'see, (GIOVANNI DOMENICO,) a learned
Italian prelate, born at Lucca in 1692. He translated
nto Latin Calmet's "Dictionary of the Bible" and the
•Commentary" of the same author, and edited several
works of theology. One of the most important of his
works was an edition of the "Collection of Councils,"
[" Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima CollQCtio,"
1757 et iff.,) in which he was aided by N. Coleti. Ho
was appointed Archbishop of Lucca in 1765. Died in
1769.
Mauso.mJn'so, orManzo, min'zo, (GIOVANNI BAT-
TISTA,) Marquis de Villa, an Italian author, eminent as
a patron of literature, was born in Naples about 1560.
He expended part of his fortune in founding in Naples
the Academy dfgli Ozio<; lie was intimate with the
poet Tasso, who commemorated their friendship in his
dialogue entitled " II Manso." Milton, who had been
his guest in Naples, addressed to him in complimentary
terms a beautiful Latin poem or eclogue entitled " Man-
sus." Manso wrote the " Life of Torquato Tasso," (1619,)
and several poems. Died in 1645.
See TIRABOSCHI, !!Storia della Lelteratura Italiana."
Manso, man'so, (JOHANN KASPAR FRIEDRICH,) a
German scholar and historian, born in the duchy of
Gotha in 1759. He published a "Life of Constantino
the Great," (1817.) and a numbef of poems and an-
tiquarian treatises. Died in 1826.
Mau'spn, (GEORGE,) a Scottish water-colour painter,
born at Edinburgh, December 3, 1850. He worked with
success as a designer and wood-engraver, but after 1871
gave his attention entirely to painting. Died at Lymp-
stone, in Devon, February 27, 1876.
Mansoor, (Aboo-Amir-Mohammed.) See AL-
MANSOOR.
Mansoor, Mansour, Man^our, or MansOr, Al,
il mansooR', (Aboo-Jaafar- (or Djafar-) Abdallah,
1'booji'far ab-dSl'lah, the second Abbassicle caliph of
the Arabian empire, succeeded his brother As-Seffah (01
Al-Saffah) in 754 A.D. About 765 he founded liagclad.
which thenceforth was the capital of the empire for five
centuries. He waged war with success against the
Turcomans and the Greeks of Asia Minor, but lost
Spain, which was taken possession of by the Omeyyads.
lie is said to have united superior talents with great
« as */ 9 as ,; g hard; g asy; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; 5 as t; th as in this. (£^=See Explanations, p. 23.*
MANSTEIN
1646
MANTUANO
cruelty and other vices. He died in 775 A.D., leaving
the throne to his son Mahdee, (or Mahdi.)
See WEIL, "Geschiclue der Chalifen," vol. ii. chap. ii.
Manstein, von, fon man'stin, (CHRISTOPH HER-
MANN,) an able general and historical writer, born in
Saint Petersburg in 1711. In 1745 he entered the ser
vice of Prussia, and a few years later became a major
general. He was employed by Frederick the Great in
important political affairs, and took part in the battle of
Pragut, (1757.) He was killed in a skirmish the same
year. He left "Historical, Political, and Military Me-
moirs of Russia," (in French, 2 vols., 1772.) This work
has been translated into English.
See HUBRR, "Vie de Manstein," prefixed to his " Me'moires."
Mansueti, man-soo-a'tee, (GIOVANNI,) an Italian
painter, born in Venice about 1450 ; died after 1500.
Mant,. (RICHARD,) an English bishop and commen-
tator, born at Southampton in 1776. In conjunction
with D'Oyly, he prepared an edition of the Bible, with
notes, (1817.) He became Bishop of Down and Connor
about 1823. He wrote, besides other works, a " History
Of the Church in Ireland." Died in 1848.
Mantegazza. (PAOLO,) an Italian physiologist and
author, born at Monza in 1831. He studied and prac-
tised medicine, became professor of physiology at Pavia
in 1860, and of anthropology at Florence in 1870.
His works are numerous and varied, embracing such
subjects as the physiology of pleasure, pain, and love,
spontaneous generation, physiognomy, fiction, and
travel.
Mantegna, man-ten'ya, (ANDREA,) an eminent Italian
historical painter and engraver, born at Padua about
1430, was a pupil of F. Squarcione, who adopted him
as a son. After he had worked at Padua and Verona,
lie went to Milan, where he painted the "Triumph of
Julius Caesar," which Vasari esteemed his master-piece,
and which was purchased by Charles I. of England. It
is now at Hampton Court He painted several frescos
in the Vatican at Rome, and worked some years in Man-
tua, where he was patronized by the Marquis de Gon-
znga. Among his most admired oil-paintings is the
"Delia Vittoria," (1495.) (a picture of the Marquis of
Mantua rendering thanks to the Virgin for his victory
at Fornovo,) which still retains its beauty. He was
probably the first engraver of his time. Died in I?o6.
Mantegna, (FRANCESCO,) an able Italian painter, son
Cf Andrea, noticed above. He was a pupil of his father,
and completed several works which the latter left un-
finished at Mantua. It is stated that he was the first
master of Correggio. Died after 1514.
Mantegna, del, del m3n-ten'ya, (CARLO,) an Italian
painter, was a relative and pupil of Andrea Mantegna,
noticed above. In 1514 he was master of a school of
artists in Genoa.
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters."
Man'tell, (GIDEON ALGERNON,) an eminent English
geologist and palaeontologist, born at Lewes, in Sussex,
in 1790. He adopted the medicil profession, which he
practised many years at Lewes. A mine near that place
offered him a rich field for observations in geology, to
which his attention was early directed. He collected
from the Wealden formation and the chalk a museum ol
specimens of extinct reptiles, fishes, and plants, which was
afterwards bought by the trustees of the British Museum
for £5000. About 1825 he discovered the Iguanodon,
an extinct reptile about sixty feet long, and in that year
was elected to the Royal Society. He also discovered
three other genera of the colossal Dinosaurian reptiles.
In 1822 he published "The Fossils of the South Downs."
He removed to Clapham in 1839, and a few years later
to London. He not only enriched the science by his
discoveries, but was unsurpassed by any English geolo-
gist of his time as a lecturer and a popular expounder
of geological facts. His most important works are " On
the Iguanodon," "The Geology of the Southeast of
England," (1838,) "The Wonders of Geology," (1838,)
and "The Medals of Creation," (1844.) Died in 1852.
See ACASSIZ and STRICKLAND, " Bibliographia Zoolccix el
Geologi*."
Manteuflel, man'toiffel, (Orro THEODOR,) BARON,
a Prussian statesman, born at Liibhen in 1805. He was
appointed director in the ministry of the interior in 1846,
and minister of the interior about November, 1848.
Many of the notes and diplomatic circulars of 1848 and
1849 were written by him. He was president of the
council of ministers from December, 1850, to December
1858. Died November 26, 1882.
See G. HESBKIEL, "O. T. Manteuffel: ein Preussisches Lebens-
bild." 1851.
Manteuflel, von, fon man'toif-fel, (EDWIN HANS
KARL,) BARON, a German general, born at Magdeburg,
February 24, 1809. He entered the Prussian army in
1827. He attained the rank of major-general in 1858,
and in 1861 was made adjutant-general and lieutenant.
general. He commanded a large force of German troops
in the Danish war of 1864, a contest which he is believed
to have stirred up intentionally. During the Austrian
war of 1866 he was actively and successfully employed in
Hanover, Saxony, and Franconia; and in the Franco-
German war of 1870-71 he was one of the most brilliant
corps-commanders. In 1879 he was named imperial
lieutenant (or governor) of Alsace-Lorraine, ranking as
field-marshal general and adjutant-general of the German
army, and as principal aide-de-camp general of the
imperial staff. Died June 17, 1885.
Mantica, man-tee'ki, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian prel-
ate and jurist, born at Pordenone in 1534, published
"Decisiones Romanae," (1618.) Died in 1614.
Man'to, [Gr. Mavru,] a prophetess, daughter of Tire-
sias, was taken prisoner by the Argives at Thebes, and
was dedicated to Apollo, under whose auspices she is
said to have uttered oracles at Delphi. She was some-
times called DAPHNE, She became the wife of Rhakius
or Rhacius, and the mother of Mopsus.
Man'tpn, (THOMAS,) an English divine, born in
Somersetshire in 1620. He obtained the living of Stoke
Newington in 1643, and afterwards preached at Covcnt
Garden in London. He was eminent for eloquence and
learning, and was appointed chaplain to Cromwell in
1653. In 1660 he became a chaplain to Charles II.,
but was ejected from his church in London for non-
conformity in 1662. Several volumes of his sermons,
lectures, etc. were published. Died in 1677.
Mantouau, Le. See MANTUANO.
Mantovano. See MANTUANO.
Mantuan, man-too-an', or Man tuano, mln-too-S'no,
(BATTISTA, ) or Battista Spagnuoli, (span-yoo-o'lee.)
a Latin poet, once of great celebrity, was born at Mantua
in 1448. He had great facility as a versifier, but was de-
ficient in taste, and his works, consisting of eclogues
iilrtf, etc., are now entirely neglected. "He was, and
long continued to be," says Hallam, "the poet of
school-rooms. Erasmus says that he would be placed
by posterity not much below Virgil." He was, however,
surpassed as a Latinist by several of his contemporaries.
He lived in an age when Latin composition was in great
vogue, especially in Italy. He was a Carmelite fri
Died in 1516.
Mantuano, mSn-too-S'no, (ADAMO GHISI,) an able
engraver, born at Mantua about 1530, was a son of
Giovanni Bnttista, noticed below. He engraved aftet
Michael Angelo, Giulio Romano, and other masters.
Mantuano, (GIORGIO GHISI,) born at Mantua about
1522, was a skilful engraver and painter. He worked
many years in Rome, and engraved the finest works of
Michael Angelo, Raphael, and other masters. Among
them are "The Last Judgment," after Angelo, and the
" Holy Family" and "School of Athens," after Raphael.
He was living in 1578.
His sister, DIANA MANTUANA, a skilful artist, en-
Jraved several works of Raphael about 1570-80.
Mantuano, [Fr. LE MANTOUAN, leh mdN'too'os',1
(GIOVANNI BATTISTA BERTANO,) an Italian painter,
sculptor, engraver, and architect, the father of the pre-
reding, was born at Mantua about 1500. He was the
head of a family which produced several artists, and
whose proper name was GHISI. He was the pupil of
Oiulio Romanc. His engraving of the "Burning of
Troy" is highly prateed.
See VASARI, "Lives of the Painters."
Mantuano, (TEODORO.) See GHISI.
5, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, d, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fil I, fit; met; nit; good; m<5on;
MANU
1647
MAN WOOD
Manu. [modern Hindoo pron. miin'oo,] written also
Menu, [from the Sanscrit man, to " know,"] a celebrated
Hindoo sage, the son of Brahma, and the revealer of the
code of laws known as the "Institutes of Manu."
See WtLSON, " Sanscrit Dictionary;" MOOR, " Hindu Pantheon."
Manuce, (ALDE.) See MANUTIUS, (ALDUS.)
Man'u-el L Com-ne'uus, [Gr. Mavovi/\ 6
Fr. MANUEL COMNENE, mS'nu'eY kom'nSn',] a Greek
emperor, born about 1120, was a younger son of John
Comnenus, who designated him for his successor. Manuel
began to reign at Constantinople in 1143. He was am-
bitious, brave, and licentious. He is accused of perfidy
towards the crusaders Conrad of Germany and Louis
VII., King of France, who passed, with their armies,
through his dominions in 1147, and with whom he had
made a treaty of alliance. He afterwards waged war
against Roger, King of Sicily, the Hungarians, and the
Turks, over whom he gained several victories. Peace
was made between him and Roger in 1155. In 1176 he
was defeated disastrously by Az-ed-Deen, the Turkish
Sultan, near Myriocephalus, where Manuel fought in
person. The Turks were defeated in turn by his army
in Lydia, in 1177, when the war was ended by treaty.
He died in nSo, and was succeeded by his only son,
Alexis II.
See GIBBON, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;" LE BEAU,
" Histoire du Bas- Empire;" '* Nouvelle Biographic GeWrale."
Manuel n. Palaeologus, (pal-e-ol'o-gus,) [Gr. Ma-
vavri'X b MaAawAuj-oc ; Fr. MANUEL PALEOLOGUE,
pt'li'o'log',] Emperor of Constantinople, svas the second
son of John VI., who admitted him as his associate in
the empire about 1372. At the death of his father, in
1391, Manuel was held as a hostage by Sultan Bayazeed
I. I le escaped from Nicasa, and fled to his own capital,
in the same year. The enraged Sultan marched against
him, and besieged Constantinople. The French and
German chivalry came to his assistance with a large
army, and forced Bayazeed to raise the siege ; but he de-
feated those allies at Nicopolis (Nicopol) in 1396. The
Sultan prosecuted the siege for several years, until the
alarming progress of Tamerlane called him away for the
defence of his own kingdom. After the-defeat and death
of Bayazeed, in 1403, Manuel reigned in peace. He died
in 1425, aged seventy-seven, and was' succeeded by his
son, John VII. Palsologus.
See GtBBON, "History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire;" VON HAMMER, " Geschichte des Osmanischen Reidis:"
EERGER DB XIVRHY, " Me"moire sur la Vie. et les Ouvrages de Ma-
nuel Paleologue," 1853.
Manuel, ma-noo-el', or Manoel, mi-no-el', (FRAN-
CISCO,) an eminent Portuguese poet, born at Lisbon in
1734. He wrote admired odes, sonnets, and epistles,
and attained the reputation of the most excellent modern
lyric poet of Portugal. Among his poems is an ode to
\Vashington. The liberality of his principles subjected
him to a charge of heresy, lor which he was summoned
before the Inquisition. He escaped, and retired to Paris
in 1 788. He made admirable Portuguese versions of La
Fontaine's " Fables," Chateaubriand's '"Martyrs," and
\Vieland's " Oberon." His poems were published, under
the name of " Filinto Elysio." Died in Paris in 1819.
Manuel, mfnii'el', (JACQUES ANTOINE,) a French
orator and republican, born at Barcelonnette (Low Alps)
in 1775. In the profession of advocate he attained
eminence at Aix. He was a member of the Chamber of
Deputies during the Hundred Days, (1815,) when he
spoke against the pretensions of Bonaparte and of the
Bourbons. In l8iS he was elected to the Chamber of
Deputies by the liberals, and was ranked among the
ablest debaters of that assembly. "Of all the revolu-
tionary orators," says Lamartine, "he was the most
feared and hated by the majority." After a speech in
reply to Chateaubriand, he was expelled from the Cham-
ber in 1823. Died in 1827. "He had no one to con-
sole him," says Lamartine, "but Beranger, whose heart
loved in Manuel the antique stamp of the premature
but intrepid, moderate, and upright republican. . . . He
was more remarkable for character than eloquence ; he
preferred action to speech," etc.
See FADEVILLB, "Manuel juge" par ses Actions," 1824; RAMOND
LA CROISETTE, " M. Manuel," 1824: KOURTANII
r>B
Manuel,"
1849; "Nouvelle Biographic Generale."
HER, " Eloge de
Manuel, ma-noo-?I', (Don JUAN,) a Spanish prince
and author, was a nephew of Alfonso X. of Castiie. He
was Regent of Castile during part of the minority of
Alfonso XL, and distinguished himself in battle against
the Moors. He wrote many works, in prose and verse.
His political and moral treatise called "The Count of
Lucanor" (" El Conde de Lucanor") was esteemed by
Bouterwek as the finest monument of Spanish literature
in the fourteenth century. Died about 1350.
See LONGFELLOW, "Poets and Poetry of Europe;" TICKHOE
" History of SpanUh Literature."
Manuel, (Louis PIERRE,) a French revolutionist,
born at Montargis in 1751. According to Beaulieu, he
took a prominent part in the riot of the loth of August,
1792, and was a partisan of Danton. Soon after this
date he conducted the royal captives to the prison of the
Temple. He rescued Madame de Stael and Beaumar-
chais from the massacre of September. As a member
of the Convention, he voted against the death of Louis
XVI. For this he was proscribed and executed in 1793.
See PRUDHOMME, "Les Revolutions de Paris :" Louis ELANC,
" Histoire de la Revolution;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Manuel, mt'nu'el', (NICOLAS,) a Swiss artist, author,
and Reformer, born at Berne in 1484, was sometimes
called DEUTSCH, in Italian TEDESCO, (i.f.the "German.")
About 1510 he went to Venice and became a pupil of
Titian. He returned to Berne, and painted " The Dance
of Death," in fresco. He wrote satirical poems and
songs, and "Dramatic Moralities and Mysteries," a hu-
morous composition. In his latter years he held several
public offices, and was an active promoter of the Swiss
Reformation. Died in 1530.
Manutius, ma-nu'shg-us, (AL'DUS,) [It. ALDO MA-
NUZIO, dl'do m j-noot'se-o ; Fr. ALDE MANUCE, ild
mS'nuss',] a celebrated Italian printer and scholar, born
at Bassiano, in the Papal States, in 1447. With the
patronage of Pico de Mirandola and Alberto Pio, ho
established a printing-press at Venice about 1490. He
invented the form of type called Italic, procured manu-
scripts from various countries, and published editions of
classics which surpassed all others in correctness. About
1500 he formed at Venice a literary association called the
Aldine Academy, the design of which was to promote
literature by perfecting the copies of the models of an-
tiquity. He compiled a Greek-and-Latin Lexicon, (1497.)
Died in 1515.
See UNCER, "De Aldi Pii Manutii Vita Meritisque," 1752: D.
M. MANNI, "Vita di Aldo Pio Manozio," 1749; A. RENOUARP,
"Annales de I'lmprimerie des Aide;" AMBROISB FlRMIN DiDOT,
article in the " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Manutius, (ALDUS,) or Manuzio, (ALDO,) THE
YOUNGER, born at Venice in 1547, was a son of Paolo,
noticed below. At the age of fourteen he published a
" System of Orthography," (" Orthographiae Ratio.") He
was professor of eloquence at Bologna, Pisa, and Rome.
lie wrote, besides antiquarian treatises, " The Life of
Cosimo I. de' Medici, "and "The Accomplished Gentle-
man," (" II perfetto Gentil'uomo.") Died in 1597.
See A. RENOUARD, "Annales des Aide."
Manutius, (PAULUS,) or Manuzio, (PAOLO,) ai.
Italian printer, author, and critic, born at Venice in 1512,
was a son of Aldus Senior. As the successor of his
father in the printing-establishment, he published excel-
lent editions of Latin classics in Venice. About 1562
he removed his press to Rome, whence he returned to
Venice in 1570. lie acquired a high reputation as a
critic and as a writer of elegant Latin. Among his prin-
cipal works are "On the Roman Senate," (" De Senatu
Romano,") " On the Roman State," (" De Civitate Rp-
manaV') "Roman Antiquities," and a volume of Latin
Epistles. "The letters of Manutius," says Ilallam, "pall
on the reader by their monotonous elegance. . . . Sciop-
r>ius thinks him consummate in delicacy and grace."
^'Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") Died in
'574-
fiee A. RHNOUARD, "Annales de I'lmprimerie des Aide," 1834;
J. G. KRAUSB, "Apparatus ad P. Manutii Viiam." 1669 ; AMBROISS
FIR.MIN DIDOT, article in the " Nouvelle Biographic GiJneraJe."
Manuzio. See MANUTIUS.
Man'wood, (JOHN,) an English jurist, flourished
about 1600, and wrote a " Treatise on the Laws of the
Forest"
; casj;
; gas/;G, H,K,gutlural; N, nasal; v.,trilled; sasz;
Explanations.p. 23.}
MANWOOD
1648
MARANA
Man-wood, (Sir ROGER,) probably the father of the
preceding, was chief baron of the court of exchequer.
Died in 1593.
Manzi, man'zee, (GULIELMO,) an Italian litterateur,
born at Civita Vecchia in 1784. lie made a good Italian
version of Lucian, (1819,) and wrote a "Discourse on
the Spectacles, Festivals, and Luxury of the Italians of
the Sixteenth Century," (1818.) Died in 1821.
See TIPALOO. " Rioprafia iegli Italian! Ulustri :" Rossi, "Elogio
Storico di G. Manzi," 182*.
Manzi, (PlETRO,) an Italian writer, born at Civita
Vecchia in 1785, was a brother cf the preceding. He
published "The Conquest of Mexico," (1817,) and other
works. Died in 1839.
Manzo. See MANSO.
Manzolli, man-zol'lee, or Manzoli, mjn-zo'lee, (PlE-
TRO or PIER ANCELO,) a Latin poet, born at Stellata, on
the Po, in Italy, flourished about 1510-40. He was bet-
ter known by his assumed name, PALINGENIO or PALIN-
GE'NIUS STELLA'TUS. The events and circumstances
of his life are unknown. He wrote a long moral poem,
entitled "Zodiacof Life," (" Zodiacus Vitae," Bale, 1537,)
the books of which are named from the signs of the
zodiac. " It is not very poetical," says Hallam, " but
by no means without strong passages of sense and
spirit, in a lax Horatian metre. The author has said
more than enough to incur the suspicion of Lutheran-
ism." (" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.")
See GPRDES, "Historia Reformationis :" "Palingene," in
BAYLE'S " Historical and Critical Dictionary."
Manzoni, man-zo'nee, (ALESSANDUO,) a celebrated
Italian novelist and poet, was born at Milan, March 8,
1784. His father bore the title of count, and his mother
was a daughter of the Marquis Beccaria, the eminent
jurist and writer. About 1805 he made a long visit
to Paris, where he formed an intimate friendship with
Fauriel and produced a poem on the death of Carlo
Imbonati, (1806.) He married Henriette Louise Blondel,
of Geneva, in 1808, and became a zealous member of
the Roman Catholic Church. Soon after this event he
produced several hymns on the Nativity, the Passion,
the Resurrection, etc., which have much literary merit.
His next work was a tragedy, called " II Conte di Car-
magnola," (1820,) in which the three unities are not ob-
served. This drama was warmly applauded by Goethe.
He published another tragedy, entitled " Adelchi," and
an admirable ode on the death of Napoleon, "II cinque
Maggio." His capital work is the historical novel of
"I promessi Sposi," (3 vols., 1827,) an English version
of which has appeared under the title of "The Betrothed
Lovers." It presents a vivid picture of Italian society
of the seventeenth century. The style is natural, elo-
quent, and beautiful. Manzoni became a senator of ths
kingdom of Sardinia in 1860. Died May 22, 1873.
Manzoni, (FRANCESCA,) an Italian poetess, born in
the Milanese in 1710, was versed in the Greek and Latin
languages. Died in 1743.
Manzuoli, man-zoo-o'lee, (ToMMASO,) an able Italian
painter, born near Florence in 1536, was also called
MASO DA SAN FRIANO. He adorned several churches
of Florence. His master-piece is the "Visitation," which
is preserved in the gallery of the Vatican. Died in 1575-
See VASAKI, " Lives of the Painters," »tc.
Mapes, map,? or Map, (WALfER,) an old English
author, born in the Welsh marches about 1150. He
became a favourite of Henry II., who sent him on a mis-
sion to the King of France and gave him several bene-
fices. In 1196 he was appointed Archdeacon of Oxford.
He wrote satirical Leonine Latin poems, among which
is an ode which begins " Meum est propositum in taberna
mori." In I-atin prose he wrote a curious and interesting
work called " De Nugis Curialium." He was the re-
puted author of several romances in French or Anglo-
Norman, among them the " Quest du Saint Graal,"
and certain other Round Table legends, which give him
a very high rank in mediaeval literature.
Maphaeus. See MAFFEI and MAFFEO.
Mapleson, (LAURA SCHIRMER,) an American
singer, born (Schirmer) at New York in 1862, married
Colonel Henry Mapleson in 1891. She first appeared
in grand opera in 1879, and within two weeks of her
death sang in "The Fencing-Master" at New York.
Died January 24, 1894.
Ma'ple-spn, (MARIE,) better known by her maiden
name of MARIE ROZE, a French singer, born in Paris in
1850. She was educated at the Conservatoire of Paris,
and early went upon the operatic stage, where her fina
abilities as a singer and her versatility as an actress won
her great applause, She married Mr. J. H. Mapleson, 3.
distinguished English manager of the opera.
Mapletoft, ma'pel-toft, (JOHN,) an English physician,
born in Huntingdonshire in 1631. He was appointed
professor of medicine in Gresham College, London, in
1675. About 1680 he took holy orders. He translated
into Latin Sydenham's "Observations," at the request
of the author, and wrote "The Principles and Duties
of the Christian Religion." Died in 1721.
Mapp, mSp, JLat. MAP'PUS,] (MARC,) a French bot-
anist and physician, born at Strasburg in 1632. He wrote
a mediocre " Description of the Plants of Alsace." Died
in 1701.
Mappua. See MAPP.
Maquet, ml'k&', (AUGUSTE,) a French novelist, bom
in Paris in 1813. He was author in part of "Monte-
Cristo," and of other works which were published under
the name of Alexandre Dumas. Died January 9, iSSS.
Mar. EARL OF. See ERSKINE, (JOHN.)
Mara, ma'ra, a famous deva of the Hindoo mythology
mentioned in the history of GAUTAMA, (which see.)
Mara, ma'ra, originally named Schmelling, (ELIZA-
BETH,) a celebrated German singer, was born at Cassel
in 1749. She was a pupil of Paradisi, and became the
wife of J. Mara, a violoncellist of Berlin. Between 1784
and 1787 she appeared four times as first vocalist at the
Handel Commemoration, and was greatly admired. She
afterwards performed with applause in Paris and Berlin.
She sang in four languages. Died in 1833.
Mara, de, deh mS'ri", (GUILLAUME,) a priest and
Latin poet, born in the diocese of Coutances, France
about 1470; died about 1530.
Maracci. See MARRACCI.
Maracci, ma-rat'chee, or Marracci. mar-rat'chee,
(GIOVANNI,) an Italian historical painter, born at Lucca
in 1637, was a pupil of Pietro da Cortona. Died in 1704.
Marais, mS'r.V, (MARIN,) a French musical composer,
was born in Paris in 1656. Among his works is an opera
entitled " Alcyone," (1706.) Died in 1728.
Marais, (MATHIEU,) a French jurist and writer, born
in Paris in 1664. He wrote some articles for Kayle'9
"Historical and Critical Dictionary," and a "Life of
La Fontaine," (1811.) Died in 1737.
Marais, des. See REGNIEK-DESMARAIS.
Maraldi, mj-ral'dee, (JACQUES PHILIPPE,) an as-
tronomer, born at Perinaldo, in the county 'of Nice, in
1665, was a nephew of Giovanni Domenico Cassini,
under whom he studied astronomy in Paris. About
1 700 he was elected to the French Academy of Sciences,
lie spent many years in astronomical observations, and
in forming a Catalogue of the fixed stars, which he left
in manuscript when he died, in 1729.
Maraldi, (!EAN DOMINIQUE,) a nephew of the pre-
ceding, was born at Perinaldo in 1709. He became
assistant astronomer at the Paris Observatory, and made
many observations, which were inserted in the collection
of the Academy of Sciences. Died in 1788.
Maran, mt'roN', [Lat. MAKA'NUS,] (Dom PRUDENT,)
a learned French Benedictine monk, born at Suzanne in
1683. He wrote a " Dissertation on the Semi-Arians,"
and edited the works of Saint Cyprian. Died in 1762.
Marana, ma-ra'na,(GioVANNi PAOLO or GIAMPAOLO,)
an Italian writer, born at Genoa about 1642. lie was
imprisoned four years (1670-74) for a political reason.
About 1682 he removed to Paris, and obtained a pen-
sion from the king. In 1684 he published, in French, the
first volume of " The Turkish Spy," (" L'Espion T'urc,")
which was very successful. "The Turkish Spy," says
Hallam, "is no ordinary production, but contains as
many proofs of a thoughtful, if not very profound, mind,
as any we can find. It suggested the Persian Letters
to Montesquieu." He published a second volume in
1686. Died in 1693.
4, c, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, d, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; m5t; nit; good; moonj
MA RANG ONI
1649
MA RCA
Marangoni, ma-ran-go'nee, (GIOVANNI,) an Italian
antiquary, born at Vicenza in 1673. He wrote a learned
•treatise on the Flavian Amphitheatre, and "Thesaurus
Parochorum." Died in -1753.
Maransin, mS'roN'saN', (JEAN PIERRE,) BARON, a
French general, born at Lourdes in 1770; died in 1828.
Maranta, ma-rin'ta, (BARTOLOMMEO,) an Italian bot-
anist and physician, lived at Venosa, in the kingdom of
Naples. He assisted Ferrante Imperato in writing his
"Natural History," and wrote an esteemed elementary
work on botany, entitled "Methodus Cognoscendorum
Medicamentorum simplicium," (1559.) "The author,"
says Hallam," is independent, though learned, extremely
acute in discriminating plants known to the ancients, and
has discovered many himself." (" Introduction to the
Literature of Europe.") Died about 1554.
See TIRABOSCHI, " Storia della Letteralura Italiaua."
Maranus. See MARAN.
Marat, mf ri', (JEAN PAUL,) a leader in the French
Revolution, was the son of an Italian named Mara, and
was born near Neufchatel, in Switzerland, in 1743. He
practised medicine in Paris before the Revolution with
great success, becoming in 1777 a court-physician, but in
1786 he resigned his place. He published many treatises
on electricity, optics, etc. In 1 789 he aroused the popu-
lace by his journal " The Friend of the People," (" L'Ami
du Peuple.") He was as a consequence for a long time
compelled to live in sewers and cellars to escape the
officers of the law. Among the Jacobin leaders he ap-
pears to have been the most determined and ferocious
enemy alike of the royalists and Girondists, whose in-
sincerity he denounced and for whose half-measures he
expressed great contempt. In 1792 he was elected to the
Convention, and, uniting with Danton and Robespierre,
formed the famous triumvirate of the reign of terror. He
became a self-constituted public accuser before the com-
mune and the Convention. In May, 1793, the majority
of the Convention ordered his arrest for alleged outrages
committed against that assembly. He was tried, but
was acquitted by the tribunal and brought back to the
Convention in triumph. "The hesitation of Danton,"
says Lamartine, "and the temporizing of Robespierre,
raised Marat at this moment to the apogee of his popu-
larity and power. He shrugged his shoulders at the
names of Danton and Robespierre, expressing his doubts
of their capacity to guide the Revolution." Me was
assassinated by Charlotte Corday in his own house in
July, 1793. {See CORDAY, CHARLOTTE.) Perhaps no
man in all history has been more unanimously condemned
than Marat. The perfect agreement in regard to his
character among his contemporaries of the most diverse
and even opposite opinions on other subjects, furnishes
the strongest probability that that condemnation was
entirely just. That he preferred the gratification of his
malignant passions to the pursuit of wealth or of ordinary
pleasures is no proof of any very exalted disinterested-
ness. History furnishes many examples of men who,
dominated by one supreme passion, have been indifferent
to every other consideration. We find very little force
or reason in the recent attempts to rehabilitate the repu-
tation of Marat. The only charitable view of his char-
acter that can rationally be maintained is to suppose that
his mind, more especially his moral nature, was deeply
diseased. For the credit of humanity, we may hope that
he was not fully responsible for his conduct.
Maratta, ma-rat'ta, or Maratti, ma-rjt' tee, (CARLO,)
an Italian painter, born at Camurano, in the March of
Ancona,in May, 1625, enjoyed in his time the reputation
of being one of the best painters in Europe. He became
a pupil of Andrea Sacchi and a devout student of Ra-
phael's works, and chose Rome as his permanent resi-
dence. He was employed by Clement IX. and by four
other successive popes, and received the title of painter-
ordinary to Louis XIV., for whom he painted a picture
of Daphne. His Madonnas are admired for modest
dignity and amiable expression. He preferred to paint
pictures for galleries and altars, rather than large works.
Maratta also excelled in the art of etching. He was the
last great painter of the Roman school. Died in 1713.
See BELLORI, "Vila del Cavalier Maratti," 1732.
Maratta or Maratti, (MARIA,) a daughter of the
preceding, was a painter and a poetess. She was mar-
ried to G. Zappe, the poet.
Maratti. See MARATTA.
Maraviglia, mi-ri-vel'ya, (GIUSEPPE MARIA,) an
Italian philosopher and moralist, born at Milan. His
Latin name was MIRABII.IA. Died in 1684.
Marazzoli, ma-rat-so'lee, (MARCO,) an Italian com-
poser of operas and oratorios, born at Parma; died in
1662.
Marbach, maR'blK, (JOHANN,) a German Protestant
theologian, bom at Lindau in 1521. Among his works
is " The Faith of Jesus and of the Jesuits," (" Fides Jesus
et Jesuitarum.") Died in 1581.
Marbeau, miR'bo', (JEAN BAPTISTE FRANCOIS,) a
French writer on social economy, born at Brives in 1798.
He founded in 1844 charitable institutions called Crtchei,
for infants whose mothers serve as labourers out of their
own houses. Died October 10, 1875.
Mar'beck, (JOHN,) an English composer of cathedral
music, was organist of Windsor in the reign of Henry
VIII. He composed the notes to the Preces and Re-
sponses used in the English cathedrals. Having iden-
tified himself with the Protestant cause, he was con-
demned to be burned for heresy about I545> but was
pardoned, — perhaps on account of his musical skill. He
published a "Book of Common Prayer Noted," (1550,)
and a "Concordance." Died in 1585.
Marbeuf or Marboeuf, miR'buf' , (Louis CHARLES
RENE,) MARQUIS, a French general, born near Rennes
in 1712. He commanded in Corsica against Paoli, by
whom he was defeated in 1768. Died in 1786.
Marboia, miR'bwa', (FRANCOIS de Barbe — deh
baVba',) MARQUIS, called also MARQUIS DE MARBOIS,
a French statesman and writer, born at Metz in 1745.
About 1780 he 'was charge-d'affaires and consul-general
to the United States. In 1792 Louis XVI., who esteemed
him for his probity, sent him on an embassy to Vienna.
He was elected in 1795 to the Council of Elders, in Tvhich
he spoke often and with ability. In September, 1797, he
was, with others, deported to Guiana by the Directory.
Bonaparte appointed.him director of the treasury, or min-
ister of finance, in 1801. Marbois was dismissed in 1805,
but in 1808 became first president of the Cour des
Comptes, (Chamber of Accounts, or exchequer.) He held
this office about thirty years. He was keeper of the seals
and minister of justice in 1815 and 1816, and received
the title of marquis in 1817. He wrote numerous moral,
political, and historical works, among which are "The
Conspiracy of Arnold against the United States,"
(1816,) and a " History of Louisiana," (1828.) Died in
iS37-
See ANTOINB PASSV, " Notice sur le Marquis de BarW-Marbois,
1838; "Nouvelle Biographic Gene'rale."
Marbot, mSR'bo', (ANTOINE ADOLPHE MARCELLIN,)
a French general, born at Altillac in 1781 ; died in 1844.
Marbot, (JEAN BAPTISTE ANTOINE,) a general, born
at Altillac in 1782, was a brother of the preceding. Na-
poleon left him a legacy of one hundred thousand francs.
Died in 1854.
Marc, the French for MARK, which see.
Marc, mtRk, (CHARLES CHRETIEN HENRT,) a physi-
cian, born at Amsterdam in 1771, settled in Paris in 1798.
About 1818 he became physician to the Duke of Orleans,
who, on his accession as Louis Philippe, in 1830, gave
him the title of first physician to the king. He wrote,
besides other works, a " Treatise on Insanity," (" De la
Folie," etc., 2 vols., 1840,) and published several able
medical treatises. Died in 1841.
See PARISET, " fitoge de Ch. Ch. H. Marc," 1842; RsVElLl.4-
PARISSE, "Notice sur C. C. H. Marc," 1842.
Marc, SAINT. See MARK, SAINT, and MARCUS.
Marc Antoine, the French for MARK ANTONY. See
ANTONIUS, (MARCUS.)
Marc Antonio. See RAIMONDI.
Marc Aurel, the German for MARCUS AtrRELrus.
Marc Aurele. See AUREI.IUS, (MARCUS.)
Marca, de, deh marks', (PIERRE,) an ambitious and
learned French prelate, bom in B«»ru in 1594. At the
request of Cardinal Richelieu, he wrote his famous
« as k; c as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, TH,gitttural; N, nasal; it, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
104
Explanations, p. 23.)
MARCEAU
1650
MARCELLUS
treatise on the liberty of the Gallican Church, entitled
"De Concordia Sacerdotii et Imperii," (1641,) which
offended the court of Rome. He was made Bishop of
Toulouse in 1652, minister of state about 1658, and
Archbishop of Paris ui 1661. Among his works is a
"History of Beam." Died in 1662.
See DH FACET, "Viede Pierre de Marca:" BOMPART, "£loge
de Marca," 1672.
Marceau, mlR'so', (FRANQOIS SEVERIN DESGRA-
VIERS,) a French general, born at Chartres in 1769. He
entered the army in 1786, and became a general of
brigade at the age of twenty-two. In 179^ he obtained
the chief command of the army sent against the Ven-
deans, whom he defeated at Mans. In 1795 and 1796 he
commanded a division on the Rhine and in the Palati-
nate, where he gained advantages over the Austrians.
He was killed in battle near Altenkirchen in 1796.
Kle'ber, who was his friend, said, "I have never known
any general so capable as Marceau to change the plan
of battle on the spot with sang-froid and judgment."
See CLAUDE DESPREZ, " Kle'ber e! Marceau," 1857: LAVALCE,
"Elope Inslorique du Ge'ne'ral Marceau," 1797; SBKGENT-MAB-
CEAU, " Notice sur le Ge'neVdl Marceau," 1820.
Marcel. See MARCELLUS I., Bishop of Rome.
Marcel, miR'sSl', (ETIENNE,) a French partisan chief
and agitator of reform, was provost of the merchants of
Paris when King John was defeated and made prisoner
at Poitiers, in 1356. He became the leader of the popular
party in its contest with the dauphin Charles, who acted
as regent. Marcel was predominant in Paris, and con-
trolled a majority in the States-General, which refused
to vote supplies for the war unless their grievances
should be redressed. A revolution was effected which
rendered the government almost republican. Having
given the command of Paris to Charles the Bad, of
Navarre, he was betrayed by him, and was assassinated
in 1.158.
See NAUDET, "Conjuration d'£tienne Marcel," etc. : FROISSART,
"Chronique;" SISMONDI, " Histoire des Francais,"
Marcel, (GUILLAUME,) a French chronologist, born
at Toulouse in 1647. He negotiated a treaty with the
Dey of Algiers in 1677. He published valuable "Chro-
nological Tablets," and a " History of the Origin and
Progress of the French Monarchy," (1686,) which is
commended for accuracy in dates. Died in 1708.
Marcel, (GuiLLAUME,) a French writer and priest,
born about 1612. He wrote Latin and French verse,
etc. Died in 1702.
Marcel, (JEAN JOSEPH,) an eminent French Orien-
talist and historian, born in Paris in November, 1776.
He went to Egypt in 1798 as a member of the scientific
commission, and, having returned to France in 1801,
was selected as one of the rldactturs of the " Descrip-
tion of Egypt." He was director of the national printing
department (imfrimcrie) from 1802 to 1814. Among
his numerous works are "Melanges Orientaux," (1833,)
a " History of Egypt from the Arabian Conquest to the
French Expedition," (2d edition, 1844,) and a "Scien-
tific and Military History of the French Expedition
«n Egypt," (with Louis Reybaud,) (10 vols., 1830-36.)
L>ied in 1854.
See BELIN, "Notice sur J. J. Marcel," in the "Journal Asi-
fttique," 1854; "Nouvjle Biographic Gene>ale."
Marcel; maRt'sel, (N.,) a German painter of flowers,
fruits, etc., born at Frankfort in 1628 ; died in 1683.
Mar-cel'la, a Roman lady, was a daughter of C.
Marcellus and Octavia, who was a sister of the emperor
Augustus. She was married first to M. V. Agrippa,
divorced in 21 B.C., and married again to a son of Mark
Antony the triumvir.
Marcellin. See MARCEI.I.INUS.
Mar-cel-li'nus, [ Fr. MARCEI.LIN, miR's^aN',]
SAINT, a native of Rome, succeeded Caius as Bishop of
Rome, or pope, in 295 A.D. During his tenure of that
office the Church was persecuted by Diocletian. He
died in 304 or 305, and was succeeded by Marcellus I.
See ARTAUO DB MONTOR, " Histoire des souvcraina Pontifes
Remains."
Marcellinus Ammianus. See AMMIANUS.
Marcellis, mar-sel'lis, (OrHo,) a Dutch painter of
flowers and animals, was born in 1613. He worked
with success in Paris, Rome, and Amsterdam, Died
in 1673.
Marcello, maR-chel'lo, (BENEDETTO,) a celebrated
Italian composer and poet, bom of a patrician family at
Venice in 1686, was a pupil of Gasparini. He studied
law, and was for fourteen years a member of the Council
of Forty. He gained distinction as a poet by a number
of sonnets and canzoni. His capital work is a collection
of psalms, entitled "Estro poetico-armonico Parafrast
sopra i 50 primi Salmi," (1724.) These were received
with universal enthusiasm throughout Europe, and mer-
ited for the author the appellation of the Pindar and
Michael Angelo of musicians. Died in 1739.
" Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Marcello, (PiETRO,) an Italian biographer, lived at
Venice about 1500, and wrote " De Vita Principum et
Gestis Venctorum," (1554.)
Mar-cel'lus [Fr. MARCEL, miR'sSl'; It. MARCELLO,
maR-chel'lo] L, Bishop of Rome, was a Roman by birth,
and was elected in 308 A.D. Ilis efforts to maintain
strict discipline are said to have caused a schism and
sedition among the. believers. He died in 309 or 310,
and was succeeded by Eusebius.
Marcellus II., POPE, born at Fano in 1501, was
named MARCELLUS CERVIUS. He was elected pope in
April, 1555, after the death of Julius III. About three
weeks after his election he died, and was succeeded by
Paul IV.
See A. BOWER, " History of the Popes:" ARTAUT> DB MONTOR*
"Histoire des souverains Pontifes Remains."
Mar-cellus, (CAIUS CLAUDIUS,) a Roman consul,
who married Octavia, the sister of Octavius Caesar.
He became consul in 50 B.C., before which he had at-
tached himself to the party of Pompey. While in this
office he made a motion in the senate to deprive Cxsar
of his command, but did not succeed. He remained in
Italy during the civil war, and shared the clemency of
Caesar after the victory of the latter. Died about 40 B.C.
Mar-cel'lus, [It. MARCELLO, maR-chel'lo,](DoNATO,)
an Italian phvsician, born at Mantua. He wrote " De
Historia Medica mirabili," (1586.)
Marcellus, (MARCUS CLAUDIUS,) a Roman general,
celebrated as the conqueror of Syracuse, born about 266
B.C., was the greatest member of a consular plebeian
family which produced several eminent men. In 222
he became consul, (with Cn. Cornelius Scipio,) defeated
the Insubrians on the Po, and obtained the honour of a
triumph. After Hannibal had invaded Italy in the second
Punic war, Marcellus was chosen praetor for the year 216
B.C., in which the battle of Cannae was fought. He was
not present at this battle. The command of the forces
which escaped from that defeat having devolved on him,
he repulsed the attack of Hannibal on Nola, and was the
first that checked his victorious progress. He was elected
for the third time consul for the year 214, with the great
Fabius Maximus as his colleague. His most famous
exploit was the conquest of Syracuse, which, though
defended by the genius of Archimedes, he took, after a
siege of two years and some months, in 212 B.C. He
again obtained the consulship in 210 B.C., with the com
mand of the army in Italy, and fought an indecisive bat-
tle with Hannibal at Numistro. Marcellus and Hannibal
commanded the respective armies at Canusium, (209,)
where the Romans claimed the victory. Marcellus was
elected consul for the fifth time in 208 B.C. Having
advanced to reconnoitre near Venusia, he fell into
an ambuscade, and was killed in the skirmish with the
advanced posts of Hannibal, in that year. Plutarch
has drawn a parallel between Marcellus and Pelopidas,
" who," he says, " were both men of heroic strength, and
were equal in courage and magnanimity." Polybius
denies that Marcellus ever defeated Hannibal.
See PLUTARCH'S "Lives ;" AURELIUS VICTOR, " De Viris illus-
trious;" Ltvv. "History of Rome," books xxii.-xxvii. ; POLYBIUS*
"History;" "Nouvelle Biographic Gin^rale."
Marcellus, (MARCUS CLAUDIUS,) a Roman general,
was a son of the preceding. He was wounded in the
skirmish in which his father was killed. He was elected
4, e. i, 5, u, y, long; a, e. 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fall, fat; met; n6t; good; moon;
MARCELLUS
1651
MARCHAND
praetor in 198 B.C., arid consul in 196, when he com
mar.ded in Cisalpine Gaul and defeated the Insubrians.
In i8g he was censor. Died in 177 B.C.
Marcellus, (MARCUS CLAUDIUS,) a son of the pre-
ceding, obtained the consulship in 166 B.C. He was
chosen consul again in 155, and gained a victory over
the Ligurians. In 152 he obtained a third consulship,
with command of the army in Spain, where he subdued
the Celtiberians and founded Corduba, (Cordova.) He
perished by shipwreck in 148 B.C.
Marcellus, (MARCUS CLAUDIUS,) the friend of Cicero,
and the subject of the admirable oration " Pro M. Mar
cello," was a descendant of the great Marcellus. He
had a high reputation as an orator. Elected consul in
52 B.c, he urged the senate to extreme measures against
Caesar. In the civil war he was an adherent of Pompe)
and the senate. He fled from Rome in 49, and joined
the army in Epirus. After the ruin of his cause at Phar-
salia, he exiled himself to Mitylene, Overcome by the
warm intercession ot the senators, Caesar granted him a
pardon in 47 B.C. On this occasion Cicero expressed his
thanks to the dictator, and his high estimate of the merit
of Marcellus, in the oration which bears his name.
Marcellus was on his homeward journey when he was
assassinated, near Athens, by P. Magius, one of his at-
tendants, about 46 B.C.
See CICKRO, "Pro M. M.ircellp:" DRUMANN, "Geschichte
Roms:" ORELU, "Onomasticon Tulh'anura."
Marcellus, (MARCUS CLAUDIUS,) was the son of C.
Claudius Marcellus, noticed above, and Octavia. About
the year 25 B.c he was adopted by his uncle, the empe-
ror Augustus, who gave him his daughter Julia in mar-
riage. He was a youth of promising talents, and was a
general favourite. He died in his twentieth year, in the
autumn of 23 B.C. His memory was embalmed by Vir-
gil in a beautiful passage of his epic poem, (book vi., v.
872, etc.,) which was recited by the poet in the presence
of Octavia and Augustus. (See OCTAVIA.)
See PLUTARCH, "Marcellus;" TACITUS, "Annales."
Mar-cellus Em-piil-cus, a Latin writer, born at
Burdigala, (Bordeaux.) He was magister officiorum in
the reign of Theodosius the Great, (379-395 A.D.) He
was author of a pharmaceutical work, " De Merlica-
mentis Empiricis, Physicis," etc.
Mar-cel'lus Si-de'tes, a native of Side, in Pam-
phyila, lived about 140 A.D. He wrote a long Greek
medical poem, of which fragments are extant
Mar-cel'lus Ul'pl-us, a Roman jurist, who flourished
about 150 A.D., and was a legal adviser of the emperor
Antoninus Pius. He was author of thirty-one books of
" Digesta," six books on the " Leges Julia et Papia,"
and one book of " Responsa." About one hundred and
fifty excerpts from his works are found in the "Digest"
He is often quoted as high authority by Ulpian, Faulus,
and other jurists.
See M. TYDEMAN, " De Marcelli Vita," 1762 ; J. T. SECER. " Ul-
pius Marcellus," 1768.
Marcellus, de, deh miR'si'luss', (MARIE Louis
JEAN ANDRE; CHARLES Demartin du Tirac — deh-
min'tiN' du te'rik',) COMTE, a French writer, critic,
and diplomatist, born in Guienne in 1795. During a mis-
sion to the Levant, in 1820, he brought away the statue
of Venus of Milo. He published " Souvenirs of the
Levant," (1839,) " Popular Songs of Greece," (1851,) and
"Chateaubriand," (1859.) Died in 1865.
Marcet, mar'seV or miR'si', (ALEXANDRE.) F.R.S.,
a skilful Swiss physician and chemist, born at Geneva in
1770. Having been exiled for political reasons, he settled
In London about 1797, and acquired a high reputation as
a practitioner and a lecturer on chemistry. In 1815 he
returned to Geneva, where he was elected to the supreme
council. His principal work is an " Essay on the Chem-
ical History and Treatment of Calculous Disorders,"
(1817, in English.) Died in 1822.
Marcet, (JANE HALDIMAND,) a popular writer on
science, wife of the preceding, was born at Geneva in
1785. She published "Conversations on Chemistry,"
F
Ic
ogues on political economy could teach Montague or
Walpole many lessons on finance." Died June 28,
1858.
See a notice of Mrs. Marcet, by PROFESSOR DE LA RIVE, in the
" Biblioiheque Uuiverselle," new series, 1858, vol. iii. ; HARRIET
MARTINEAU, "Biographical Sketches," London, 1869.
Marcgrat maRk'gRlf, or Marggrat maRp'gRaf,
(GEORC,) a German naturalist, born at Liebstaclt in 1610,
was author of a "Natural History of Brazil," (in Latin,)
pub Ished at Leyden in 1648. "The descriptions of
Mai cgraf," says Hallam, "are good, and enable us to
identify the animals. They correct the imperfect notions
of Gesner, and add several species which do not appear
in his work." Died in Guinea in 1644.
March, maRch, (AusiAS or OSIAS,) a Spanish poet,
born at Valencia. He imitated Petrarch with success,
and wrote many short poems on love, morals, etc., whioh
were printed in 1543. Died in 1460.
See TICKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature."
March, (DANIEL,) D.D., an American divine, born at
Millbury, Massachusetts, July 21, 1816. lie graduated
at Yale College in 1840, was ordained in 1845, and held
various Presbyterian and Congregational pastorates. He
published "Night Scenes in the Bible," " Walks and
Hours of Jesus," "Home Life in the Bible," "From
Dark to Dawn," " Our Father's House," etc.
March, EARL OF. See MORTIMER.
March, (FRANCIS ANDREW,) LL.D., an eminent phi-
lologist, born at Millbury, Massachusetts, October 25,
1825. He graduated at Amherst College in 1845, became
a lawyer in 1850, and in 1858 was appointed professor of
English and of comparative philology in Lafayette Col
lege. Among his works are "A Method of Philological
Study of the English Language," (1865,) "Comparative
Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language," (1870,) "Anglo-
Saxon Reader," (1870,) "Introduction to Anglo-Saxon,"
(1871, (.etc. He also prepared a collection of Latin
hymns. He has been president of the Spelling Reform
Association from its first organization in 1876. The
thorough manner in which philological studies (especially
those connected with the development of the English
language) have been pursued at Lafayette College, under
Professor March's direction, has elicited high commenda-
tion from distinguished scholars both in England and
Germany.
March, (MiGUEL,) a Spanish painter of religious
subjects, born at Valencia in 1633 ; died in 1670.
March de les Batallas, maRch da lis ba-tjl'vis,
(EsTEBAN,) a Spanish painter, father of the preceding,
was born at Valencia. He acquired a great reputation
as a painter of battles. He died at Valencia in 1660.
See CEAN-BSRMODHZ, " Diccionario Historico," etc
Marchais, des, d4 maVshl', (RENAUD,) a French
traveller, wrote a description of Western Africa, which
was published by Labat, in 4 vols., (1731.) Died about
1728.
Marchal, maVshil', (FRANCOIS JOSEPH FERDINAND,)
a Belgian writer, born at Brussels in 1780. His chief
work is a " History of the Reign of Charles V.," (1857.)
Died in 1858.
Marchand, miR'shSN', (fiTiENNE,) a French navb
gator, born in the island of Grenada in 1755. He made
a voyage round the world in 1790-92, and discovered
several small islands in the Northern Pacific Ocean. A
narrative of the voyage was published. Died in 1793.
Marchand, (JEAN GABRIEL,) COMTE, a French
general, born near Saint-Marcellin in 1765. He served
as general of division at the battles of Jena (1806) and
Friedland, (1807.) When Napoleon returned from Elba,
(1815,) Marchand adhered to Louis XVIII. Died in
1851.
Marchand, (JEAN HENRI,) a witty French writer in
prose and verse. Among his works are "Memoirs of
an Elephant," (1771,) and "Political Testament of M
de V.," (Voltaire.) Died about 1785.
See BARBIER, "Dictionnaire des Anonymes."
Marchand, (Louis,) a French organist, born at
Lyons in 1669. He became organist of the royal chapel
at Versailles. Died in 1732.
Marchand, (PROSPER,) a learned French bibliogra-
pher, born in Picardy about 1675. Having become a
Protestant, he removed to Amsterdam in 1711. He
•eas/fc; j as j; g ,*<;r</; g as// G, H, K, guttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasinC/Wj. (jJ^^See Explanations, p. 23.)
MARCH AND
1652
MARCION
published editions of rare books, collected literary anec-
dotes, and wrote a "Historical Dictionary, or Critical
and Literary Memoirs," (1758,) a work of considerable
interest. (See ALLAMAND.) He was one of the editors
of the "Journal Litteraire," an able periodical published
at the Hague, (1713-37.) and author of a "History of
the Art of Printing." Died in 1756.
Marchand, (THOMAS,) a French explorer, born
in the department of Saone-et-Loire in 1863. He
entered the army in 1883, was sent to French Congo
in 1896, and gained fame by his difficult and daring
journey from Brazzaville to the upper Nile. In July,
1898, he reached Fashoda, which Lord Kitchener
claimed as English territory. After an international
debate, Marchand withdrew. He was received as a
hero on his return to France in 1899.
Marchangy, de, den mlR'shoN'zhe', (Louis AN-
TOINE FRANCOIS,) a French author and advocate, born
at Clamecy in 1782. He published, besides other works,
" The History of France, considered in its Relations with
Poetry, Eloquence, and the Fine Arts," ("La Gaule
poe'tique," etc., 1813.) Died in 1826.
Marchant,maVsh6N', (NICOLAS,) a French botanist,
was one of the founders of the Academy of Sciences,
(1666.) Died at Paris in 1678.
Marche, de la, deh 13 mJRsh, (OLIVIER,) a poet ana
chronicler, born in Burgundy in 1426. He served Charles
the Bold as captain of his guards, and was made prisoner
at the battle of Nancy, (M77-) H£ was afterwards
maltre-d'/iStfl (steward) of Mary of Burgundy and hei
son Philip. He wrote, in French, " Historical Memoirs,"
(of events which occurred from 1435 to 1492,) which are
considered valuable and candid. He also wrote several
poems, one of which is called " Le Chevalier de'libe're',
ou la Vie de Charles le Teme'raire." Died in 1501.
Marchena, maR-cha'na, (JosE,) a Spanish littfratfur.
born in Andalusia in 1768, went to France about 1790.
Being an expert linguist, he was employed as secretary
by General Moreau, (1798-1804.) He translated into
Spanish Moliere's "Tartuffe," Rousseau's "Emile,"and
other works. Died in 1821.
Marches!, maR-ka'sec, or Zaganelli, (FRANCESCO,)
an Italian painter, born at Cotignola. lie lived about
1520, and worked at Ravenna.
Marches!, (GiROLAMO,) a painter, was born about
1480. He painted portraits and history at Rome and
Naples. Vasari dates his death about 1550.
Marches!, (PoMPEO,) an able Italian sculptor, born
in 1790, was a pupil of Canova. Among his works are
a marble statue of Goethe at Frankfort, and a Saint Am-
brose at Milan. Died at Milan in 1858.
Marchetti, maR-ket'tee, (ALESSANDRO,) an eminent
Italian poet and professor, was born at Pontormo, in
Tuscany, in 1633. He was professor of philosophy at
Pisa from 1659 to 1679. In the latter year he obtained
the chair of mathematics at Pisa. He published an able
treatise " On the Resistance of Solids," and other works
on physics and mathematics. His reputation rests chiefly
on his Italian versions of Anacreon and Lucretius. The
version of Lucretius, in sciolti, or blank verse, is generally
admired for fidelity and elegance. He wrote, also, short
original poems. Died in 1714.
Marchetti, (GIOVANNI,) an Italian ecclesiastical
writer, born at Empoli in 1753. He defended the cause
of the pope in some of his numerous works. Among
these is a "Critique on Fleury's History of the Church,"
(2 vols., 1782.) Died in 1829.
Marchetti, (GIUSEPPE Salvagnoli — sal-vin-yolee,)
an Italian poet, born near Empoli in 1799. He com-
posed several small poems, and translated Virgil's
Eclogues into Italian verse. Died in 1829.
Marchetti, (MARCO,) called MARCO DA FAENZA, a
skilful Italian painter, born at Faenza ; died in 1588.
Marchettis, di,dee maR-ket't6ss, (PiETRO,) an Italian
writer on surgery, born at Padua in 1593. lie published
" Sylloge Observationum Medico-Chirurgicarum," (1664.
often reprinted.) Died in 1673. His son DOMENICO
(born in 1626, died in 1688) was a noted anatomist.
Marchi, da, d3 maR'kee, (FRANCESCO,) a distinguished
Italian engineer, born at Bologna about 1506. He served
the King of Spain as military engineer in Flanders for
thirty years, and made inventions in fortification. His
reputation was founded on a work entitled "On Forti-
fication," (Delia Architettura militare," 1599.) Died
about 1599.
See MARINI, "Vita di F. Marchi," 1810; GINGUEN£, "Histoire
de Ja Litte'rature Italienne."
Marchin, de, deh maVshlN', (FERDINAND,) COUNT,
sometimes written Marsin, a French general, born in
1656. He was sent on an embassy to the King of Spain
in 1701. He returned to France in 1703, and was raised
to the rank of marshal. At the battle of Blenheim (1704)
he was second in command, and, after Tallart was made
prisoner, conducted the retreat in good order. He com-
manded under the Duke of Orleans at the great battle
of Turin, (1706,) where the French were defeated by
Prince Eugene and Marchin was killed.
See SAINT-SIMON, " Me'moires ;" DB COURCELLES, "Diction-
naire des Gene'raux Francais."
Marchini, maR-kee'nee, (GIOVANNI FRANCESCO,) an
Italian ecclesiastic, born at Vercelli in 1713. He pub-
lished a " Treatise on the Divinity of the Sacred Books,"
and other works. Died in 1774.
Marchione (maR-ke-o'na) OF AREZZO, a medixval
Italian sculptor and architect, flourished about 1200.
One of his works, the church of Santa Maria della Pieve,
is extant at Arezzo.
See VASAR!, "Lives of the Painters," etc.
Marchmont, EARL OF. See HUME, (Sir PATRICK,)
and HUME, (HUGH CAMPBELL.)
Marcia or Martia (mar'she-a) Gens, a Roman
ffits, originally patrician, claimed to be descended from
Ancus Marcius. The family of Coriolanus belonged to
Msgrat.
Marcian, mar'she-an, [Lat. MARCIA'NUS ; Gr. Mop/H-
avoc; Fr. MARCIEN, miK'se-lN',] Emperor of the East,
was born of obscure parents in Thrace about 390 A.D.
He had risen by his merit to a high rank in the army
when Theodosius the Younger died, in 450. He then
accepted from Pulcheria, a sister of Theodosius, the
offer of her hand, and became emperor. His reign
was wise and peaceful. He refused to pay the tribute
demanded by Attila, King of the Huns, saying, "I
have gold for my friends, and iron for my enemies."
lie died, without issue, in 457 A.D., and was succeeded
by Leo I.
See CTRBON, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;" LB
DE.XU, " Histoire du Bas-Empire."
Marcianus. See MARCIAN.
Marciaiius, mar-she-a'nus, (/Euus,) a Roman jurist,
who wrote in the reigns of Septimius Severus and Cara-
calla. He survived the latter, who died in 217 A.D. The
Digest contains many excerpts from his "Institutiones."
his " Publica Judicia," and other works.
See OELRICHS, "De Vita JElii Marciani," 1754.
Marcianua OF HERACLEIA, (in Pontus,) [Fr. MAIC-
CIEN D'HERACLiE, miVse-aN' da'rS'kli/,] a Greek
geographer, who is supposed to have lived in the fourth
century. He wrote a " Periplus of the External Sea,
both Eastern and Western," of which fragments have
come down to us and are esteemed valuable.
See UKERT, " Geographic der Griechen und Romer.
Marcien. See MARCIAN.
Marcile. See MARCILIUS.
Marcilius, mar-see'le-us, [Fr. MARCILE, mia'sel',!
(TuEODORUS,) a Dutch philologist, born at Arnhem in
1548. He was professor of rhetoric in several colleges
of Paris from 1578 to 1617. He published notes on
1'crsius, Horace, Lucian, and other classics, and wroie
"Lusus de Nemine," (1586,) a poem, and a "History
of New-Year's Gifts," ("llistoria Strenarum," 1599.)
Died in 1617.
Marcion, mar'she-on, [Gr. Napxiuv,'] a celebrated
heresiarch of the second century, was born at Sinope, in
Pontus. Having been excommunicated for some youthful
fault, he went to Rome about 140 A.D. lie devised a
new creed or system, which was accepted by numerous
disciples (Marcionites) and was opposed by Tertullian,
Origen, and other Fathers. He taught the existence of
two original principles, — the authors of good and evil,—
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; met; not; good; mooa«
MARCK
1653
MARESCOT
and ascribed the Mosaic law to the evil principle. He'
also rejected a large part of the New Testament.
See TILI.RMONT, " M<*moires ecclt?siasliques:rt LARDNER, " His-
tory of Heretics;" SCHF.LLCNC, "Dissertalio de Marcione,' 1795.
Marck, de la, deh li rn.iRk, (GuiLLAUME,) a Flemish
chief, born in 1446, was noted for his ferocity, and was
surnamed THE WILD BOAR OF ARDENNES. Me assas-
sinated the Bishop of Liege, and ravaged Brabant, but
was defeated by the archduke Maximilian. lie then
made an alliance with Rene of Lorraine in order to re-
new the war. Maximilian captured him, and put him to
death in 1485. William de la Marck is a conspicuous
character in Scott's romance of "Quentin Durward."
Marck, de la, (RonERT,) COUNT, was master of the
duchy of Bouillon and of Sedan. He was an ally of
France in the war against the Austrians. He was driven
out of his dominions by the armies of Charles V., but
was restored by the treaty of Madrid, (1526.) Died in
1535. His son Robert became marshal of France. (See
FLEURANGES.)
Marco Calabrese, mar/ko ka-la-bRa'sl, an Italian
painter of the Neapolitan school, flourished from 1508
101541. His proper name was CARDISCO,
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters."
Marco da Faenza. See MARCHETrr, (MARCO.)
Marco da Forli. See PALMECIANI.
Marco Polo. See POLO.
Marco'ni, (WILLIAM,) an Italian electrical engi-
neer, born at Marzabotta, near Bologna, in 1875. He
became notable through the system of wireless
telegraphy which he invented, and which attracted the
attention of the world through its simplicity and suc-
cess. Messages were sent a distance of many miles at
a speed of about twenty words per minute. He visited
the United States, where successful experiments were
made by naval vessels.
Mar'cou, (JULES,) geologist, born at Salins,
France, in 1824. He did geological work in the Jura
Mountains, went to the United States in 1847, aided
Agassiz in the exploration of the Lake Superior
region, and performed much other geological work.
He became connected with the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology at Cambridge in 1 86 1, and was in the
service of the government from 1875 ^^ near his
death, April 17, 1898. He published a number of
important works on North American geology, etc.
Marculfe, mar'kulf, a French monk, who is supposed
to have lived about 650 A.D. He formed a collection of
formulas of contracts, deeds, and public acts which were
used and approved in his time. This collection is valued
as a monument of French history and jurisprudence.
Mar'cus, [Fr. MARC, mtKk,) a native of Rome, was
elected Pope or Bishop of Rome, in place of Sylvester,
in 336 A.D. He died about nine months after his elec-
tion, and was succeeded by Julius I.
Marcus Aureliua. See AURELIUS ANTONINUS.
Mar'cus Grae'cus (gree'kus) passes fur the author
of a Latin work on the art of destroying enemies by fire,
(" Liber Ignium ad Coroburendos Hostes,") a manuscript
of which is said to be found in the Royal Library of
Paris. No ancient writer mentions him, and nothing is
known of his history. G. Fournier (of the "Biographie
Universelle") conjectures that he wrote near the close
of the thirteenth century, and thinks the "Liber Ignium"
is a rather bad version of a Greek original. "It is a
tissue of errors," he adds, "and a collection of recipes,
one or two of which give almost exactly the composition
of gunpowder."
Mar'cy, (OLIVER.) LL.D., an American instructor,
porn in Coleraine, Massachusetts. February 13, 1820.
He graduated at Wesleyan University in 1846. In 1862
he became professor of natural history in the University
at Evanston, Illinois, and acted as its president from
1876 to 1881. He was for some time a geologist in the
United States territorial surveys.
Mar'cy, (RANDOLPH B.,) an American general, born
in Massachusetts about 1812, graduated at West Point
in 1832. He became a captain in 1846, and colonel in
jS6l. He served as chief of staff of the army of the
Potomac in 1862, under General McClellan, wasbrevetted
brigadier-general and major-general in 1865, and became
inspector-general in 1878. Died November 22. 1887.
Marcy, (WILLIAM L.,) a distinguished American
statesman of the Democratic party, born at Southbridge,
Massachusetts, in 1786. Having graduated at Brown
University in iSoS, he studied law at Troy, New York.
He entered the army as lieutenant on the breaking out
of the war of 1812, and distinguished himself in several
engagements in Canada. About 1820 he became editor
of the "Troy Budget," a Democratic journal, and in 1823
was elected comptroller of the State. He became a
United States Senator in 1831, and was chosen Governor
of New York in 1832, 1834, and 1836. He was a candi-
date in 1838, but was defeated by Mr. Seward. He was
appointed by President Polk secretary of war in March,
1845, and displayed much ability in this position, which
was rendered more arduous by the occurrence of the
Mexican war. He retired from office in March, 1849,
after which he passed four years in private life. Ha
supported General Cass in the Presidential election of
1848, and was secretary of state in the cabinet of Presi-
dent Pierce from March 4, 1853, to March 4, 1857.
During this period he gained a high reputation as a
diplomatist. He died at Ballston Spa on the 4th of
July, 1857.
Mar-do'nl-us, [Gr. WapKi'tof,] an able Persian gen-
eral, was a son-in-law of Darius Hystaspes. In 492 B.C.
he commanded a large armament sent by Darius against
the Grecian states. Having lost a great part of his fleet
in a storm, he returned without success. In 481 he
held a high command in the expedition which Xerxes
led against the Greeks. After the Persians had been
defeated at Salamis, (480 B.C.,) Xerxes returned home,
leaving 300,000 men under Mardonius, who captured
Athens without much resistance. He was defeated and
killed at Plataea in 479 B.C. by the army of Pausanias.
Marduk, a great deity of the old Babylonians, iden-
tified by the Greeks with Zeus, but in many respects
resembling Mercury. The planet Mercury was also
called Marduk.
Mare, de la, deh IS miR, (NICOLAS,) a French magis-
trate, born near Paris in 1639. He wrote a " Treatise
on the Police," ("Traite de la Police," 4 vols., 1707-38.)
Died in 1723.
Mare, de la, (PHILIBERT,) a French historical writer
born at Dijon in 1615. He wrote "De BelloBurgundico,*
(1641,) and other works. Died in 1687.
Marichal, m J'ra'shil', (GEORGES,) a French surgeon,
born at Calais in 1658. He was appointed in 1703 first
surgeon to Louis XIV. He wrote several valuable treat-
ises on surgery. Died in 1 736.
Marechal, (LAURENT CHARLES,) a French painter
on glass, born at Metzin iSor, adorned many of the graml
churches of France with painted windows. Died in 1887.
Marechal, (PIERRE SYLVAIN,) a French littfratfur,
born in Paris in '75O, is said to have been an atheist.
He published a "Dictionary of Atheists," (1800,) and
many other works. His chief production is " Travels of
Pythagoras in Egypt, Chaldea, India," etc., ("Voyages
de Pythagore en Egypte," etc., 6 vols., 1799,) which dis-
plays much learning and research. Died in 1803.
Marenco, ma-ren'ko, (VINCENZO,) an Italian poet,
born near Mondovi in 1752. lie wrote "Osiris, sive De
Legum Origine," (1797.) and other poems. Died in 1813.
Marenzeo, mj-rln'ze-o, (LUCA,) an eminent Italian
composer, born at Brescia about 1550. His works are
principally madrigals, which are esteemed models of ten*
derness and harmony. Died in 1599.
Marescalchi, ma-res-kal'kee, (FERDINANDO,) an
Italian diplomatist, born at Bologna in 1764. He was
employed in 1803 to negotiate a treaty between the
Italian republic and the court of Rome. Died in 1816.
Marescalco, mi-res-kal'ko, (PiETRO,) sometimes
called LA SPADA, a painter of the Venetian school, born,
at Feltre, lived about 1500.
Marescot, de, deh mi'rJs^o', (ARMAND SAMUEL,)
COUNT, a skilful French military engineer, born at
Tours in 1758. He was appointed nrst inspector-general
by Bonaparte in iSco, and was made a count in 1804.
Died in 1831.
«as£; ^asj; ghard; $,asj;G,\l,K.,guttural; N, n,ual; v.,tri!Ud; sass; th as in this. (gJp-See Explanatjous, p. 33.)
MARES1US
1654
MARGARET
Maresius. See DESMARETS, (SAMUEL.)
Marestier, mi'res'te-4', (JEAN BAPTISTE,)_ an able
French engineer and naval architect, born at Saint-Ser-
van about 1780. He constructed the first steamboat
used by the military marine for the service of seaports.
He published a "Treatise on the Steamboats of the
United States," etc., (1824.) Died in 1832.
Maret, mi'rV, (IIucuES,) a learned French physician
and writer, born at Dijon in 1726. He was a corre-
sponding member of the Academy of Sciences, Paris,
and a friend of the celebrated chemist Guyton de Mor-
veau. One of his sons was the Uuke of Bassano,
Hoticed below. Died in 1786.
Maret, (HUGUES BERNARD.) Duke of Bassano, an
able French statesman and diplomatist, born at Dijon in
1763. He studied law in Paris, and in 1789 reported
the debates of the National Assembly in a daily "Bul-
letin." This was soon united with the " Moniteur,"
which owed its success to the reports of Maret. Under
the new regime he was rapidly advanced in the depart-
ment of foreign affairs, and was sent on missions to
England and Naples in 1793. O" nis w*7 to Naples he
was arrested by the Austrians, and confined in a dun-
geon about two years. From 1800 to 1811, as secretary-
general, or secretary of state, he directed the home
department with great credit, had a large share of Bona-
parte's confidence, and accompanied him in his cam-
paigns. In 1811 he was appointed minister of foreign
affairs, and received the title of Duke of Bassano. On the
return of Bonaparte from Elba, Maret became again his
secretary. He was restored to the rank of a peer of
France in 1831, and in 1834 was minister of the interior
for a short time. He had been admitted into the Institute
(Academic Francaise) in 1803. Died in 1839.
See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale;" LAS CASK, " Memorial
de Sainte-Helene."
Maret, (JEAN PHILIBERT,) a French surgeon, born
at Dijon in 1705; died in 1780.
Marets, des. See DESMARETS.
Maretzek, (MAX,) an operatic manager, born at
Briinn, Austria, in 1821. He produced an original
opera on "Hamlet" at eighteen, and at twenty-two
was a successful orchestral conductor. He made vari-
ous tours on the Continent, sought the United States
in 1848, and opened the Academy of Music in New
York with Grisi and Mario in 1854. He continued in
the operatic field in the United States till 1878, and
died on Staten Island in 1897.
Ma'rey, (£TIENNE JULES,) a French physiologist,
born at Beaune, March 5, 1830. He studied medi-
cine, experimented in physiology, was made professor
of natural history in the College of France in 1869,
and was elected to the Academy of Sciences in 1878.
He invented many instruments for physiological re-
search and for studying the flight of birds and insects,
and recorded his results in several published volumes.
Marezoll, mVre't-sol', (GUSTAV LuDwic THEODOR,)
a German jurist, born at Gbttingen in 1794. He was
the author of several legal works. Died in 1873.
Mar'ga-ret OF ANJOU, IFr. MARGUERITE D'ANJOU,
m^R'gRet' dfix'zhoo',] a daughter of Rene of Anjou,
Duke of Lorraine, was born in Lorraine in 1429. She
was married in 1445 to Henry VI., King of England,
and, in consequence of his imbecility, had the principal
share in the government. In the ensuing contest be-
tween the houses of York and Lancaster, her troops
were several times victorious over the former; but they
suffered a fatal defeat at Towton in 1461. After several
unsuccessful efforts to repair her fortunes, Margaret was
again defeated and made a prisoner at Tewksbury by
Edward IV. in 1471. She was ransomed by the French
king, Louis XL, and passed the remainder of her life in
France, where she died in 1481.
Margaret OF AUSTRIA, |Ger. MARGARETHE VON
OESTREICH, maR-ga-ra'teh fon ost'rTK,] daughter of Max-
imilian, Emperor of Germany, and Mary of Burgundy,
was born at Ghent in 1480. She was betrothed when a
child to Charles VIII. of France. l!i\t he refused lo
keep the engagement, and married in 1491 Anne, the
heiress of Brittany. Margaret was married in 1497 to
Don Juan, Infant "of Spain, son of Ferdinand and Isa-
bella, who survived but a few months. She was again
married in 1501 to Philibert the Handsome, Duke of
Savoy, who died in 1505. In 1517 Margaret was ap-
pointed by her father ruler of the Netherlands, in which
post she displayed signal ability. She had a part in the
League of Cambray, formed in 1508 by the principal
European powers against Venice. She died in 1530,
leaving a number of works in prose and verse, including
her " Correspondence," which was published in 1839,
(2 vols.)
Margaret OF AUSTRIA, Duchess of Parma, born at
Brussels in 1522, was a natural daughter of Charles
V., Emperor of Germany. She was married in 1533 to
Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, and after his
death to Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma. In 1599 she
was appointed Governor of the Netherlands by Philip
II. of Spain. This difficult post she occupied till 1567,
when she resigned it to the Duke of Alva. The cele-
brated Alexander Farnese, afterwards Duke of Parma,
was her son and only child.
Margaret, [Danish, MARGARETHE, maR-ga-ra'teh,,
daughter of Waldemar III., King of Denmark, born at
Copenhagen in 1353, was married in 1363 to Haquin,
King of Norway. In 1376 she was appointed Regent of
Denmark during the minority of her son Olaus, then but
five years old. On the death of Ilaquin, in 1380, she be-
came Queen of Norway, and, her son dying in 1387, the
Danes also acknowledged her as their sovereign. Soon
after this, Margaret engaged in a war with Albert, King
of Sweden, against whom his subjects had rebelled. Her
army defeated the Swedes and captured Albert, (1388,)
who obtained his liberty only by renouncing the crown
of Sweden. At an assembly of the estates of the three
kingdoms, held at Calmar in 1397, the famous treaty
called "the Calmar Union" was formed. By this it was
agreed that Sweden, Denmark, and Norway should in
future be united under one sovereign, and Eric VII..
nephew of Margaret, was appointed her successor. Died
in 1411.
Margaret OF FRANCE, or OF VALOIS. [Fr. MARGUF.-
RITE DE VALOIS, mJR'gRet' deh vtl'wa',] a daughter
of Henry II. and Catherine de Medicis, was born in
1553. She had respectable talents, but little virtue. In
1572 she was married to Henry of Navarre; but love
apparently had no part in this fatal alliance. During
the festivities that followed the marriage, the perfidious
court of Charles IX. ordered the Massacre of Saint
Bartholomew. She had lived separately from her hus-
band some years before he became Henry IV. of France
and their union was formally dissolved about the year
1600. Died in 1615.
See MONGER. " Histoire de la Reine Marguerite de Valois," etc.,
1777 : BRANT&ME, "Vies des Dames illustres. "
Margaret, Queen of Navarre, originally Margaret
of Angouleme, |Fr. MARGUERITE D'ANGOULKMF.,
mfR'gRet' doN'goo'le'm',1 daughter of Charles, Count of
Angouleme, and Louise of Savoy, and sister of Francis
I., was born in 1492. She was married in 1509 to
Charles, Duke of Alen9on, who died in 1525, and in 1527
she became the wife of Henry d'Albrct, King of Navarre.
She was distinguished for her beauty, talents, and supe-
rior culture, and exercised great influence in the govern-
ment of her brother, Francis I., to whom she was warmly
attached. The mildness and toleration she displayed
towards the Protestants, and particularly ner protection
of Calvin, brought upon her the imputation of heresy
from the Catholic party. She was the author of nume-
rous works in prose and verse, among which may be
named the "Heptameron," a collection of tales in the
style of Boccaccio's " Decamcrone," and a devotional
treatise entitled " Mirror of the Sinful Soul." She died
in 1549, leaving a daughter, Jeanne d'Albret, afterwards
the mother of Henry IV. of France.
See BRANT&ME, "Vies des Dames illusires;" SISMONDI, "His-
toire des Francais;" Miss FREER, "Life of Afarguerile, Queen of
Navarre," 1855; VICTOR DURAND, " Marguerite de Valois el la Cuul
de Francois I," 3 vols., 1848;
Margaret OF PROVENCE. See MARGUERITE.
Margaret, SAINT, [Lat. SANC'TA MARGARI'TA; Fr.
SAINTE-MARGUERITE, slNt mtR'gRet',1 a virgin of An-
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, I<mgj, a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fit; met; n6t; good; moon;
MARGARET
MARIA
tioch, supposed to have suffered martyrdom in 275 A.D.
According to tradition, she was solicited in marriage by
Olibrius, governor of Antioch, and on her refusal was
tortured and put to death by his order. This legend has
formed the subject of Milman's "Martyr of Antioch,"
and of numerous works of art.
See BMLLET, "Vies des Saints;" MRS. JAMESON, "Sacred and
Legendary Art."
Margaret, SAINT, daughter of Edward, a Saxon,
prince, and sister of Edgar Atheling, was born in 1046.
She was married about 1070 to Malcolm III., King of
Scotland, and died a few days after the death of her
husband and son, who fell in battle in 1093.
See SAINT ^ELRED, "Vita Sanct£ Margarita ;" BAILLET, "Vies
des Saints."
Margaret OF SCOTLAND, daughter of James I., was
married in 1436 to the Dauphin of France, afterwards
Louis XI. Died in 1445.
See SISMONDI, " Histoire des Francais;" DUCLOS, " Histoire de
Louis XI."
Margarit, maR-ga-rtt', or Marguerit, de, dl maR-
gi-ret', (JosE1,) Marquis d'Aguilar, a Spanish soldier,
born in Catalonia in 1602, was a prominent leader in
the insurrection of that province against the Spanish
government in 1640. He was afterwards appointed
Governor of Catalonia by Louis XIII. Died in 1685.
Margarit or Marguerit, de, (JUAN,) a Spanish car-
dinal, born at Girona about 1415, rose to be chancellor
of Aragon. He wrote a history of Spain, entitled " Para-
lipomenon Hispaniz." Died in 1484.
Margarit, (PEDRO,) was educated at the court of
Ferdinand V. He sailed with Christopher Columbus in
1492, and discovered the archipelago to which he gave
the name of Marguerite Isles.
Margaritone, maR-ga-re-to'na, an Italian painter,
sculptor, and architect, born at Arezzo about 1236. His
pictures were executed in fresco on wood and on copper,
and he sculptured in wood as well as marble. His
monument to Pope Gregory X., in the cathedral of
Arezzo, is ranked among his best works. Died about
«3'3-
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters, Sculptors," etc. ; LANZI,
"History of Painting in Italy."
Margeret, mSRzh'ri', (JACQUES,) a French officer,
born in Burgundy. He entered the Russian service,
which he exchanged about 1610 for that of Poland. He
wrote an "Account of the Russian Empire, etc. from
1590-1606," (in French, 1607,) which was translated into
Russian.
Marggraf, maRg'gRlf, (ANDREAS SIGISMUND,) an
eminent German chemist, born in Berlin in 1709. He
was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences in
1738, and director of the class of physics about 1762. He
was an ingenious and sagacious experimenter, and wrote
many able treatises or memoirs, which were inserted in
the records of the Academy of Berlin. He made the
important discovery that sugar can be procured from
the beet. Died in 1780.
See F. HOKPER, " Histoire de la Chimie ;" " Nouvelle Biogra-
phic Ge'ne'rale."
Marggraf, (GEORG.) See MARCGRAF.
Margoliouth, maR-go'le-oot, (MosES,) a British
divine, born in London, of Jewish parents, December 3,
1820. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and
in 1844 was ordained a priest of the Anglican Church,
da" History of the Jews," " Principles of
' Rabbinical Hermeneutics," etc.
He published
Modern Judaism,"
Died March I, 1881.
Margon.de, deh mSR'gON', (Gun.LAUME PLANT AVIT
DE LA PAUSE,) Aung, a French satirist, born near Beziers
about 1685. He wrote several controversial works, dis-
tinguished for their virulence and bitter personalities,
and directed alternately against the Jesuits and the Jan-
senists. Died in 1760.
Marguerie, miRg're', (JEAN JACQUES,) a French
mathematician and writer, born near Caen in 1742. He
served as lieutenant in the navy against the British
in 1778-79, and was killed near Grenada in 1779.
Marguerit. See MARGARIT.
Marguerite. See MARGARET.
Marguerite de Provence, miVgRet' deh pRo'-
V&NSS', daughter of Raymond Berenger, Comte de Pro-
vence, born in 1221, was married in 123410 Louis IX.,
King of France, commonly called Saint Louis. She
accompanied him in his expedition to Egypt, and while
in Damietta gave birth to a son. She died in a convent
in 1295.
See JOINVILLH, "Me'moires;" GUILLAUMH DE NANGIS, "Vie de
Saint-Louis."
Marguerittes, maVgRet', (JEAN ANTOINETEISSIER,)
a French dramatist and royalist, born at Nimes in 1744,
was a deputy to the Constituent Assembly. He ,wa»
executed by the terrorists in 1794.
Margunius, maR-goo'ne-us, or Margunio, maR-
goo'ne-o, (MAXIMUS,) a modern Greek prelate and
scholar, born in the island of Candia about 1525. He
founded a printing-office at Venice, where he published
numerous editions of the Greek classics, remarkable for
their accuracy. In 1585 he was appointed Bishop of
Cerigo. He wrote "Anacreontic Hymns," and several
ecclesiastical works. Died in 1602.
Marheineke, maR-hl'neh-keh, (PHILIPP KONRAD,)
a German Protestant theologian of high reputation, bora
at Hildesheim in 1780, became successively professor of
theology at Erlangen, Heidelberg, and Berlin. He pub-
lished a "History of the Reformation in Germany," (4
vols., 1816,) "Christian Symbolics," and several philo-
sophical works, in which he favours the system of Hegel
Died in 1846.
Maria, the Latin of MARY and MARIE, which see.
Ma-ri'a OF AUSTRIA, a daughter of the archduke
Philip the Handsome and Joanna of Aragon, was born
at Brussels in 1503. She was married in 1521 to Louis
II., King of Hungary and Bohemia, and after his death
was appointed by her brother, Charles V., ruler over the
Netherlands. Soon after the abdication of the emperor
she resigned her office and retired to Spain, where she
died in 1558.
See LANZ, " Correspondenz Karls V. ;" CRANT&MS, "Vies dea
Dames illustres."
Maria, ma-ree'a, II., (DA GLORIA, dJglo're-5,) daugh-
ter of Don Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, and Leopoldine,
Archduchess of Austria, was born at Rio Janeiro in 1819.
Her father succeeded to the throne of Portugal in March,
1826, but renounced his right in favour of Dona Maria.
Her uncle Don Miguel usurped the throne about May,
1828, and was supported by the absolutist party. A civil
war ensued, Don Miguel was defeated, and Dona Maria
became queen about September, 1833. She married
Duke Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary in April, 1836.
Her reign was disturbed by emeutes and insurrections.
She died in November, 1853, and was succeeded by her
son, Pedro V.
Maria, mJ-ree'J, (GIOVANNI,) an Italian painter and
architect, surnamed FALCONETTI, born at Verona in 1458.
He formed a lasting friendship with the celebrated Louis
Cornaro, in whose household he lived for twenty-two
years. Died in 1534.
Maria, di, de mJ-ree'J, (FRANCESCO,) a Neapolitan
painter, born in 1623, was a pupil of Domenichino. Died
in 1690.
Ma-ri'a El-e-o-no'ra OF BRANDENBURG, daughter
of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg. She was
married in 1620 to Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden,
whom she accompanied in his campaigns in Germany.
Died in 1655.
See GEIJER, " History of Sweden," (translated by TURNER.)
Maria Leszczynska, mi-ree'i Iesh-ch6ns'sk3,
daughter of Stanislas Leszczynski, King of Poland, was
born in 1703, and was married in 1725 to Louis XV.
of France. Died in 1768.
Maria Louisa, ma-ri'aloo-ee'za, [Fr. MARIE LOUISE,
mt're' loo'ez',] daughter of the emperor Francis I.
of Austria and Maria Theresa of Naples, was born a
Vienna in 1791. She was married in 1810 to Napo-
leon I., Emperor of France, to whom she bore a son
in March, i8n. On the abdication of Napoleon, in
1814, she retired to Vienna, and in 1816 the allied
powers gave her the duchy of Parma. She was pri-
vately married to Count Neipperg, her chamberlain.
Died in 1847.
See " Nouvelle Biographie Ge'ne'ra!^."
cas/fc; $zss; 'ghard; gas/;G, H,K,£>ittnraI; N. nasal; f.,tril!eJ; sasz; th as in /to, (Jj^'See Explanations, p. 23.
MARIA
1656
MARICHI
Maria Louisa Augusta, (CATHERINE,) Empress of
Germany, was a daughter of Charles Frederick, Grand-
Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and grand-daughter of Paul I.,
Czar of Russia. She was born September 30, 1811, and
in her youth was associated with Goethe at Weimar. In
1829 she married William, the future king of Prussia,
and the first emperor of Germany in the new regime.
The empress Augusta was noted for benevolence, and
for her love of art and letters. Died January 7, 180,0.
Maria Theresa, ma-ree'a ta-ra'sa, |Fr. MARIE THE-
RESE, mi're' ti'riz',] daughter of Philip IV. of Spain,
was married in 1660 to Louis XIV. of France. (See
Louis XIV.)
Maria Theresa, ma-ri'a te-ree'sl, [Fr. MARIE THE-
RESE, mS're' ti'riz' ; it. MARIA TERESIA, ma-ree'i ta-
ra'se-l,] daughter of Charles VI., Emperor of Germany,
and Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, was
born in May, I 717. She was married in 1736 to Francis,
Duke of Lorraine. Charles VI., who died in 1740, ap-
pointed her heir to his hereditary thrones, in accordance
with the act called the Pragmatic Sanction, but her
claims were disputed by the Electors of Saxony and
Uavaria and by the Kings of Prussia, Spain, and Sardinia,
each of whom claimed some portion in the name of the
Austrian princesses with whom they were connected.
Maria Theresa immediately repaired to Vienna, where
Ehe received the homage of the Austrian states, and
thence proceeding to Presburg was crowned Queen of
Hungary in 1741. She received offers of assistance
from Frederick II. of Prussia on condition of her ceding
to him Lower Silesia, but she firmly re'.used. Her
capital being soon after threatened with a siege by the
Elector of Bavaria and his French allies, the queen
convoked the Hungarian Diet at Presburg, where, with
her infant children, she said to the deputies that, " being
assailed by enemies on every side, she had no hopes
except in their loyalty, and she had come to place under
their protection the daughter and son of their kings."
The Hungarian nobles responded with enthusiasm to
this appeal, and drew their swords, exclaiming, " We
will die for our king, Maria Theresa 1" ("Moriamur pio
rege nostro, Maria Theresial") The French and Bava-
rians were soon .driven out of her hereditary states by
the forces under General Kevenhuller and Prince Charles
of Lorraine. In 1742 a treaty of peace was concluded
between Maria Theresa and the King of Prussia, by
which the latter obtained Silesia. The Elector of Bavaria,
who had been previously chosen Emperor of Germany
under the name of Charles VII., having died in 1745,
Francis, the husband of Maria Theresa, was elected to
that dignity. In 1746 the Imperialists gained important
victories in Italy, anrl defeated the French and Spaniards
at Piacenza. The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748,
put an end to the war of the Austrian succession, leaving
the empress in possession of all her hereditary estates
except Silesia. The Seven Years' war, carried on by
Prussia against France, Russia, and Austria, terminated
In 1763, leaving the boundaries of Austria and Prussia
the same as before. The emperor Francis having died
in 1 765, his son Joseph was elected Emperor of Germany ;
but Maria Theresa still retained the principal share in
the government of her hereditary dominions. She is said
to have refused to take any part in the partition of Po-
land (1772) until prevailed irpon by the representations
of Joseph II. and Prince Kaunitz. Among the important
reforms of her reign was the abolition of the torture
(1776) and of feudal service. She also abolished the
Inquisition at Milan, and suppressed the order of Jesuits.
She died in November, 1780, and was succeeded by her
son, Joseph II., as King of Hungary.
See PAOLO FRISI, " Elogio di Maria Teresia," 1783: SABATIER
BE CASTRES, "Abre'ge1 de la Vie de Marie TheVese," 1773; RICH-
TER, " bebens- und Staatsgeschichle Mariae Theresiae, 3 vols.,
1745; DULLER, "Maria Theresia und ihre Zcit," 1844: RAUTSN-
STRAUCH, " Biographic der Kaiserin Maria Theresia, 1780; REN-
NBR, "Maria Theresia und Friedrich der Grosse," 1831^ WOLF,
'Oestreich unter Maria Theresia," 1855; " Nouvelle Biographic
C<<n<<ra!e."
Marialva, ma-re-31'va, (Dom Jolo Couticlio —
kfVten'yo,) COUNT, a Portuguese officer, fought under
Alphonso V. against the Moors in Africa, and was killed
while assisting in the capture of Arzilla, in 1471.
Marialva y Menezes, mj-re-al'va e ma-na'zes,
(ANTONIO Luiz,) Count de Castanhede. an able Portu-
guese general and statesman, born about 1627. In 1659
he gained a signal victory over the Castilians at Elvas,
and soon after became principal minister of state, Marquis
of Marialva, and lieutenant-general of the armies of the
kingdom. Died about 1668.
See LACLErE, "Histoire de Portugal.'*
Ma-rl-am'ne, [Gr. Mapia/ivy,] a beaijtiful Jewess, a
granddaughter of the high-priest Hyrcanus II., became
in 38 B.C. the wife of Herod the Great, who, when he
departed from his capital to meet Octavian, gave secret
orders that she should be put to death in case he did
not return in safety. This secret having been revealed
to her, she received him coldly on his return, and excited
his jealousy, which was increased by the intrigues of
Herod's sister Salome, who suborned the royal cup-
bearer to testify that Mariamne designed to poison the
king. She was put to death in 29 B.C. This story is tho
subject of one of Voltaire's tragedies.
See JOSEPHUS, " History of the Jews;" SMITH, " Dictionary o»
Greek and Roman Biography."
Mariana, de, da ma-re-a'na, (JUAN,) an eminent
Spanish historian, born atTalavera in 1536. He studied
at Alcali, and, having entered the order of Jesuits, was
appointed professor of theology in their college at Rome,
(1560.) He returned to Spain in 1574, where he passed
the remainder of his life in retirement, devoted to literary
pursuits. lie published in 1599 his "Treatise on Roy-
alty," ("De Rege et Regis Institutione,") in which ho
maintains that it is lawful in certain cases to put a king
to death. This work caused a great sensation, particu-
larly in France, where it was denounced by the Sorbonne,
and soon after the assassination of Henry IV. it was
publicly burned by order of the Parliament. In 1592 he
brought out his great work entitled "Historia de Rebus
Ilispanije," ("History of Spain,") which was received
with great favour ana was soon after translated by him
into Spanish. His Latin style is characterized by great
elegance and animation, and has been compared to that
of Livy ; while his Spanish history is generally esteemed
the most admirable work of the kind in the language.
" Noble, pure, and rich without diffuseness, it unites
with rare felicity," says a French critic, " the picturesque
vivacity of the chroniclers with the dignity of history;"
and Ticknor, in his " History of Spanish Literature,"
observes, "Its admirably idiomatic style, so full yet so
unencumbered, so pure and yet so rich, renders it, if
not the most trustworthy of annals, at least the most
remarkable union of picturesque chronicling with sober
history that the world has ever seen." Mariana also
published a treatise "On Weights and Measures," "On.
Death and Immortality," and other learned works, in
Latin, and an essay entitled "De las Enfermedades de
la Compafiia y de sus Remedies," ("On the Disorders
of the Society [of Jesuits] and their Remedies," 1625.)
in which he boldly exposes and condemns the errors of
the Jesuits. Died in 1623.
See TICKNOR, History of Spanish Literature ;" TAMAJO (or
TAMAVO) UE VARGAS. " Vida del P. Juan Mariana;" N. ANTONIO.
"Hibliutneca Hispana Nova;" ACOSTA, " Vida de Mariana;'^ F.
BUCHHOLZ, "J. de Mariana, oder EntwickelunRsgeschichte eines
Jesuiten," 1804: BOUTERWEK, "Histoire de. la Lme'rature Espa-
gnole:" and L. JOUOSRT'S excellent article in the "Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Gen^rale."
Mariani, mi-re-a'nee, (CAMILLO,) an Italian sculptor
and painter, born at Vicenza in 1565; died in 1611.
Mariani, (GIOVANNI MAKIA,) an Italian painter, born
at Ascoli about 1650. Among his master-pieces is a
•" Baptism of Saint James," at Rome.
Ma-rl-a'nus Sco'tus, a Scottish chronicler, born in
1028, is said by Matthew of Westminster to have been
a relative of the Venerable Bede. His principal work is
a "Universal Chronicle from the Creation to the Year
1083," (in Latin.) Died in 1086.
See Vossius, "De Historicis Lalinis."
MarichI, ma-ree'chl, a celebrated Hindoo sage of
demi-god, was, according to one account, the son of
Brahma, — according to another, the son of Bhrigu. He
was the father of Kasyapa. By some he is considered
as the god of "light," which appears to be the etymo-
logical signification of his name.
A. c, T, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 5, u, J, short; a, 9, j, 9, obicurt; fir, fill, fit; met; nit; good; moont
MARIE
MARIGNOLLI
Marie, the French for MARY, which see.
Marie, mi're', (ALEXANDRE THOMAS,) a French ad-
locate and republican, born at Anxerre in 1797. He
was minister of public works from February to June,
1848, and minister of justice from July to December of
that year. He was elected to the Corps Legislatif in
1863. Died in 1870.
Marie Adelaide de Savoie, mi're' i'di'li'ed' deh
si'vwa', daughter of Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy,
born at Turin in 1685, was married in 1697 to the Duke
of Burgundy, grandson of Louis XIV. of France. She
died in 1712, leaving one son, afterwards Louis XV.
See SAINT-SIMON, "Memoires de Louis XIV," etc.; MADAME
OB MAINTENON, " Lettres."
Marie Amelie de Bourbon, mS're' S'mi'le' deh
booR'bAN', Queen of France, born near Naples in 1782,
was a daughter of Ferdinand 1., King of the Two Sici-
lies. She was married in 1809 to the Duke of Orleans,
afterwards King Louis Philippe. After his death she
retired to England, where she resided at Claremont,
near London. Died in 1866.
Marie Anne Christine Victoire de Baviere
mi' re' in kRes'ten' vek'twaR' deh bi've-aiR', daughter of
Ferdinand, Elector of Bavaria, was burn at Munich in
1660. In 1680 she was married \o Louis, the Dauphin
of France, son of Louis XIV. She died in 1690, leaving
three sons.
Marie Antoinette Joafephe Jeanne d'Autriche.
mi're' oN'twa'net' zho'zif zhin do'tRcsh', (commonly
called simply Marie Antoinette,) born at Vienna in
1755, was the daughter of Maria Theresa and the em-
peror Francis I. of Germany. She was married in
1770 to the Dauphin of France, afterwards Louis XVI.
High-spirited and energetic, she strove during the
revolutionary troubles to inspire the king with her own
courage ; but her counsels often led him into greater
difficulties. It was her misfortune and the misfortune of
France that she resisted all those reforms which might
have prevented or moderated the violence of the Revo-
lution. Possessing extraordinary personal charms and
great vivacity of disposition, the freedom of her manners
was often misconstrued by her enemies ; but their accu-
sations are generally believed to have been groundless.
During the terrible scenes which followed the captivity
of the royal family, she displayed the greatest firmness
and dignity, showing on all occasions more concern for
her husband and children than for herself. After the
fall of the Girondists, Marie Antoinette was condemned
to death by the Jacobins, and executed in Octobe', 1793.
(See Louis XVI.)
See MADAME CAMPAN, " Memoirs of the Court of Mar e Antoi-
nette :" "Memoires de Mademoiselle Berlin sur la Reine Marie
Antoinette ;" MADAME VlGEE-LEBRL'N, " Souvenirs," 1835 iTmERS,
"Histoirede la Revolution Francaise ;" LAMARTINE, " History of
the Girondists ;" WEBER, "Memoires concernant Marie Antoinette,"
1822.
Marie Clotilde Adelaide Xaviere de France,
mi're' klo'teld' i'da'li'ed' za've-aiu' deh fRdNss, sister
of Louis XVI., born at Versailles in 1759, was married
in 1775 to tne Prmce of Piedmont, afterwards Charles
Emmanuel, King of Sardinia. Died in 1802.
Marie de Bourgogne. See MARY OF BURGUNDY.
Marie de France, mS'Ree' deh fRoNss, a poetess
who probably lived in France in the first half of the
thirteenth century, and who wrote " Lais," (lays,) of
which fourteen are extant, also a collection of fables
called "Ysopet," and a description of Saint Patrick's
purgatory in verse. Her style is good, and her dialect
Norman, with a few English words.
Marie de Guise. See MARY OF GUISE.
Marie de 1'Incai nation, mi're' deh IJNTdlR'na'-
«e-6N', a French missionary, whose original name was
GUYARD, born at Tours in 1599, visited Canada in 1639,
where she made many converts among the Indians, and
founded a convent of her order. Died in 1672.
See " Vie de la Merc Marie de 1'Incarnation," by P CH/.RLB
voix.
Marie de Lorraine. See MARY OF GUISE.
Marie Madeleine. See MAGDALENE.
Marie de Medicis, mS're' deh ma'de'sess', or Maria
de1 Medici, mS-ree'J di mSd'e-chee, the daughter of
Francis, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and the archduchess
Joan of Austria, was born at Florence in 1573. She waa
married in 1600 to Henry IV, of France. She had
moderate abilities, but exorbitant ambition ; and her ob-
stinacy and violent temper were the source oi constant
dissension between her and her husband. On the dealh
of Henry she became regent, for which office she proved
herself utterly incompetent. Having given offence to her
subjects by her partiality for unworthy favourites, she
was deposed and imprisoned, but, effecting her escape,
again took part in the government. She introduced
Richelieu into the administration, who soon possessed
himself of the highest power, and induced her son,
Louis XIII., to imprison her (1630) at Compiegne. Aftei
a second escape, she died at Cologne in 1642.
See Miss PARDOE, "Life of Marie de' Medici:" RICHELIEU.
" Memoires ;"SlsMONDl, " Histoiredes Francais;" RtMU, " Tableau
de la Regence de Marie de Medicis," 1615.
Marie d'Or!6ans, mi're' doR'la'dN1', (MARIE CHRIS-
TINE CAROLINE ADELAIDE FRANQOISE-LSOPOLDINE DE
VALOIS, mS're' kRes'ten' ki'ro'len' i'di'li'ed' fRoN'swiz'
la'o'pol'den' deh vil'wi',) Duchess of Wurtemberg,
born at Palermo in 1813, was the youngest daughter of
Louis Philippe, King of France. Having early mani-
fested a love for the arts, she studied sculpture and de-
sign under Ary Scheffer. Among her works the status
of Joan of Arc is the most generally admired. She was
married in 1837 to Duke Alexander of Wurtemberg.
Died in 18-59. '
Marie Therese. See MARIA THERESA.
Mariette, mi're'JV, (AuousTE EDOUARD,) a cele-
brated French archaeologist, born at Boulogne in 1821.
Having acquired a knowledge of Egyptian hieroglyphics
he was charged in 1850 with a scientific mission to
Egypt, where he discovered the site of the city of Mem-
phis and disinterred the temple of Serapis and a ne-
cropolis of vast extent. In this- were found the granite
sarcophagi of the bulls of Apis, hewn out of a single
stone, fifteen feet long, nine in width, and the same in
/•eight. He also removed the sand from the colossal
Sphinx, which was cut entire from a rock. He published
"The Serapeum at Memphis," illustrated, (1857-66.)
"Researches in Egypt, Nubia, and the Soudan," (1867,)
"The Egyptian 1'apyruses in the Museum at lioulac," (2
vols., 1871-73,) " Deir-el-Bahari : Topographical, His-
torical, and Ethnographical Documents gleaned in that
Temple," (1877.) He died January 19, 1881.
Mariette, (PIERRE JEAN,) a French painter, born
in Paris in 1694, was one of the most distinguished ama-
teurs of his time, and became director of the Imperial
Gallery at Vienna. He was a member of the Academy
of Painting in Paris, and of the Academy of Design at
Florence. He published, among other works, a " Treat-
ise on the Engraved Gems of the Royal Cabinet." Died
in 1774.
See DUMESNIL, " Histoire de3 plus cilebres Amateurs Francais,"
1856; "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'raJe."
Marignano, ml-rtn-ya'no, written also Melegnano,
[Fr. MARIGNAN, mi'ren'yiN',] (GtAN GIACOMO,) Mar-
quis de Medichino, a celebrated Italian soldier, born at
Milan in 1497. He entered the service of the emperor
Charles V., who sent him in 1540 to reduce the city of
Ghent, of which he WM afterwards appointed governor.
He took an active part in the siege of Metz, in 1552, and
was subsequently employed by the grand duke Cosimo
de' Medici to suppress the revolt in the republic of
Sienna, where he ravaged the country and was guilty of
great barbarity towards the inhabitants. Died in 1555.
See Da THOU, " Hisloria sui Temporis;" BRANTSME, "Vies
des grands Capitaines;" SISMONDI, " Hisloire des Re"publiques
Italiennes;" MISAGLIA, "Vita del Marcliese di Marignano," 1605;
ROBERTSON, " History of Charles V.," book xi.
Marignie, de, deh mi'ren'yeji', (JEAN £TIENNB
FRANCOIS,) a French littlrateiir, boriTin Languedoc about
1755, was one of the most zealous defenders of Louis
XVI. in the National Convention. He published a num-
ber of dramas and political treatises. Died about 1830.
Marignolli, de, di ma-ren-y61'lee, ( GIOVANNI,)
known also as John of Florence, a Franciscan monk
of Italy, born about 1288. In 1338 he was one of four
cl-erics sent from Avignon by Pope Benedict XII. to the
Khan of Cathay, (China.) In 1342 they arrived at Pekin,
in 1348 went to Malabar, in India, and m 1353 Marignolli
€ as A1; 9 as s; g hard; g as /; G, II, K,giit!ural; N, tuual; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
anations, p. 23.)
MARIGNY
1658
MARIO
was again at the papal court. lie was afterwards made
Bishop of Bibignano, and thereafter was a chaplain to
the emperor Charles IV., who caused him to write
" Monumenta Historica Bohemise," in which he curiously
interpolated stories of his adventures in the East. The
passages of this description were put together and trans-
lated by H. Yule, (iS66.)
Marigny, de, deh mS'ren'ye', (ABEL FRANCOIS Pols-
Bon— pwa'siN*,) MARQUIS, a French architect, born in
Paris in 1727, was a brother of Madame de Pompadour,
through whose influence he was appointed in 1751 di-
rector-general of the royal buildings. Died in 1781.
Marigny, de. (ENCUF.RRANU,) a French statesman,
filled several high offices under Philippe le Bel, and
attained the rank of prime minister. Soon after the ac-
cession of Louis X., he was condemned to death on the
false accusations of his enemies, and executed about I^'S-
Marigny, de, (FRANCOIS AUCIER,) a French Orien-
talist and historian, born about 1690. He produced a
"History of the Twelfth Century," (5 vols., 1750,) and a
" History of the Arabs under the Government of the
Caliphs," (4 vols., 1750.) Died in Paris in 1762.
Marigny.de, (GASPARD AUGUSTIX RENE BERNARD,)
a French officer, born at Lu90n in 1754, was one of the
royalist chiefs in the Vendean war. He was condemned
to death by his own party for alleged neglect of duty,
an;! executed in 1794.
Marigny, de, (JACQUES CARPENTIER,) a French
priest, noted for his wit, born near Nevers. lie wrote
several poems, and Letters, (1678.) Died in 1670.
Marillac, de, deh mt're'yaV, (CHARLES,) an able
French negotiator, born in 'Auvergne about 1510. He
was chosen Archbishop of Vienne, and conducted suc-
cessfully some important negotiations in Germany and
Rome. lie was at the head of a small number of French
bishops known by their tendency to a philosophic spirit.
Died in 1560.
Marillac, de, (Louis,) a nephew of the preceding,
was born in Auvergne in 1572. He served with distinc-
tion in the armies of Henry IV., and was made a mar-
shal of France in 1629. Being afterwards suspected of
conspiring against Cardinal Richelieu, he was executed,
on a charge of peculation, in 1632.
See "Proces du Marechal de Marillac," etc, 1633: RICHELIKU,
41 Journal."
Marillac, de, (MICHEL,) a French statesman, brother
of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1563. He was
appointed by Cardinal Richelieu keeper of the seals,
(1626.) Having subsequently incurred the enmity of
the cardinal, he was imprisoned at Chateaudun in 1630
where he died in 1632.
Marin. See MARINUS OF TYRE.
Marin, mJ'raN', a French mechanician, and a native
of Lisieux, invented the air-gun, which he exhibited in
the presence of Henry of Navarre.
Marin, (FRANCOIS Louis CLAUDE.) a French UttSra
tmr, born in Provence in 1721. Among his principal
works is a " History of Saladin, Sultan of Egypt," etc.
Died in 1809.
Marin, (MICHEL ANGE,) a French ecclesiastic anc
devotional writer, born at Marseilles in 1697. He pub
lished " Lives of the Hermits of the East," (3 vols. 410
1761,) and numerous other works. Died in 1767.
Marina, ma-ree'na, Malinche, ml-len'cha, written
also Malintzin, the daughter of a Mexican chief, born
about 1505, was sold as a slave, and subsequently fel
into the hands of Cortez, whom she accompanied in al
his expeditions. She possessed rare beauty and talents
and, from her knowledge of the Spanish as well as
Mexican languages, was of great service as an inter
preter. After the death of Cortez, she was married to
Don Juan de Xamarillo, a Spanish officer. Marina has
been celebrnted by the Spanish poet Moratin in his
" Noves de Cone's."
See liRRNAL DIAZ, "Historia de la Conquista del Mexico;
PBKSCOTT, " History of the Conquest of Mexico," book ii.
Marina, ma-ree'nl, (Don FRANCISCO MARTINEZ,) a
Spanish political writer of the liberal party, born abou
1757. lie published the " Theory of the Cortes," (1871,
"Discourse on the Origin of the Spanish Monarchy,'
etc., and other works. Died in 1833.
Marinali, ma-re-na'lee, (ORAZto,) an Italian sculptor,
>orn at Bassano in 1643 ; died in 1720.
Mariuari, ma-re-na'ree, (ONORio.) a Florentine
>ainter, born about 1660, was a pupil and imitator of
arlo Dolce. Died in 1715.
Marinas, de las, da las ma-ree'nis, (ExRlQUEZ,) a
Spanish painter, born at Cadiz in 1620, was celebrated
or the excellence of his marine views, from which he
derived his surname. Died in 1680.
Marinella, ma-re-nel'la, or Marinelli, mi-re-nenee,
LUCREZIA,) an Italian poetess, born at Venice in 1571.
She wrote, besides other works, "Life of the Virgin
.lary," ("Vita di Maria Vergine," 1617.) Died in 1653.
Mariueo, ma-re-na'o, (Lucio,) a Sicilian scholar and
n'storian, born at Bidino about 1460. He became chap-
ain and historiographer to Ferdinand V. of Spain, anc
vas also distinguished by the favour of the empero»
Charles V. He wrote several works on Spanish history,
;in Latin.) Died about 1535.
Marini, tna-ree'nee, (BENEDETTO,) an Italian painter,
x>rn at Urbino, lived about 1625.
Marini, (GAETANO LUICI,) an Italian antiquary, born
at San Arcangelo in 1740. He wrote several valuable
works, one of which is entitled "Acts and Monu-
ments of the Rural Brothers," etc., (2 vols., 1795.) Died
n 1815.
Mariiii or Marino, ml-ree'no, (GiAMDATTiSTA,) an
talian poet, born at Naples in 1569, was a friend of
Tasso. lie produced "Adonis," and many other poems,
which were greatly admired by his contemporaries, but
are marred by affected conceits and extravagant meta-
phors, lie passed several years in Paris, and received
a pension from Queen Marie de Medicis. Died in 1625.
See BAIACCA, "Vita del Cavalier Marino," 1625: F. CMIARO,
Vita del Cavalier Marino," 1626: LOREDANO. "Vita del Cavalier
Marino," 1633: CAMOLA, "Vita di G. B. Marini," 1633: POPPB,
"Vita J. B. Marini," 1771: LONGFELLOW, "Poets and Poetry of
Europe;" " Lives of the Italian Poets," by the REV. HENRY STEB-
BINC, London, 1831.
Marini, (GIOVANNI AMDROCIO,) an Italian writer,
born at Genoa about 1594. He wrote two popular
romances, entitled " II Caloandro fedele"and "Quarrels
of the Desperadoes," (" Le Care de' Desperati.") Died
about 1650.
Marini, (GIOVANNI ANTONIO,) a Pieclmontese phy
sician and writer, born in 1726; died in 1806.
Marini, (GIOVANNI FILIPPO,) an Italian Jesuit and
missionary, born near Genoa in 1608. lie resided four
teen years at Tonquin, and published a valuable work
entitled " A New and Curious Account of the Kingdoms
of Tonquin and Laos," (1666.) Died in 1677.
Marino. See MARINI, (GIAMBATTISTA.)
Marinoni, ma-re-no'nee, (GIOVANNI GIACOMO,) an
Italian mathematician, born at Udine in l6j6. lie was
appointed court mathematician by the emperor Leopold
I., and drew a plan of Vienna ana its environs. He was
one of the founders of the Academy of Military Science
at Vienna in 1717, and subsequently built at his own
expense an observatory, which is esteemed one of the
best in Europe. He published several scientific works.
Died in 1755.
Ma-ri'nus, [Gr. Mopii/of,] a native of Samaria, studied
philosophy at Athens under Proclus, whom he succeeded
as a teacher in 485 A.D. His only work extant is a " Life
of Proclus."
See Vosstus, " De Historicis Gracis."
Ma-ri'nus, SAINT, [It. SAN MARINO, sin ml-ree'no.
Fr. SAINT-MAR IN, sl.s mS'raN',1 an ecclesiastic of the
fourth century, was a native of Dalmatia, and lived as a
hermit near Rimini, in Italy. The miracles said to have
been wrought at his tomb drew thither many pilgrims,
who in time built a town called San Marino, which for
ten centuries has formed the centre of a little republic.
See BAILLET, "Vies des Saints."
Marinus OF TYRE, [Fr. MARIN DE TYRE, mrrlN
deh teR,| a Greek geographer, who lived about 150 A.D
His works were highly esteemed by his contemporaries,
but none of them are extant.
See UKERT, "Geographic der Griechen und Romer."
Mario, ma're-o, (GIUSEPPE,) Marchese di Candia,
an Italian operatic singer, born at Cagliari, Sardinia, in
a, c, i, 5, ii, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obtain; far, fall, fat; mSt; i)6t; good; moon;
MARIO
1659
MARIVETZ
1808, of a noble but impoverished family. In 1830 he
accepted a commission in the Sardinian army, but ten-
dered his resignation in 1836, and, when it was not ac-
cepted, he escaped to Paris. His exquisite tenor voice
gained him a great reputation in amateur circles, and he
was reluctantly induced to accept the munificent offers
of the director of the Paris Opera. Under die assumed
name of Mario, he made his first public appearance De-
cember I, 1838, in the rf.'e of " Robert le Diable." His
success was immediate. In 1839, while still attached to
the Paris Opera, he sang for a brief period in London,
and was greeted with favour. In 1840 he passed over to
the Italian Opeia, and for several years he sang each
season in both Paris and London. In 1849 he went to
Saint Petersburg. In 1854-55 he accompanied Grisi on
a tour through the United States, lie had been living
with Grisi for some years, and on the dissolution of her ;
first marriage was legally united to her. On June 18, I
1871, he took his farewell of the operatic stage at Co- 1
vent Garden, London. In 1872 he again visited the
United States on a concert tour. Died at Rome, Decem-
ber n, 1883.
Mario Nuzzi. See FIORI, DE', (MARIO.)
Mar'I-on, (FRANTIC) a celebrated American general
of the Revolution, was born in South Carolina in 1732.
Soon after the breaking out of the war he entered the
army, and assisted in the defence of Sullivan's Island
aga nst the British in 1776. 'The enemy having taken
possession of Georgia and besieged Charleston, Marion
raised a brigade of soldiers, at the head of whom he
carried on for more than three years a guerilla warfare,
often attended with brilliant successes, and baffling all
the attempts of the British generals to effect his capture.
Died in 1795.
Marion Delorme. See DELORME.
Marion -Dufresne, mt're'iN' du'frin', (NICOLAS
THOMAS,) a French navigator, born at Saint-Malo in
1729, sailed on a voyage of discovery to the South Sea
in 1771. Soon after landing at New Zealand, Marion
was treacherously murdered by the natives, together
with the greater part of his men, (1772.)
Marion du Mersan, mS're'oN' dii meVsoN', (THEO-
PHILE,) a French antiquary and dramatist, born in 1780,
published a great number of popular comedies and prose
essays on various subjects. Died in 1849.
Mariotte, mi're'ot', (EDME, ) an eminent French
mathematician and physicist, was a resident of Dijon.
He was one of the earliest experimental philosophers in
France, and discovered the law of elastic fluids called
by his name. Among his principal works are his "Dis-
course on the Nature of Air," (1676,) "Treatise on the
Movement of Waters," (1690,) "Experiments on the1
Colours and Congelation of Water," and an " Essay on •
Logic," which is highly commended by Condorcet. Died
in 1684.
See CpNnoRCHT, " £loges des Acaddmiciens," etc. : " Nouvelle
Uiographie Ge'ne'rale."
Mar'iscal, (IGNACIO,) a Mexican statesman, born
at Oajaca in 1829. He studied law, and was a judge
of the supreme court 1862-63 ar>d 1868. He occupied
a number of posts under the government, was secretary
of legation at Washington 1863-68, and minister there
1869-71 and 1872-77. After a ministry to Great
Britain 1883-84, President Diaz appointed him secre-
tary of foreign affairs, a post he had filled several
times before.
Mariti, ma-ree'tee, (GIOVANNI,) an Italian traveller
and writer, born at Florence in 1736, visited the isle of
Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine, and published in 1769 an
account of his journey, which was translated into French,
German, and Swedish. Died in 1806.
Maritz, mi'rits or mfrtts', (JEAN,) a Swiss mecha-
nician, born at Berne in 1711, invented a machine for
boring and turning cannon. For this service he was
ennobled by the French government. Died in 1790.
Mariuccia. See MAROZIA.
Ma'ri-us, (CAius,) a Roman general, distinguished
for his splendid talents, indomitable energy, and unprin-
cipled ambition, was born near Arpinum (now Arpino)
in 157 B.C. His parents were poor and plebejan. He
served under Scipio Africanus at the siege of Numantia,
and was chosen tribune of the people in 119. lie ob-
tained the praetorship in 115, though strongly opposed
by the patrician party, and about the same time married
Julia, an aunt of Julius Caesar. Having accompanied
Metellus as legate and second in command into Africa,
(109 B.C.,) he won such popularity by his skill and bravery
that he was elected consul for 107 B.C. and intrvstcd
with the command of the Jugurthine war. He defeated
Jugurtha, who was made prisoner in 106. In 104 B.C.
Marius was again chosen consul, as being the only one
capable of defending the state from the threatened in-
vasion of the Teutones and Cimbri. He defeated the
barbarians at Aix, (Aquae Sextiae,) in Gaul, in 102 n.c.
Having been elected consul the next year, for the fifth
time, Marius, in conjunction with Catulus, gained a sig-
nal and overwhelming victory over the Cimbri in the
plain of Vercellae, (Vercelli.) By the aid of the tribune
Saturninus, Marius became consul for 100 B.C., in spite
of the determined hostility of the patricians. During
this consulate an agrarian law was passed, and Metellus
Numidicus was exiled for refusing to conform to it. On
the expiration of his term of office, Marius went to Asia,
under the pretext of sacrificing to Cybele, but really in
order to excite Mithridates to a war with Rome, that he
might again distinguish himself in his congenial element.
In 90 B.C. both Marius and Sulla entered the service
of the consuls Octavius and Cinna in the Marsian or
Social war; but, jealous of the reputation of his rival,
the former soon resigned. Sulla, having become consul
in 88 B.C., obtained the command in the Mithridatic
war, upon which Marius, assisted by his friends, caused
a law to be passed transferring it to him. He was soon
driven from the city by Sulla and his adherents, and
forced to take refuge in Africa. When Sextilius, Gov-
ernor of Libya, sent him orders to leave the country, on
pain of being treated as an enemy, Marius replied to the
messenger, "Go tell him that you have seen the exile
Marius sitting on the ruins of Carthage." The next
year, while Sulla was absent in Greece, Marius, joined
by the consul Cinna, entered Rome and ordered a
general massacre of the opposite party. Among the
patricians who perished was M. Antonius, the orator so
highly praised by Cicero. Marius and Cinna became
consuls, (86 B.C.,) but the former was attacked by a fever,
of which he died the same year.
See PLUTARCH, "Life of Marius;" GEORGE LONG, "Life of
Marius," London. 1844; MERIMEE. "Etudes sur 1'Histoire Ro-
maiue," etc. : SALLUST, "Jugurtha;" F. WEILAND, "C. Marii sei>-
ties Consulis Vita," Berlin, 1845: P. EKERMAN, "Dissertatio de C.
Mario septtes Consule," 1742; SMITH, "Dictionary of Greek and
Roman Biography;" "Nouvelle Biographic Ge"nerale."
Marius, (CAIUS,) nephew and adopted son of the pre-
ceding, took refuge, after the proscription of his uncle,
with Hiempsal, King of Numidia. He was made consul
in 82 B.C., and signalized himself by many acts of in-
justice and cruelty. Having been defeated by Sulla, he
caused himself to be killed by one of his officers.
Marius, ( MARCUS AUREI.IUS, ) one of the Thirty
Tyrants of Gaul, was, on the death of Victorinus tl.e
Younger, chosen emperor by the army. He was assas-
sinated about 268 A.D., after a reign of a few months.
Marivaux, de, deh mi're'vo', (PlERRE CARLET r>B
CHAMRLAIN,) a French novelist and dramatic writer
born in Paris in 1688. His principal works are his ro-
mances entitled "Marianne" and "Le Paysan parvenu,"
which enjoyed great popularity at the time, and were
among the first novels which delineated real life and
manners. He also wrote a number of comedies. The
affected style and false sentiment of these productions
have given rise to the term mnrivaudagc. "Never,"
says La Ilarpe, "did any one turn common thoughts in
so many ways, each more affected than the last ;" and
Voltaire, admitting that Marivaux knew "the paths to
the heart," maintains that " he was ignorant of the high-
road." He was elected to the French Academy in 1743,
having Voltaire for a competitor. Died in 1763.
Marivetz, de, deh mi"re'v4', (ExiENNE CLEMENT,)
BARON, a French savant, born at Langres in 1728, pub-
lished several treatises on physics, etc. He was executed,
by order of the Revolutionary Tribunal, in 1793.
; 9as.r; ghard; gas/;G, H,K.,guttural; N, nasal; ^trilled; sass; thasinM/V. (J[^=See Explanations, p. 23. j
MARJOLIN
1660
MA RLE OR O UGH
Marjolin, mil zholaN', (JEAN NICOLAS,) a French rious temper enabled her to exert an important influence
writer and surgeon, born in 1780; died in 1850. over his political conduct.
Mark, [Gr. Mupxof; Lat. MAR'CUS; ILMAR'CO; Fr. lie was the favourite attendant and confidential agent
MARC, mSRk,] SAINT, THE EVANGELIST. He was a of the Duke of York before his accession as James
companion of Saint Peter in his travels, (see I. Peter TT. II., in 1685 ; and soon after that event he was raised to
13,) and is supposed to have planted the Church at Alex- the peerage, as Baron Churchill of Sandridge, Having
andria. The early Christian writers believed that he was contributed to the defeat of Monmouih at Sedge-
the interpreter of Saint Peter, and that he wrote his moor, he was made a major-general. His wife was the
Gospel in Greek, under the direction and with the appro- favourite of the king's daughter, Princess Anne, over
bation of that apostle. Saint Augustine thought it was whom she had a complete ascendency. In the combi-
an abridgment of the Gospel of Matthew. According to nations and intrigues which preceded the revolution ol
tradition, he suffered martyrdom in Egypt in 68 A.n. 1688, Lord Churchill acted with deep duplicity. After
By many critics he is identified with John surnamed secretly committing himself to the cause of William
Mark, who was a companion of Paul and Barnabas in of Orange, he professed his devotion to James in Novem-
their mission to the Gentiles about 45 A.D., (Acts xii. ber, 1688, and, a few days later, deserted to the stronger
12, 2J, xiii. 13, xv. 37,) and who was in Rome with party. He was created Earl of Marlborough on the
Paul in 63.A.D. accession of William III., (1689,) and made a lord of
Mark'ham, (Sir CLEMENT ROBERTS,) F.R.S., an He comMnded the English forces employed against
English author, was bom al illmgfleet, Yorkshire, the French in the Low Countries in 1689, and led a suc-
July20, 1830. He was a naval officer from 184410 1851, ! cessful expedition against Cork and Kinsale in Septem-
entered the civil service in 1855, and afterwards was ' ber, 1690. While he was thus trusted by William and
employed in the India Office. He visited the Arctic hated as an arch-traitor by the Jacobites, he opened a
regions in 1850-51, travelled extensively in Peru, (1852,) treasonable correspondence with the dethroned king,
and introduced successfully the culture of cinchona-trees who was at Saint Germain's. According to Macaulay,
into India, (1860-61,) carrying the plants from South he undertook to corrupt the army, with which his bril-
Am»rira. HP »:,<, atrarheri to the Rru^h =,rmv in Alw«. |iant successcs and wjnning manners rendered him a
America. He was attached to the British army in Abys-
sinia, 1867-68. He wrote a " Quichua Grammar and favourite in spite of his sordid avarice. The country
Dictionary," (1863,1 "Memoir of jhe Countess of being apprised of this plot, he was deprived of his offices
in January, 1692, and committed to the Tower a few
months later. Though he was quickly admitted to bail,
he passed the next four years in disgrace. About the
end of 1696 he was restored to his military rank and
command, and admitted to the privy council. (Respecting
Memoir of the
Chinchon"," (1875,) "Peruvian Bark," (1880,)
" Life of Columbus," (1892,) etc. He was knighted
in 1896. His brother, ALBERT HASTINGS MARKHAM,
born in 1841, was an Arctic voyager and writer on
polar research, and was made a rear-admiral in 1892.
Markham, ( EDWIN,) an American poet, was born ™*c*uty's charges against Marlborough see J Paget's
" M*»m Kvom*»n " I xh I onH thf K flflartm-lif RAVIAU/" fr»*
at Oregon City, Oregon, in 1852. He lived as a boy
on a California farm, graduated from the State Normal
School in San Francisco, and became a teacher. He
grew suddenly famous through his poem " The
with the Hoe," (1899,) based on Millet's picture of
that title. It was treated as indicating the oppression
of the labourer, and had an extraordinary success. He
subsequently devoted himself to literary work.
1 New Examen,
April, i
1701
1861, and the "Quarterly Review'7 for
took Marlborough to Holland, gave
him command of his army, and invested him with ample
^ powers to negotiate with the allies in relation to the im-
pending war of the Spanish succession. He displayed
here the sagacity and address of a consummate diplo-
matist. The accession of Queen Anne, in March, 1702,
opened to him a brilliant career of glory abroad and
Markham, mark'am, (GERVASE,) an English soldier P°.w« at home' He became Commander-in-chief of the
and miscellaneous writer, born in Nottinghamshire a»>ed army, and at the end of the campaign m Flanders,
about 1570, served in the royalist army in the civil war. December, 1702 was created Duke of Marlborough.
He was the author of a tragedy entitled "Herod and About thlsjlme he, and P""" Eugene began to act m
Antipater," "The Poem of Poems, or Sion's Muse," etc, concert, and formed a cordial friendship, which greatly
and other works. Died about 1655. promoted the success of the allies. Among their most
celebrated achievements was the decisive victory at Blen-
Markland, (JEREMIAH,) an eminent English scholar heim over the French marshal Tallard, August 13, 1704.
and critic, bom in Lancashire in 1693. He published Marlborough gained a great victory at Ramillies in 1706,
editions of the "Sylvie" of Statius (1728) and the and shared with Eugene the triumph at Oudenarde in
"Supplices"of Euripides, which are esteemed master- 1708. The allies also claimed the victory over Mar-
pieces of acute criticism. He also assisted Dr. Taylor shal Villars at Malplaquet, (1709,) although their loss
in preparing his editions of Demosthenes and Lysias, amounted, it is said, to 25,000 men.
and published "Remarks on the Epistles of Cicero to During these foreign transactions, Godolphin, the
Brutus," etc., in which he attempts to prove them spu- duke's personal and political friend, had been the head
rious. Died in 1776. of the English Tory ministry. The Tories, who had the
See NICHOIS and BOWYER, "Literary Anecdotes." warm sympathy of the queen, wished to discontinue the
Markof, maR'kof, Markov, or Markow, (ARCADI war, and fomented intrigues against Marlborough. His
IVANOVITCH.) COUNT, a Russian diplomatist. On the duchess, a zealous Whig, with much importunity pre-
accession of Alexander I. he was appointed minister- vailed on him to coalesce with the Whigs, who insisted
plenipotentiary to France, (1800.) on prolonging the war. The fondness of the queen for
Marlborough, mll'bur-uh, (popularly callev. in the Duchess of Marlborough was at length turned into
French MALBR.OUK, mll'brook'; Sp. MAMBRU, mam- violent aversion. The Tories obtained a complete as-
broo',) DUKE OF, originally John Churchill, an English cendency in 1710, and Marlborough was dismissed with
general, whose military genius and triumphs have been disgrace from all his employments at the end of 1711.
equalled by those of few men of modern times, was born On the accession of George I. (1714) he was restored to
at Ashe, in Devonshire, June 24, 1650. He was the son favour, and again became captain-general and master of
ot Sir Winston Churchill and of Elizabeth Drake. His llie ordnance. He died in 1722, leaving his titles and
education was rather defective. He received from nature estate to the male heirs of his daughter, who was mar-
an eminently handsome person, a bland temper, and all ried to Charles Spencer, Earl of Sunderland.
the qualities essential to a successful general and cour- Marlborough, (SARAH JENNINGS,) DUCHESS or, the
tier. In 1672, with the rank of captain, he seived in the wife of the preceding, born in 1660, was celebrated for
army which fought in alliance with France against the her beauty, ambition, and political influence. She was
Dutch. His bravery in this and the ensuing campaigns brought up from childhood with the princess Anne, who
attracted the favourable notice of Turenne and Louis regarded her with romantic fondness, combined with the
XIV. At the peace of 1678 he returned to England, deference which the weak feel for superior minds. Im-
and married Sarah Jennings, whose talents and impe-. patient of the restraints of etiquette, Anne, in conversa-
a,e, 1,6, u, y, long, -3,6,6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y,s/iort;a.,e, 1,9, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; not; good; moon;
MARLITT
1661
MARMONTEL
tion and correspondence with her favourite, assumed the
name of Mrs. Morley, and addressed her friend as Mrs.
Freeman. In 1678 Miss Jennings was married to Colo-
nel Churchill, in whom she found an uxorious husband.
" History," says Macaulay, " exhibits to us few specta-
cles more remarkable than that of a great and wise man
who could carry into effect vast and profound schemes
of policy only by inducing one foolish woman, who was
often unmanageable, to manage another woman who was
more foolish still. ... To the last hour of her hus-
band's life, she enjoyed the pleasure and distinction of
being the one human being who was able to mislead
that far-sighted and sure-footed judgment, who was fer-
vently loved by that cold heart and servilely feared
by that intrepid spirit." Having been supplanted in
the royal favour by Mrs. Masham, she was dismissed from
court in 1710, and became an inveterate misanthrope.
Died in 1744.
Mar'litt, (E.,) the pseudonym of the German nov-
elist Eugenie John, was born at Arnstadt, Thuringia,
in 1829. She was for a time on the operatic stage,
but after 1863 wrote a long series of romances and
novels, many of which were translated into English.
Died in 1887.
Marlowe, mar'lo, (CHRISTOPHER,) an English drama-
tist, born at Canterbury in 1564. He studied at Corpus
Christ! College, Cambridge, where he took his degree
in 1587. He afterwards devoted himself to dramatic
writing, and, according to some authorities, became an
actor. He was addicted to low vices, and was killed in a
quarrel with a footman in 1593. The principal dramas
known to be his are " The Jew of Malta," " Edward
the Second," and "The Tragical History, etc. of Dr.
Faustus:" the last-named was the original of Goethe's
celebrated " Faust." Marlowe is characterized by the
French critic Villemain as a genius, whose rude dramas,
disorderly as his life, contain splendid beauties and a
gloomy audacity, the inflvience of which has not been
lost upon Shakspeare. His " Faust" is less elegant and
less ironical than that of Goethe, but every thing that
the pathos of such a subject can effect — the fever of
doubt in a superstitious imagination, the boldness of
impiety in a despairing heart — stamps this work with
the impress of extraordinary power. His "Edward II."
was greatly admired by Charles Lamb, who says that
one of its scenes moves pity and terror beyond any
scene, ancient or modern.
Marlowe, (JULIA,) an American actress, born at
Caldbeck, England, in 1870, and taken to the United
States at rive years of age. Her theatrical career
began with child parts in light opera and drama, her
first mature part being Parthenia, in " Ingomar," in
1888. Since that date she has been a favourite in
Shakspearean and other leading parts. Married
Robert Taber, leading man for several seasons in her
company,
Marmier, maVme-i', (XAVIER,) a French littlratfur
and traveller, was borrTat Pontarlier in 1809. He pub-
lished, among other works, "Studies on Goethe,"" Poetic
Sketches," and " History of Literature in Denmark and
Sweden," (1839,) and made numerous translations from
the Enqlish and German. Died October II, 1892.
Mar'ml-on, (SHAKERLY,) an English dramatist, born
in Northamptonshire in 1602. His principal works are
the comedies of "Holland's Leaguer," "A Fine Com-
panion," and "The Antiquary." Died in 1639.
See BAKER, "Biographia Dramatica ;' WOOD, Athens Oxo
nienses."
Marmltta, maR-met'tJ, (LuDOVico,) an Italian gem
engraver, born at Parma. Among his master-pieces is
a cameo representing a head of Socrates. He livet
about 1500.
Marmol, de, da maR-moK, (Luis CARAVAJAL,) a
Spanish writer, bom at Granada about 1520, accom
panied the emperor Charles V. in his African campaigns
He wrote a "General Description of Africa," (1599,
and a " History of the Rebellion, etc of the Moors o!
Granada," (1600.)
See TICKNOR, "History of Spanish Literature;" PRESCOTT
"History of Philip II.," vol. iii. book v.
Marmont, de, deh miVmAN', (AUGUSTS FREDERIC
ouis VIESSE,) Duke of Ragusa, a celebrated French
marshal, born at Chatillon-sur-Seine in 1774, received
ils military education at the artillery school of Chalons.
He accompanied Bonaparte as aide-de-camp in the Ital-
an campaign of 1794, and, as general of brigade, took
part in the invasion of Egypt in 1798. He fought with
distinguished bravery at the battle of Marengo, (1800,)
obtained command of a division, and was appointed
nspector-general of artillery about 1802. Having as-
sisted at the capture of Ulm, in 1805, Marmont became
in 1806 general-in-chief of the army in Dalmatia, and
;ained a signal victory over a superior force of Russians
and Montenegrins at Castelnuovo. In 1807 he carried
out a system of public works, the most important of
which was a line of road-way two hundred and ten miles
in length ; and for this service he was created Duke of
Ragusa. Soon after the battle of Wagram (1809) he
was made a marshal of France, and appointed Governor-
General sf the Illyrian provinces. As commander of
the second corps, in 1813 he took part in the battles
of Bautzen, Dresden, and Leipsic, and closed the cam-
paign of 1814 by his engagement near Paris with the
allied army of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, (March 30.)
Though contending against a greatly superior force,
Marmont and Mortier refused to capitulate until au-
thorized to do so by Joseph Bonaparte. In April, 1814,
Marshal Marmont, after stipulating with Prince Schwar-
zenberg for the withdrawal of the French troops into
.Normandy, entered the service of the allies. He subse-
quently filled several high offices under the Bourbons.
Being called upon to suppress the revolt of July, 1830,
he brought great opprobrium upon himself by his failure
in this difficult task ; his name was struck off the army
list, and he was exiled. He died at Venice in 1852,
leaving "Memoires du Due de Raguse," (8 vols., 1856.)
See THIERS, "History of the Consulate and of the Empire;"
VAULABELLK, " Hisloire des deux Restaurations;" BOURRIENKE,
Me"moires;" LAMARTINE, "History of the Restoration;" MAV-
DUIT, "Demiers Tours de la grande Arme'e;" I*. DB LoMB.viB,
"M. le Marechal Marmont, par un Homme de Rien," 1844;
SAINTE-REUVE, "Causeries du Lundi." tome vi. : " Nouvelle Bio-
graphic GeneVale ;" "Quarterly Review 'for June, 1845 ; "Edinburgh
Review" for July, 1857.
Marmontel,'mSR'm6N'tSl', (JEAN FRANCOIS,) a cele-
brated French critic and miscellaneous writer, born in
Limousin in 1723. His family was poor, and he was
educated in the Jesuits' College at Mauriac, but he did
not enter their order. At an early age he acquired the
friendship and patronage of Voltaire, en whose recom-
mendation he visited Paris in 1746, and published the
same year a translation of Pope's " Rape of the Lock."
He brought out in 1748 his "Dionysius the Tyrant,"
("Denys le Tyran,") which was soon followed by " Aris-
tomene" and "Cleopatre," three tragedies, which had
considerable success at the time. His "Moral Tales"
("Contes moraux," 1761) were received with extraor-
dinary favour, and were translated into the principal
languages of Europe, including Danish and Hungarian.
They are written with great elegance and animation ;
though their morality is often questionable. About this
time Marmontel was imprisoned for a short time in
the Bastille, on a false accusation of having satirized a
person of rank. He published in 1763 his "Poetiq^ue
Francaise," and in 1767 his political romance of " Beli
saire," which obtained great popularity and has taken
its place among the classics of the language. The
empress Catherine II. ordered a translation of it into
Russian, and versions of it appeared in nearly all the
European languages. Some passages in the book, how-
ever, which favoured toleration, were denounced by the
Sorbonne, and the work was condemned by the Arch-
bishop of Paris, as containing impious and heretical
propositions. In the exciting controversy which followed,
Voltaire took an active part, and published several witty
and caustic pamphlets in defence of his protege. Mar-
montel was soon after appointed historiographer of
France. Among the most important of his other woiks
we may name " Les Incas," a romance, dedicated to
Gustavus III. of Sweden, the comic operas of " Le Hu-
ron," "Sylvain," and "Zemire et Azor,"and the tragedy
of "Les fleiaclides," which is highly commended by La
History ol r 11 nip 11., vol. ui. book v. ui i^t-a nci 41.1 iuca, vnuv.ii * Migu>j >••
€ as k; c as s; g hard; g as/; G, H. K. guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (E^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
MARMORA
1662
MA ROT
Harpe. His "Elements de Litterature" (6 vols., 1787)
is also ranked among his best productions. In 1783
Marmontel succeeded D'AIembert as perpetual secretary
of the French Academy. He lived in retirement in the
country during the greater part of the Revolution, and
died iiv 1799, leaving " Memoires" of his life. He had
married about 1778 the niece of Abbe Morellet
Sec VOLTAIRE, " Correspondence :" SAINT-SURIN, "Notice sur
Marmontel," 1824: LA HARPE, "Lycee;" GRIMM, "Correspon-
dence lilteraire;" VILLENAVE, "Notice sur les Ouvrages de Map-
ninmel," 1820: SAlNTE-HeuvE, "Causeries du Lundi," tome iv. ;
MOKKLLET, " Elo-e de Marmonte!," 1805: " Nouvelle BioRraphie
Genirale;" "Edinburgh Review" for January, 1806; "Monthly
Review" for November and December, 1805.
Marmora, della, del'li maR'mo-ri, (ALBERTO Fer-
rero — fSr-ra'ro,) COUNT, a Sardinian general and savant,
born in 1789. He entered the French army, and rose
to be military commander in the island of Sardinia in
1849. He published "Travels in Sardinia; or, Statis-
tical, Physical, and Political Description of that Island."
Marmora, della, (ALESSANDRO FERRERO,) brother
of the preceding, born in 1799, fought in the war for
Italian independence in 1848, and became a major-gene-
ral. He died in the Crimea in 1855.
Marmora, della, (ALFONSO FERRERO,) an Italian
general and statesman, brother of the preceding, was
born in Turin in 1804. He was appointed minister of
war by the King of Sardinia in November, 1849, resigned
in February, 1855, 'and the same year took command of
the Sardinian forces in the Crimean war, after which he
again served as minister of war. He was president of
the Council of Ministers from July, 1859, to July, 1860.
In September, 1864, he became minister of foreign affairs
and president of the Council of Ministers in the kingdom
of Italy. He was succeeded by Ricasoli in June, 1866,
took command of the army, and was defeated by the
archduke Albert of Austria, at Custozza, in July of the
same year. Died at Florence, January 8, 1878.
Marmora, della, (CARLO FERRERO,) MARQUIS, Prince
of Masserano, eldest brother of the preceding, was born
in 1788: Having been made lieutenant-general and sen-
ator of the kingdom of Sardinia, he accompanied Charles
Albert as first aide-de-camp in the campaigns of 1848
and 1849. Died in 1854.
Marne, de, deh maRn, QEAN BAPTISTE,) a Flemish
Jesuit and historian, born at Douai in 1699, wrote a
" History of the County of Namur," which has a high
reputation. Died in 1756.
Marne, de, or Demarne, (JEAN Louis,) a painter,
born at Brussels in 1744. He was reduced to the neces-
sity of working al the porcelain-manufactory of Sevres,
and fell into a mannerism called the mnmire foreelahu.
His early style was much more graceful. Died in 1829.
Marner, maR'ner, (KoNRAD,) a German minnesinger,
flourished about 1250-70.
Maruesia or Marnezia.. See LEZAY-MARNESIA.
Marnix de Saint- Aldegonde, van, vtn mSr'neks'
deh saN'til'deh-gANd', (PHILIPPE,) an eminent Flemish
writer and Protestant Reformer, was born at Brussels in
1538. He studied at Geneva, where he acquired the
friendship of Calvin and adopted his faith. In 1566
he drew up the celebrated formulary of the Flemish
nobles against the Inquisition. As burgomaster of Ant-
werp, he defended that city in 1584 against Alexander,
Duke of Parma ; but he was forced to capitulate in 1585.
He was the author of a " Picture of the Difference be-
tween the Christian Religion and Popery," and "The
Romish Bee-Hive." He also translated the Psalms into
Dutch verse, and was engaged on a Flemish version of
the Scriptures when he died, in 1598. " He was," says
Motley, "a man of most rare and versatile genius.
Scholar, theologian, diplomatist, swordsman, orator,
poet, pamphleteer, he had genius for all things, and was
eminent in all."
See MOTLEY, " History of the United Netherlands," vol. i. chap.
iii. ; STRADA, " De Hello Bclgico:" JOHANNES PRINS, " Leven van
P. van Marnix," 1782: DRESSEI.HUIS, " F. van Mat-nix, Heer van
Mom Saint-Aldegonde," 1832; WILLEM BROBS," F. van Marnix,
Heer van Saint-Aldegonde," etc., 2 vols., 1838-40.
Maro, the cognomen of PUBLIUS VlRClLIUS MARO.
(See VIRGIL.)
Maro, (JOHN.) See MARON, SAINT.
Marochetti, ma-ro-ket'tee, (CHARLES,) BARON, a
celebrated Sardinian sculptor, born at Turin about 1805.
After executing several works in Paris, among which
was an equestrian statue of Emmanuel Philibert, Duke
of Savoy, he went to London in 1848. Under the patron-
age of the court and the nobility, he produced a colossal
equestrian statue of Richard Cceur-de-Lion, (1851,) a
}ust of Prince Albert, an equestrian statue of Queen
Victoria at Glasgow, (1854,) a statue of Lord Clyde,
11867,) and several groups of statuary. He was elected a
Royal Academician in 1866. Died in December, 1867.
Marochetti, (VlNCENZio,) an Italian" scholar, father
of the preceding, was born in Piedmont about 1768.
He was appointed advocate to the court of cassation in
Paris. Died in 1820.
Maroli, ma'ro-lee, (DoMENICO,) a Sicilian painter,
born at Messina in 1612. He was killed in the revolu-
tion of Naples, (1676.)
Marollea, de, deh mfProl', (MiCHEL,) a French littl-
rateur, born in Touraine in 1600, was Abbe de Villeloin.
He made translations from Juvenal, Statius, and other
classics, which were much esteemed at the time. He
made a valuable collection of prints, which were added
to the royal cabinet. Died in 1681.
See NiciRON, " Me'moires ;" M. DK MAROLLRS, " Merooires,1*
656. (and in 3 vols., 1755.)
Ma'ron, SAINT, written also Maroun, an anchorite
of the fourth century, resided in Asia Minor. He is
supposed by some writers to have been the founder of
the Maromtes, while others ascribe the origin of that
sect to another of the same name, living in the seventh
century.
Maroncelli, ma-ron-chel'Iee, (PiERO,) an Italian pa-
triot, musician, and poet, born at Forll in 1795. He
published in 1819 a hymn, for which he was imprisoned
a short time. He was again arrested in 1820, and con-
demned to twenty years' imprisonment in the fortress
of Spielberg, where his intimate friend Silvio Pellico
was confined at the same time. They were at first sepa-
rated, but at the end of three years were permitted to
enjoy each other's society. They were released in 1830,
Maroncelli having previously suffered the amputation of
one of his legs, in consequence of a disease contracted
in the prison. Died in New York in 1846.
See SILVIO PELLICO, "My Prisons;" "Nouvelle Biographic
G.!ne>ale."
Marone, ma-ro'ni, (ANDREA,) an Italian improvisa-
tore, born in the Friuli in 1474, was celebrated for his
skill in improvising Latin verse on any given subject.
Died in 1527.
Maroni, da, di ma-ro'nee, or Maron, ml-ron',
(THERESA,) a sister of the celebrated Raphael Mengs,
was distinguished as a painter of miniatures. Having
accompanied her brother to Rome, she was there mar-
ried to the Chevalier da Maroni, an artist. Died
in 1806.
Maroof- (or Marouf-) el-Karkhi, ma-roof el kaR'-
Kee, one of the founders of the Soofees, (Soufis,) or
Mussulman mystics, born near Bagdad about 750 ;
died about 815.
See HAMMER-PURGSTALL, " Literatur£eschichte der Araber."
Maroof- (or Marouf-) Mohammed-ben-Abdel-
Khalik, ma-roof mo-ham'mfd bSn ab'del Ka'lik, an
Arab lexicographer of the ninth century. His principal
work is an Arabic Lexicon, in which words are explained
in Persian.
Marot, ml'ro', (CLEMENT,) a French poet, born at
Cahors in 1495, was a son °f Jean. noticed below. He
was patronized at the court of Francis I., and became a
page to his sister, Margaret of Valois. He was impris-
oned in 1526 on a charge of heresy, and during his con-
finement composed his "Enfer," (" Hell,") an allegorical
satire, and prepared a new edition of the " Roman du
Rose." After his release he visited Geneva, where he
professed Calvinism ; but he was subsequently obliged
to leave the place, on account of some misdemea-
nour, and, having renounced his new faith, accompanied
Francis I. in his Italian campaign of 1535. He was the
author of numerous lyric poems, epigrams, etc., which
were greatly admired for their grace and vivacity ; and
the style AI<irotiquc has been imitated by La Fontaine
a, e, 1, 6, u, J, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fit; mil; n&t; good; moon;
MAROT
1663
MARS
and other French writers. His version of the Psalms
was very popular at the time. Died in 1544-
See AucuiS, MVie de Marot," prefixed to an edition of his works,
vols., 1823: BAYLE, "Historical and Critical Dictionary:'' JAN
Marot, (DANIEL,) son of the architect Jean Marot
noticed below, was born in Paris about 1660. He be-
came architect to William, Prince of Orange, whom he
accompanied to England in 1688.
Marot, (FRANCOIS,) a French painter, born in Paris
in 1667 ; died in 1719.
Marot, (JEAN,) a French poet, born near Caen in
1463, was patronized by Anne of Brittany, queen of
Charles VIII. He subsequently accompanied Louis
XII. in his expedition to Venice and Genoa, of which he
wrote an account Died in 1523-
See SAINTE-BEUVE, "La PoiSsie Francaise au seizieroe Siecle."
Marot, (JEAN,) a French architect and engraver, born
in 1'aris about 1630. He furnished the design for the
principal fa9ade of the Louvre. Although a Protestant,
be was appointed royal architect. Died in 1679.
Maroto, ma-ro'to, (Don RAFAEL,) a Spanish Carlist
general, born at Conca in 1785. On the death of Zu-
mala-Carreguy, he was appointed to the chief command
in Biscay, and soon after defeated Espartero at Arrigoria.
In 1839 he concluded with the queen's party the treaty
of Bergara, Died in 1847.
Maroun. See MARON.
Maroutha. See MARUTHA.
Marozia, ma-rot'se-a, or Mariuccla, mS-re-oot'cha,
a Roman lady, celebrated for her beauty and profligacy,
was the daughter of the famous Theodora. She was
successively married to Duke Alberic of Tuscany, Guido,
Marquis of Tuscany, and Hugo, King of Italy and Aries.
In 928 she caused Pope John X. to be murdered, and
afterwards raised three others to the tiara, among whom
was her son by Pope SergiusIII. Her son Alberic hav-
ing revolted against her, she was imprisoned for the
lemainder of her life.
Mar-pes'sa, [Gr. Mopmjffca ; Fr. MARPESSE, miti'-
pess',] a daughter of Evenus, beloved by Apollo.
See HOMER'S " Iliad," book ix.
Marpurg, maR'pooRG, (FRIEDRICH WILHELM,) an
eminent writer on music, born at Seehausen, in Prussian
Saxony, in 1718. Among his principal works are "Treat-
ises on Fugue," "Critical Introduction to the History
of Music," (1754,) and "Rudiments of Theoretic Music,"
(1760.) Died in 1 795.
See FETIS, "Biographie TJniverselle des Musiciens."
Marquard. See FREHER, (MARQUARD.)
Marquet, mSR'ki', (FRANCOIS NICOLAS,) a French
botanist, and physician to Leopold, Duke of Lorraine,
was born at Nancy in 1687. He wrote several medica*
and botanical works. Died in 1759.
Marquette, maR'keV, (JACQUES,) a celebrated French
missionary and discoverer, was born in Picardy. He
travelled and laboured several years in Canada and other
regions. The first Europeans who are certainly known
to have discovered and explored the Mississippi River
were Father Marquette and M. Joliet, who in 1673 con-
ducted a small exploring party from Quebec. Entering
the great river at the mouth of the Wisconsin, they de-
scended in canoes nearly to the mouth of the Arkansas,
or to latitude 34°, which they reached in July, 1673. They
were deterred from pursuing the voyage by reports that
the river below was infested by armed savages, and they
returned in canoes to the mouth of the Illinois, which
they ascended. Marquette wrote a narrative of this
expedition, which was published in Paris in 1681. " He
writes," says Professor Sparks, " as a scholar and as a
man of careful observation and practical sense. In every
point of view, this tract is one of the most interesting
among those that illustrate the early history of America."
Having resumed his missionary labours among the
Miamis on Lake Michigan, he died there in 1675.
See CHARLHVOIX, " Histoire de la Nouvelle France ;" MORBRI,
•' Dicrionnaire Historique;" SPARKS, "American Biography," vol.
x., ist series.
Marquia, miRlce', (ALEXANDRE Louis,) a French
botanist, born at Dreux in 1777. He published '• Frag'
ments of Botanic Philosophy," and other works. Died
in 1828.
Marracci, mar-rat'chee, (LuiGl,) an Italian priest,
eminent as an Oriental scholar, was born at Lucca in
1612. He became professor of Arabic in the College della
Sapienza, Rome. His principal work is an excellent
edition of the Koran in Arabic, with a Latin version,
(1698.) "This," says Hallam, "is still esteemed the
best." (" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.")
Died in 1700.
See NICBRON, " Me"moires.lf
Marrast, mi'ras', (ARMAND,) a French republican
journalist and political writer, born in Haute-Garonne
in iSor. Soon after the revolution of 1830 he became
associate editor of the " Tribune," the organ of the ultra-
Liberal party. He was imprisoned in 1834 on a charge
of being implicated in the "Conspiracy of April," but
he soon effected his escape, and repaired to England,
where he married Lady Fitz-Clarence. On his return
to France he succeeded Armand Carrel (1836) as prin-
cipal editor of " Le National," a popular daily journal,
which he conducted with great ability for nearly twelve
years. After the abdication of Louis Philippe, (1848,)
Marrast became successively secretary of the provisional
government, mayor of Paris, and president of the Con-
stituent Assembly. He made valuable contributions to
the " Paris Revolutionnaire" and other works. Died in
1852.
See REGNAULT, "Armand Marrast," in "Le Siecle," 1859;
"Nouvelle Biographie GeWraJe,"
Marre, van, vSn maR, (JAN,) a Dutch poet, born at
Amsterdam in 1696. His principal works are tragedies
entitled "Jacqueline of Bavaria" and " Marcus Curtius."
Died in 1763.
Marrier, mfre-V, (MARTIN,) a learned French Bene-
dictine monk, born in Paris in 1572. He published
Bibliotheca Cluniacensis," (1614.) Died in 1644.
Marron, mi'roN', (MARIE ANNE CARRELET,) Ba-
ronne de Meillonaz, a French artist and dramatic writer,
born at Dijon in 1725. She was a friend and corre-
spondent of Voltaire. Died in 1778.
See VOLTAIRE, " Correspondance."
Marron, mt'rAN', (PAULHENPI,) a Protestant divine,
of French extraction, born at Leyden in 1754. He be-
came pastor of a church in Paris in 1788, and favoured
the Revolution. He contributed numerous valuable
articles to the " Biographie Universelle," and published
other works, on various subjects. He died in 1832,
leaving a large collection of engraved portraits, which
were purchased by Louis Philippe.
See HAAG. " La France protestaute."
Marryatt, (FLORENCE.) See ROSS-CHURCH.
Mar'ry-at, (FREDERICK,) a popular English novelist
and naval officer, born in London in 1792. lie entered
the service as midshipman under Lord Cochrane in
1806, and distinguished himself during the three follow-
ing years in numerous engagements in the Mediterra-
nean and off the French coasts. He was made a captain
In 1815, and in 1821 commanded the Rosario, which
brought to the English government the news of the
death o'f Napoleon. He assisted in the attack on Ran-
goon in 1823, and in the expedition against the Malays
in 1824. He published, besides other novels, " Peter
Simple," (1834,) "Jacob Faithful," (1834,) "Japhet in
Search of his Father," (1836,) "Mr. Midshipman Easy,"
(1836,) and "Maslerman Ready," (1841.) Among his
works is "Valerie," an Autobiography, and a "Diary
in America," (6 vols., 1839.) Died in 1848.
See "Edinburgh Review" for October, 1839.
Mars, [Gr. 'Aprc, (Ares;) It, MARTE, maR'ti,] the
name of the Roman god of war, was a contraction of
MAYORS. He was supposed to be a son of Jupiter and
Juno, and was identified with the Ares of Greek my-
thology. According to Ovid, he was a son of Juno, but
had no father. He was worshipped with extraordinary
honours by the Romans, of whom he was one of the
tutelary deities. Homer and other poets relate that
Mars fought for the Trojans at the siege of Troy and
was wounded by Diomede. He was called Gradivus,
; 5 as*; ghard; gas/; G,H,}i,guttural; it, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in this. (gJp'See F.xplanations, p. 23.)
MARS
1664
MARSHALL
f\einua, \^uplU) Ami in °f • f^ I A » • ' o
of the twelve great Olympian gods of the ureeks, ana enlarged and re-wntten, and issued in 1074 under the
was especially worshipped in Thrace. According to title of "The Earth as Modified by Human Action." He
tradition, he fled to Egypt during the contest between died July 24, 1882. His wife, Caroline C. Marsh, has
Tvphon and the gods, and changed himself ir.to a fish, published a number of poems and made translations
Having killed a son of Neptune, he was prosecuted from the Geriian.
before the Areopagus (Mars Hill) at Athens, and was Marsh, (HERBERT,) a learned English theologian,
acquitted. Mars was believed to love war for its own born in London in 1757. He became professor of di-
sake, and to delight in carnage. He is usually repre- vinity at Cambridge in 1807, and rose to be Bishop of
sented as a grim soldier in full armour, — sometimes as Peterborough in 1819. He published several religious
driving furiously in a war-chariot. and controversial treatises, and translated Michaelis's
Mars marz or miRs, (ANNE FRANCHISE HIPPOLYTE " Introduction to the New Testament" into English.
Boutet' Monvel— boo'tV m&u'vel',) MADEMOISELLE, Died in 1839.
a celebrated French actress, born in Paris in 1779. She Marsh, (JAMES,) an English chemist, born in 1789,
was the daughter of Monvel, a popular actor at the was the inventor of an apparatus, called by his name.
Theatre Franfais, and an actress named Mars, and which detects the presence of arsenic in liquids, how-
was early trained for the stage. She excelled in genteel ever minute the quantity. Its utility and certainty were
comedy, in which she was considered unrivalled among verified by Orfila and other lexicologists. Died in 1846.
the actors of her time. She retired from the stage in Marsh, (JAMES,) D.D., a distinguished American
1841. Died in 1847. scholar and divine, born at Hartford, Vermont, in 1794.
Marsais, du. See DUMARSAIS. He was appointed professor of classics at Hampdeu-
Marsand, maR-sand', (ANTONIO,) an Italian litttra- Sidney College, Virginia, and in 1826 president of the
teur, born at Venice in 1765. He published an excellent University of Vermont He translated from the German
edition of Petrarch's poems, with a memoir, and several Herder's " Spirit of Hebrew Poetry," and contributed
original works on various subjects. Died in 1842. religious and philosophical essays to the "Christian
Marachall von Bieberstein, maR'shil fon beeTjer- Spectator" and other journals. Died at Colchester,
stin', (FRIEDRICH,) FREIHERR, a German botanist, born Vermont, July 3, 1842.
in 1766, removed to Russia, where he became a council- Marsh, (NARCISSUS,) a learned prelate, born in Wilt-
lor of state. He published " Flora Taurico-Caucasica," shire in 1638, became successively Archbishop of Dublin
(1808-19) Died in 1826. and of Armagh. He wrote an " Essay on an Introduc-
Marschner, maRsh'ner, (HEINRICH.) a German com- tion to the Theory of Sounds," which was inserted in
poser and musician, born at Zittau in 1795, was appointed the " Philosophical Transactions" of the Royal Society,
chapel-master at Hanover. Among his most popular Died in 1713.
works are the operas of " The Vampyre," " The Templar Marsh, (OTHNIEL CHARLES,) an eminent American,
and the Jewess," and "Hans Heiling." Died in 1861. paleontologist, born at Lockport, New York, October
Mars'd?n, (\VILLIAM,) an eminent Orientalist, of 29, 1831. He graduated at Yale in 1860, studied (1862-
English extraction, born at Dublin in 1 754. Having en- 65) at Berlin, Breslau, and Heidelberg, and in 1866 was ap-
tered the service of the East India Company, he sailed pointed professor of palaeontology in Yale College. Pro-
in 1771 to Bencoolen, Sumatra, where he was appointed fessor Marsh was distinguished for the astonishing num-
principal secretary to the government and devoted him- ber and great importance of his discoveries of new
self to the study of the Malay language. He returned species of extinct vertebrate animals, very largely from
in 1779 to England, and was soon after elected a Fellow the Rocky Mountain region. He was author of
of the Royal Society. He published in 1782 his "His- "Odontornilhes," (1880,) " Dinocerata," (1884,)
tory of Sumatra," which was very favourably received
ana was translated into French and German. He was
subsequently appointed chief secretary to the board of
admiralty, with the war salary of ,£4000 per annum. _
Having resigned this post in 1807, he brought out in political economy at Cambridge in 1885. His best-
1812 his "Grammar" and "Dictionary of the Malay km,wn work is .. princip|es of Economics," (1890.)
language, which are esteemed standard works. He also Mai'sbaU, (CHARLES KlMBALL.) an American Meth.
made an excellent translation of the "Travels of Marco odfst divin- bom at Durham, Maine, in 1812, became
Polo," wrth a commentary and wrote a description of r of a church at Natche2^ Mississippi.
Eastern coins, entitled "Nunnsmata Orientals Illus- r Mar'Bhall, (EMMA, »/<• Martin,) an English novelist,
trata," (1823) He gave up his pension to the goy- born near 'Cromer about 1832. Of her very numerous
ernment in 1831, and soon after presented his valuable tales> ,,Mrs Mainwaring's Journal" (1874) and "Life's
collection of coins and medals to the Bnt.sh Museum, Aftermath» (l876) are a"™' the best-known.
and his library to King's College. Died in 1836. Marshall, (HUMPHREY,) an American soldier and
Marsh, (ANNA CALDWELL,) MRS., an English au- lawyer, born in Frankfort, Kentucky, January 13, 1812.
thoress, born in Staffordshire about 1798. Among her He graduated at West Point in 1832, but left the army
most popular works are "Tales of the Woods and in 1833, and became a prominent lawyer and politician,
Fields," (1836.) " Ravenscliffe," "Mount Sorel," (1843.) being twice sent to Congress. He was a colonel of vol-
and " Emilia Wyndham," (1846.) Died October 5, 1874. unteer cavalry in the Mexican war, and a major-general
Marsh, (CATHERINE,) an English writer, born at Col- jn tne Confederate service, 1861-65. Died at Louisville,
Chester about 1815. Among her works are " Memorials March 28, 1872. He was a grandson of Humphry Mar-
of Captain Hedley Vicars," "English Hearts and Eng- shall, noticed below.
lish Hands." and "Light for the Line, or the Story of Marshall, (HUMPHRY,) an American botanist, was
Thomas Ward," which have gained extensive popularity. a resident of Pennsylvania. He published in 1785 his
Marsh, (DEXTER,) an American geologist, born in "Arbustum Americanum," or catalogue of the trees and
1806, made a large and choice collection of specimens shrubs of America, which was translated into French,
of fossil footprints, obtained chiefly in the Connecticut He was born in 1722, and died in 1801.
valley. Died in 1853. Marshall, (JoHN,) an eminent American jurist and
Marsh, (GEORGE PERKINS,) LL.D., an American phi- statesman, born at Germantown, Fauquier county, Vir-
lologist, born at Woodstock, Vermont, March (5, 1801. ginia, on the 24th of September, 1755. He was the
He was appointed minister to Turkey in 1849, in 1852 eldest son of Colonel Thomas Marshall and Mary Keith,
was sent on an embassy to Greece, and in 1861 was ap- who had fifteen children. He never attended a college,
pointed minister to Italy. His chief published works but he was well educated under the care of his father,
are a "Compendious Grammar of the Old Northern or He enlisted in the army in 1776, became a captain in
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, lung; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fat; met; not; good; moon:
" Sauropoda," (1888,) etc., with a large number of
scientific papers. Died March 18, 1899.
Mar'shall, (ALFRED,) an English economist, was
born at London in 1842, and became professor of
. by F. Giitekunst.
JOHN MARSHALL.
MARSHALL
1665
MARSOLLIER
May, 1777, and served at the battles ot Brandywine,
September, 1777, Germantown, and Monmouth, June,
1778. Having resigned his commission in 1781, he be-
gan to practise law, and was chosen a member of the
House of Delegates in 1782. In 1783 he married Mary
Willis Ambler, of York, Virginia, and became a resi-
dent of Richmond. As a member of the Convention
of Virginia, in 1788, he advocated the adoption of the
Federal Constitution by several powerful speeches. He
contributed more to the adoption of this Constitution
by Virginia than any man except James Madison. He
became identified with the Federal party, and cordially
supported the administration of Washington. His
reputation was widely extended by a speech in the
Assembly of Virginia in favour of the treaty negotiated
by John Jay with Great Britain in 1794. In 1797 he
was associated with General Pinckney and Mr. Gerry in
a special mission to the French Directory. His incli-
nation or interest induced him to decline several high
offices, but, at the special request of General Washing-
ton, he became a candidate for Congress, and was elected,
in 1799. He made a great speech in Congress, defend-
ing President Adams for his surrender of Thomas Nash,
alias Robbins, who was claimed by the British govern-
ment as a fugitive from justice. This speech settled
forever the question whether such cases should be
decided by the executive or the judiciary. "That argu-
ment," says R. W. Griswold, "deserves to be ranked
among the most dignified displays of human intellect."
He was appointed secretary of state by President Adams
in May, 1800, and displayed great diplomatic ability in
his correspondence with Rufus King, minister to Eng-
land. On the 3ist of January, 1801, he was appointed
chief justice of the supreme court of the United States.
He performed the functions of this high office for thirty-
four years, and rendered important services by the just
and liberal principles according to which he construed
the Constitution. His profound learning and wisdom,
his moral courage, and his high-toned virtue secured for
him universal respect and confidence. His services as
an expounder of constitutional law are commended by
Judge Story in the following terms : " If all others of
the chief justice's judicial arguments had perished, his
luminous judgments on these occasions would have
given an enviable immortality to his name." In 1804
he published a "Life of George Washington," (5 vols.,)
which is highly esteemed. Judge Marshall was distin-
guished for his benevolence, modesty, urbanity, and
simplicity. He was a devout believer in Christianity,
and was happy in his domestic relations. He died in
Philadelphia (whither he had gone for medical advice)
in July, 1835. "To one who cannot follow his great
judgments," says R. W. Griswold, "in which at the same
time the depths of legal wisdom are disclosed and the
limits of human reason measured, the language of just
eulogy must wear an appearance of extravagance. In
his own profession he stands for the reverence of the
wise rather than for the enthusiasm of the many."
See GRISWOLD, "Prose Writers of America;" JUDGE JOSEPH
STORY, notice of John Marshall, in the "National Portrait-Gallery
of Distinguished Americans," vol. i. ; HORACE BINNEY, " Eulogy
on the Life and Character of John Marshall :" " North American
Review" for January, 1828, and January, 1836.
Mar'shall or Mareschal, (THOMAS,) an English
scholar, born in Leicestershire about 1621. He became
successively rector of Lincoln College, Oxford, chaplain-
in ordinary to the king, and Dean of Gloucester, (1681.)
He was distinguished for his knowledge of the Oriental
tongues and of the Anglo-Saxon, and published " Ob-
servations on Two Ancient Versions of the Gospels, —
the Gothic and the Anglo-Saxon," (in Latin, 1665,) also
a " Life of Archbishop Usher." Died in 1685
See WOOD, " Athenx Oxonienses. "
Marshall, (THOMAS FRANCIS,) an American lawyer,
a nephew of Chief-Justice John Marshall. He was born
at Frankfort, Kentucky, June 7, 1801, and became a
highly successful lawyer of Louisville. He was also a
judge and a member of Congress. As a political orator
and wit he had great fame. Died at Versailles, Ken
tucky, September 22, 1864.
Marshall, (THOMAS WILLIAM M.,) an English theo
logical writer, born in 1815. He was educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, and took orders in the Anglican
-hurch. In 1845 he became a Roman Catholic, and in
lis " Comedy of Convocation" and " My Clerical Friends
and their Relations to Modern Thought" (1873) he
showed himself a vigorous satirist of his former re-
igious associates. Among his other works are "Chris-
tian Missions, their Agents, their Methods, and their Re-
sults," (1862,) "Catholic Missions in Southern India,"
11865,) and "Protestant Journalism," (1874.) Died at
Surbiton, Surrey, December 14, 1877.
Marshall, (WILLIAM CALDER,) a Scottish sculptor,
born in Edinburgh in 1813, was a pupil of Chantrey.
rle visited Rome about 1836, and settled in London in
1839. Among his chief works are " Sabrina," " Una
and the Lion," the "Dancing-Girl Reposing," (1846,)
which gained a prize of five hundred pounds, and a
statue of Sir Robert Peel. Died June 16, 1894.
Marshall, (WILLIAM HUMPHREY,) an English bota-
nist and agricultural writer, born in 1745. He published
a number of works which contributed greatly to the im-
provement of agriculture in England. He also wrote
" The American Grove ; or, Catalogue of the Trees, etc.
of the United States." Died in 1818.
Marshall, (WILLIAM RAINEY,) an American gen-
eral, born in Missouri in 1825. He was a member of
the legislature of Wisconsin in 1848 and of Minnesota
in 1849, took part in the civil war, and was made
brigadier-general by brevet. He was elected Govr
ernor of Minnesota in 1865 and 1867. Died in 1895.
Marsh/am, (Sir JOHN,) an English chronologist, born
in London' in 1602. He embraced the cause of the
royalists in the civil war. He was the author of a work
entitled " Chronologicus Canon jEgyptiacus, Ebraicus,"
etc., (1672,) in which he attempts to reconcile Egyptian
chronology with the Hebrew Scriptures, by supposing
four collateral dynasties of Egyptian kings reigning at
the same time. This theory has been adopted by several
eminent scholars. Died in 1685.
Marsh/man, (JoSHUA,) an eminent English divine
and Orientalist, born in Wiltshire in 1767. Being sent
by the Baptist Missionary Society to India in 1799,
he became a proficient in the Chinese, Sanscrit, and
Bengalee languages. He translated the four Gospels
into Chinese, and assisted Dr. Carey in preparing a
Sanscrit Grammar and a Bengalee-and-English Diction-
ary. He also translated the works of Confucius, and
wrote a " Defence of the Deity and Atonement of Jesu»
Christ, in Reply to Rammohun Roy," (1822.) Died in
1837.
Marsigli, maR-sel'ye6. (Luici FERDINANDO,) a dis-
tinguished Italian naturalist and mathematician, born
at Bologna in 1658. He served in the Austrian army
against the Turks in 1683 and in several succeeding
campaigns, and was made a colonel in 1689. He was
one of the founders of the Society of Sciences and Arts
at Bologna, (1712,) to which he gave a very valuable
scientific collection. He afterwards visited England,
where he acquired the friendship of Newton and Halley
and was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was
the author of "Physical History of the Sea," (1725,) a
description of the shores of the Danube, entitled " Danu-
bius Pannonico-Mysicus," etc., (1726, 7 vols. fol., finely
illustrated,) "The Military State of the Ottoman Em-
pire," (1732,) and other works. He had been elected
in 1725 a member of the Academy of Sciences, Paris.
Died in 1730.
Marsilio (maR-see'le-o) [Lat. MARSIL'IUS] OF PADUA,
an Italian jurist, sometimes called MENANDRINO, born
at Padua. He was patronized by the emperor Louis of
Bavaria, in whose favour he wrote his " Defensor Pads,"
an attack on the papacy, for which he was excommuni-
cated in 1327. Died in 1328.
Marsilius. See MARSILIO.
Marsilius Ficinus. See FICINO.
Marsin. See MARCHIN.
Marso, maR'so, [Lat. PISCI'NUS,] (PAOLO,) an Italian
savant, said to have been born at Piscina. He wrote a
commentary on the " Fasti" of Ovid, published in 1485,
and several Latin poems.
Marsollier, miR'so'le-i', (JACQUES,) a French writer,
east; g as s; g hard: g as/; G, H, K,gvttural; N, nasal; K,trilltd; sas«; thasinMw. lJ®=See Explanations, p. 23.1
105
MARSOLLIER
1666
MARTHA
born in Paris in 1647, was author of a " History of the
Inquisition and its Origin," (1693,) and several other
works. Died in 1724.
See NiciRON, "Me'moires."
Marsollier des Vivetieres, miR'so'le^i' d& vtv'-
te-aiR', (BENotx JOSEPH,) a French dramatist, born in
Pliris in 1750, produced numerous comic operas, which
had great popularity. Died in 1817.
Mars'tpn, (JOHN,) an English dramatist, was the
author of tragedies entitled "Antonio and Mellida,"
" Sophonisba," and "Antonio's Revenge," and several
comedies ; he was also associated with Ben Jonson and
Chapman in writing " Eastward, Ho !" His comedy of
" The Malecontent" is esteemed his best work ; but he
is said to have borrowed a great part of it from Webster.
Died in 1634.
Mar'stpn, (PHILIP BOURKE,) an English poet, a son
of Westland Marston, was born in London in 1850.
He early lost his sight, finally becoming totally blind.
In youth he became the devoted friend of Swinburne
and D. G. Rossetti, and later was intimate with Oliver
Madox Brown, a precocious artist His principal works
are "Song Tide," (1871,) "All in All," (1874.) and
" Wind Voices," (1883.) Died in 1887.
Marston, (WESTLAND,) an English poet and drama-
tist, born in Lincolnshire in 1819. He wrote "The
Patrician's Daughter," "The Heart and the World,"
and several other popular dramas. Dice Jun. 5, 1890.
MarBtrand, maR'strand, (WiLHELM NIKOLAS,) a
Danish painter, born at Copenhagen, December 24, 1810.
He became a professor and director in the Copenhagen
Art Academy, and was noted as a historical and genre
painter. Died March 20, 1873.
Marsupiua. See MARSUPPINI.
Marsuppini, maR-soop-pee'nee, [Lat. MARSU'PIUS,]
(CARLO,) an Italian scholar, sometimes called ARE-
TINO, born at Arezzo about 1399. He was appointed
professor of rhetoric at Florence in 1434, and secretary
of the Florentine republic in 1444. He translated into
Latin hexameter verse Homer's " Batrachomyomachia,"
and wrote a number of Latin poems. Died in 1453.
See TIRABOSCHI, " Storia della Letteratura Italiana."
Mar'sus, (DOMITIUS,) a Roman poet under the reign
of Augustus, was a friend of Virgil and Tibullus. Among
his extant works is a poem entitled "Cicuta," and a
number of fragments have been collected by Broek-
huisen in his edition of Tibullus.
See WBICHBRT, " De Domitio Marso, Poeta."
Marsy, miR'se', (GASPARD and BALTHASAR,) brothers
and distinguished French sculptors, born at Cambray,
the former in 1625 and the latter in 1628. Among their
master-pieces are the figures of the Baths of Apollo,
representing the "Tritons showering the Horses of
the Sun," and the group of " Latona and her Children."
Both brothers were members of the Academy of Painting
and Sculpture. Balthasar died in 1674, and Gaspard
in 1681.
See LENOIR, "Muse"e des Monuments Fran^ais."
Marsy, de, deh. miR'se', (FRANCOIS MARIE,) a French
litterateur, born in Paris in 1714. He published, among
other works, a " History of Mary Stuart," and a Latin
poem entitled " Painting," (" Pictura,") which was much
admired. Died in 1763.
See LA HARPS, " Cours de Liue'rature."
Mar's^-as, [Gr. Mopo-tof,] a personage of the Greek
mythology, was called by some authors a Satyr, and a
eon of Olympus. According to tradition, he found a
flute which Minerva had thrown away, (because her
face was distorted by playing on it,) and challenged
Apollo to a trial of skill in music, on the condition
that the victor might do what he pleased with the van-
quished- Apollo gained the victory, and flayed Marsyas
alive. This story was a favourite subject of ancient
poets and artists.
Martainville, miR'taN'vel', (ALPHONSE Louis DIEU-
DONNE,) <a litterateur 3.nA journalist, of French extraction,
born at Cadiz in 1776. He became associate editor of
several political journals of Paris. He wrote a number
of bold and witty satires on the Jacobins, and several
popular comedies. Died in 1830.
Martange, de, deh miR'toNzh', (N. BONNET,) a
French general and writer, born at Beauce in 1722,
served in the Austrian army in the Seven Years' war.
He wrote several poems and tales. Died in 1806.
Martel, (CHARLES.) See CHARLES MARTEL.
Martel, miR'teV, (FRANgois,) a French surgeon, bora
at Perigueux in 1549. He became first surgeon to Henry
IV. Died about 1610.
Martel, maR-tSK, (GERONIMO,) a Spanish historian,
wrote a valuable work entitled " Forma de celebrar
Cortes." He became royal historiographer in 1597.
Martel, (Louis JOSEPH,) a French statesman, born
at Saint-Omer in 1813. He was a Republican under the
monarchy, took his seat in the Assembly of 1849, but
retired after the coup d'etat, returning to the legisla-
ture in 1863. In 1871 he was a supporter of Thiers,
was elected vice-president of the Assembly, and was
made a life Senator on the formation of the Senate,
of which he became vice-president. He was minister
of public worship and justice in 1876, president of the
Senate in 1879, and retired in 1880. Died in 1892.
Marteliere, de la, deh 11 miRt'le-aiR', (PIERRE,) a
celebrated French lawyer, was born at Bellesme in
the sixteenth century. He published a number of
pleas, one of which, in favour of the University of Paris
against the Jesuits, was very much admired. Died
in 1631.
Martelli, maR-tel'lee, (Lunovico,) an Italian poet,
Dorn at Florence in 1499. He wrote lyric poems, and
" Tullia," a tragedy. Died in 1527.
See GINGUENK, " Histoire littrfraire d'ltalie."
Martelli or Martello, maR-tel'lo, (PlETRO GIACOMO,)
ui Italian littfrateur, born at Bologna in 1665. He wrote
poems and dramas, whicn were popular i.t the time.
Died in 1727.
See FABSONI, "Viue Italorum doctrina excellentium ; • "Vita dl
Martelli," (written by himself.) in CALOGHRA'S " Raccolta." vol. ii.
Martelly, de, deh maVt&ne', (HoNORfi FRANCOIS
RICHARD,) a French actor and dramatist, born at A:* in
1751, published a comedy entitled "The Two Figaros,"
and other works. Died in 1817.
Martene, miR't&N', (Dom EDMOND,) a learned French
ecclesiastic, of the order of Benedictines, born in the
diocese of Dijon in 1654. In 1708 he visited the abbeys
and cathedrals of France, in order to procure materials
for a new edition of the " Gallia Christiana." He also
published a "Collection of Old Authors and Historical
Monuments," (1700,) in Latin, and, conjointly with his
friend Durand, " Literary Travels of Two Benedictines
of Saint-Maur," (1717.) Died in 1739.
See TASSIN, *' Histoire litteYaire de IL Congregation de Saint-
Maur."
Martens, maR'tens, written also Mertens, [Lat
MARTI'NUS,] (THIERRY,) a Flemish printer, born at Alost
about 1450, is said to have introduced the art of printing
into the Netherlands. He exercised his profession at
his native town, and subsequently at Louvain and Ant-
werp. He printed in Roman characters, hitherto un-
known, and his editions of the classics were highly prized.
Martens was an intimate friend of Erasmus, who com-
posed a Latin epitaph upon him. Died in 1534.
Martens, von, fon maR'tens, (GEORG FRIEDRICH.)
a German jurist, born in Hamburg in 1756. Among his
works, which are chiefly written in French, we may name
his "Collection of Treaties," (1791,) and " Summary of
Modern European Law," (1821.) Died in 1821.
Martens, von, (KARL,) a nephew of the preceding,
was born about 1790. He was employed as a diplomatist
by the King of Prussia. He published, besides other
works in French, "Causes celebres du Droit de Gens,"
(1827,) and " Guide diplomatique," (1832.) Died in 1863.
Martensen, maR'ten-sen, (HANS LASSKN,) a Danish
theologian, born at Flensborg in 1808. He became
Bishop of Seeland in 1843, a"d court preacher at Copen-
hagen in 1845. His principal works are "Christian
Baptism," "A Plan for a System of Moral Philosophy,"
and a treatise on Christian Doctrine. Died Feb. 4, 1884.
Mar'tha, [Gr. Mopfla ,- Fr. MARTHE, mfRt,] a sister of
Mary and Lazarus of Bethany.
See John xi. : Luke x.
a. e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fat; m?t; n&t; good; moon:
MARTHA
1667
MARTIN
Mar'tha, (BENJAMIN CONSTANT,) a French his-
torian, born at Strasburg in 1820. He studied in the
Ecole Normale, and became a professor in 1865 at the
Sorbonne, Paris. His chief works, " Les Moralistes
sous 1'Empire Romain" and " Le Poeme de Lucrece," •
were crowned by the Academy. Died in 1895.
Marthe, mint, (ANNE Biget— be'zhi',) a French
nun, called SISTER MARTHA, born at Besar^on in 1749,
devoted herself during the Revolution to the relief of the
sick and wounded, and of prisoners of all nations. Died
in 1824.
Marti, maR'tee, [Lat. MARTI'NUS,! (MANUEL,) a
Spanish scholar and poet, born near Valencia in 1663.
He published a collection of poems, entitled " Amalthea
Geographica," and made several translations from the
Latin. Died in 1737.
Martial, mar'she^l, [Fr. MARTIAL, mtR'se'aT ; Lat
MARTIA'LIS ; It. MARZIALE, maRt-se-a'14,] or, more fully,
Mar'cus Vale'rius Martia'lia, a famous Latin epi-
grammatic poet, born at Bilbilis, in Spain, about 40 A.D.,
went to Rome at the age of twenty-two, and resided there
thirty-five years. The events of his life are very imper-
fectly known ; but it appears that he devoted his atten
tion chiefly to poetry. Some epigrams which he wrote
on the occasion of the public spectacles given by Titus
about the year 80, procured him the favour of that prince.
He was also patronized by Domitian, who made him a
tribune and a Roman knight. He was intimate with
Juvenal, Quintilian, and Pliny the Younger. About 98
A.D. he returned to his native place, where he died a few
years later. Fourteen books of his " Epigrams" are still
extant, and are much admired by some eminent critics,
such as Scaliger, Lipsius, and Malte-Brun. The latter
thinks his writings are among the most interesting monu-
ments of Roman literature, though many of them offend
against good taste and pure morality. Probably no poet
ever estimated his works more justly than he did in the
following line :
" Sunt bona, sunt quxdam mediocria, sunt plura mala."
("Some are good, some indifferent, and more are bad.")
See CRUSIUS, " Life of Martial," in " Lives of the Roman Poets,"
1726: LESSING, "Vermischte Schriften;" A. PisiCAUD, " Essai sur
Martial," 1816: FABRICIUS, " Bibliotheca Latina;" "M. V. Mar-
lialis als Mensch und Dichter," Berlin, 1843 ; " Martial and his
Times," in the "Westminster Review" for April, 1853.
Martial d'Auvergne. See AUVERGNE, D', (MAR-
TIAL.)
Martialis. See MARTIAL.
Martianay, mtR'se'JPnS', (Dom JEAN,) a French
Benedictine monk and theological writer, born in 1647 ;
died in 1717.
Martignac.de, dehmtR'ten'yik', (£TIENNE ALGAY,)
a French litterateur, born at Brives-la-Gaillarde about
1620. He published " Memoirs of Gaston, Duke of
Orleans," and made translations from Horace, Juvenal,
and other classics. Died in 1698.
Martignac, de, (JEAN BAPTISTE SYLVERE GAVE,)
VICOMTE, an able and eloquent French statesman under
Charles X., was born at Bordeaux in 1776. He was
elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1821. As the
head of the ministry that came into power in January,
1828, he held the office of minister of the interior, and
sought to unite conflicting parties for the support of the
throne ; but, unable to effect this object, and forsaken by
the king and the court, he resigned his place in August,
1829, and was succeeded by Polignac. On the trial of
the latter, Martignac became his eloquent defender
in the Chamber of Peers. He died in 1832, leaving a
"Historical Essay on the Spanish Revolution," and
other works.
Martigny, maVten'ye', (JOSEPH ALEXANDRA) ABB£,
a French archaeologist, born at Sauverny, April 22, 1808,
published a celebrated "Dictionnaire des Antiquite's
Chretiens,'' (1865; enlarged, 1877.) Died in 1880.
favoured that sect, to the Thracian Chersonesus, where
he died in 655 A.D.
Martin IX, or Marinua I., succeeded John VIII. ai
pope in 882 A.D. Died in 884, and was succeeded by
Adrian III.
Martin HI., or Marinus II., born at Rome, suc-
ceeded Stephen VIII. in 942, and died in 946. His
successor was Agapetus II.
Martin IV., (Cardinal SIMON de Brion — deh
bRe'6N', (or Brie — bRe,)) a native of Touraine, in France,
succeeded Nicholas III. in 1281. He adhered to the
cause of Charles of Anjou, and when, after the Sicilian
Vespers, that sovereign lost his power in Sicily, Martir
excommunicated Peter of Aragon, who had been chosen
king of that country. He died in 1285, and was sue
ceeded by Honorius IV.
Martin V. (Cardinal OTHO Colonna — ko-lon'na)
was elected pope in 1417, in the place of John XXIIL,
deposed by the Council of Constance. In 1431 he
called a council at Bftle, in Switzerland, for the purpose
of effecting a reform in the Church, and sent Cardinal
Julian Cesarini as his legate. He died soon after.
Martin, son of Martin, King of Aragon, ascended
the throne of Sicily in 1399. He married in 1401, as his
second wife, Blanche, daughter of the King of Navarre.
He died in 1409, and the kingdom of Sicily was united
to that of Aragon by his father, who survived him.
Martin, surnamed GALLUS, a French ecclesiastic of
the thirteenth century, was a missionary to Poland, and
wrote a history of that country, (" Chronica Polonorum,")
a valuable work, and the earliest one written on that
subject.
Mar'tin, (ALEXANDER,) born in New Jersey about
1740, served as a colonel in the war of the Revolution,
and was chosen Governor of North Carolina in 1782.
Died in 1807.
Martin, miR'taN', (ANDRfi,) a French ecclesiastic,
born in Poitou in 1621. He was one of the earliest
advocates of the Cartesian philosophy, and wrote
" Christian Moral Philosophy," (" Philosophia Moralis
Christiana.") Died in 1695.
Martin, (ARTHUR PATCHELL,) an English author,
born at Woolwich in 1851. He went early in life to
Australia and resided at Melbourne till 1882. His
writings consist of fiction, poems, history, etc.
Mar'tin, (BENJAMIN,) an English mathematician, born
in Surrey in 1704. He was the author of "The Philo-
sophical Grammar," (1735.) "New System of Optics,"
(1740,) and other scientific works. Died in 1782.
Martin, (BENJAMIN NICHOLAS,) D.D., LL.D., an
American scholar, born at Mount Holly, New Jersey,
October 20, 1816. He graduated at Yale College in
1837 and at Yale Divinity School in 1840, held various
Congregational and Presbyterian pastorates, and was
professor of philosophy and logic in the University of
the City of New York, 1852-83. He made large con-
tributions to current periodical and review literature.
Died in New York, December 26, 1883.
Martin, (BON Louis HENRI,) an eminent French
historian, born at Saint-Quentin in 1810. He has pub-
lished a " History of France from the Earliest Times to
1789," (18 vols., 1838-53; revised edition, 1855-60,)
"Monarchy in the Seventeenth Century," (1848,) a
"Life of Daniel Manin," (1859,) "Russia and Europe,"
(1866,) "Studies in Celtic Archaeology," (1871,) "The
Napoleons and the Frontiers of France," (1874,) etc.
He was elected Senator in 1871, and in 1878 became a
member of the Academy. Died December 14, 1883.
Martin, (CHRISTIAN REINHOLD DIETRICH,) a Ger-
man jurist, born near Gb'ttingen in 1772, was the author
of several legal works. Died in 1857.
Martin, (CLAUDE,) a French soldier, born at Lyons in
IICllcllS, I1OUS i CI11HI titu, *u / / . / *^rit.vj in iww< .•• _ - -. - - ,
Martigues, miR'teg', (S6BASTIEN DE LUXEMBOURG,) «73z- He accompanied General Lally to Ind.a, and sub-
VISCOUNT, a brave French officer, who assisted at the sequentlv entered the_English service. Having amassed
siege of Metz, (1552,) and in the capture of Calais by a large fortune, he built a magnificent palace near Luck-
the Duke of Guise, (1558.) He was killed in 1569. "°w-. He died in 1800, leaving numerous bequests for
Mar'tin [Lat. MARTI'NUS] I. succeeded Theodore as i charitable purposes.
pope in 649 A.D. Having condemned the Monothelites, Martin, (DAVID,) a French Protestant theologian,
he was banished by the emperor Constans II., who born at Revel in 1639. He published a " History ol
tasA; casx; %kard; gasy'/G, H, K,guttural; N, nasal; ^trilled; sasz; thasinMw. (jgp=See Explanations, p. 23.)
MARTIN
1668
MAR TINE AU
the Old and New Testament," "Treatise on Natural
Religion," and other works, which enjoy a high reputa-
tion. Died in 1721.
Martin, (FRANC.OIS XAVIER,) LL.D., born at Mar-
seilles, France, in 1764, emigrated about 1785 to North
Carolina, and subsequently settled in Louisiana. He
attained a high reputation as a jurist, and published His-
tories of Louisiana and North Carolina. Died in 1846.
Martin, (GREGORY,) an English Catholic theologian,
was a native of Sussex. He became professor of Hebrew
at Douai, and subsequently at Rheims. His principal
work is an English translation of the Bible, which
appeared in 1610. Died in 1582.
Martin, (H^MER DODGE,) an American artist,
born at Albany, New York, in 1836. He was self-
taught in painting, and had a picture exhibited at the
Academy of Design when twenty years of age. He
had a studio in New York for many years, and after-
wards lived long abroad, winning a high reputation
for the poetic feeling and richness and mellowness
of color in his landscapes, which generally dealt with
the more sombre aspects of nature. Died in 1897.
Martin, (Lady HELEN,) an English actress, the wife
of Sir Theodore Martin, was born in 1816, and is best
known, under her maiden name, as HELEN FAUCIT. She
went upon the stage in 1836, and very soon took high
rank as an actress of great power and versatility. She
published charming studies " On Some of Shakspeare's
Female Characters" in 1885. Died in 1898.
Martin, (HENRY NEWELL,) a distinguished biolo-
gist, born at Newry, Ireland, July i, 1848. He studied
at University College, London, and Christ College,
Cambridge, in 1876 became professor of biology in
the Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore, and in
1883 delivered the Croonian Lecture before the Royal
Society of London. He assisted in preparing Huxley's
"Elementary Biology," (1876,) and published "The
Human Body," (1881 ; abridged edition, 1883.) With
W. A. Moale, he prepared the " Hand-Book of Verte-
brate Dissection," (1881-84.) Died Oct. 27, 1896.
Martin, (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French painter, sur-
named DBS BATAILLES, ("of battles,") born at Paris
in 1659. On the death of Van der Meulen, in 1690,
he was appointed by Louis XIV. to paint his battles.
Died in 1735.
Martin, (JOHN,) an English painter, born in North-
umberland in 1789. He studied under Bonifacio Musso,
and in 1815 obtained the prize at the British Institution
for his picture of " Joshua commanding the Sun to stand
still." This was followed by "The Fall of Babylon,"
(1818,) " Belshazzar's Feast," (1821,) "The Deluge,"
(1826,) "The Fall of Nineveh," (1828,) and other
works on similar subjects, which enjoyed great tem-
porary popularity. He published in 1828 "A Plan for
supplying with Pure Water the Cities of London and
Westminster." Died in 1854.
Martin, (Louis AIMK,) a French litttrattur, born at
Lyons in 1781, became professor of rhetoric, history,
etc. in the Polytechnic School, Paris, about 1815. He was
an intimate friend of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, whose
widow he married. Among his principal works are his
"Letters to Sophia on Physics, Chemistry," etc., (1810,)
"Collection of Tales, etc. in Verse and Prose," (1813,)
and an "Essay on the Life and Works of Bernardin de
Saint-Pierre," (1820.) Died in 1847.
Martin, (LuTHER,) an American lawyer, born about
'745- He was a delegate from Maryland to the conven-
tion which in 1787 formed the Constitution of the United
States. In this body he advocated the sovereignty and
equality of the States, contending that a small State
should send as many members to Congress as a large
State. Died in 1826.
Martin, (MARGARET MAXWELL,) born at Dumfries,
Scotland, in 1807, emigrated to America, and was mar-
ried in 1836 to the Rev. William Martin, a Methodist
divine. She published " Methodism, or Christianity in
Earnest," and other religious works. Died in 189^.
Martin, (NICOLAS,) a French poet, born at Bonn, in
Prussia, in 1814. His mother was a sister of Karl Sim-
rock the poet. Among his works is " Le Presbytire,
fipopee domestique," (1856.) Died in 1877.
Martin, (PIERRE,) an admiral, of French extraction,
born in Canada in 1752. In 1795 he maintained a
prolonged fight with a superior English fleet under
Hotham, and was soon after made vice-admiral. Died
in 1820.
Martin, (ROBERT MONTGOMERY,) an English writer,
born in Tyrone county, Ireland, about 1803. He published,
besides other works, "The Colonies of the British Em-
pire," (1834-38,) and "The Indian Empire: its History,
Topography," etc., (1858-61.) Died in 1870.
Martin, [LaL MARTI'NUS,] SAINT, an eminent eccle-
siastic of the fourth century, was a native of Pannonia.
He was converted to Christianity at an early age, and
was made Bishop of Tours about 360 A. D. He founded
the abbey of Marmoutier, near the river Loire, and he
also established a monastery at Liguge\ near Poitiers,
said to be the oldest institution of the kind in France.
Died about 396.
See GERVAISE, "Vie de Saint-Martin," 1699; MRS. JAMESON,
" Sacred and Legendary Art ;" A. DUPUY, " Histoire de Saint
Martin," 1852.
Martin, SAINT, born in Hungary, became Archbishop
of Braga, in Portugal, and founded a number of monas-
teries in Galicia. He was the author of several theo-
logical works, in Latin. Died in 580 A.D.
Martin, (SARAH,) an English philanthropist, born near
Yarmouth in 1791, was distinguished for her labours in
the cause of prison-reform. Died in 1843.
Martin, (THEODORE,) a British writer, born in Edin-
burgh in 1816. He became a resident of London about
1846. In conjunction with Professor Aytoun, he pro-
duced a version of Goethe's poems and ballads, (1858,)
and a book of humorous verse entitled "The Bon Gaul-
tier Ballads." He also translated various works of Hor-
ace, Heine, Oehlenschlager, Hendrik Hertz, Catullus,
etc., and wrote a " Life of the Prince Consort," and a
" Life of Lord Lyndhurst," (1884.) In 1875 he was made
an LL.D. of Edinburgh, and in iSSo he was knighted.
Martin, (THOMAS,) an English antiquary, born in
Suffolk in 1697. He was the author of a " History of
Thetford," published after his death by Gough, (1779,)
and was a contributor to Le Neve's " Monumenta Angli-
cana." Died in 1771.
Martin, (THOMAS HENRI,) a French philosopher,
born at Bellesme, in Orne, in 1813. His "Studies on
the Timasus of Plato" (2 vols., 1841) obtained a prize of
the French Academy. He also published a "History
of the Physical Sciences in Antiquity," (2 vols., 1849.)
Died at Rennes in 1884.
Martin, (VICTORIA CLAFLIN WOODHULL,) an
American reformer, born at Homer, Ohio, in 1838.
She married twice, her last husband being John R.
Martin, of Overbury Court, England. Her career
was a varied one, she being successively a banker in
New York, an editor, a lecturer on woman suffrage
and other reform movements, candidate of the Equal
Rights party for President of the United States, and
editor of the " Humanitarian Magazine," London.
She has lectured widely and published a number of
books on her views.
Martin, de, deh miR'taN', (JACQUES,) a French writer,
born in the diocese of Mirepoix in 1684. He published,
among other works, a " History of the Gauls and of
their Conquests," etc., and " The Religion of the Gauls."
Died in 1751.
Mar'tin-dale, (JOHN HENRY,) an American general
born at Sandy Hill, New York, about 1815, graduates
at West Point in 1835. He was a lawyer before the
civil war. He commanded a brigade at the battles of
Gaines's Mill, June 27, and Malvern Hill, July t, 1862.
He commanded a division of General Grant's army in
the summer of 1864. In November, 1866, he was elected
attorney-general of New York. Died Dec. 13, 1881.
Mar'tine, (GEORGE,) a Scottish physician, born in
1702, accompanied Lord Cathcart to America, where
he died in 1743. He published "Commentaries on the
Anatomical Tables of Eustachius," (in Latin,) and other
works.
Martineau, mar'te-no, (HARRIET,) an English mil-
a, e, i, o, u, y, long; 4, 6, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; m£t; not; good; moon :
MAR TINE A U
1669
MARTINI
cellaneous writer, born at Norwich in 1802, was de-
scended from a French Huguenot family. Being left in
limited circumstances on the death of her father, she
devoted herself to literature as a means of support, and
published, in 1823, " Devotional Exercises for the Use
of Young People," which was succeeded by a number
of popular tales, among which we may name " Christmas
Day," "The Rioters," (1826,) "Mary Campbell," (1827,)
"The Turn-Out," and "My Servant Rachel," (1828.)
Her "Traditions of Palestine" came out in 1831, and
were soon followed by a series of tales illustrating po-
litical economy, which were received with great favour
and were translated into French and German. In 1835
she visited the United States, where she spent about
1840 th
Her health becoming impaired about this time, she was
obliged to suspend her literary labours. After her re-
covery she published, besides other works, " Life in a
Sick-Room," (1845,) and " Forest and Game Law Tales,"
(1845.) Among her later publications are a " History
of England during the Thirty Years' Peace," (2 volf.,
1850,) " Letters between Miss Martineau and Mr. H. G.
Atkinson," etc., (1857,) and "Biographical Sketches,"
(London, 1869.) She was also a contributor to the" West-
minster Review" and other literary journals. Died June
27, 1876. Her Autobiography was published posthu-
mously in the fall of the same year, having been written
principally in the early part of 1855-
Martineau, (JAMES,) a Unitarian divine, brother of
the preceding, was born at Norwich, in England, about
1805. He became professor of moral and metaphysical
philosophy in Manchester New College, London, in 1853,
and in 1858 associate pastor of the Unitarian Chapel in
Little Portland Street. Among his principal works are
"Rationale of Religious Inquiry," (1839,) "Endeavours
after the Christian Life," (1843,) and " Studies of Chris-
tianity," (1858.) Mr. Martineau occupied a promi-
nent position both as theologian and philosopher,
being the representative on the one hand of Unita-
rianism as opposed to Trinitarian orthodoxy, and on
the other of Theism and Spiritualism as opposed to
the materialistic tendencies of the age. His latest
works were "The Seat of Authority in Religion,"
(1890,) and "Studies, Reviews, and Addresses,"
(1891.) Died January 12, 1900.
Martinelli, maR-te-nel'lee, (DOMENICO,) an Italian
architect and painter, born at Lucca in 1650. Among
his best works is the palace of Prince Lichtenstein at
Vienna. Died in 1718.
Martinelli (TOMMASO,) an Italian cardinal, born at
Lucca, February 3, 1827. In 1873 he was created a
cardinal-priest and made prefect of the Congregation
of the Index. Died March 30, 1888.
Martinengo, maR-te-nen'go, (GlROLAMO SILVIO,)
COUNT, an Italian poet, born at Venice in 1753, pub-
lished a translation of Milton's "Paradise Lost" ("II
Paradise Perduto") into Italian verse. Died in 1834.
Martinengo, (Trro PROSPERO,) a learned Italian
ecclesiastic, born at Brescia, published a number o;
devotional poems, in Latin and Greek. Died in 1595.
Martinengo-Coleoni, maR-te-nen'go ko-IA-o'nee,
(GIOVANNI ETTORE,) an Italian officer and diplomatist,
born at Brescia in 175.'., entered the French service.
Died about 1830.
Martinet, miR'te'ni', a French officer, who lived
about 1660-80 and introduced great improvements into
military tactics and the organization of the army.
Martinet, maVte'n^', JAN FLORENS,) a Dutch divine
and writer, born about 1735, was pastor of the Men-
nonite church at Zutphen. Died in 1796.
Martinet, (Louis ACHILLE,) a French engraver, born
in Paris in 1806, gained the grand prize in 1830. He
engraved several works of Raphael and other old
masters. Died December 9, 1877.
Martinez, mar-tee'ne'th, ( DOMINGO, ) a Spanish
painter, born at Seville in 1690 ; died in 1750.
Martinez, (GREGORIO,) a Spanish landscape-painter.
born at Valladolid, worked at Madrid. Among his best
works is a " Holy Family with Saint Francis d'Assisi."
Died about 1610.
Martinez, (]ost,) a Spanish painter, born at Sara-
gossa in 1612, became painter to King Philip IV. Died
in 1682.
Martinez, (SEBASTIAN,) a Spanish painter, born at
Jaen in 1602. On the death of Velasquez he became
first painter to King Philip IV. Among his master-
pieces are a " Nativity" and a 'Taint Jerome." Died
in 1667.
Martinez, (ToMAS,) a Spanish painter, was a native
of Seville. He imitated successfully the style of Mu-
rillo. His " Mater Dolorosa" is esteemed a master-
piece. Died in 1734.
Martinez del Barranco, n_aR-tee'neth del blr-rin'-
ko, (BERNARDO,) a Spanish painter, born at Cuesta in
1738; died in 1791.
Martinez de la Plaza, maR-tee'neth da 11 pli'thj,
(Luis,) a Spanish poet, born at Antequera in 1585 ; died
in 1635.
Martinez de la Rosa, rr.s.R-tee'ne'th da 11 ro'sS,
(FRANCISCO,) a celebrated Spanish poet, orator, and
statesman, born at Granada in 1789. On the breaking
out of the war of 1808, he ably defended the cause of
the patriots both by his tongue and pen. About 1811
he was sent on a mission to London, where he published
his first poem, entitled " Zaragoza." After his return to
Spain he wrote his tragedy "The Widow of Padilla,"
(" La Viuda de Padilla,") and the comedy of " The
Consequences of Holding Office," (" Lo que puede un
Empleo,") which were brought out on the stage at Cadiz
while that city was besieged by the French, and were
received with enthusiasm. In 1812 he was chosen a
deputy to the Cortes. On the restoration of Ferdinand,
in 1814, he was imprisoned six years in the fortress of
Gomera, on the African coast. In 1821 he obtained an
office in the ministry ; but, being accused of want of zeal
by the Liberal party, he retired to Paris. Having re-
turned to Spain, he became prime minister in 1834, and
drew up the " Estatuto Real," granting a new constitu-
tion. He was obliged to resign his post in 1836, and
resided for a time in Paris and London. In 1851 he
was chosen president of the Chamber of Peers. Among
his most popular productions are the dramas entitled
"The Conspiracy of Venice" and "CEdipus," "The
Girl at Home and the Moth-r at the Masquerade," a
comedy, and "El Arte poetica," a didactic poem. He
also published a historical work, called " El Espiritu del
Siglo," ("The Spirit of the Age,") in 10 vols., and the
romance of "Isabel de Solis." Martinez held the post
of perpetual secretary at the Spanish Academy. Died
in February, 1862.
Lo:
d
Martini, maR-tee'nee, (ANTONIO,) an Italian prelate,
born at Prato in 1720, was created Archbishop of Flor
ence in 1781. He published an Italian translation of the
Old and New Testaments, and several original works.
Died in 1809.
Martini, maR-tee'nee, (CORNELIS,) a Belgian writer
on logic and metaphysics, born at Antwerp about 1567;
died in 1621.
Martini, maR-tee'nee, (FERDINAND HEINRICH WIL-
HELM,) a German naturalist, born in the duchy of Gotha
in 17^9. Among his works are the first three volumes
of a "Systematic Cabinet of Shells," ("Conchylien-
Cabinet," 10 vols., 1768-88.) Died in 1778.
Martini, (GEORG HEINRICH,) a German archaeologist,
born in Misnia in 1722. He wrote on Greek and Roman
antiquities. Died in 1794.
Martini, (GIAMBATTISTA,) an eminent Italian musi-
cian and composer, sometimes called PADRE MARTINI,
born at Bologna in 1706. His compositions are chiefly
of a religious character, and possess great merit ; but his
reputation rests principally on his "History of Music"
(3 vols., 1757-81) and "Essay on Counterpoint," (1775.)
He has been styled "the most profound harmonist, and
the best acquainted with the art and science of music, in
Italy." Died in 1784.
«as k; casi; Qhard; gas/;G, H, K.futtural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in Mir.
xplanations, p. 23.)
MARTINI
1670
MARTYN
Martini, (GIUSEPPE,) an Italian musician, a native j
of Milan, visited England, where he was patronized by j
Frederick, Prince of Wales. He was an excellent per- '
former on the hautboy, and composed a number of con-
certos and sonatas, which are greatly admired. Died
in 1750.
Martini, (JEAN PAUI.EGIDIUS,) often called MARTINI
IL TEDESCO, ("the German,") a German musician and
composer, whose original name was SCHWARTZENDORF,
born at Freistadt in 1741. In 1767 he went to Paris,
where he was patronized by the Duke of Choiseul and
the Prince of Conde. He brought out in 1771 his opera
of " The Lover of Fifteen," (" L'Amoureux de quinze
Ans,") which had a brilliant success ; it was followed
by " Henri IV," " Sapho," " Annette et Lubin," and
other works of the kind, which had great popularity.
Martini was also distinguished for his improvements in
military music. Died in Paris in 1816.
See Fins, "Biographic Universellc des Muskiens;" "Nouvel]*
Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Martini, (MARTINO,) a Jesuit missionary, born at
Trent in 1614, visited China, and published after his
return a " History of the Tartar War in China," (" De
Bello Tartarico in Sinis,") which was translated into
the principal European languages ; also an excellent
map of China, ("Atlas Sinensis,") and a "History of
China previous to the Christian Era," (in Latin.) Died
in 1661.
Martini, (MATTHIAS,) a German philologist, born
in Waldeck in 1572, published a good "lexicon Philo-
logicum" (1623) of the Latin language. Died in 1630.
Martini, (ViNCENZO,) a celebrated Spanish composer,
born at Valencia in 1754. He visited Italy and Germany,
where his operas were received with great favour, and in
1788 took up his residence at Saint Petersburg. He was
appointed director of the Italian Opera in that city by the
emperor Paul I. Among his best works we may name
" Ipermnestra," " L'accorta Cameriera," ("The Prudent
Chambermaid,") and " La Cosa rara," from which Mo-
rart borrowed a portion of his "Don Giovanni." Diei'
in 1810.
See F^TIS, '' Biographic Universelle des Musiciens."
Martini, di, de mar-tee'nee, or Martino, mar-tee'no,
an Italian painter, sometimes called SIMONE DI MEM-
MI, and SIMON OF SIENNA, was born in Sienna about
1280. He was a pupil of Giotto, and a friend of Petrarch,
for whom he painted a portrait of Laura. Among his
master-pieces are the frescos in the church of Santa
Maria Novella at Florence. Petrarch dedicated two
sonnets to Martini, who was esteemed one of the greatest
painters of his time. Died in 1344.
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters," etc.
Martiniere, de la, deh IS m9R'te'ne-aiR', (ANTOINE
AUGUSTIN Bruzen — bRii'zoN',) a French writer, born
3t Dieppe about 1680, was appointed first geographer
to Philip V., King of Spain. His works are numerous
and valuable. Among the most important we may name
" The Historical, Geographical, and Critical Dictionary,"
(10 vols., 1726,) and a "Life of Moliere." Died at the
Hague about 1748.
See " Biographic Universelle."
Martiniere.de la, (PIERRE MARTIN,) a French phy-
sician and traveller, born at Rouen, accompanied the
expedition sent by the King of Denmark to the Arctic
regions in 1653, and published, after his return, his " New
Voyage to the North," etc., (1671.)
Martino. See MARTINI, (DI.)
Martinet, mSR'te'no', (HENRI,) a French mecha-
nician, born in Paris in 1646, was patronized by Louis
XTV., who employed him to make the clocks for Ver-
sailles and the Trianon. Died in 1725.
Martins, mtu'taN', (CHARLES KR^D^RIC,) a French
botanist, born in Paris in 1806, became professor of
botany at Montpellier in 1847. He published several
scientific works, among which we may name his treatise
"On Vegetable Teratology," and "Botanical Journey in
Norway, ' (1841.) Died March 7, 1X0}.
Martinus. See MARTENS and MARTI.
Mar-ti'nus Po-lo'nua or Bo-he'mua, a Polish
chronicler and ecclesiastic, born at Troppau, in Silesia.
He became chaplain and confessor to Pope Clement IV.
and several of l.is successors, and was appointed in 1278
Archbishop of Gnesen. He wrote a valuable work,
entitled "Chronicon de Summis Pontificibus," ("Chron-
icle of the Popes.") Diert in 1278.
See NICBRON, " Me'moires."
Martirano, maR-te-rl'no, (CoRiOLAN",) an Italian
littfrateur, born at Cosenza, was Bishop of San Marco,
in Calabria. He wrote a number of dramas. Died in
'557-
Martire, (PIETRO.) See PETER MARTYR.
Martius, von, fon maRt'se-us, (KARL FRIEDRICH
PHILIPP,) an eminent German botanist, born at Krlangen
in 1794. He studied medicine in his native city, and in
1817 joined the scientific expedition sent by the Austrian
and Bavarian governments to Brszil. After his return
he published, in 1824, his " Brazilian Travels," a work
very attractive in its style, and full of valuable infor-
mation concerning the natural history of that country.
In 1832 he brought out his "Nova Genera et Species
Plantarum," (3 vols., with coloured plates,) and in 1845
his superb "Genera et Species Palmarum," being a
complete description of the palms, (3 vols., with 219
coloured plates.) Besides the above, we may name the
"Flora Brasiliensis," and "The Plants and Animals of
Tropical America," (1831.) Von Martius was appointed
director of the botanic garden at Munich, and chosen
a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and other
institutions of the kind. Died in December, 1868.
See the " Foreign Quarterly Review" for February, 1830.
Martorelli, maR-to-rel'lee, (GlACOMO,) an Italian
antiquary, born at Naples in 1699. He published a treat-
ise "On the Ancient Colonies of Naples," and other
works. Died in 1777.
Martos, mar'tos, (!VAN PETROVITCH,) a Russian
sculptor, born in Little Russia about 1760. Among his
best works are the mausoleum of the emperor Alexander
at Taganrog, the colossal group in bronze of the patriots
Minin and Pozharsky at Moscow, and the monument of
Potemkin at Cherson, also the bas-relief on the monu-
ment of the grand duchess Helena Paulovna. Martos
was director of the Academy of Fine Arts at Saint Peters-
burg. Died in 1835.
See NAGLHR, "Neues A'.!gemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon."
Mar'ty, (.MARVIN,) D.D., a bishop, born at Schwyz,
Switzerland, January 12, 1834. He was educated at
Schwyz, Friburg, and Einsiedeln, became a Benedictine
monk in 1855, and a professor in the College of Einsie-
deln, removed to Indiana in 1860, and was Abbot of Saint
Meinrad, Indiana, 1870-79. In 1880 he was consecrated
Bishop of Tiberias and made Vicar- Apostolic of Dakota,
where his chief work has been among the Indians. He
is author of a " History of the Benedictine Order," in
German. Died September 19, 1896.
Mar'tjfn, (HENRY,) an able English h-vyer and ex-
cellent scholar, known as a contributor to the " Specta-
tor." His name appears in No. 555 of the "Spectator"
at the head of a list of contributors given by Steele, who
says, " He can hardly be mentioned in a list wherein he
would not deserve the precedence." He was appointed
inspector-general of imports and exports, to reward him
for the service he rendered the government by the
publication of "The British Merchant, or Commerce
Preserved," (about 1713.) Died in 1721.
Martyn, (HENRY,) an eminent English missionary
and Orientalist, born at Truro, in Cornwall, in 1781. He
studied at Saint John's College, Cambridge, where he
distinguished himself by his attainments in the classics,
and was chosen a Fellow of the college in 1802. Having
become acquainted with the Rev. Charles Simeon about
this time, and experienced deep religious convictions, he
embarked in 1805 as a missionary for India. He made
rapid progress in acquiring the language of the country
and was soon able to translate the New Testament into
Hindostanee, and subsequently into Persian. He also
made a Persian translation of the Psalms. His health
at length gave way under his devoted labours, and he
died at Tokat, in Asia Minor, while on his way to Eng-
land, in 1812.
See REV. J. SARGENT, " Memoir of the Rev. Henry Martyn,"
182: ; J. W. KAYE, " Lives of Indian Officers," 1867 ; "Quarterly
Review" for July, i^ji
e, i, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, ?, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, lit; m£t; not; good; moon;
MARTYN
1671
MARY
Martyn, (JoHN,) an English physician and botanist,
born in London in 1699. He was elected to the Royal
Society in 1727, and in 1733 became professor of botany
at Cambridge. His " History of Rare Plants," (in Latin,
1728,) illustrated by Van Huysum, was the best work
of the kind then published, and was translated into
German. Martyn also made an excellent translation
of Virgil's "Bucolics" and "Georgics," and was a con-
tributor to the "Grub Street Journal." The genus
Martynia was named in his honour. Died in 1768.
See GORHAM, "Memoirs of John and Thomas Martyn," 1830.
CUVIER. " Histeire des Sciences naturelles."
Martyn, (THOMAS,) son of the preceding, was born at
Chelsea in 1735. He succeeded his father as professor
of botany at Cambridge in 1761. He wrote several bo-
tanical works and miscellaneous treatises. Died in 1825.
KFartyn, (WILLIAM,) an English writer, born at
Exeter in 1 562. was the author of the " History and Lives
of the Kings of England from William the Conqueror
•o the End of the Reign of Henry VIII." Died in 1617.
Martyr. See JUSTIN MARTYR.
Martyr, (PETER.) See PETER MARTYR.
Martyr, (PETER.) See ANGHIERA.
Marucelli, mj-roo-chel'lee, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian
scholar and philanthropist, born at Florence in 1625,
was a liberal patron of learned men. Died in 1713-
Marucelli, (GIOVANNI STEFANO,) an Italian painter
and architect, born at Umbria in 1586 ; died in 1646.
Marnllo, ml-rool'lo, (MicHELE Tarcagnota — tan-
kan-yn'tj,) [Lat. MARUL'LUSTARCHANIO'TES,] a modern
Greek scholar and poet, born at Constantinople. He
was the author of numerous Latin hymns and epigrams
of great elegance. Died in 1500.
See GINGUBNK, " Histoire de la Litte'rature Italienne."
Marullus. See MARULLO.
Ma-rul'lus, (MARCUS,) a Latin satiric poet in the time
of Marcus Aurelius. His style is commended by Saint
Jerome. There is only a fragment of his works extant.
Marum or Marwm, van, vtn mi'room, (MARTiNO
a 1 'utch electrician and natural philosopher, born at Delft,
March 20, 1750. He was educated at Groningen, and
became a physician, and professor of physics at Haarlem.
Among his works are " Dissertatio de Motu Fluidorum
in Plantis," (1773,) and a noted " Treatise on Electricity,"
(1776.) Died December 26, 1837.
Marut [Hindoo pron. mur'oot] or Marut, m^'root,
a Sanscrit word, signifying " wind," and applied in the
Hindoo mythology to the genii (or gods) presiding over
the winds. In the Vedas the Maruts are often ad-
dressed as the attendants and allies of Indra, and are
called the sons of Prisni, (or Pri9ni,) or the Earth ; they
are also called Rudras, or the sons of Rudra, (rood'ra.)
See the Introductions to the several volumes of PROFESSOR WIL-
SON'S translation of the " Rig- Veda ;" MOOR, " Hindu Pantheon."
Ma-ru'tha or Maroutha, ma-roo'tha, SAINT, a Syrian
prelate, became Bishop of Marryropolis. He was a
friend of Saint Chrysostom, and wrote a " History of
the Council of Nice," and other works. Died about 420.
Mar'vell, (ANDREW,) an eminent English patriot and
satirical writer, born at Kingston-upon-Hull in 1620.
Having travelled through France, Spain, Italy, and Hol-
land, where he acquired the languages of those countries,
he was, after his return to England, appointed assistant
to Milton, then Latin secretary to Cromwell, (1657.) He
was first elected to Parliament in 1660, and in this office
gave such entire satisfaction to his constituents that he
continued to represent them till his death. Marvell's
wit and distinguished abilities rendered him formidable
to the corrupt administration of Charles II., and attempts
were made to win him over by the offer of a large sum
of money, which he promptly refused, thus proving his
integrity to be equal to his talents. As a writer he is
chiefly known by his " Rehearsal Transposed," written
in answer to Dr. Parker, afterwards Bishop of Oxford, a
fanatical defender of absolute power. Died in 1678.
See the "Life of Andrew Marvel!," by JOHN DOVE: HARTLEY
COLERIDGE, "Lives of Distinguished Northerns;" CAMPBELL,
"Specimens of the British Poets;" DISRAELI, "pnarreh of Au-
thors ;" "Retrospective Review," vols. x. and xi., (1824, 1825-)
"Edinburgh Review" for January, 1844: "Westminster Review"
for January, 1833.
Marville, de, (VIGNEUL.) See ARGONNE, D'.
Mar'vjn, (ENOCH M.,) D.D., an American Methodist
bishop, born in Warren county, Missouri, June 12, 1823.
He entered the ministry in 1841, and was chosen a
bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church South in
1866. He published " Transubstantiation," "Christ's
Atonement," " Life of W. G. Capels," and " To the East
by Way of the West." Died November 26, 1877
Marwaii. See MERwAN.
Marx, maRks, (ADOLPH BERNHARD,) a German com-
poser and writer on music, born at Halle in 1799, becamt
professor of music in the University of Berlin in 1830.
Among his works are "The Theory of Musical Compo-
sition," (1837,) and " General Theory of Music," (" Allge-
neine Musiklehre," 1839.) Died at Berlin, May 17, 1866.
Marx, (KARL,) a German socialist and agitator, bora
at Treves in 1818. Educated at Bonn and Berlin, he
became an editor at Cologne in 1842, but in 1843 was
•Tpelled from Germany. He retired to Paris and en-
gaged in literary work, but in 1846 was sent out of the
country. In 1848 he was driven out of Belgium. He,
however, was actively engaged in the German revolu-
tionary movements of 1848-49, when he was again ban-
ished. From that time he lived mostly in London, where
he became one of the leading spirits of the International
Association. Among his works are " Misere de la Phi-
losophic," (1847,) "Zur Kritik der politischen Oekono-
mie," (1859,) "Das Kapital," (1859,) etc. Died March
16, 1883.
Ma'ry, daughter of Henry VII. of England, was born
in 1497. She became in 1514 the third wife of Louis
XII. of France, who died in the following year. A few
months after she was married to Charles Brandon, Duke
of Suffolk. She left one daughter, named Frances, who
was the mother of Lady Jane Grey. Died in 1534.
Mary, commonly called BLOODY QUEEN MARY, on
account of her cruel persecution of the Protestants,
daughter of Henry VIII. by his first wife, Catherine
of Aragon, was born at Greenwich in 1516. During her
childhood several negotiations were entered into for her
marriage, none of which, however, were carried into
effect. After the divorce of Catherine, the title of
Princess of Wales was transferred from Mary to the
princess Elizabeth. In 1536, on the execution of Queen
Anne, Mary was induced to acknowledge Henry's eccle-
siastical supremacy and the nullity of his marriage with
her mother. Having, by her outward compliance with
her father's whims, in some degree gained his favour,
the inheritance was secured to her, after her brother
Edward and his heirs, in the act of succession of 1544.
When Edward succeeded to the throne, Mary resisted all
his entreaties, and those of his ministers, to change her
religious views, upon which, by the advice of Northum-
berland, he made over the crown to Lady Jane Grey.
(See GREY, Lady JANE.) Mary's first act when estab-
lished on the throne was to restore to their sees Bonner,
Gardiner, and other bishops who had been deposed during
the late reign ; and shortly afterwards Cranmer and Lati-
mer were committed to the Tower. These measures gave
rise to an insurrection of the Protestants, headed by Sir
Thomas Wyatt, in 1554, which, being soon quelled, was
followed by the execution of Lady Jane Grey, her hus-
band and father, and of Wyatt himself. In July, 1554,
Mary was married to the son of Charles V., afterwards
Philip II. of Spain. In the November following, Par-
liament passed acts restoring the authority of the pope
and reviving the former statutes against heresy. From
this time began a fierce persecution of the Protestants,
and it is estimated that two hundred and eighty victims
died at the stake between the years 1555 and 1558.
Among the most eminent of these martyrs were Bishops
Latimer of Worcester and Ridley of London, and Cran-
mer, Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1557 Mary was
induced to assist Philip in his war against France, and
the united forces of England and Spain obtained a victory
over the French at Saint-Quentin. But the following
year Calais was taken by tbe Duke of Guise. This
was a severe blow to Mary, and probably hastened her
death, which took place in November, 1558. She wa°
succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth.
Without defending the cruelties with which Mary's
reign has been reproached, the candid historian will find
,• 9as.f; gharJ; gas ;'; G, H, Yi, guttural ; N, nasal; Rttrilled; sass; thasinMu. (J^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
MARY
1672
MARY
many palliations for her conduct in the spirit of that age,
which favoured persecution, in the injustice with which
she had been treated by her father, and in the state of
her health during that part of her reign when the per-
secutions were at their height, which made it impossible
for her to know the true state of affairs. Froude, who
will hardly be suspected of any bias in her favour, says,
" To the time of her accession she had lived a blameless
and, in many respects, a noble life ; and few men or
women have lived less capable of doing knowingly a
wrong thing." He adds that her trials and disappoint-
ments, "it can hardly be doubted, affected her sanity."
And he ends with laying the chief blame of the persecu-
tions of her reign first on Gardiner, and secondly, and
more especially, on Cardinal Pole.
See FROUDH, "History of England," vol. v. chap, xxviii., and
ehe whole of vol. vi. : STRICKLAND, "Queens of England;" also,
HUMB'S and LINGARD'S " History of England."
Mary IL, Queen of England, the eldest daughter of
fames II. by Anne Hyde, his first wife. She was born in
London, April 30, 1662, was bred a Protestant, and in
1677 married her cousin, the Prince of Orange, with
whom as William III. she reigned conjointly as sover-
eign of Great Britain, being proclaimed February 13,
1689. Died of smallpox, December 28, 1694, (O.S.)
Mary, [Gr. ttapia ; Lat. MARI'A; Fr. MARIE, mitre';
It, MARIA, ma-ree'i,] SAINT, a Hebrew woman, cele-
brated as the mother of the Lord Jesus Christ, and styled
by the Roman Catholics the Blessed Virgin Mary,
(Beata Virgo Maria,) also the Mother of God and Queen
of Heaven.
See Matthew i. : Luke i. ; John i. and xix. 25; DUVHRGIER ca
HAURANNE, " Vie de la sainte Vierge," 1664; F. W. GHNTHH, " pie
Jungfrau Maria," etc., i8j»: CARLO MASSINI, "Vitadella santissima
Vergine Maria," 1830: ORSINI, "La Vierge: Histoire de la Mere
de Dieu," etc., 1837.
Mary of Burgundy, [ Fr. MARIE DE BOUR(;OGNE,
miTre' deh booR'gofi',] daughter of Charles the Bold
and Isabella de Bourbon, was born at Brussels in 1457.
On the death of her father, in 1477, she became heiress
of Burgundy, and was married the same year to the
archduke Maximilian, son of the Emperor of Germany.
She died in 1482, in consequence of a fall from her horse.
She left two children, Philip, the father of Charles V.,
and Margaret, Duchess of Savoy.
See BARANTB, " Histoire des Dues de Bourgogne ;" GAILLARD,
"Histoire de Marie de BouTEOgne;" MUNCH, Marie von Bur-
gund," 1832.
Mary of Guise, (gweez,) [Fr. MARIE DE GUISE,
mi're' deh gu-ez',1 or Mary of Lorraine, [Fr. MARIE
DE LORRAINE, mS re' deh lo'r&n',] a daughter of Claude,
Duke of Guise, born in 1515, was married in 1534 to
Louis d'Orldans, Duke of Longueville, who died the
following year. In 1538 she was married to James V.
of Scotland, and after his death became, for a short time,
regent of the kingdom. She is described by the histo-
rian De Thou as naturally inclined to justice and tolera-
tion, but she was influenced by the court of France and
her brothers, the Duke and Cardinal of Guise. She
died in 1560, leaving a daughter Mary, afterwards the
celebrated Queen of Scots.
See BURTON, " History of Scotland," vol. iv. chaps, juccvii. and
rrjcviii. : DK THOU, " Historia sui Temporis ;" ROBERTSON, " His-
tory of Scotland ;" FROUDE, " History of England."
Mary Magdalene. See MAGDALENE.
Mary de' Medici See MARIE DE MBDICIS.
Mary Stu'art, Queen of Scots, born at Linlithgow
about the 7th ol December, 1542, was the only surviving
child of James V. and Mary of Guise, (or Lorraine,) who
was a daughter of the French Duke of Guise. James
V. died a few days after the birth of Mary, who was
crowned in September, 1 543, by Cardinal Beatoun. This
ambitious and unscrupulous prelate, who was the head
of the Roman Catholic party, usurped the office of re-
gent. A treaty having been negotiated for the marriage
of Mary with the Dauphin of France, she was sent to
France in the summer of 1548 to complete her education.
Before the year just mentioned, Scotland had been in-
volved in a war against Henry VIII. of England, who
wished to obtain the hand of Mary for his son and thus
unite the two countries under one crown.
Educated at the polite and voluptuous court of Paris,
Mary excelled in various accomplishments, and at an
early age became mistress of the Latin, French, and Ital-
ian languages. About the age of fourteen she composed
and pronounced before Henry II. a Latin oration, in
which she maintained that it is becoming for women to
learn literature and liberal arts. Her rare and radiant
personal beauty, her intellectual graces, and her fasci-
nating manners rendered her a general favourite and the
chief ornament of the French court. " Graceful alike in
person and intellect," says Froude, " she possessed that
peculiar beauty in which the form is lost in the expres-
sion, and which every painter, therefore, has represented
differently. Rarely, perhaps, has any woman combined
so many noticeable qualities as Mary Stuart : with a
feminine insight into men and things and human life,
she had cultivated herself to that high perfection in
which accomplishments were no longer adventitious
ornaments, but were wrought into her organic constitu-
tion. . . . She had vigour, energy, tenacity of purpose,
with perfect and never-failing self-possession, and, as the
one indispensable foundation for the effective use of all
other qualities, she had indomitable courage." (" History
of England," vol. vii. chap, iv.)
In April, 1558, she was married to the dauphin, who
on the death of his father, Henry II., ascended the
throne of France, as Francis II., in 1559. On the death
of the English queen Mary, Francis and Mary assumed
the titles of King and Queen of England, refusing to
recognize the right of Elizabeth to the throne. The
brilliant prospects of Mary were suddenly clouded by
the death of Francis, who died, without issue, in De-
cember, 1560. One great obstacle to her prosperity
was her zealous attachment to the Roman Catholic re-
ligion, which was rejected or abhorred by a majority of
her subjects. The Scottish Estates sent Lord James
Stuart, Mary's half-brother, to invite her to Scotland
and to offer her the free exercise of her religion. Having
resolved to return to her native land, she requested
permission to pass through England on her way thither ;
but Elizabeth would not grant this favour to a rival
claimant of her crown. Mary was thus reduced to the
alternative of a voyage by sea, with the risk of being
captured by the English fleet. She embarked in August,
1561, and parted with regret from la telle France, at
which, with eyes bathed in tears, she continued to gaze
until it was hidden by the darkness. After a passage of
four days, she arrived safely at Leith, and chose for her
chief advisers Lord James Stuart and William Maitland,
of Lethington, both Protestants. She made friends even
among the Protestants, but failed to propitiate John
Knox, with whom she had an interview. According to
Randolph, he made her weep on this occasion.
Soon after her arrival in Scotland, Mary sent Secretary
Maitland to London as ambassador. He made overturej
of peace and friendship, requiring, however, as an indis-
pensable condition, that Elizabeth and the English Par-
liament should recognize Mary as her successor in case
the former should die without issue. On this condition
Mary promised she would not claim the English crown
during the life of Elizabeth. " Elizabeth," says Froude,
"refused positively to name Mary Stuart her successor,
knowing that she would be signing her own death-
warrant." These words suggest the probable assassina-
tion of Elizabeth by the partisans of her rival. Mary
attempted to open the chapel royal for public Catholic
service, but the Protestant mob drove away the priest
with a broken head, and the queen made concession to
the popular will by ordering that the service should be
performed privately. In 1562 Mary wrote a letter to
Elizabeth, and expressed a great desire to have an inter-
view with her. Several courteously-worded letters were
exchanged by them, and their correspondence grew more
and more cordial ; but a serious difference arose on the
choice of a husband for Mary. Elizabeth objected to
her proposed marriage with Don Carlos of Spain, anrf
suggested Lord Robert Dudley, her own favourite ; but
Mary preferred her cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley,
(a son of the Earl of Lennox,) whom she married on
the 2gth of July, 1565. By this act she provoked the
violent hostility of the English queen, and estranged
from her support her half-brother, James Stuart, Earl
of Murray, the ablest Scottish statesman of his time.
i, e, 1, 5, u, y, long; i, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, 5, 6, it, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fall, tat; met; not ; good; moon
MARY
1673
MASCA GNI
" Her gentle administration," says Robertson, " had
secured the hearts of her subjects, who were impatient
for her marriage and wished the crown to descend
in a right line from their ancient monarchs. She
herself was the most amiable woman of her age. . . .
No event in that age excited stronger political fears and
jealousies, none interested more deeply the passions
of several princes, than the marriage of the Scottish
queen." (" History of Scotland.") Mary made an un-
wise choice at last ; for the character of Darnley was at
once weak, capricious, and obstinate. She gave him
the title of king, by a stretch of her prerogative which,
according to Robertson, was a strong proof of the vio-
lence of her love or the weakness of her counsels. In-
stigated by Queen Elizabeth, the Scottish malcontents,
including the Earl of Murray, took arms against Mary
in August, 1565 ; but this revolt was quickly suppressed
by the queen, who rode on horseback at the head of her
army, and the leaders of the insurgents took refuge in
England. Elizabeth disclaimed all responsibility for their
conduct, and expressed her abhorrence of their treason.
In 1566 Mary Stuart joined the King of France, the
pope, and others, in a Catholic league for the extirpation
of heresy, and began to attempt the restoration of popery
in Scotland. "To this fatal resolution," says Robertson,
" may be imputed all the subsequent calamities of Mary's
life." She took into her confidence and favour David
Rizzio, (or Ritzio,) an Italian musician, who became her
French secretary and inseparable companion, even in
the council-room. " He had the control, ' says Froude,
"of all the business of the state." Mary soon repented
of her union with the insolent and dissolute Lord D.\rn-
ley, who treated her with rudeness and neglect and
became jealous of Rizzio, whom he resolved to remove
by violence. Rizzio was dragged from the queen's pres-
ence by the accomplices of Darnley, and killed, in March,
1566. This act was the result of a plot in which the
Earl of Morton, Ruthven, Maitland, and other Protestants
united for political reasons. Deserted and betrayed by
Darnley, they failed to recover power, and fled to Eng-
land. Although Mary deeply resented the conduct of her
husband, she plied him with caresses and gained him over
to her interest. About this time a new favourite acquired
an ascendant over her heart and began to influence her
counsels. This was James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell,
a man of some ability, but unscrupulous and reckless to
the last degree. In June, 1566, occurred an event which
apparently tended to confirm the power and promote
the interest of Queen Mary, — the birth of her son James. I
In January, 1567, Darnley was attacked with a severe
illness at Glasgow, where Mary visited him, and, having
employed her artifices to gain his confidence, persuaded
him to be removed to the vicinity of Edinburgh. He I
was lodged in a detached house at Kirk-a-Field, very
near the capital. Mary attended her husband assidu-
ously, and slept two nights in the house at Kirk-a-Field,
which she left on the gth of February at u P.M. About
three hours later the house was blown up by gunpowder,
and Darnley was found dead in the garden. Suspicion
fell on Bothwell as the chief perpetrator of this crirre,
and on Mary as an accessary. She outraged public sen-
timent so far that she not only screened Botl.well from a
fair trial, but married him in May, 1567. Robertson and
Froude agree in the opinion that Mary was responsible
for the death of Darnley.
Impelled byajustand burning indignation, the Scottish
lords and people, both Protestant and Catholic, rose in
arms against Mary and Bothwell, who, in June, 1567,
met them at Carberry Hill with a small army. The
troops of the queen, however, refused to fight, and she
was compelled to surrender herself to her ridversaries,
who confined her on a little island in Loch Leven. Queen
Elizabeth now interposed in favour of Mary, thinking
the treatment she received a dangerous example, and de-
manded her release, — without effect. The captive queen
abdicated in favour of her son, and the Earl of Murray
became icgent, (July, 1567.) Letters which Mary had
written to Bothwell were produced in the Scottish Par-
liament, by which she was declared to be accessory to
the murder of the king. By the aid of George Douglas,
a youth of eighteen, she escaped from prison in Ma/,
1568, and was quickly y ined by an army of six thousand
men, which Regent Murray routed at Langside on the
I3th of May. Mary fled to England, and rashly threw
herself on the generosity of her rival, who refused to
admit her into her presence because she was not yet
cleared from the charge of murder. Treated as a pris-
oner, Mary was confined at Bolton Castle, Coventry, and
Fotheringay. She had many adherents in England, who
made several attempts against the power and life of
Elizabeth. In 1586 she was accused of complicity in
Babington's conspiracy, for which she was tried by a
commission, and condemned without proof. She was be-
headed at Fotheringay Castle on the 8th of February, 1 587.
"All contemporary authors," says Robertson, "agree
in ascribing to Mary the utmost beauty of countenance
and elegance of shape of which the human form is ca-
pable. Her hair was black, her ejes were a dark gray,
her complexion was exquisitely fine, and her hands and
arms remarkably delicate both as to shape and colour.
Her stature was of a height that rose to the majestic,"
See BURTON, "History of Scotland:" FROUDK, "History of
of Scots," 1818 ; Miss BHNGER, " Life of Mary, Queen of Scots,"
1823 ; BELL, " Life of Mary Stuart," 1831 ; BUCKINGHAM, " Life of
Mary, Queen of Scots," 1844; Da MARSY, " Vie de Marie Stuart,"
•ols.
STRICKLAND, "Lives of the Queens of Scotland," 8 vols., 1854;
LABANOFP, " Recucil des Lettres de Marie Stuart," 7 vols., 1844.
Marzari - Fencati, maRd-zJ ree p?n-k;.'tee, ( GIU-
SEPPE,) COUNT, an Italian mineralogist, born at Vic'nza
in 1777, discovered in 1810 the mine of fossil coal at
Borgo di Valsugna. He invented an instrument for
measuring angles, called " Tachigonimetro." Died in
1836.
Mar'zl-als, (THEOPHILE,) an English song- writer, born
in Brussels, December 21, 1850. His father was a French
(Gascon) Protestant pastor, and his mother was English.
He was educated in Belgium, Switzerland, and England.
In 1870 he obtained employment in the British Museum.
He has published "The Gallery of Pigeons, and other
Poems," (1873,) and many song,, ballads, rondeaux, etc.
He has also composed music for many songs and ballads,
and is a successful vocalist.
Masaccio Guidi da San Giovanni, ma-sat'cho
goo-ee'dee di sin jo-van'nee, (To.MMASO,) an eminent
Italian painter of the Florentine school, born near
Florence in 1401 ranks first among the artists of the
second or middle age of modern painting. His works
were studied by Raphael, Michael Angelo, and Leonsvao
da Vinci. His figures are characterized by great anima-
tion and fidelity to nature and graceful arrangement of
the draperies. He also excelled in perspective, which
he learned under Brunelleschi. " Masaccio," says Fuseli,
" was a genius, and the head of an epoch in the art He
may be considered as the precursor of Raphael, who
imitated his principles and sometimes transcribed his
figures." Among his most admired works are the frescos
of San Flctro del Carmine at Florence, and the picture
of "Christ Curing the Demoniacs." Masaccio died in
1443, and is generally supposed to have been poisoned.
See VASARI. "Livesof thePa'nters,"etc. : MRS. JAMKSON,"MC-
moirs of Early Italian Painters."
Masaniello. ma-sa-ne-el'lo, or TOMMASO Aniello,
born at Amalf;, in Italy, in 1622, was the son of a fisher-
man, and in 1647 became leader of a revolt against the
Duke of Arcos, Spanish Viceroy of Naple- . At the head
of 50,000 insurgents, he compelled the duke to abolish
a tax which he had imposed, and also to give up the
charter of exemption granted to Naples by Charles V.
The intoxication produced by this sudden change of
fortune seems to have affected the reason of Masaniello
and, having by his conduct alienated his friends, he
was soon after assassinated by the adherents of the
viceroy.
See " History of the Rise and Fall of Masaniello," by FRANCIS
MIDON, London, i72o;A. GIRAFFO, " Rivoluzionidi Napoli," 1647 ;
MEISSNER, "Masaniello; historisches Bruchstuck," 1785; "Nou-
velle Biographic G<*ne>ale :" " Foreign Quarterly Review" for Au-
gust, 1829.
Mascagni, mSs-kan'yee, (DoNATO,) an Italian monk
€ as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
Explanati ins, p. 23.)
MASCAGNI
1674
MASINISSA
and painter, called FRA ARSENIO, born at Florence in
1579 ; died in 1636.
Mascagni, (i'AOLO,) an Italian anatomist, born near
Sienna in 1752. He became professor of anatomy in
the University of Sienna in 1774. He wrote an admi-
rable work entitled " History and Iconography of the
Lymphatic Vessels of the Human Body," an outline
of which had previously obtained the prize offered
by the Academy of Sciences in Paris. In 1801 he was
appointed professor of anatomy, chemistry, and physi-
ology at the hospital of Santa Maria Nuova at Florence.
Among his works is "Anatomia universa." Died in
1815.
SeeG. SARCHIANI, " Elogio del P. Mascagni," 1816: TIPALDO,
" Biosrana degli Italian* illustri ;" DESGENETTES, article in the Bio-
""
graphie Me"dicale."
Mascagni, (PiETRO,) an Italian composer, was
born at Leghorn in 1863. He achieved in 1890 a
brilliant success with his one-act opera "Cavalleria
Rusticana." Later operas were " L'Amico Fritz,"
" Nerone," " Zanetto," etc. He became director of
the Conservatorium at Pesaro in 1896.
Mascardi, mas-k.1:<'dee,(AGOSTlNO,)an Italian writer,
born at Sarzana in 1591. He was appointed by Pope
Urban VIII. professor of rhetoric in the College della
Sapienza at Rome, (1628.) He published, among other
works, " Five Treatises on the Art of Writing History."
Died in 1640.
See TlRABOSCHt. " Storia della Letteratura Italiana."
Mascaron, mls'kjf r6N', (JULES,) an eminent French
prelate and pulpit orator, born at Aix in 1634. He
acquired a high reputation by his funeral oration on
Anne of Austria, (1666,) and was soon after appointed
pre..cher-in-ordinary to Louis XIV. He was created
Bishop of Tul'e in 1671, and of Agen in 1679. He is
said to have converted many Calvinists in the latter dio-
cese to Catholicism. He died in 1703, leaving all his
property to the poor, to whom his virtues had greatly
endeared him. A volume of his " Funeral Orations
was published in 1704. That on Marshal Turenne is
eulogized by La Harpe as a master-piece.
Maach, mash, (ANDREAS GOTTLIEB,) a German
writer and theologian, born in Mecklenburg in 1724.
He published, besides other works, "Contributions
towards the History of Remarkable Books," (1769,) and
an excellent edition of Lelong's " Bibliotheca Sacra."
Died in 1807.
Mascheroni. nias-ki-ro'nee, (LORENZO,) an Italian
mathematician, born near Bergamo in 1750. He became
professor of Greek at Pavia, and subsequently of geom-
etry at Bergamo. On the invasion of Italy by the French,
he was elected a member of the legislative body in the
Cirrilpine Republic. He published " Researches on the
Equilibrium of Vaults," (1/85,) and other mathematical
treatises of a high character, also a curious work called
"The Geometry of the Compass," (1797.) and a number
of poems. Died in Paris in 1800.
Masclet, mls'klef, (FRANCOIS,) a French Orientalist,
born at Amiens in 1662. He published a "Hebrew
Grammar," ("Grammatica Hebraica,") in which he op-
poses the use of vowel-points. It is regarded as one of
the best works of the kind. Died in 1728.
See QUKRARD, " La France Litte'raire."
Mascov, mas'kof, (GOTTFRIED,) a German jurist,
born at Dantzic in 1698. He lectured at Gbttingen, and
published several works. Died in 1760.
Mascov, [Lat. MASCO'VIUS,] (JOHANN JACOB,)
German jurist and historian, born at Dantzic in 1689,
was a brother of the preceding. He became professor
of law at Leipsic in 1719, and was the author of
treatise " On the Origin and Progress of Public Law,"
and other legal works, in Latin. He also wrote a
" History of Germany to the Commencement of the
Franconian Monarchy," (unfinished.) Died in 1761.
See "Memoria J. J. Mascovii," Leipsic, 1761.
Mascovius. See MASCOV.
Mascrier, Le, leh mts'kRe-i', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a
French litttrattvr, born at Caerf in 1697. He assisted
in the translation of De Thou's "Universal History.'1
and published several original works. Died in 1760.
Masden, mSs'dl-oo, (JUAN FRANCISCO,) a Spanish
Jesuit and historian, was born at Barcelona in 1740. He
wrote a " Critical History of Spain and of Spanish Cul-
ture in every Department," (20 vols., 1783-1800,) which
has a high reputation for learning and accuracy. Died
in 1817.
Masen. See MASENIUS.
Masenius, mi-sa'ne-us, or Masen, ma'sen, (JAMES,)
a Flemish writer, born in the duchy of Juliers in 1606.
He became professor of eloquence in the college of
Cologne, and was the author of a Latin poem entitled
" Sarcotis," or " Sarcothea," which, it is pretended by
Lauder, suggested to Milton the idea of " Paradise
Lost." Died in 1681.
Maseres or Mazeres, mffzaiR', (FRANCIS,) BARON,
a distinguished mathematician, of French extraction,
born in London in 1731. He was for a time attorney-
general for Canada, and in 1773 was appointed cursitor-
baron of the exchequer. He was the author of a "Dis-
sertation on the Use of the Negative Sign in Algebra,"
and other similar works, and reprinted at his own ex-
pense a collection of the writings of Kepler and other
mathematicians, also one containing the optical works
of Descartes, Huyghens, Gregory, and Halley. The
latter was completed by Mr. Babbage. He was recorder
of the city of London for about forty years. Died in
1824.
See " Gentleman's Magazine," 1824.
Masers de Latude, mf zaiR' deh iftiid', (HENRI.)
was born in Languedoc in 1725. Having given offence
o Madame de Pompadour, he was by her orders im-
prisoned in the Bastille. After remaining captive nearly
hree years, he effected his escape, (1756,) with the assist-
ance of a fellow-prisoner and by means of the most
jersevering toil. He was soon arrested, with his com-
union, D'Alegre, and, after suffering an imprisonment
of thirty years, was at length released, by the efforts
of Madame Legros, who interested Cardinal Rohan,
Madame Necker, and others, in his behalf. His " Me-
moirs" were published by M. Thierry. Died in 1805.
See THIERRY, "Le Despotisme dfvoile', ou M<moires de La-
tude," 3 vols.. 1792.
Masb/am, (ABIGAIL HILL,) born in London about
1670, was a cousin of the celebrated Duchess of Marlbo-
rough, upon whose recommendation she became waiting-
maid to the princess, afterwards Queen Anne. She
continued in this post after Anne ascended the throne,
and by her arts supplanted the Duchess of Marlborough
in the royal favour. She was married in 1707 to Mr.
Masham, who was made a peer in 1711. It appears
that her influence raised Harley and the Tories to power
in 1710, deprived the Duke of Marlborough of the com-
mand of the army, (1712,) and made important changes
in the politics of Europe. In allusion to her intrigues,
Macaulay says, " The great party which had long swayed
the destinies of Europe was undermined by bedchamber-
women." Died in 1734.
See MAOMJLAY'S Review of LORD MAHON'S "History of th«
War of the Succession."
Masham, (Lady DAMARIS,) the daughter of Dr.
Ralph Cudworth, born at Cambridge, England, in 1658,
was married to Sir Francis Masham, of Essex. She was
distinguished for her piety and for her attainments in
history, philosophy, and divinity. cl- -"= ' f"""1 '"H
She was a friend and
pupil of the celebrated Locke, who died at her house,
having resided there for some time. Lady Masham
wrote several religious treatises. Died in 1708.
See LORD KING. "Life of Locke."
Maa-I-nis'sa, [Gr. Maooavaomif,] King of Numidia,
the son of Gula.'who reigned in Massylia, was born about
250 E.C. In the second Punic war he fought at first for
the Carthaginians in Spain, but, having been generously
treated by Scipio Africanus, he became a zealous and
faithful ally of the Romans. He waged war with Syphax,
a Numidian prince, and was defeated by him twice. The
Romans under Scipio came to his assistance, and in 203
the allies gained a decisive victory. Among the captives
was the charming Sophonisba, a Carthaginian lady,
whom Masinissa married. Being sternly reproved by
Scipio for this impolitic act, he sent her a cup of poisonj
a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, U, ?. short; a, e, j, Q, obscurt; far, fall, ftt; met; not; good; moon;
MASIUS
1675
MASON
which she drank, it is said, with heroic spirit He con-
tributed to the victory of the Romans at the battle of
Zama, and was rewarded with the kingdom of Numidia.
He is said to have been a wise ruler and to have done
much to civilize his subjects. He died about the age of
ninety-seven, leaving the kingdom, under the guardian-
ship of Scipio y^imilianus, to his three sons, Micipsa,
Gulussa, and Mastanabal.
See NIBBUHR, "Lectures on Roman History," vol. i. ; LIVY,
"History of Rome," books xxiv.-xxx. ; SALLUST, "Jugurtha;"
"Nouvelle Biographic Ge"ne"rale."
Masius. See MAES, (ANDREAS.)
Mas'ke^l, (WILLIAM,) an English author, born in
Bath in 1814. He graduated in 1836 at University Col-
lege, Oxford, was (1837-50) an Anglican clergyman, but
on account of the famous Gorham controversy became
in 1850 a Roman Catholic layman. He published a
number of theological works, also "Ancient and
Mediaeval Ivories," (1872,) etc. Died April 12, 1890.
Mas'ke-lyne, (NEVIL,) an English astronomer of
great merit, born in London in 1732. He was sent to
Saint Helena in 1761 to observe the transit of Venus,
in which enterprise he failed because the sun was ob-
scured by clouds. In 1765 he succeeded Mr. Bliss as
astronomer royal. He originated the " Nautical Alma-
nack," (1767,) and superintended its publication till his
death. It acquired a high reputation in Europe, and was
styled by Laiande "the most perfect Ephemeris that
had ever been made." For forty-seven years Maskelyne
made exact observations of the sky at Greenwich, and
was the first to give a standard catalogue of stars, (1790.)
In 1772 he visited Scotland, in order to ascertain the
density of the earth by observing the effect of the moun-
tain Schehallien upon the plumb-line. He was the author
of several astronomical treatises in the " Philosophical
Transactions," and was a Fellow of the Royal Society.
He was also a foreign associate of the Academy of Sci-
ences in Paris. Died in 181 1.
See DELAMBRE, "Notice sur la Vie de N. Maskelyne," 1813;
REES, " Cyclopedia ;" DELAMBRB, "Histoire de I'Astronomie au
dix-huitieme Siecle ;" " Monthly Review" for March, 1786.
Mas-Latrie, de, deh ma'lftRe', (JACQUES MARIE
JOSEPH Louis,) a French archaeologist and historical
writer, born at Castelnaudary in 1815. He published a
"Historic Chronology of the Popes, General Councils,"
etc., (1837,) "History of the Isle of Cyprus under the
Rule of the Princes of the House of Lusignan," (1852,)
and " Chronicles of Ernoult and Bernard the Treasurer,"
(1872,) etc. Died January 5, 1897.
Maso da San Friano. See MANZUOLI.
Ma'spn, (ALEXANDER MACOMB,) an American
soldier, born at Washington city in 1841. He joined
the navy, fought on the Confederate side in the civil
war, afterwards served as a soldier in Chili, China,
and Cuba, and in 1870 went to Egypt, where he be-
came a favourite of the Khedive. He surveyed
Lake Albert Nyanza, was made governor of equatorial
Africa, served with General Gordon at Khartum in
1878, and in 1884 was appointed Governor of Masso-
wah and high commissioner of the Soudan. Died in
1897.
Ma'spn, (CHARLES,) an English astronomer, who
assisted Dr. Bradley in the Royal Observatory at Green-
wich. He published an improved edition of Mayer's
"Lunar Tables," and, in company with Mr. Dixon, was
sent to America to determine the limits of Maryland and
Pennsylvania. They measured a degree of the meridian,
ind in 1768 Dr. Maskelyne published an account of their
operations in the " Philosophical Transactions" for that
year. Died in 1787.
Mason, (FRANCIS,) D.D., a learned Baptist divine and
missionary, born at York, England, in 1799. Having
emigrated to America, he studied theology at Newton,
Massachusetts, and sailed for India in 1830. He pub-
lished a "Memoir of Mrs. Helen M. Mason," (1847,)
"Burmah, its People and Natural Productions," (1852,)
" Life of Kotha-byti, the Karen Apostle," a translation
of the Bible into the Karen language, (1853,) and other
works. He was also editor of a Karen journal, entitled
"The Morning Star." He died March 3, 1874.
Mason, (GEORGE,) COLONEL, an English statesman
and soldier under the reigns of Charles I. and Charier
II., emigrated to America about 1654, and settled ic
Virginia. Died in 1686.
Mason, (GEORGE,) an American statesman, a de-
scendant of the preceding, was born in Stafford county,
now Fairfax county, Virginia, in 1726. He wrote the
Declaration of Rights and the Constitution of Virginia,
(1776,) after which he served in the legislature. In 1777
he was elected to the Continental Congress. He was
reputed one of the ablest debaters that Virginia ever
produced. He was a member of the national convention
which framed the Constitution of the United States, but
he refused to sign that Constitution, and vehemently
opposed its adoption in the Virginia Assembly, for the
alleged reason that it tended to monarchy. He was
highly eulogized by Jefferson. Died in 1792.
Mason, (GEORGE,) an English littlrateur, who wrote
a "Life of Lord Howe," an "Answer to Thomas Paine,"
and an " Essay on Designs in Gardening." Died in 1806.
Mason. (GEORGE HEMMING,) an English artist, born
at Whitley, in Staffordshire, in 1818. He studied medi-
cine, but abandoned that profession for art, working
mostly at Rome. His pictures are realistic presentations
of homely and unambitious scenes, but, notwithstanding
the fine poetic qualities of his works, they were not pop-
ular during his lifetime. Died October 22, 1872.
Mason, (JAMES,) a distinguished English engraver,
born about 1710, executed a number of landscapes after
Claude Lorrain, G. Poussin, Hobbema, and other artists
Died about 1780.
Mason, (JAMES MURRAY,) an American Democratic
politician, born in Fairfax county, Virginia, about 1798.
He became a member of Congress in 1837, and was
elected a Senator of the United States by the legisla-
tuie of Virginia in 1847. He continued to be a member
of the Senate for fourteen years, and was the author of
the fugitive-slave law of 1850. He was sent with J.
Slidpll on a mission to England by Jefferson Davis in
1861. During the passage in the steamer Trent they
were seized by Captain Wilkes, of the Federal na' 7, in
November, 1861. They were claimed by the British
government, and were liberated in January, 1862, after
which Mr. Mason passed several years in England,
remaining abroad during the civil war. Died in 1871.
Mason, (JEREMIAH,) an American statesman and
lawyer of high reputation, born at Lebanon, Connecticut,
in April, 1768, graduated at Yale College. He practised
law many years at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, to
which he removed in 1797. He was a Federalist, and
a friend of Daniel Webster, who expressed a very high
opinion of him. He represented New Hampshire in the
Senate of the United States from 1813 to 1817. In 1832
he removed to Boston, where he died in October, 1848.
He was considered in the early part of the present cen-
lury to be the foremost lawyer in New England.
Mason, (Sir JOHN*,) an English statesman, born at
Abingdon in 1500. He was privy councillor in the reigns
of Henry VIII., Edvard VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. Died
in 1566.
Mason, (JoHN,) a native of England, born in 1600,
emigrated to America, where he became Deputy Gov-
ernor of Connecticut. He was the author of a " History
of the Pequot War." Died in 1677.
See G. E. ELLIS, "Life of John Mason," in SPARKS'S "Amer-
ican Biography," vol. iii.. 2d series.
Mason, (JOHN,) an English divine and religious writer,
born in Essex in 1706, was the author of a popular work,
entitled "Self- Knowledge," (1745,) which was translated
into several languages. Died in 1763.
Mason, (JOHN MITCHELL,) a celebrated American
theologian and pulpit orator, born in New York in 1770.
He graduated at Columbia College in 1789, and subse-
quently finished his theological studies in Edinburgh.
In 1793 he succeeded his father as pastor of the Reformed
Presbyterian Church in Cedar Street, New York, where
he attracted great numbers by his eloquence. He was
the founder of the first theological seminary in the United
States, of which he was appointed professor. He be-
came editor of the " Christian's Magazine" in 1807, and
was elected in 1811 provost of Columbia College, and
works. He was also editor of a Karen journal, entitled came editor of the " Christian's Magazine" in 1807, and
"The Morning Star." He died March 3, 1874. was elected in 1811 provost of Columbia College, and
eas*;casj; g hard; g as/; G, H, n, guttural ; ft, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (JJ^'See Explanations, p. 23.)
MASON
1676
MASSENA
in 1821 president of Dickinson College, Pennsylvania.
Among his most admired writings is his " Oration on
the Death of Alexander Hamilton," who was his intimate
friend. Dr. Mason died in 1829. His works (in 4 vols.
were edited by his son, the Rev. Ebenezer Mason.
See "Memoirs of J. M. Mason," by J. VAN VECHTKN, 1856:
DUVCKINCK, "Cyclopzdia of American Literature," vol. i : CLEVE-
' AND, " Compendium of American Literature."
Mason, (JOHN THOMSON,) an American lawyer and
statesman, son of Thomson Mason, noticed below, was
born in Stafford county, Virginia, in 1764. He was a
personal friend of Jefferson, who appointed him to seve-
ral high offices. Died in 1824.
Mason, (JOHN Y.,) born in Sussex county, Virginia,
about 1795, was secretary of the n*«y under President
Tyler, and attorney-general and secretary of the navy
(1846-49) under President Polk. He was afterwards
appointed minister to France by President Pierce. Died
in Paris in 1859.
Mason, (LOWELL,) an American composer and teacher
of music, born at Medfield, Massachusetts, in 1792. He
received the degree of doctor in music from the New
York University in 1855. He was a contrioutor to the
" Musical Review," and published numerous works on
music, both original and compiled. Died August II,
1872.
Mason, (OTIS TUFTON,) an American ethnologist,
born at Eastport, Maine, in 1838. He graduated at
Columbian University in 1861, and became curator of
ethnology in the National Museum in 1884. He
wrote " Woman's Share in Primitive Culture,"
" Origin of Inventions," " Primitive Transportation,"
" Cradles of the North American Indians," etc.
Mason, (RICHARD B.,) grandson of George Mason,
noticed above, served with distinction in the Mexican
war of 1848, and became civil and military Governor of
California. Died in 1850.
Mason, (STEVENS THOMSON,) a nephew of George
Mason, was born in Virginia in 1760. He served in the
war of the Revolution, and was elected to the United
States Senate in 1794. Died in 1803.
Mason, (STEVENS THOMSON,) grandson of the pre-
ceding, was born in Loudoun county, Virginia, in 1811.
He was elected in 1835 first Governor of the State of
Michigan. Died January 4, 1843.
Mason, (THOMSON,) younger brother of George Ma-
son, noticed above, was born in 1730. He distinguished
himself as a jurist and a patriot, and was the author of
several able political essays. Died in 1785.
Mason, (\VILLIAM,) an English poet, born at Hull i
'725. He was chosen a Fellow of Pembroke College in
1747, and, after taking orders, became chaplain to the
king. Mason is chiefly remembered as the friend and
biographer of the poet Gray. His principal works are
two tragedies, entitled " Elfrida" and " Caractacus,"
several odes, and " The English Garden," a descriptive
poem. He was also distinguished for his skill in paint-
ing and music. Died in 1797.
Masoodee Alee-Abool-Hassan, Mas'Odi All-
Abul-Hassan, or Masoudy Ali-Aboul-Hassan,
ma-soo'dee a'lee' a'bool' has'san, often called Al-Ma-
soodee, (or Al-Mas'udS,) an eminent Arabian historian
born at Bagdad in the ninth century. His profound and
various attainments in almost every department of know-
ledge have obtained for him the admiration of Europeans
as well as of his own countrymen. He travelled over a
great part of Asia, and as far west as Morocco and Spain
Among his most important works are his " History cf
the Times," and his "Meadows of Gold and Mines of
Gems," the latter of which comprises the history, poli-
tics, religion, and geography of Eastern and European
nations. Masoodee is supposed to have died at Cairo,
in 956 A.D.
Masotti, ma-sot'tee, (DoMENico,) a distinguished
Italian surgeon, born at Faenza in 1698, was appointed
professor of physiology and surgery at Florence, and
afterwards of lithotomy. In 1763 he published his prin-
cipal work, entitled " Lithotomy for Women Perfected."
Died in 1779.
Masoudi. See MASOODEE.
Maspero, mts'pa'Ro', (GASTON CAMILLE CHARLES)
a French Egyptologist, born in Paris, June 24, 1846. He
studied at the Lycee Louis-le-Grand and the Ecole Nor-
male, and in 1874 became professor of Egyptian archz-
ology and philosophy in the College de France. He has
published translations of various papyri, and many me-
moirs on archaeological questions, besides *' De Carche-
mis Situ et Historia," (1873,) " Histoire ancienne des
Peuples de 1'Orient," (1875,) and other works. His
monumental work is " History of the Ancient Peoples
of the Classic East," (1894-1900.)
Masque de Fer, mSsk deh feR, (L'Homme au,
lorn 6,) (the "Man with the Iron Mask,") an unknown
person, who in 1662 was imprisoned in the chateau of
Pignerol, afterwards conveyed to the isle of Sainte-Mar-
guerite, and in 169810 the Bastille, where he died in 1703.
Various conjectures have been formed concerning this
mysterious prisoner, who was evidently a person of high
rank and refined tastes. Some writers have supposed
him to have been a twin brother of Louis XIV. ; others,
thai he was the Count of Vermandois, the Duke of
Keaufort, or Count Mattioli.
See G. J. W. A. ELLIS, (LORD DOVER,) " History of the Stat«
Prisoner called The Iron Mask," 1826 ; PAUL LACROIX, " L'Hommt
au Masque de Fer," 1837 ; L. LETOURNEUR. " Histoire de 1'Homme
au Masque de Fer," 1849 ; VOLTAIRE, " Siecle de Louis XIV."
Masquelier, misk'le-4', (Louis JOSEPH,) a French
engraver, born near LillVin 1741. In 1802 he obtained
from the gallery of Florence a gold medal for his en-
gravings. Diedin 1811.
Maasa, mas'si, (NICCOL6,) an Italian physician and
medical writer, born at Venice ; died about 1563.
Mass ud, mfsjR', (JEAN,) a French engraver, born
at Belleme in 1740. He became a member of the Acad-
emy of Painting in the reign of Louis XVI., and, on the
restoration of the Bourbons, was made, in 1814, engraver
to the king. His most admired works are " The Family
of Charles I.," after Van Dyck, and "The Death of
Socrates," after David. Died in 1822.
Massard, (JEAN BAPTISTE RAPHAEL URBAIN,) a skil-
ful French engraver, son of the preceding, was born in
Paris in 1775. He engraved some works of Raphael.
Giulio Romano, and David. Died in 1849.
Massaredo. See MAZARREDO Y SALAZAR.
Massari, mls-sa'ree, (Lucio,) an Italian painter, jorn
at Bologna in 1569, was a pupil of Ludovico Caracci.
He was intimate with Albano, and took part in some of
his labours. Among his master-pieces are the "Mar-
riage of Saint Catherine," and a " Noli me Tangere."
" Soine of his works," says E. Breton, " are so graceful
that they defy the severest criticism." Died in 1633.
See LANZI, " History of Painting in Italy;" BALDINUCCI, " No-
tizie;" MALVASIA, " Felsinapittrice."
Massaria, mas-sa-ree'i, (ALESSANDRO,) a learned
Italian physician, born at Vicenza about 1510. He
studied under Fracantianus and Fallopius, and in 1587
succeeded Mercuriale as professor of medicine in the
University of Padua. He was the author of a " Treatise
on the Plague" and a "Treatise on Bleeding," which are
highly esteemed. Died in 1598.
See PORTAL, " Histoire de 1'Anatomie."
Mas'sa-soit. an Indian chief of the Womponoags,
born in Massachusetts. In 1621 he formed a league with
the colonists at Plymouth, which was never violated. He
wa« the father of the celebrated warrior King Philip.
Died in 1661.
Masse, mf'sa', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French artist,
born in Paris in 1687, engraved the pictures which Le-
brun had executed for the gallery of Versailles. Masse1
became painter to Louis XV. Died in 1767.
Masse, mS'sa', (VICTOR,) a French musical composer,
born at Lorient, March 7, 1822. He was educated at
the Paris Conservatory, taking the prix de Rome in
1844. His first work for the stage, the operetta of " La
Chanteuse voilee," (1852,) was at once successful, and
he followed it up with a large number of pieces for the
stage. The best-known of these are " Galatea," " The
Seasons," and " Paul and Virginia," The last is the
only one of his operas well known in this country. Died
July 6, 1884.
Massena, mS'sa'ni', [It. MASSENA, mis-sa'ni,] (AN-
a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, p, obscure; far, fill, fit; mSt; not; good; moon;
MASSENBACH
1677
MASSINGER
ORE,) Prince of Esslir.g, Duke of Rivoli, and one of
the most distinguished marshals of Napoleon I., was
born of Jewish parentage at Nice in 1758. He enlisted
in 1775 as a private of the royal Italian regiment, from
which he retired at the expiration of fourteen years,
having attained no higher rank than that of a sergeant.
At the beginning of the French Revolution he again en-
tered the army, and in a short time was successively pro-
moted to the rank of colonel, general of brigade, and
general of division. In 1794 he gained a victory over the
Austrians near Tanaro, took Ormea, and rendered effi-
cient service at the battle of Saorgio. The following year,
while serving under General Scherer, he drove the Aus-
trians from their position at Vado and gained over them
the decisive victory of Loano. In 1796 he acquired
great distinction at the engagements of Montenotte, Mil-
lesimo, Castiglione, and Arcola. His gallant conduct at
the battle of Rivoli, in 1797, subsequently procured for
him the title of Duke of Rivoli. The next year he was
appointed to the command of the army in the Papal
States ; but his rapacity and avarice excited so great
hostility both in his soldiers and in the inhabitants that
he was soon after compelled to resign. In 1799, as com-
mander-in-chief of the armies of Switzerland and the
Danube, he exhibited the highest order of military talent,
especially at Zurich, where he gained an important and
brilliant victory over the Russians. In 1804 he was
created a marshal of France. The next year he was sent
to Italy, to command against the Archduke Charles,
whom he finally succeeded in driving back into Germany.
In 1806 he reduced the insurgent Calabrians to subjec-
tion, took the fortress of Gaeta, and enabled Joseph
Bonaparte to seat himself firmly upon the Neapolitan
throne. He reaped further laurels in 1809, at the battles
of Landshut and Eckmuhl and by the capture of the
fortress of Ebersdort The same year he was created
Prince of Essling, for his distinguished services at the
battle of that place. Massena was appointed in 1810
general-in-chief of the army in Portugal, where, although
he exhibited his usual courage and military skill, he was
ultimately obliged to yield to the superior genius of Sir
Arthur Wellesley. He has, however, received the highest
commendation from English as well as French historians
for the strategic skill with which he conducted his re-
treat into Spain. In 1812 Marmont was appointed to
succeed him. The year following, Massena joined the
Bourbons. He acknowledged the authority of Napoleon
when he returned from Elba, but took no part in the
affairs of government during the Hundred Days. He
was subsequently appointed commander-in-chief of the
National Guard in Paris, and also received several marks
of distinction from Louis XVIII. He died in Paris,
April 4, 1817.
See GENERAL KOCH, " Me'moires de Massena," 1849; NAPIER,
' History of the Peninsular War ;" MAJOR-GENERAL J. MITCHELL,
" Biographies of Eminent Soldiers of the Last Four Centuries,"
1865 ; PONS, " Notice historique sur le Mare"chal Masse'na," 1837 :
THIERS, " History of the Consulate and of the Empire ;" " Nouvelle
Riographie G^ne'rale."
Massenbach, von, fon mas'sen-baK', (CHRISTIAN,)
a Prussian officer, born at Schmalkalden in 1768. He
published several historical works. Died in 1827.
Massenet, mts'seh'ni', (JULES SMILE FREDERIC,) a
French composer, born at Montaud, May 12, 1842. He
was educated at the Paris Conservatoire, where he be-
came professor of composition. Among his operas are
" Poeme d'Avril," " Scenes hongroises," " Marie-Made-
leine," " Eve," a mystery, " Le Roi de Lahore," " La
Herodiade," " Manon Lescaut," etc.
Mas'sey, (GERALD,) an English poet, born in Hert-
fordshire in 1828. The child of indigent parents, he
was obliged at an early age to work in a factory, and re-
ceived no other instruction than that of a penny school.
He published in 1847 "Poems and Chansons," which
were followed in 1853 by "The Ballad of Babe Chris-
tabel, with other Lyrical Poems," " A Tale of Eternity,
and other Poems," (1870,) etc. He also won some dis-
tinction as a lecturer.
Massiac, de, deh mfse'ik', (GABRIEL,) a French
officer and historical writer, born at Narbonne in 1657.
He wrote " Memoirs of the Most Important Events of
the War from 1688 to 1698." Died in 1727.
Massias, mj'se'as', (NICOLAS,) BARON, a French littf-
rateur, born at Villeneuve d'Agen in 1764. Among his
philosophical works is an " Essay on Instinct, Intelli
gence, and Life," (4 vols., 1822.) Died in 1848.
Massie, mas'se, (NATHANIEL,) an American soldier
and pioneer, born in Goochland county, Virginia, in 1763,
settled in Ohio, where he became one of the largest land-
owners in the State. He founded in 1796 the town of
Chilicothe. Died in 1813.
Massieu, mt'se-uh', (GUILLAUME,) a French lit-
tfrateur, born at Caen in 1665. He was appointed in
1710 professor of Greek in the College of France. He
translated the Odes of Pindar, and wrote a " His-
tory of French Poetry," brought down to the reign of
Francis I. Died in 1722.
See GROS DE BOZE, "filoge de Massieu ;" THERY, " Notice sur
1'Abbe1 Massieu."
Massieu, (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French ecclesiastic,
born in Picardy, became constitutional Bishop of L'Oise
in 1791. He voted for the death of Louis XVI. in the
National Convention. Died in 1818.
Massillon, mi'sel'ydN' or mi'se'y6N', (JEAN BAP-
TISTE,) a French pulpit orator of great celebrity, born
at Hieres, in Provence, in 1663. He was educated in
the college of that town, and became a priest of the
Oratory. After professing belles-lettres and theology at
Montbrison and Vienne, and pronouncing some funeral
orations, he was called to Paris in 1696 to direct the
Seminary of Saint-Magloire. His talent was gradually
developed by the ecclesiastic conferences which he com-
posed at this period. He admired the austere eloquence
of Bourdaloue, but chose for himself a different style,
characterized by profound pathos and an insight into
the most secret motives of the human heart. In 1699
he preached at Paris the Lent sermon, which was warmly
applauded. The same year he was chosen to preach the
Advent at court, on which occasion Louis XIV. said to
him, " I have heard many great orators and been pleased
with them ; but after hearing you I am displeased with
myself." The death of Bossuet and Bourdaloue, in
1704, left him at the head of French pulpit orators. In
this year he again preached before Louis XIV., whose
funeral oration he pronounced in 1715. He was ap-
pointed Bishop of Clermont in 1717, and preached before
the young king the Lent sermon called " Petit-Careme,"
which is esteemed his master-piece. His diction is noble,
simple, and unaffected. Voltaire kept a volume of his
sermons constantly on his desk, as a model of eloquence.
Massillon was admitted into the French Academy in
1719. In the government of his diocese he was moderate,
charitable, and conciliatory. He died in 1742. His pub-
lished works consist of Sermons, Ecclesiastical Con-
ferences, Paraphrases of certain Psalms, Letters, etc.
Voltaire thought him " the preacher who best understood
the world, — whose eloquence savoured of the courtier,
the academician, the wit, and the philosopher."
See LA HARPE, " Cours de Litt^rature ;" MAURV, " £loquenci
de la Chaire ;" F. THEREMIN. "Demosthenes und Massillon," 1845;
D'ALHMBERT, " Eloge de Massillon :" SAINTE-BEUVE, " Causeries
du Lundi ;" TALBERT, " £loge de Massillon," 1773 ; " Nouvella
Biographie Ge'ne'rale."
Massimiliano. See MAXIMILIAN.
Massimo. See MAXIMUS.
Mas'sin-ger, (PHILIP,) an eminent English dramatic
poet, was born at Salisbury in 1584. In his eighteenth
year he entered Saint Alban's Hall, Oxford, supported
by the Earl of Pembroke. Here, according to Anthony
Wood, " he spent his time in reading poetry and ro-
mances instead of logic and philosophy, which he ought
to have done, as he was patronized to that end." He
became a resident of London about 1606, and assisted
Fletcher in the composition of several dramas. The
first production of Massinger was the " Virgin Martyr,"
(1622.) Eighteen of his dramas are extant, mostlj
tragedies and tragi-comedies. Among the most admired
are "The City Madam," "The Maid of Honour,"
" A New Way to Pay Old Debts," and " The Fatal
Dowry." The latter has given to Rowe the outline of
the " Fair Penitent." Massinger's dramas are remark
ably free from profanity ; and the coarseness which dis-
figures some of them is probably to be attributed to his
coadjutors. He is said to have been the only dramatist
€ as k: c as s: g hard: gas /: o, H. K. ^itftuml ' : N, nasal : R, trilled: sas z: th as in this,
Explanations, p. 23. 1
MASSMANN
1678
MA TELIEF
of that time who rejected the doctrine o" the divine right
of kings. Died in 1640.
See DAVIBS, "Some Account of the Life and Writings of P.
Massinger," 1789; "Lives of the British Dramatists," by CAMf-
BELL, LEIGH HUNT, etc
Massmann, mas'man, (HANS FERDINAND,) a Ger-
man scholar, born at Berlin in 1797. He published an
edition of the "Explanation of the Gospel of Saint
John" in Gothic. Died August 3, 1874.
Massolino, da, da mas-so-lee'no, (PANICALE, pi-ne-
ka'14,) an Italian painter, born near Florence in 1378.
His master-pieces are the pictures in the chapel of San
Pietro al Carmine, representing leading incidents in the
life of Saint Peter. He numbered among his pupils the
r.elebrated Masaccio. Died in 1415'
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters," etc.
Masson. See LATOMUS.
Maason, mi"s6N', (ANTOINE,) a French engraver,
born near Orleans in 1636. He excelled particularly in
representing colour and the different textures of objects.
His print of the "Disciples at Emmaus," after Titian, is
esteemed one of his master-pieces, though not free from
a fantastic style of executing the hair, peculiar to himself.
Masson was also a painter, and his engravings from his
own portraits, as well as from those of other artists,
are greatly admired, many of them representing the
most distinguished men of that time. He was engraver-
in-ordinary to the king. Died in 1702.
His daughter, MADELINE MASSON, born in 1666, was
a skilful imitator of her father's style, and executed the
portraits of Maria Theresa, the Duchess d'Alen$on, and
several others.
See DUMESNIL, " Le Peintre-Graveur Francais."
Masson, (AUGUSTE MICHEL BENotr GAUDICHOT,) a
French novelist, born in Paris in 1800; died in 1883.
Masson, (JAMES.) See LATOMUS.
Masson, (CHARLES FRANCOIS PHII.IBERT,) a French
litterateur, born in Franche-Comte' in 1762. He was a
member of the Institute of France. He wrote "Me-
moirs of Russia," (3 vols., 1800-02,) and a poem entitled
"The Helvetians." Died in 1807.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Mas'spn, (DAVID,) a Scottish critic and littlrattur,
born at Aberdeen in 1822, became a contributor to " Fra-
ser's Magazine" and the " North British" and " Quarterly
Reviews" and other publications. In 1859 he became
editor of " Macmillan's Magazine," and in 1865 was ap-
pointed professor of rhetoric and English literature in
the University of Edinburgh. His principal works are
"The Life and Times of Milton," (6 vols., 1858-80,)
"British Novelists and their Styles," (1859,) "Critical
and Biographical Essays," " Drummond of Hawthorn-
den," (1873,) " Tne Three Devils : Luther's, Milton's,
and Goethe's," (1874,) " Chatterton, a Story of the Year
1770," and " Edinburgh Sketches and Memoirs," (1892.]
Masson, (FRANCIS,) a distinguished Scottish botanist,
born at Aberdeen in 1741. About 1771 he visited the
Cape of Good Hope, where he made a valuable collec-
tion of plants for the Kew Gardens. He died in Canada
in 1805. He left an admirable work entitled " Stapeliae
novae," in folio, with 41 coloured plates.
Masson, (FRANCOIS,) a French sculptor, born in Nor-
mandy in 1745. Among his master-pieces are several
groups in the garden of the Tuileries, the bas-reliefs of
the Pantheon, the sculptures on the tomb of Vauban,
and an exquisite figure of Flora. Died in 1807.
See REGNAULT, " Notice historique sur Francois Masson."
Masson, (JEAN,) a French littfrattur and Protestant
divine, born about 1680, wrote the Lives of Horace and
Ovid, and several antiquarian treatises. Died in 1750.
Masson, (JEAN Papire — pfpeR',) [Lat. PAPIR'IUS
MASSO'NUS,] a French writer, born at Saint-Germain-
Laval in 1544. He became an advocate of Parliament in
1576. He was the author of " Annals of France," (1577,)
a " Description of the Rivers of France," (1618,) and a
collection of biographies of eminent persons, entitled
" Elogia." Masson was a friend of the historian De
Thou, who has written his Life. Died in 1611.
See DE THOU, " Vita P. Massoni ;" NICERON, " Mimoires."
Masson de Pezay. See PEZAY.
Massooa or Massoua, mSs'soo'a, written also Ma-
sua and Meaue, a celebrated Arabian savant, who waa
physician to the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid.
Massuet, mt'su-4', (PIERRE,) a learned French phy-
sician, born near Sedan in 1698, studied under the
celebrated Boerhaave. He wrote several historical
treatises. Died in 1776.
Massuet, (RENE,) a learned French ecclesiastic, born
in Normandy in 1666. On the death of Mabillon and
Ruinart, he wrote a continuation of the " Annals of the
Benedictine Order." He also published an excellent
edition of the works of Saint Irenzus. Died in 1716.
Mastelletta. See DONDUCCI.
Mas'ters, (ROBERT,) an English divine and antiquary,
born in 1713, published a "History of the College of
Corpus Christi," (1753,) and other works. He was a
Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Died in 1798.
Masters, (THOMAS,) an English poet, born in Glou-
cestershire about 1600. He was a h~>nd of Lord Her-
bert of Cherbury, whom he is said to have assisted in
some of his writings. He wrote a Greek poem on the
" Passion of Christ," and other works. Died in 1643.
Mastlin or Maestlin, mjst-leen', (MICHAEL,) a Ger-
man astronomer, born in Wiirtemberg about 1550. He
passed a portion of his early life in Italy, where he asso-
ciated with Galileo. Having returned home, he was
appointed professor of mathematics at Tubingen, where
he was the tutor and generous friend of Kepler. He
accepted the Copernican theory. He was author of
" Thesis de Eclipsibus," " Epitome Astronomije," ( 1 597,)
and other works. Hallam designates him as "the illus-
trious master of Kepler." Died in 1590 or 1631.
See KXsTNBR, " Geschichte der Mathematik ;" Vossius, "De
Scientiis Mathematicis."
Mastropetro, mis-tRo-pa'tRO, (ORio,) was elected
Doge of Venice in 1179. He abdicated in 1191, and
retired to a monastery, and was succeeded by the cele-
brated Dandolo.
Masucci, ml-soot'chee, (AGOSTINO,) an Italian
painter, born at Rome in 1691, was a pupil of Carlo
Maratta. Among his master-pieces is a " Holy Family."
Died in 1758.
Masuccio, mi-soot'cho, L, an Italian architect and
sculptor, born at Naples in 1230. He built the church
of San Domenico Maggiore, and completed that of Santa
Mariadel Nuova, begun by Giovanni Pisano. Died in 1305.
Masuccio U., (TOMMASO DE' STEFANI,) a pupil of the
preceding, was born in 1291. Among his works are the
castle of Saint Ermo, and the church of San Lorenzo
at Naples. He also executed sculptured monuments of
great merit. Died in 1338.
See CICOGNARA, "Storia della Scultura."
Masudi or Al-Masudi See MASOODEE.
Mat, or Ma-t, in the old Egyptian mythology, the
wife of Thoth, and daughter of the sun. In her hall the
dead are judged. She is the goddess of truth.
Matali, ma'ta-11, in the Hindoo mythology, the chariot-
eer of Indra.
See WtLLlAMs's translation of " Sakoontala," Act vi.
Matani, ma-ti'nee, (ANTONIO,) a learned Italian phy-
sician, born at Pistoia in 1730. He was a corresponding
member of the Royal Society of London. He published
a treatise " On the Figure of the Earth," and several
medical works. Died in 1779.
See TIPALDO, " Biografia degli Italian! illustri."
Match/am, (GEORGE,) an English traveller, born in
1755, published a "Journey from Aleppo to Bagdad
across the Arabian Desert" Died in 1833.
Matejko, ma-ta'e-ko, QAN ALOYSIUS,) a Polish artist,
born at Cracow, July 30, 1838. He studied painting with
the best masters in Cracow, Munich, and Vienna. Hia
most noted pictures illustrate scenes in Polish history.
He published an extensive collection representing Polish
costumes from 1200 to 1795. Died in 1893.
Matelief, ma'teh-leef .(CoRNELls,) a Dutch navigator,
born about 1570, was sent in 1605 as commander of a
squadron to the East Indies, for the purpose of opposing
the Portuguese and of opening relations with China and
Japan. He died about 1628, and an account of his voy-
age was published at Amsterdam, (1705.)
i. e, 1, 5, u, y, long; i, £, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; mjt; not; good; moon;
At A TERN A
1679
MATHIEU
Materna, ma-teit'na, (AMALIE,) (known as Frau
FRIEDRICH MATERNA,) a German vocalist, born at
Sankt Georgen, Styria, in 1847. After a few years spent
in operetta at the minor theatres, she made her debut in
Vienna as " Selika" in the opera of " L'Africaine,"
(1869,) and at once established her position as one of
the leading German soprano-singers.
Maternus. See FIRMICUS.
Matham, ma'tSm, (JACOB,) a Dutch engraver, born
at Haarlem in 1571, was a pupil of Henry Goltzius.
Died in 1631.
Matham, (THEODORUS,) son of the preceding, born
at Haarlem in 1589, engraved a number of portraits, and
Kveral historical pieces of great merit. Died in 1677.
Math'er, (COTTON,) D.D., a celebrated American
theologian and writer, born at Boston in 1663, was a son
of Increase Mather, noticed below. He was ordained
•s a minister in 1684, and preached in Boston. Among
his principal works are "The Wonders of the Invisible
World," (1693,) "Magnalia Christ! Americana, or
The Ecclesiastical History of New England," (1702,)
"Essays to do Good," (1710,) "Psalterium America-
num," (1718,) "The Christian Philosopher," (1721,) and
" Illustrations of the Sacred Scriptures," (in manuscript)
His character exhibits a remarkable compound of ardent
piety, (which, however, was not without a tincture of
self-conceit,) uncommon activity, and force of intellect
joined to a credulity which, even in that age, had
scarcely any parallel among educated men. From the
first he was eager to bring to trial and punishment those
supposed to be guilty of witchcraft, and, when others
began clearly to see the folly and injustice of these cruel
persecutions, he earnestly, though vainly, strove to stein
the reaction in the popular mind. Died in 1728.
Mather, (INCREASE,) son of Richard Mather, a non-
conformist divine who removed from Lancashire to New
England, was born at Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1635.
He was sent about 1685 to England as agent of the
province for th; redress of grievances. He published,
among other works, an " Essay on Remarkable Provi-
dences." Died in 1723.
Mather, ( MARGARET,) actress, born near Toronto,
Canada, in 1859. She made her first appearance on
the stage as Cordelia in "King Lear" in 1878, and
engaged in a starring tour in 1882. Her final en-
gagement was as Imogen in " Cymbeline" at Wai-
lack's Theatre, New York, in 1897. Died April 7,
1898.
Matoer, (MOSES,) D.D., a relative of Increase
Mather, born at Lyme, Connecticut, in 1719. He
was the author of a " Systematic View of Divinity,"
and other works. Died in 1806.
Mather, (RICHARD HENRY,) D.D., an American
scholar, born at Binghamton, New York, February 12,
1835. He graduated at Amherst College in 1855, studied
at Berlin University, and in 1864 became professor of
Greek at Amherst. Besides a "Manual of Sculpture,"
he published several Greek texts. Died April 16, 1890.
Mathers, (HELEN B.) See REEVES.
Matheson. See MATTHESON.
Math'e-son, (GEORGE,) D.D.,a Scottish divine, born
at Glasgow, March 27, 1842. Though blind, he grad-
uated with high honours at Glasgow University, and in
r866 became a minister of the Scottish national kirk.
He published " Aids to the Study of German Theology,"
(1874,) "Growth of the Spirit of Christianity," (1877,)
" My Aspirations," and other religious works.
Math'ew, (Rev. THEOBALD,) th: celebrated Apostle
of Temperance, a Catholic priest, born in the county
of Tipperary, Ireland, in 1790. He was appointed after
his ordination to a missionary charge at Cork, where hs
established a charitable association on the model of that
of Saint Vincent de Paul. About 1838 he became presi-
dent of a temperance society, and in a few months admin-
istered the pledge to 150,000 persons in Cork alone.
He afterwards visited different parts of Ireland, the cities
of London, Manchester, and Liverpool, and the United
States of America, being everywhere received with en-
thusiasm. For these eminent services in the cause of
religion and morality, Queen Victoria bestowed upon
Father Mathew an annuity of ,£500. Died in 1856.
See "Father Mathew, a Biography," by I. F. MAGUIBE: P. M.
MOKKIS, "Memoirs of the Life of Theobald Mathew," New York,
1841: I. S. HBNSHAW, " Life of Father Mathew," New York, 1849;
"Biographical Sketches," by'HARRiHT MARTINRAU, 1869: " Fra-
ser's Magazine" for January, 1841.
Math'ewa, (CHARLES,) a celebrated English come-
dian, born in London in 1776. Having visited the United
States in 1822, he brought out on his return his enter-
tainment entitled "A Trip to America," which obtained
great popularity. He was distinguished for his extraor-
dinary talent for imitation, in the exercise of which he
was seldom if ever ill-natured or offensive. He died in
1836, leaving "Memoirs" of his life, which were finished
by his widow, (4 vols., 1839.)
See " Fraser's Magazine" for March, 1836; " Blackwood's Maga-
zine" for December, 1839.
Mathews, (CHARLES JAMES,) an English comedian,
a son of the preceding, was born in 1803. He mar-
ried Madame Vestris in 1838, and, after her death, in
1857, another actress, Mrs. Davenport. He produced
several dramas, among which is "My Wife's Mother/'
(1833.) Died June 24, 1878.
Math'ews, (CORNELIUS,) a distinguished American
littiratcur and journalist, born at Port Chester, New
York, in 1817. Having previously contributed numerous
articles in prose and verse to the "American Monthly
Magazine," " New York Review," and "Knickerbocker
Magazine," he published, in 1839, " Behemoth, a Legend
of the Mound-Builders." Among his other works may
be named "The Politicians," a comedy, (1840,) "Poems
on Man in the Republic," (1843,) " Witchcraft," a tragedy,
(1846,) "Money-penny, or the Heart of the World,"
(1850.) and a comedy entitled "False Pretences," (1856.)
Mr. Mathews was a zealous advocate of Internationa!
copyright. Died March 25, 1889.
See DUVCKINCK, " Cyclopaedia of American Literature," voL it.;
GRISWOLD, "Prose Writers of America."
Mathews, (GEORGE,) an American jurist, born near
Staunton, Virginia, in 1774, removed to Louisiana, where
he was appointed presiding justice of the supreme court.
Died in 1836.
Mathews, (WILLIAM,) LL.D., an American author,
born at Waterville, Maine, July 28, 1818. He graduated
in 1835 at Waterville College, and in 1839 at the Har-
vard Law School. He was professor of rhetoric and
English literature in the University of Chicago from
1862 to 1875. His principal books are "Getting on in
the World," (1872,) "The Great Conversers," (1874,)
"Words, their Use and Abuse," (1876,) "Monday
Chats," from Sainte-Beuve, (1877,) "Hours with Men
and Books," (1877,) "Oratory and Orators," (1879,) and
"Literary Style," etc., (1881.) His works have had a
large sale both in Europe and in America.
Mathias, ma-thi'as, (THOMAS JAMES,) an English lit-
tfrateur, born about 1757, wrote a poem entitled " Pursuits
of Literature," (1794,) " Runic Odes," and other English
works ; also a number of poems in Italian. He died at
Naples in 1835. He translated Milton's "Lycidas" into
Italian.
Mathieu, mi'te-uh', (ADOLPHE CHARLES GHISLAIN,)
a Belgian poet and journalist, born at Mons in 1804, pub-
lished numerous works. Died Tune 13, 1876.
Mathieu, mi'te-uh', (ANSEL'ME,) a French (Proven-
cal) poet of the class styledy?/#r«, was born at Chateau-
neuf-du-Pape about 1830. He studied law at Aix. His
principal work is " Farandoulo." Died in 1895.
Mathieu, mi'te-uh', (CLAUDE Louis,) a French
mathematician and astronomer, born at Macon in 1784.
He was elected to the Academy of Sciences in 1817.
He was a brother-in-law of Francis Arago. Died 1875.
Mathieu de la Redorte, mi'te-uh' deh li reh-doRt',
(DAVID MAURICE JOSEPH,) CoMTiCa French general,
born at Saint- Affrique in 1768. He became general
of division in 1799, and peer of France in 1819. H«
married Mademoiselle Clery, a sister of Joseph Bona-
parte's wife. Died in 1833.
Mathieu de Dombasle, mf'te-uh' deh d6N'bil',
(CHRISTOPHE JOSEPH ALEXANDRE,|~a French agricul-
tural writer, born at Nancy in 1777 ; died in 1843.
*.- casj; ^hard; gas/'; G, H, K,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sast; th as in Mir.
ee Explanations, p.
MATHIEU
1680
MA TTEIS
Mathieu-Mirampal, mfte-yh' me'roN'pSl', (JEAN
BAPTISTE CHARLES,) bom at Compiegne, in France,
in 1764, was a deputy to the National Convention in
1792, and voted for the death of the king. Died in 1833.
Mathilde. See MATILDA.
Mathou de la Cour, mf t6.v' deh If kooR, (CHARLES
JOSEPH,) a French litterateur, son of Jacques, noticed
below, born at Lyons in 1738. He wrote a treatise
" On the Danger of reading Books hostile to Religion,"
(1770,) which was crowned by the Academy of Inscrip-
tions, and other works. He was guillotined at Lyons
in 1793.
Mathon de la Cour, (JACQUES,) a French mathe-
matician, born at Lyons in 1712. He published several
scientific treatises. Died about 1770.
Mathusalem. See METHUSELAH.
Matignon, mf'ten'yoN', (CHARLES AUGUSTS de
Goyon — deh gwa'yoN',) Comte de Dace1, a French
marshal, born in 1647, accompanied James II. of Eng-
land in his Irish campaign. He afterwards distinguished
himself at Fleurus, Mons. and Namur, and was created
a marshal in 1708. Died in 1729.
Matignon, de, deh ml'ten'yoN', (JACQUES DE GOYON,)
COMTE, a French marshal, born in Normandy in '525-
He served in the wars of Henry II. and Henry III.
against the Protestants. He was made a marshal in
1579. Died in 1597.
See BRANT6ME, " Vies des grands Capitaines Francais;" CAL-
LlBRES, " Histoire du Mareschal de Matignon," 1661.
Ma-til'da, Maud, or Maude, [Fr. MATHILDE, mi"-
teld',] Empress of Germany and Queen of England, born
about 1 102, was a daughter of Henry I. of England. She
was married in 1 1 10 to Henry V. of Germany, who died
in 1125. About 1127 she became the wife of Geoffrey
Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and was recognized by
her father as his successor. On the death of Henry
(1135) her title was disputed by Stephen of Blois, and a
long civil war ensued between them. Matilda prevailed
in 1141, and was crowned in London. She was the
mother of Henry II. Died in 1167.
See MATTHEW PARIS, " Historia major."
Matilda, daughter of Boniface III., Marquis of Tus-
cany, was born about 1046. She was first married to God-
frey le Bossu, son of the Duke of Lorraine. He died in
1076, and, her mother having died the same year, Matilda
came into possession of her vast estates, including the
greater part of Northern Italy. In the contest for su-
premacy between Pope Gregory VII. and the Emperor
of Germany, she espoused with great zeal the cause of
the former ; and it was at her castle of Canossa that
Henry IV. underwent the humiliating penance imposed
by the pope. In 1077 she made a reversionary grant
of all her dominions to the Church of Rome. She was
married in 1089 to Guelph, Duke of Bavaria, from whom
she was divorced in 1095. Died in 1115.
See FIORENTINI, " Memorie di Matilda laContessa di Toscana,"
1642; AMEDEE RKNEE, "La grande Italienne," 1859; MOIZI DE'
CAPITANI, "Sulla Contessa Matilda," etc., 1845: " Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Ge'ne'rale."
Matilda, (CAROLINE.) See CAROLINE MATILDA.
Matius. See CALVENA.
Matins, ma'she-us, written also Mattiua, (CNEIUS,)
a Roman poet in the time of Julius Caesar, whose friend-
ship and patronage he enjoyed. He was the author of
epic and dramatic poems, and mimiambi. Of the last-
named there are fragments extant, which are greatly
admired. He also translated the "Iliad" into Latin
verse. He is supposed by some to be the same as CAL-
VENA, (which see.)
Maton de la Varenne, mftoN' deh li vi^ren', (P.
A. L.,) a French litterateur, born in Paris about 1760;
died in 1813.
Matooan- (or Matouan-) lin, ma-too-an' lin, a very
learned Chinese writer, born in the province of Kiang-si
about 1250. He was the author of a historical work,
entitled " Wen-hian-thoon-khao," which displays im-
mense erudition and embraces a great variety of sub-
jects. Abel Remusat says of this production, " It is in
itself worth a library, and, if Chinese literature contained
no other, it would be worth while to learn Chinese in
order to read it"
Matos, de, da ma'tos, (JoJo XAVIER,) a Portuguese
poet of the latter part of the eighteenth century, was the
author of sonnets, odes, etc., and of a tragedy entitled
' Viriacia."
See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Matos Pragoso, ma'tos fRa-go'so, (JUAN,) a dramatic
writer, born at Elvas, in Portugal, about 1630, was the
author of numerous popular comedies, (in Spanish.)
Died in 1692.
Matsko, motsh'ko, (JOHN MATTHIAS,) a Hungarian
astronomer, born at Presburg in 1721 ; died in 1796.
Mats'ya, [modern Hindoo pron. muts'ya,] a Sanscrit
word signifying a " fish," and forming the name, in the
Hindoo mythology, of the first avatar of Vishnu. On
that occasion the preserving deity is said to have as-
sumed the form of a great fish shining like gold, and,
according to one account, " extending a million leagues,"
that he might protect the ark which contained Satyavrata
and the seven Rishis with their wives, all the rest of the
human race having been destroyed by the deluge.
See MOOR, " Hindu Pantheon."
Matsys, mat-sis', (CORNELIS,) a Dutch or Flemish
engraver, born about 1500; died in 1560.
Matsys, (JAN,) a relative of Quentin, noticed below.
His pictures are few in number, but of great merit, and
painted in the style of Quentin Matsys. Died about
1560.
Matsys, mat-sis', or Metsys, met-sls', written also
Messis, (QUENTIN,) a celebrated Flemish painter, born
at Antwerp about 1450. He was originally a blacksmith,
and is said to have changed his vocation in order to
obtain the hand of a lady he loved, who was the daughter
of an artist. Among his master-pieces are " The Descent
from the Cross," in the Museum at Antwerp, "The
Misers," in the Gallery at Windsor, and the " Portrait
of a Jeweller," in the imperial collection of Vienna. Died
in 1529.
See DESCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Flamands," etc. ; E. VAM
EWKN, " Notice biographique sur Q. Metsys," 1846.
Mat-ta-thl'as, a Jewish priest, appointed to officiate
in the Temple, was the founder of the family of the
Maccabees, and the father of the celebrated warrior
Tudas Maccabseus. During the persecution of the Jews
by Antiochus Epiphanes, he was conspicuous for his
zeal in the defence of his religion, and, with a band of
his followers, marched against the idolaters and over-
threw their altars. Died in 166 B.C.
Matte, mtt, (NICOLAS AUGUSTIN,) a French sculptor,
born in Paris in 1781. Among his works we mjy name
busts of Racine and Corneille. Died about 1840.
Matteaui, mlt-ta-a'nee, (ANGELO.) an Italian jurist
and mathematician, born at Marostica in 1535. He be-
came professor of law at Padua in 1589. Died in 1600.
Mattel, mlt-ta'ee, (ALESSANDRO,) an Italian cardinal,
born at Rome in 1744. In 1777 he became Archbishop
of Ferrara, and in 1797 he was sent to negotiate with
Bonaparte, then marching towards Rome. Died in 1820.
Mattel, (LORETTO,) an Italian poet, born at Rieti in
1622. He was the author of " II Salmista Toscano," a
paraphrase, in verse, of the Psalms. Died in 1705.
Mattel, (SAVERio,) an Italian litterateur, born in Cala-
bria in 1742. He became in 1767 professor of Oriental
languages at Naples. His translation of the Book of
Psalms was very popular. Died in 1795.
Mattel, (STANISLAO,) an Italian composer, born at
Bologna in 1750; died in 1825.
Mat'tei, (TlTO,) an Italian pianist and composer,
born near Naples in 1841. He was professor in the
Santa Cecilia Academy at Rome at eleven years of
age, and afterwards travelled widely, giving concerts.
Settled in London in 1863. He wrote hundreds of
songs and pianoforte pieces and several operas.
Matteis, mat-ta'ess, or Mattei, mlt-ta'ee, (PAOLO,)
an Italian painter and engraver, born near Naples in 1662.
Among his master-pieces are the pictures of the "Sa-
viour and Saint Gaetano," in the church of Saint Paul
at Pistoia, and the " Meeting of Erminia and the Shep-
herds," in the Museum of Vienna. Died in 1728.
See LANII, "History of Painting in Italy."
a. e, I, 5, u. y, long-; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, Q, obscure; fir, fall, fat; met; n6t; good; moon;
MA TTE
1681
MA TTH1AS
Matte-Lafaveur, niSt li'iaA-tV, (.SEHASTIEN,) a
French chemist, wrote a work entitled " Practice o
Chemistry." Died about 16X4.
Matteo da Siena, mjt-ta'o da se-a'ni, or Matteo
di Giovanni, mat-ta'u de jo-van'nee, an Italian painter,
born at .Sienna in 1420. He adorned the cathedra] ui
that city with his works. Died in 1495.
Matter, mS'taiR', (JACQUES,) a French historian and
philosopher, born near Saverne in 1791. He published
besid;s other works, a "Critical History of Gnosticism,'
etc., (2 vols., 1828,) a "General History of the Christian
Church," (4 vols., 1828-35,) and "The Philosophy of
Religion," (1857,) all in French. He became in 1845
inspector-general of libraries. Died in 1864.
Sec "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Matteucci, mat-too'chee, [It. pron. mat-tS'oot-chee.j
(CARLO,) an Italian writer, distinguished for hisTesearches
in electro-physiology, was born in 1811. He published,
besides other valuable works, " Lectures on the Physico-
Chemical Phenomena of Living Bodies," ( 1 844,) for which
he received the prize of the French Academy of Sciences
and the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London.
He becarie minister of public instruction. Died at Flor-
ence in 1868. (For two of his works, see " Smithsonian
Reports" for 1865 and 1867.)
MatthSi or Matthsei, mat-ta'ee, (CHRISTIAN FRIED-
RICH,) a German scholar, born in Thuringia in 1744, was
appointed professor of Greek at Wittenberg, and subse-
quently of classic literature at Moscow. He published
a number of critical treatises and editions of various
Greek classics. Diedini8u.
MatthSi or Matthaei,(FRiEDRicH,) a German painter
of history and portraits, born at Meissen in 1777. He
was a pupil of Casanova, and subsequently of Fiiger,
at Vienna, and was appointed in 1809 professor in the
Academy of Painting at Dresden. Died in 1832. His
brother, ERNST GOTTLIEB, born in 1779, was a sculptor
of great merit, and was appointed honorary professor in
the university at Rome. Died in 1842.
Matthesius, mat-ta'ze-us, (JoHANN,) a German Prot-
estant minister, born at Rochlitz in 1504. He became
first preacher at Joachimsthal about 1543. He wrote a
" History of Luther's Doctrine, Life, and Death," (in
German, 1565.) Died in 1568.
Mattheson, mat'teh-son, (JoHANN,) a German mu-
sician and composer, born at Hamburg in 1681. His
works are very numerous, comprising operas, church
music, sonatas, etc. He also published several treat-
ises on music, which are highly esteemed. He was an
intimate friend of Handel. Died in 1764.
Matthew, math's, [Gr. Martfmoc; Fr. MATTHIEU
mi'te-uh'; It. MATTEO, mat-ta'o,] SAINT, THE EVAN-
GELIST, a native of Galilee, is generally believed to have
been the same person as Levi, the son of Alpheus, men-
tioned in Mark (ii. 14) and Luke, (v. 27.) His employ-
ment was that of a publican, or collector of customs,
under the Romans, and while engaged in this function
he was called by Christ to be one of the apostles. The
history of Matthew after the ascension of Christ is nol
known, some writers asserting that he suffered death
at Naddabar, in Ethiopia, and others that he was one
of the apostles who escaped martyrdom.
Matthew OF CRACOW, [Lat. MATTHI'AS CRACOVI-
EN'SIS,] a German bishop and Reformer, born in Pome-
rania. He became Bishop of Worms in 1405, and wrote
against the corrupt practices of the Church. Among his
works is a treatise " On the Pollutions of the Romish
Court." Died in 1410.
Matthew OF WESTMINSTER, an English monk and
historical writer of the fourteenth century, was the author
of "Flowers of History," ("Flores Historiarum,") ex-
tending from the creation to the death of Edward I. It
is highly valued for its accuracy.
Matthew, math'u, (TOBIAS,) an English prelate, born
m Bristol in 1546. In 1572 he was chosen president of
Saint John's College, Oxford, and one of the queen's
chaplains. in-ordinary. In 1595 he was created Bishop
of Durham, and in 1606 Archbishop of York. The
learning and piety of Archbishop Matthew have been
warmly eulogized by Camden. Died in 1628.
Matthew, (TOBIAS,) son of the preceding, born at
Oxford in 1578, became a Roman Catholic. He was
employed by James I. in 1621 to negotiate the marriage
of the Prince of Wales with the Infanta of Spain. He
was knighted in 1623. Among his works are a "Lifs
of Saint Theresa," and a "Collection of Letters includ-
ing a Character of Lucy, Countess of Carlisle." Died in
1655.
See WOOD, " Athenz Oxonienses."
Matthew Paris, math'u par'iss, a celebrated English
chronicler, enjoyed the patronage of Henry III., from
whom he obtained important privileges for the Univer-
sity of Oxford. He was the author of " Historia Major
Angliae," and " Historia Minor Anglis." The former
extends from the time of William the Conqueror to the
reign of Henry III. Died in 1259.
Matthews, math'uz, (BRANDER,) (originally named
JAMES BRANDER MATTHEWS,) an American author, born
at New Orleans, Louisiana, February 21, 1852. He grad-
uated at Columbia College, New York, in 1871, and
studied law. He edited "Comedies for Amateur Act-
ig," (1879,) and other works, and wrote "Theatres of
Paris," (1880,) "French Dramatists of the Nineteenth
Century," (1881,) " Margery's Lovers," (a comedy, 1883.)
'The Home Library," (1883,) and numerous later
works.
Matthews, math'uz, (GEORGE,) an American officer
of the Revolution, born in Augusta county, Virginia, in
>739- He was elected Governor of Georgia in 1780, and
again in 1794. Died in 1812.
Matthews, (STANLEY,) LL.D., an American jurist,
)orn in Cincinnati, July 21, 1824. He graduated at
ienyon College in 1840, became a judge of the common
pleas at Cincinnati in 1852, was a State Senator, 1855-56,
was appointed United States district attorney in 1858,
entered the United States volunteer service in 1861, was
appointed a judge of the Superior Court at Cincinnati
n 1863, became a United States Senator in 1877, and
n 1881 was appointed a justice of the United States
Supreme Court. Among his writings is a " Manual of
he Law of Partnership," (1864.) Died March 22, 1889.
Matthews, (THOMAS,) a British naval officer, born
n Wales in 1681, distinguished himself in the engage-
ment at Cape Passaro under Admiral Byng, (1718,) and
n other campaigns of the war of the Spanish succession.
He obtained the rank of admiral of the blue. Died in
1751.
See VAN TENAC, " Hist, .ire ge'ne'rale de la Marine."
M.Uthia or Matthiae, mat-tee's', (AUGUST HEIN-
RICH,) a German philologist, born at Gottingen in 1769.
He published " Elements of Greek and Roman Litera-
ture," a " Complete Greek Grammar," which was trans-
lated into French, an excellent edition of the Tragedies
of Euripides, and other works. Died in 1835.
Matthia, (JoHAN,) a Swedish prelate, born in Ostro-
gothia in 1592, became court preacher and almoner to
Gustavus Adolphus. He was afterwards appointed pre-
ceptor to Christina, the daughter of that monarch, and
was created Bishop of Strengnas in 1643. He wrote
several moral and theological works. Died in 1670.
Matthiae. See MATTHIA.
Matthias, ma-thl'ass, [Ger. pron. mat-tee'ass; It
MATTIA, mat-tee'a,] Emperor of Germany, born in 1557,
was the son of Maximilian II. and Mary, daughter of
Charles V. He was invited in 1578, by the Catholia
of the Netherlands, to assume the government of that
country, which office he soon resigned. He was ap-
pointed Stadtholder of Austria in 1595, and in 1611 was
invited by the Bohemians to become their ruler. On
the death of his brother Rudolf, Emperor of Germany,
in 1612, Matthias succeeded to the throne. In the en-
suing contest between the Protestant and Catholic fac-
tions he pursued a vacillating policy, and while striving
to direct made himself distrusted by both. He con-
cluded a disadvantageous treaty with the Turks, then in
rossessipn of Hungary, (1615,) and soon after caused
lis cousin Ferdinand to be proclaimed King of Bohemia
and Hungary. (See FERDINAND II.) Matthias died in
1619, in the midst of the dissensions which preceded tha
Thirty Years' war.
« as k: c as T: g hard; g as/- G, H, K.ptttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z: th as in Ms. (J|»-See Explanations p 27 )
100
MATTHIAS
1682
MAUBREU1L
Matthias, ma-thi'ass, an American fanatic and impos-
tor, originally named ROBERT MATTHEWS, born in Wash-
ington county. New York, about 1790, became a street-
preacher in Albany, and prophesied the destruction of
that city.
See " Matthias and his Impostures," by WM. L. STONE, New
fork, 1835 ; " North American Review" for October, 1835.
Matthias OF JANOW, (ya'nov,) a German priest and
Reformer, preached in Prague. He wrote against popery,
and published "The Abomination of Carnal Priests and
Monks." Died in 1394.
See HODGSON, " Reformers and Martyrs," Philadelphia, 1867.
Matthias Corvinus. See CORVINUS.
Matthieu, the French for MATTHEW, which see.
Matthieu, mir'te-uh', (PIERRE,) a French poet ana
historical writer, born in Franche-Comte in 1563. He
became historiographer of France under Henry IV.,
wrote a tragedy entitled " La Guisiade," of which the
Duke of Guise is the hero ; also a " History of Henry
III. and Henry IV." Died in 1621.
See POIRSON, " Histoire du Regne de Henri IV ;" NICSBON
•' M^moires."
Matthieu de Vendome, mt'te-uh' deh v8N'd5m', a
French statesman and ecclesiastic.^Born about 1220, was
appointed regent of the kingdom by Louis IX. on his
departure for Palestine. After the accession of Philip
he was made prime minister in 1270. Died in 1286.
Matthieu de Vendome, a French scholar and Latin
poet, lived about 1180-1200.
Matthiolua. See MATTIOLI.
Matthisson, von, von mat'te-son', (FRIEDRICH,) an
eminent German lyric poet, born near Magdeburg in
1761. He studied at Halle, and in 1794 accompanied
the Princess of Anhalt-Dessau on her tour through
Switzerland, Italy, and the Tyrol. In 1812 the King
of Wurtemberg appointed him his chief librarian and
conferred upon him a title of nobility. His poems are
characterized by great tenderness of feeling, graceful
versification, and faithful delineations of nature. He
also published an interesting work entitled " Remi-
niscences," ("Erinnerungen," 5 vols., 1810-16,) being an
account of persons and places he had visited. Died in
1831.
See DURING, " Matthisson's Leben," 1833 ; LONGFELLOW, " Poets
and Poetry of Europe;" F. VON MATTHISSON, "Selbstbiographie,"
1818.
Matthya, mlt-tis', (GERARD,) a Flemish philosophei
and Greek scholar, born in Gelderland in 1523. He
published a number of commentaries on Aristotle, and
other critical works. Died in 1574.
Matthys, mat'tess, (JAKOB,) a Swiss polyglot lin-
guist, born at Wolfenschiessen in 1802. He became a
Catholic parish priest, living chiefly in remote mountain-
districts. He learned many languages, though he had
very little money and but a scanty library. Died at
Paris, November I, 1873.
Matti, mat'tee, (EMANUEL,) a Spanish ecclesiastic
and Latin poet, born at Oropesa in 1663, was appointed
Dean of Alicante. Died in 1737.
Mattioli, mit-te-o'lee, (Luici,) an Italian engraver,
born at Crevalcore in i66a, executed a number of prints
•fter the Caracci. He was also distinguished as a
painter. Died about 1745.
See G. ATTI, "Vita di L. Mattioli," 1836.
Mattioli, [Lat. MATTHI'OLUS,] (PiETRO ANDREA,)
an eminent Italian physician and botanist, born at Sienna
in 1500. Being invited to Prague by the emperor Fer-
dinand, he was made aulic councillor, and subsequently
appointed first physician to Maximilian IL He published
" Commentaries on the Materia Medica of Dioscorides,"
(in Latin, 1554,) which are highly esteemed and have
been translated into several languages ; also a number
of medical and botanical treatises. The well-known
genus Matthiola (Stock-gilliflower) was named in honour
of this botanist. Died in 1577.
See CUVIER, "Histoire des Sciences naturelles;" HALLER,
" Bibliotheca Botanica ;" VAN DER LINDEN, " De Scriptoribus Me-
dicis."
Mat'ti-son, (HlRAM,) D.D., an American preacher,
born in Norway, New York, February II, 1811. In
1835 he became a preacher of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, though for some time (1861-65) he belonged to
an Independent Methodist organization. He published
"The Trinity and Modern Arianism," (1843,) "Tracts
for the Times," (1843,) "Elementary Astronomy," (1846,)
and other works, chiefly on religious and scientific sub-
jects. He was distinguished for his hostility to Roman-
ism and to slavery. Died at Jersey City in 1868.
Mattius. See MATIUS.
Mat'u-rin, (CHARLES ROBERT,) a distinguished poet,
novelist, and pulpit orator, born at Dublin in 1782, was
descended from a French Protestant family. He studied
at Trinity College, and was subsequently appointed
curate of Saint Peter's, Dublin. He published in 1807
"The Fatal Revenge, or the Family of Montorio," which
was followed by "The Milesian Chief," "Women, 01
Pour et Centre," " Melmoth the Wanderer," and othei
romances of the Radcliffe school. His tragedy of " Ber-
tram," brought out at the Drury-Lane Theatre in 1816,
met with brilliant success. It has been translated into
French, as well as several of his romances. In 1824 he
published " Controversial Sermons," directed against the
corruptions of the Roman Church which obtained great
popularity. Died in 1824.
See the " Edinburgh Review" for June, 1818 ; " Quarterly Review"
for December, 1818, and January. 1831; "Monthly Review" for
August, 1818, et seq.
Maturin, (EDWARD S.,) a son of the preceding, was
born at Dublin in 1812, was educated at Trinity College,
Dublin. In 1832 he came to the United States, and be-
came a lawyer. For many years he was a teacher in South
Carolina and in New York. Among his books, mostly
novels, are " Sejanus," " Benjamin, the Jew of Granada,"
"Eva," "Montezuma," "Melmouth the Wanderer,"
" Lyrics of Spain and Erin," and " Bianca, a Tale."
Died in New York, May 25, 1881.
Maturino di Firenze, ml-too-ree'no de fe-rfn'zi,
an Italian painter, born at Florence about 1490, was a
pupil of Raphael, and a friend of Polidoro Caravaggio,
in conjunction with whom he executed a number of
frescos at Rome. These works are preserved in the
engravings of Cherubino, Alberti, Goltzius, and other
artists. Died about 1528.
Matuszewic, ma-too'shi-vits, (THADDEUS,) a Polish
statesman, was appointed minister of finance in 1815.
Died in 1818.
Maty, ma'tee, (MATHEW,) an eminent physician and
writer, born near Utrecht in 1718, studied at Leyden,
and subsequently settled in England, (1740.) He founded
in 1 750 the "Journal Britannique," a literar periodical
of great merit, which was highly commended by Gibbon.
He was elected in 1758 a Fellow of the Royal Society,
of which he became perpetual secretary in 1765. In
1772 he succeeded Dr. Knight as chief librarian of the
British Museum. He published an " Essay on the
Character of the Great Physician, or a Critical Eulogy
on Boerhaave," (in French, 1747,) "Authentic Memoirs
of Richard Mead," (1755,) and " Memoirs of Lord Ches-
terfield." Died in 1776.
See NICHOLS, " Literary Anecdotes ;" GIBBON, " Memoirs.1'
Maty, (PAUL HENRY,) a son of the preceding, was
born in London in 1745. He became one of the secre-
taries of the Royal Society in 1778. He published :
translation, from the German, of Riesbeck's " Travels,"
(1787.) Died in 1787.
Matzner, mSts'ner, (£DUARD ADOLF FERDINAND,) a
German philologist, born at Rostock, May 25, 1805. HP
studied at Rostock, Greifswalde, and Heidelberg, and be
came distinguished as a teacher. Besides some Greek
texts, he published several works on the old French lan-
guage, also an important "English Grammar," (1859-
65; in English, by C. J. Grece, 1874,) an "Old English
Dictionary," (1872 et sef.,) and other works on English
etymology. Died at Berlin, July 14, 1892.
Maubert de Oouveat, mo'baiR' deh goo'vj', (JEAN
HENRI,) a French litt/ratrvr, born at Rouen in 1721,
wrote a work entitled " Political History of the Age,"
which was commended by Lord Bolingbroke. Died in
1767.
Maubeuge. See MABUSE.
Maubreuil, de, deh mS'bRuI' or mo'bRuh'ye, (MA-
RIE ARMAND GUERRI,) MARQUIS, a French political
i, e, I, 6, u, y. long: a, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fall, fit; m?t; not; good; moTm
MAUBURNE
1683
MAUREILLAJU
adventurer, born in Bretagne in 1782. He served in the
army as captain. According to his own statement, he
was authorized and bribed by certain members of the
provisional government in 1814 to assassinate Napoleon
and to rob the Queen of Westphalia of her diamonds.
He performed the latter part of his mission, and was
cast into prison for that offence. Died in 1855.
Mauburne, mo'biiRn', or Momboir, m6N'bwaR',
(JEAN,) a Flemish ecclesiastic and devotional writer,
born at Brussels about 1460, was a friend and corre-
spondent of Erasmus. Died in 1502.
Maucomble, mo'k6Mbl', (JEAN FRANQOIS DIEU-
DONNE,) a French writer, born at Metz in 1735, pub-
lished a " History of the Antiquities of the City of
Nimes," (1767.) Died in 1768.
Maucroix, de, deh mo'kRwi', (FRANQOis,) a French
scholar, born at Noyon in 1619. He made translations
from the " Philippics" of Demosthenes, the " Homilies"
of Saint Chrysostom, and other Greek classics. He was
an intimate friend of Boileau, Racine, and La Fontaine,
and published conjointly with the last-named a collection
of works in prose and verse. Died in 1708.
Maud or Maude. See MATILDA.
Maudsley or Maudslay, mawdz'le, (HENRY,) an
English artisan, born at Woolwich in 1771, was an em-
ploye1 of Joseph Bramah. He made several valuable
mechanical inventions. Died in 1831.
Maudsley, (HENRY,) M.D., an English physician,
born near Giggleswick, Yorkshire, February 5, 1835.
He was educated at University College, London, and
took his degree at the University of London in 1857.
He was for some time a professor in his college. His
principal works are "Physiology of Mind," (1867,)
Pathology of Mind," (1867,) " Body and Mind," (1870,)
" Body and Will," (1883,) and " Natural Causes and
Supernatural Seemings," (1886.)
Mauduit, mS'dii-e', ( ANTOINE RENfi, ) a French
mathematician, born in Paris in 1731. He published,
among other works, " Elements of Conic Sections De-
monstrated," which is highly commended by Laland*.
Died in 1815.
Mauduit, mS'dwe', (ISRAEL,) an English writer, of
French extraction, born at Bermondsey in 1708, was
appointed agent for the province of Massachusetts. He
published a " Short View of the History of the New
England Colonies," (1769,) and several other works.
Died in 1787.
Mauduit, (MICHEL,) a French theologian, bom at
Vire, in Normandy, in 1644. He was the author of an
"Analysis of the Gospel, according to the Historic
Order," etc., a "Treatise on Religion," and other works.
Died in 1709.
Mauduit du Plessis, mo'dii-e' dii pl£'se', (THOMAS
ANTOINE,) a French officer, born at Hennebon in 1753,
served in the American war, where his courage and
abilities won for him the particular regard of Washington.
Having joined the royalists soon after the breaking out
of the French Revolution, he was killed in attempting
to suppress a mutiny among his soldiers in Hayti, in
1791.
Maugras, mo'gRa', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French phi-
losopher and writer, born near Bourbonne-les-Bains in
1762 ; died in 1830.
Mauguin, mo'gaN', (FRANCOIS,) an eloquent French
advocate, born at Dijon in 1785. He took a prominent
part in the revolution of 1830, and sat in the Chamber
of Deputies until 1848. Died in 1854.
See M. DE COBMENIN, " Le Livre des Orateurs ;" L. DB LOMBNIE,
"M. Mauguin, par un Homme de Rien," 1840.
Maule, (Fox.) See PANMURE, LORD.
Maulmont, mol'miN', or Malmont, de, deh mil'
m6N'', (JEAN,) a French scholar and theologian, was an
intimate friend of J. C. Scaliger.
Maultrot, mo'tRo', (GABRIEL NICOLAS,) a French
jurist, born in Paris in 1714, published numerous treat-
ises on canon law. Died in 1803.
Maun'der, (SAMUEL,) an English compiler, born
about 1790. He published, besides other works, a
" Treasury of Useful Knowledge," and a " Biographical
Treasury," (6th edition, 1847.) Died in 1849.
Maundeville. See MANDEVILLE, (Sir JOHN.)
Maun'drell, (HENRY,) an English traveller, born
about 1650, visited Palestine in 1697, and published in
1698 his " Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem," etc., which
was translated into French. Died about 1710.
Maunoir, mo'nwaR', (JULIEN,) a learned French ec-
clesiastic, born in 1606, wrote several theological treat-
ises in Latin, and, besides other works, a grammar and
dictionary in the dialect of Brittany. Died in 1683.
Maupas, de, deh mo'pa', (CHARLES CAUCHON,) a
French soldier, born at Rneims in 1566, was appointed
councillor of state by Henry IV., and was subsequently
ambassador to the court of England. Died in 1629.
Maupaa du Tour, de, deh m5'pa' dii tooR, (HENRI
CAUCHON,) a French writer, born near Rheims in 1600,
rose to be Bishop of Evreux in 1661. He wrote a "Life of
Saint Francis de Sales," and other works. Died in 1680.
Maupassant, de, deh m5'pi's&N', (HENRI REN*
ALBERT GUY,) a French poet, born at the chateau Mi-
romesnil, August 5, 1850. He wrote " Des Vers," (1880,)
Mademoiselle Fifi," (1882,) " Une Vie," (1883,) "Clau-
de lune," (1883.) "Au Soleil," (1884,) " Yvette," (1885,)
La Petite Roque," (1886,) "Pierre et Jean," (iS8S.)
Sur 1'eau," (1888,) " La Main Gauche," (1889,) " L'inu-
tile Beaute," (1890,) etc. _Died at Paris, July 6, 1893.
Maupeou, de, de mo'poo', (RENE CHARLES,) a
French statesman, born in Paris in 1688. He was suc-
cessively first president of the Parliament of Paris, keeper
of seals, and vice-chancellor, (1763.) Died in 1775.
Maupeou, de, (REN£ NICOLAS CHARLES AUGU-.
TIN,) a son of the preceding, born in 1714, rose through
various high offices to be chancellor of France in 1768.
In this post he directed all his efforts towards the over-
throw of the parliament, which, by his intrigues, was
accomplished in 1771. The president Lamoignon and
several distinguished members were exiled ; but on the
accession of Louis XVI. (1774) they were recalled, and
the former system was re-established. Maupeou was ban-
ished to his estate, near Les Andelys, where he died
in 1792, having bequeathed to the nation the sum of
800,000 livres. He was the last chancellor of the
ancient monarchy.
See " Lettres de Madame du Deffand :" DB TOCQUEVILLE, " Hiv-
toire de Louis XV ;" SISMONDI, " Histoire des Francais."
Maupertuis, de, deh mo'pe'R'tu-e', (PIERRE Louis
MOREAU,) an eminent French mathematician, bom at
Saint-Malo in 1698. He finished his studies in Paris,
was elected to the Academy of Sciences in 1723, and in
1727 became a Fellow of the Royal Society, London.
In 1736 he was the chief of a party of savants, in-
cluding Clairaut and Lemonnier, who were sent to
Lapland by the Academy in order to measure a degree
of the meridian. The result of this experiment, which
is his chief title to celebrity, exposed the error which
had been made by Dominic and Cassini in their measure-
ment in France, and tended to confirm Newton's theory
of the oblate form of the earth. On the invitation of
Frederick II. of Prussia, Maupertuis repaired in 1740 to
Berlin, where he was appointed president of the Acad-
emy of Sciences. He was the author of an " Essay on
Moral Philosophy," "The Balistic Arithmetic," "The
Measure of the Northern Degree," " Discourse on the
Figure of the Stars," and several able treatises on geom-
etry. Died in 1759.
Seel*. A. DE LA BEAUMELLB, " Vie de Maupertuis," 1856 ; DAM*-
RON, "Miimoire sur Maupertuis:" VOLTAIRE, " Conespondano
Gi*ne>ale;" J. H. FORMEY, " Eloge de Maupertuis," 1761 : "Nou-
velle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Mauquest de la Motte, mo'kj' deh 11 mot, (GuiL-
LAUME,) a French surgeon, born at Valognes in 1655,
wrote a "Treatise on Surgery," (3 vols., 1722.) Dierl
in 1737.
Maur. See RABAN-MAUR.
Maurand or Mauran, mo'riN', (PIERRE,) the first
leader of the Albigenses, was born at Toulouse. It is
said that, under the pressure of severe persecution, he
abjured his doctrines. Died in 1199.
Maureillan, mo'ri'yftN', (CASIMIR POITEVIN,) Vi-
COMTE, a French general, born at Montpellier in 1772,
succeeded the Duke of Ragusa as Governor of Dalmatia
in 1806. Died in 1829.
€as/&; 9asj: ghard; gas/',- G, H, Y., guttural; N, nasal; R. trilltd: sass; th as in this.
lanations, p. 23.)
MA UREPAS
1684
MAURY
Maurepas, de, deh moR'pa', (JEAN FREDERIC Fhe-
lypeaux — fa'le'po',) COMTE, a French statesman, born
it Versailles in 1701, was a grandson of Chancellor Pont-
chartrain. He succeeded his father, Jer6me de Pontchar-
train, as secretary of state in 1715, and in 1725 became
minister of marine. Though frivolous in his character
and superficial in his attainments, he was a liberal patron
of learned men, and promoted the scientific expeditions
of Maupertuis and his companions to Lapland and of
Jussieu to South America. Having offended Madame
de Pompadour by an epigram, he was banished from
court ; but after twenty-five years be was recalled. The
principal measure of his subsequent administration was
the restoration of the parliaments. Died in 1781.
See CONDORCET, "filoge de M. de Maurepas," 1782; VOLTAIRE,
"Siecle de Louis XV ;" Duoz, " Histoire de Louis XVI;" MAR-
MONTRL, "Me'moires;" " Nouvelle Biographic Gine'rale."
Maurer, mSw'rer, (CHRISTOPH,) a Swiss painter and
engraver, son of Josias, noticed below, was born at Zurich
in 1558. He was a pupil of Tobias Slimmer. Died in
1614.
Maurer, mow'rer, (GEORG LUDWIG,) a German jurist,
t orn near Durkheim, in Bavaria, in 1790, became min-
ister of foreign affairs and of justice in 1847. He published
a number of legal treatises. Died May 9, 1872.
Maurer or Murer, moo'r?r, (JosiAS,) a Swiss artist
and litttrattur, born at Zurich in 1530, excelled as an
engraver and painter on glass. Died in 1580.
Maurice, EMPEROR OF THE EAST. See MAURICIUS.
Maurice, the French for MAURICIUS, which see.
Maurice, mS'ress', (ANTOINE,) a French Protestant
theologian and Orientalist, born in Provence in 1677.
He became professor of history, Oriental languages, and
theology at Geneva. Died in 1756.
Maurice, (ANTOINE,) a theological writer, a son of
the preceding, born at Geneva in 1716, succeeded his
father in the chair of theology in that city, (1756.) Died
in 1795.
Maurice, (FREDERIC GUILLAUME,) BARON, a Swiss
writer, son of Antoine, (the second of the name,) born
>t Geneva in 1750, was one of the founders of the "Bi-
bliotheque Britannique," (1796,) and published several
agricultural works. Died in 1826.
Maurice, mau'riss, (JOHN FREDERICK DENISON,)
an English divine and prominent leader of the " Broad
Church" party, born in 1805. He studied at Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, and subsequently became editor of the
London "Athenaeum." Among his principal works are
his "Theological Essays," "Prophets and Kings of the
Old Testament," "Unity of the New Testament," "The
Kingdom of Christ," (1841,) "Religions of the World,"
" Philosophy of the First Six Centuries," " Doctrine of
Sacrifice deduced from the Scriptures," " Lectures on
National Education," " Philosophy of the Middle Ages,1'
"Claims of the Bible and of Science," (1862,) and "The
Conflict of Good and Evil in our Day," (1865.) He was
appointed professor of moral philosophy at Cambridge
in 1866. Died April I, 1872.
See " Fraser's Magazine" for April, 1854 ; " New American Cy-
clopzdia."
Maurice, (Rev. THOMAS,) an English divine and
scholar, born in Hertford in 1755, became vicar of Cud-
ham, in Kent. He was the author of " Indian Antiqui-
ties," (7 vols., 1797,) "History of Hindostan," (3 vols.,
1799,) and "Modern History of Hindostan," (2 vols.,
1804.) He also translated into verse the "CEdipus
Tyrannus" of Sophocles, and published several poems
and dramas. Died in 1824.
See "Memoirs of Rev. Thomas Maurice," 1819, by himself;
''Gentleman's Magazine," 1824.
Maurice OF NASSAU. See NASSAU.
Maurice, mau'riss, [Ger. MO'RITZ ; Lat. MAURITIUS, ]
Elector of Saxony, a celebrated general and champion
of the Protestant cause, was born at Freiberg, March
21, 1521. He succeeded his father, Henry, Duke of
Saxony, in 1541, and married Agnes, a daughter of Philip,
Landgrave of Hesse. In 1546 he formed a secret alliance
with the emperor Charles V. against the Protestant
League of Schmalkalden, with a design to supplant John
Frederick as Elector of Saxony, whose dominions he
invaded with success. The title of elector was trans-
ferred to him by Charles V. In consequence of his un-
expected hostility to the Protestants, the Imperial army
gained a decisive victory at Miihlberg in April, 1547, and
the Protestant cause was apparently ruined. Having
changed his policy, and formed, in 1551, a secret treaty
with Henry II. of France, Maurice, aided by several Ger-
man princes, in the spring of 1552 took arms for the
assertion of religious liberty, and marched against Charles
V., who was at Innspruck. Surprised by this sudden
movement, Charles was compelled to retreat, the Council
of Trent was dispersed in confusion, and hostilities were
terminated by the memorable treaty of Passau, August
22, 1552, which secured religious liberty to the Protest-
ants of Germany. Maurice was killed in a battle against
Albert of Brandenburg, at Sievershausen, in July, 1553.
See J. CAMHRARIUS, "Vita Mauritii Electoris Saxoniz," 1569;
GEORG ARNOLD, "Vita Mauritii," 1719; F. A. VON LANGENN,
" Moritz Herzog und Churfiirst von Sachsen," a vols., 1841 ; SCHLEN-
KBRT, "Moritz Churfiirst von Sachsen," 4vols., 1798-1800; "Nou-
velle Biographic G£ne°rale."
Maurice, mau'riss, [Fr. pron. mo'ress',] SAINT, a
Christian martyr, was commander of the Theban Legion,
which was composed entirely of Christians. Being or
dered by the emperor Maximian to make a sacrifice to
the gods for the success of the Roman arms, he refused
to comply, and was put to death, together with the greater
part of the legion he commanded, (286 A.D.)
See J. DB LISLE, " Defense de la Virile' du Martyrc de la Ldgioa
The'be'enne," 1737.
Mauriceau, mo're'sc/, (FRANC.OIS,) a French phy-
sician, born in Paris, published a " Treatise on the Dis-
eases of Pregnancy," which was translated into several
languages. Died in 1709.
Mauricianus, mau-rish-I-a'nus, (JUNIUS,) a Roman
jurist under the reign of Antoninus Pius.
Mauricius or Mauritius, mau-rishl-us, [Gr. Mov-
oi/cioj-; Fr. MAURICE, mo'ress'; It. MAURISIO, m8w-
ree'se-o,] (FLAViys TIBERIUS,) Emperor of the East,
born in Cappadocia in 539 A.D. Having been appointed
by the emperor Tiberius commander of his armies
against the Persians, he gained several important victo-
ries, and was, on his return, rewarded by Tiberius with
his daughter's hand. After carrying on war for some
time with the Abares, a barbarous tribe on the Danube,
a mutiny broke out among his soldiers, who chose for
their leader a centurion named Phocas. Mauritius was
put to death, having previously witnessed the execution
of five of his sons, (602.)
See GIBBON, " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:" Lm
BEAU, " Histoire du Bas- Empire ;" " Nouvelle Biographic G^n<-
Maurisio, mow-ree'se-o, (GERARDO,) an Italian jurist
and historian, born at Vicenza, lived about 1200-1240.
He served under the Ghibeline commander Ezzelino
da Romano, and subsequently wrote a history of his
achievements, which enjoys a high reputation.
Mauritius. See MAURICE of Saxony, and MAURI-
CIUS.
Mauro, FRA, fRj mow'ro, an eminent Italian geog-
rapher, was a monk of the order of the Camaldules,
near Venice. His principal work is an excellent map
of the world, executed about 1458. Several copies of
it have been made ; one of the best of these is in the
British Museum.
See PLACIDO ZURLA, "II Mappamundo di Fra Mauro," 1806.
Maurocenua. See MOROSINI.
Maurocordato. See MAVROCORDATOS.
Maurolico, mow-ro'le-ko, (FRANCESCO,) a celebrated
Sicilian geometer, born at Messina in 1494, was for many
years professor of mathematics in his native city. He
was the author of a "Treatise on Conic Sections," "Op-
tical Theorem," and other valuable works in Latin, and
made translations from Euclid, Apollonius, and Auto-
lycus. Died in 1575.
See F. MAUROLICO, "Vita del Abbatc Francesco Maurolico,'
1613; D. SctNA, " Elogio di F. Maurolico," 1808.
Mau'rus Terentia'uus, (te-reVshe-a'nus,) a Latin
writer, supposed to have been a native of Carthage, was
lh< author of a poem on the rules of Latin versification,
entitled "De Literis, Syllabis, Pedibus," etc.
Maury, m5're', (JEAN SIFFREIN,) a celebrated French
prelate and pulpit orator, born in the Venaissin in 1746.
a, e, T, o, u, y, Imij;: A. e, o, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 0, obscure; far, fill, fit; mft; n6t; g6"6d; moon;
MAURY
MA VR OM1CHALIS
He repaired to Paris about 1766, and soon acquired a
high reputation by his " Funeral Oration on the Dauphin,"
and his " Eulogy of Fenelon." He published in 1777
his "Treatise on Pulpit Eloquence," and in 1778 was ap-
pointed to preach the Careme (Lent) sermon before the
king. His " Panegyric on Saint Vincent de Paul, "which
is esteemed his master-piece, appeared in 1785, and he
was soon after chosen a member of the French Academy.
In 1789 he was a deputy of the clergy of Peronne to the
States-General, where he was conspicuous as the elo-
quent advocate of the Church and of the royalist party
and the most powerful opponent of Mirabeau. On the
dissolution of the Constituent Assembly he was obliged
to leave the country, and at the invitation of Pius VI.
he took up his residence at Rome, where he was made
a cardinal in 1794. In 1804 he wrote a letter of con-
gratulation to the emperor Napoleon, and henceforth
attached himself to the interests of the new sovereign.
He was successively created by him a member of the
Institute, first almoner of Jerome Bonaparte, and Arch-
bishop of Paris, (1810.) After the restoration of the
Bourbons, Cardinal Maury was deprived of his place,
and retired to Rome, where he died in 1817. Maury was
noted for his brilliant repartee, of which the following
instances may be given. Being asked by Napoleon how
he stood with regard to the Bourbons, he replied, " Sire,
my respect for them is unalterable ; but I have lost faith
and hope, and there remains to me only charity." Once,
in the Assembly, some ladies of rank, known for their
republican opinions, attempted by their loud conversa-
tion to drown his voice, when, turning to the president,
he said, " I pray you silence those Sans-culottes."
See "Viedu Cardinal Maury," 1827, by his nephew; POUJOULAT,
" Le Cardinal Maury, sa Vie et ses CEuvres," 1855 ; " Nouvelle Bio-
graphie Gene>ale;" "Monthly Review," voL Ixiz., 1812, (Appen-
dix.)
Maury, m8w-ree', QUAN MARIA,) a Spanish poet
and critic, born at Malaga, published in 1826 a collection
of Spanish lyrics, entitled " Poetical Spain," ("Espagne
poetique,") which were translated into elegant French
verse and accompanied with critical and biographical
notices. Died in 1845.
Maury, (Louis FERDINAND ALFRED,) a French anti-
quarian writer, born at Meaux in 1817. He became a
member of the Academy of Sciences in 1857. He pub-
lished a number of works, the most valuable of which
is his " History of the Religions of Ancient Greece,"
(3 vols., 1857.) Died at Paris, February n, 1892.
Mau'ry, (MATTHEW FONTAINE,) LL.D., an American
hydrographer and naval officer, born in Sppttsylvania
county, Virginia, in 1806. About 1826 he sailed in the
Vincennes on a voyage around the world, and after his
return was made a lieutenant in 1836. He published a
"Treatise on Navigation," (about 1835,) "Letters on the
Amazon and the Atlantic Slopes of South America,"
"Relation between Magnetism and the Circulation of
the Atmosphere," "Astronomical Observations," (1853,)
and "Physical Geography of the Sea," (1855 ; sixth edi-
tion, 1856,) a work which has been highly praised by
competent judges. Died February I, 1873.
See the " North British Review" for May, 1858.
Mau-so'lus, [Gr. Mawu/lof / Fr. MAUSOLE, mo'zol',]
son of Hecatomnus, became King of Caria, in Asia
Minor, about 377 B.C., being, however, nominally a satrap
of the Persian empire. He made considerable conquests
in Persia and in different parts of Greece, and was, ac-
cording to Demosthenes, one of the instigators of the
Social war. From his name is derived the word "mau-
soleum." The colossal statue of Mausolus, now in the
British Museum, is one of the finest extant relics of,
ancient art. (See ARTEMISIA.)
See CLINTON, " Fasti Hellenid."
Maussac, de, deh mo'sSk', [Lat. MAUSSA'CUS,]
(IIUI-IP JACQUES,) an eminent French critic and scholar,
\ia n near Beziers about 1590. He became first president
of the Chambre des Comptes at Montpellier in 1647.
Maussac was one of the first Greek scholars of his time,
and was an intimate friend of Salmasius. Died in 1650.
Maussacua. See MAUSSAC.
Mautour, de, deh mo'tooR', (PHILIBERT BERNARD
MOREAU,) a French antiquary, born at Beaune in 1654.
Among his works is a " Dissertation on the History <?
the Amazons." Died in 1737.
Mauvais, mo'vi', (FELIX VICTOR,) a French astron-
omer, born at Maiche, in Doubs, in 1809; died in 1854.
Mauvillon, m6've'y6N', (ELEAZAR,) a French littl-
ratfur, born in Provence in 1712, became secretary to
Frederick Augustus, King of Poland. He published a
"History of Prince Eugene of Savoy," (5 vols., 1740,)
a "History of Peter the Great," (1742,) "History of
Gustavus Adolphus," (1764,) and other works, (in
French.) Died at Brunswick in 1779.
Mauvillon, (JACOB,) son of the preceding, born at
Leipsic in 1743, became professor of military science at
Cassel in 1771. He wrote a "Historical Essay on the
Art of War," etc, (in French, 1784,) and other works
in French and German, also " The Prussian Monarchy,"
("La Monarchic Prussienne,") in conjunction with
Mirabeau, who was his intimate friend. Died in 1794.
See HAAG, "La France protestante ;" "Nouvelle Biographie
Ge'ne'rale."
Mauzinho Quevedo de Castello Branco, mow-
zen'yo ki-va'do da kas-tel'Io bRan'ko, a Portuguese
poet, wrote a poem entitled " Alphonso the African,"
commemorating the achievements of King Alphonso V.
Ma'vpr, (WILLIAM FORDYCE,) a Scottish writer, born
near Aberdeen in 1758, became tutor to the children
of the Duke of Marlborough. He published a number
of useful compilations, among which we may name a
" Historical Account of the Most Celebrated Voyages,"
" Elements of Natural History," and " The British Cor-
nelius Nepos." Died in 1837.
Mavors. See MARS.
Mavrocordatos, mav-ro-kor-da'tos, or Mavrocor-
dato, miv-ro-kor-da'to, (ALEXANDER,) a modern Greek
physician, statesman, and scholar, born about 1636. He
studied at Rome and Padua, and took his medical degree
at Bologna. Having settled at Constantinople, his pro-
found knowledge of both Oriental and European lan-
guages procured for him the post of grand dragoman to
the Ottoman Porte, (1673.) He was afterwards employed
in important embassies to Vienna, and negotiated the
treaty of Carlowitz, (1698.) His services to Austria on
this occasion were rewarded by the emperor Leopold
with the title of count of the empire, while he was ap-
pointed secretary of state by the Sultan, and obtained
other distinctions. He was the author of a medical
work entitled " Pneumaticum Instrumentum," etc., which
was translated into French, German, and Spanish, a
"Modern Greek Grammar," and a collection of letters.
Died in 1709.
See VON HAMMER, "Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs:"
" Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Mavrocordatos, (ALEXANDER,) a Greek statesman,
born at Constantinople in 1791. He took arms against
the Turks in 1821, and was appointed president of the
executive committee in January, 1822, soon after which
he took command of the army. Having been rendered
almost powerless by the dissensions among the Greeks
and by the enmity of Colocotronis and Ypsilanti, he re-
signed or refused the office of president in 1823. In 1832
he was appointed a member of the cabinet by King Otho,
whom he served as ambassador to Munich, Berlin, and
London between 1834 and 1840. He was prime minis-
ter for a short time in 1841, and president of the council
in 1844. About May, 1854, he was restored to power,
which he resigned a few months later. Died in 1865.
See TRICOUFIS, " History of the Greek Revolution," (in modern
Greek.) 4 vols., 1853-56; "Nouvelle Biographie G^ne'rale;" L. D«
LOM^NIE, " Galerie des Contemporains. "
Mavrocordatos, ( CONSTANTINE, ) was appointed
Hospodar of Wallachia in 1735. He abolished serfdom,
and introduced great improvements in the agriculture
of the country. Died in 1765.
Mavrocordatos, (NICHOLAS,) son of Alexander,
(the first of the name,) was appointed successively
dragoman to the Sultan, Hospodar of Moldavia (1709)
and of Wallachia, (1711.) Died in 1730.
Mavromicbalis, mav-ro-me-Kl'lis, known also as
« as*; casf,- ^hard; gas/; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal: R. trilled; sasi, th as in this. (JjySee Explanations, p. 23.)
MA WE
1686
MAXIMILIAN
PlETRO BEY, a modern Greek patriot, born in the Morea
about 1775. He fought against the Turks in the revo-
lution which began in 1821, and became a member of
the provisional government. Died in 1848.
Mawe, maw, (JOSEPH,) an English naturalist, born in
Derbyshire in 1 764, published " Travels in the Interior of
Brazil," etc, (1812,) "Treatise on Diamonds and Precious
Stones," (1813,) "Mineralogy of Derbyshire," and other
scientific treatises. Died in 1829.
Mawmoisine, maw'moi-zin, or Malvoisine, de,
deh mal'vo-zin, (WILLIAM,) a prelate, supposed to have
been a native of France. Having visited Scotland, he
was made Bishop of Saint Andrew's in 1202. He estab-
lished many monasteries in that country, and was active
in promoting a crusade to the Holy Land.
Maxentiua, maks-e'n'shle-ijs, [Fr. MAXENCE, mtk'-
sftNss',] (MARCUS AURELIUS VALERIUS,) a Roman em-
peror, was the son of Maximian, who abdicated in 305
A.D. He married the daughter of the emperor Galerius.
He thought himself slighted by the promotion of Con-
stantine to the rank of Csesar in 306, and excited a
revolt among the Praetorian guards, who proclaimed him
emperor at Rome in the same year. Galerius, who was
then in a distant province, sent against him an army
under Severus, who was defeated and killed by the aid
of Maximian. Maxentius and his father reigned together
for a short time, and made an alliance with Constantine,
who married Fausta, a sister of Maxentius. Maximian
was expelled from Rome in 308, in consequence of a
3uarrel with his son. In 312 the army of Constantine
efeated that of Maxentius, who, in the retreat, was
drowned in the Tiber.
See GIBBON, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:" TlLLB-
aioNT, " Hisloire des Empereurs."
Max'ey, (SAMUEL BELL,) an American Senator, born
at Tompkinsville, Kentucky, March 30, 1825. He grad-
uated at West Point in 1846, served in the Mexican war,
and afterwards was a lawyer in Texas. He served in
the Confederate army, and was made a major-general.
He was sent to the United States Senate in 1875, and
was re-elected. Died in 1895.
Max'im, (HIRAM STEVENS,) an American in-
ventor, born at Sangerville, Maine, in 1840. He
worked as a coach-builder and an engineer, and after
1867 took out patents for various inventions, the best
known of which is the Maxim machine-gun, which
uses the power of the recoil for reloading. He also
invented cordite, a smokeless powder, and in 1894 a
flying machine. He resided in England after 1881.
Maxime. See MAXIMUS.
Maxime de Tyr. See MAXIMUS TYRIUS.
Max-iml-an, [Fr. MAXIMIEN, m5k'se'me-lN' ; Lat
MAXIMIA'NUS, ] or, more fully, Mar'cus Vale'rius
Maximia'nus, a Roman emperor, born in Pannonia,
was the son of a peasant He had obtained high rank in
the army when Diocletian, in 286 A.D., adopted him as
his colleague in the empire. In the division of the em-
pire, Italy and Africa were assigned to Maximian. In
305 Diocletian and Maximian formally abdicated in
favour of Galerius and Constantius Chlorus. The next
year he joined his son Maxentius in an effort to recover
power, and was proclaimed emperor. In the war that
ensued between him and Constantine he was taken
prisoner, and executed in 310. (See MAXENTIUS.)
See GIBBON, " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ;" TIL
MONT, " Histoire des Empereurs."
Maximianus. See MAXIMIAN.
Maximien. See MAXIMIAN.
Max-I-mill-an [Ger. pron. mak-se-mee'le-an ; Fr.
MAXIMILIEN, mik'se'me'le'aN'; Lat. MAXIMILIA'NUS ;
It MASSIMILIANO, mas-se-me-le-a'no] L, Emperor of
Germany, born at Neustadt in 1459, was the son of
Frederick III. and Leonora of Portugal. He married,
in 1477, Mary of Burgundy, daughter and heiress of
Charles the Bold, who died in 1482, leaving two children
Philip and Margaret. In accordance with the stipulations
of the peace of Arras, (1482,) he betrothed his daughtei
Margaret to the Dauphin, (afterwards Charles VIII. ol
France,) with Burgundy, Artois, and Flanders for her
lortion. For several years following he was involved in
a contest with France, and with his subjects in the Neth-
erlands, incited to revolt by Louis XI. About 1492 he
prepared to make war on Charles VIII., who not only
•efused to keep his engagement with Maximilian's daugh-
er, but had deprived him of his intended bride, Anne,
he wealthy heiress of Brittany. By the mediation of
Philip, Elector of the Palatinate, a treaty of peace was
concluded between the two sovereigns at Senlis, (1493,)
jy which Charles was compelled to give up the doirr)
of the princess. Maximilian was crowned Emperor of
3ermany, and in 1494 married Bianca Sforza, daugh-
ter of the Duke of Milan, which alliance gave rise to a
succession of wars in Italy. He soon after joined the
League of Cambray, formed between Pope Julius It.,
Ferdinand of Spain, and Louis XII. of France, against
:he Venetians ; but, that republic having soon after
Decome reconciled to the pope, Maximilian joined the
so-called Holy League between England, Spain, Venice,
and the pope, in opposition to the French, who were
signally defeated by the forces of Henry VIII. and the
emperor, in the " battle of the spurs," near Guinegate,
[1513.) Francis I., having succeeded to the throne of
France, captured Milan, and compelled Maximilian to
jive up Verona to the Venetians for 200,000 ducats. By
;he treaty of Bale (1499) he had been obliged to acknow-
ledge the independence of Switzerland. Though often
unsuccessful in his wars, he had the fortune to acquire
extensive territories by the marriage of his son Philip
with the Infanta of Spain, and of his grandchildren Fer-
dinand and Maria with the son and daughter of Ladislaus,
King of Hungary and Bohemia. His daughter Mar-
garet was married to the Spanish prince Don Juan, a
»on of Ferdinand and Isabella. Among the important
acts of his reign were the establishment of the Imperial
Chamber and Aulic Council, and the abolition of the
Secret Tribunal of Westphalia ; he also created a stand-
ing army and introduced military discipline. He was a
liberal patron of learned men, and was the author of
several works in prose and verse. He died in January,
1519, and was succeeded by his grandson, Charles V.
See COXH, " History of the House of Austria;" HBGEWISCH,
" Geschichte der Regierung Maximilians 1.," 1782; KARL HALTAUS,
"Geschichte des Kaisers Maximilian." 1850: VAN DER VOORT,
"Maximilian van Oostennjk," 1844;
rVTai-lmilian U^ born in 1 527, was the son of Fer-
dinand I., whom he succeeded in 1564 as Emperor of
Germany. He was soon after engaged in a war with the
Turks, who had established themselves in Hungary.
After the death of Solyman II. a truce of eight years
was concluded between his successor and the emperor
Maximilian was favourably inclined towards the Protest-
ants, whom he allowed to fill important offices ; but the
influence of the pope, the King of Spain, and the Catho-
lic princes of Germany prevented him from formally
embracing their doctrines. He died in 1576, and was
succeeded by his eldest son, Rudolph.
See COXH, " History of the House of Austria ;" DK THOU, " His-
toria sui Temporis;" " Nouvelle Biographic Generale."
Maximilian L, Elector of Bavaria, born in 1573.
On the formation by the Protestants of the confederacy
called the Union, (1608,) Maximilian put himself at the
head of the opposing Catholic faction of the League.
In conjunction with the emperor Ferdinand II., he fought
in the Thirty Years' war against the Palatine Frederick V.,
and conquered the Upper and Lower Palatinate. In 1623
he obtained the electoral dignity of the Palatinate and
the hereditary domains of Frederick V. Maximilian was
an able ruler, and founded a number of colleges and other
useful institutions. Died in 1651.
See KARL MARIA VON AKKIIH. "Geschichte des Herzog» und
Kurfursten Maximilian L," 1842.
Maximilian II, (JOSEPH,) King of Bavaria, the
eldest son of King Lewis, was born in 1811. He mar-
ried in 1842 a daughter of Prince Frederick William of
Prussia. In March, 1848, he succeeded his father, who
abdicated the throne. He opposed the project to unite
the German peoples into one nation or confederacy of
which the King of Prussia should be the head. He died
in March, 1864, and was succeeded by his son Lewis.
Maximilian, (FERDINAND JOSEPH,) Emperor of
a, e, I, o, u, y, long: i, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short: a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; m?t; not; good; moon;
MAXIMILIAN
1687
MAXWELL
Mexico and Archduke of Austria, born in July, 1832,
was a brother of the emperor Francis Joseph. He
married Carlotta, or Charlotte, a daughter of Leopold,
King of Belgium, about 1858. In 1859 he was appointed
an admiral and commander-in-chief of the Austrian navy.
In 1863 he was tempted by Napoleon III. to act the part
of emperor in Mexico, then partly conquered by the
French and partly governed by the republican President
Juarez. He arrived at the Mexican capital in June, 1864.
He issued a decree that all who adhered to the republic
or resisted his authority should be shot. Many prisoners,
including General Orteaga, accordingly suffered death by
his order. According to the New York " Evening Post, '
July i, 1867, he ordered the enslavement of the whole
labouring population of Mexico. The United States
refused to recognize him as emperor, and required Na-
poleon to withdraw his army. Maximilian was much
embarrassed by the want of money, and offended the
clerical party (which had favoured him) by refusing to
restore the property of the Church, which had been
confiscated by the Liberals. The French troops de-
parted about the end of 1866, after which the republicans
gained several victories and the empire quickly collapsed.
Maximilian was captured at Queretaro in May, and shot
on the igth of June, 1867.
See his "Recollections of my Life," 3 vols., 1868; F. HALL,
" Life of Maximilian," 1868.
Maximilian, (ALEXANDER PHILIPP,) Prince of Neu-
wied, a German naturalist and traveller, born at Neu-
wied in 1782. In 1815 he set out on a journey through
Brazil, where he spent two years and made a rich col-
lection of specimens. On his return he published his
" Travels in Brazil" and a " Description of the Natural
History of Brazil." In 1833 he visited the western part
of the United States. His "Journey through North
America," a magnificent work, illustrated with eighty-
one engravings, came out in 1843, an<^ 's sa^ to be
tuperior to anything of the kind that had hitherto
appeared in Germany. Died in 1867.
Maximilian Joseph, " Duke in Bavaria," a German
prince and author, the head of the ducal line of the Ba-
varian royal family, was korn at Bamberg, December 4,
1808, and became a general of cavalry in the Bavarian
army. He published " Wanderung nach Orient," " No-
vellen," " Skizzenbuch," etc., and compiled a collection
of Bavarian popular songs and melodies. One of his
daughters became Empress of Austria. Died in 1888.
Maximil'iaD Mari'a Eman'uel, Elector of Bavaria,
born in 1662, was a grandson of Maximilian I. In 1685
he married Maria Antonia, daughter of the emperor
Leopold I., and was appointed in 1692 Governor of the
Netherlands. Having taken part with the French in
the war of the Spanish succession, he delivered up to
them the Spanish Netherlands. After his defeat at the
battle of Schellenberg, he was obliged by the emperoi
to give up his possessions, which, however, were restoree
at the peace of Baden in 1714. Died in 1726.
Maxl-min, [Lat. MAXIMI'NUS; Fr. MAXIMIN, mik'
»e'man',] or, more fully, Cai'us Ju'lius Ve'rus Max-
uni'nus, a native of Thrace, born in 173 A.D., servec
In the Roman army under Septimius Severus. Haying
followed Alexander Severus in his German campaign
he caused him to be assassinated, A.D. 235, and was
proclaimed emperor in his stead. In consequence of hii
cruelties, the province of Africa soon after revolted, am
Gordianus was made emperor by the senate of Rome
A.D. 237. Maximinus, having defeated and slain Gor
dianus, laid siege to Aquileia, during which he was killer.
in a mutiny of his soldiers, together with his son, in 23!
A.D. If we may trust the concurrent testimony of ancien
writers, Maximin was above eight feet high, well propor
tioned, and of such strength that he could easily draw a
loaded wagon, and with a kick break the leg of a horse
He is said to have used his wife's bracelet for a finger
ring-
See TILLKHONT, " Histoire des Empereurs."
Max-I-mi'nus Da'za, an Illyrian peasant, a relativ
of Galerius, was raised by him to the dignity of Caesar
A.D. 305. He ruled over Syria and Egypt, and perse
cuted the Christians. On the death of Galerius, in 311
Maximinus took possession of all the Asiatic provinces
He afterwards made war on Licinius, but was defeated,
and died by poison at Tarsus in 313 A.D.
MaxT-muB, [Fr. MAXIME, mik'sem'; It. MASSIMO,
mas'se-mo, ] (MAGNUS CLEMENS,) a usurper of the
Roman empire, was a native of Spain. Having for sev-
eral years commanded the Roman army in Britain with
success, he revolted against Gratian about 381 A.D.,
and was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers. He then
invaded Gaul to offer battle to Gratian, who was defeated,
or fled without fighting, and was killed in 383. Theo-
osius and Valentinian recognized him as Emperor of
3aul, Spain, and Britain. Attempting to obtain Italy
Iso by conquest, he was defeated by Theodosius, taken
risoner, and executed in 388 A.D.
See LB BEAU, " Histoire du Bas-Empire ;" TILLHMONT, " Hu-
oire des Empereurs."
Maximua, [Fr. MAXIME, mSk'sem',] SAINT, sur-
amed THE CONFESSOR and THE MONK, an eminent
Greek theologian, born at Constantinople about 580
IL.D. He zealously opposed the heresy of the Monothe-
'tes, and wrote many works on theology, which were
ighly esteemed in the middle ages. Died in 662 A.D.
Maxl-mus THE GREEK, a native of Albania, was
nvited to Russia by the grand duke Vassili Ivanovitch,
n order to examine numerous Greek manuscripts re-
:ently discovered. He made translations of the princi-
lal ones into Latin, which were rendered by others into
ilavonian. At the request of the Czar, he undertook
o revise the early translations of the books of the
3reek Church; but the numerous corrections which he
made gave great offence, and he was excommunicated
as a heretic in 1525. Died in 1556.
Maximus Fabius. See FABIUS.
Maxl-mus Pe-tro'nl-us, an ambitious Roman cour-
tier, born in 395 A.D. He was twice chosen consul.
n 455 he procured the assassination of Valentinian
II., was proclaimed emperor, and married Eudoxia, the
widow of Valentinian. Genseric the Vandal, invited by
iudoxia, marched an army towards Rome, when Maxi-
mus attempted to escape by flight, but was killed by his
soldiers, or by the officers of Eudoxia, in 455 A.D.
Maxl-mua Ru-tUI-UB, a Roman jurist, supposed to
lave lived under Severus and Caracalla. He was the
author of " Ad Legem Falcidiam," or Commentary on
;he Lex Falcidia.
Maxl-mua T^rl-us, [Fr. MAXIME DE TYR, mik'-
sem' deh teR,] an eminent Platonic philosopher, born at
Tyre iii the second century, lived at Athens and Rome
n the reigns of the Antonines and of Commodus. He
wrote, in Greek, numerous philosophical dissertations,
:he style and sentiments of which are commended. Two
of these are entitled " On the Daemonium of Socrates •
and " On Plato's Opinion respecting the Deity."
Max-Muller. See MOLLER, (MAX. )
Max'well, (Sir HERBERT EUSTACE,) a British
author, born at Edinburgh in 1845, and educated at
Eton and Oxford. His publications since 1887 have
been numerous, including novels, historical works, etc.
Max'well, (JAMES CLERK,) an eminent British phys-
icist, born at Edinburgh, June 13, 1831. He studied at
the Universities of Edinburgh and Cambridge, gradu-
ating with highest honours in 1854. He was professor of
natural philosophy in Marischal College, Aberdeen,
1856-60, professor of physics in King's College, London,
1860-68, and professor of experimental physics in the
University of Cambridge, 1871-79. His life was full of
fruitful labours in the field of experimental physics and
applied mathematics. Among his works are an admi-
rable "Theory of Heat," (1871,) "Matter and Motion,"
and "Electricity and Magnetism," (1873,) the latter a
treatise of the highest value to science. Died at Cam-
bridge, November 5, 1879.
Max'well, (Sir MURRAY,) a Scottish naval officer,
barn near Perth in 1766, served with distinct;on in sev-
eral campaigns against the French and Spaniards, and
in 1815 accompanied Lord Amherst on his embassy to
China, He was made a knight in 1818. Died in 1831.
Maxwell, (ROBERT,) one of the Scottish lords of the
regency during the absence of James V. in France, had
a share in the mutiny at Solway Moss. In the first
< as k: r as ,; g hard: g ay; G, H K,fuff«ral; N. nasal: R, trilltd; s as «; th as in tf». (J^See Explana,
MAXWELL
1688
MA YER
Parliament of Mary Queen of Scots, (1543,) he intro-
duced a bill to allow the reading of the Scriptures in the
vulgar tongue, which was passed in spite of the oppo-
sition of the lord chancellor, the bishops and priests.
Died in 1546.
Maxwell, (WILLIAM HAMILTON,) a writer, born in
Ireland in 1795. He published, besides several novels,
a " Life of Wellington," and contributed to " Bentley's
Miscellany." Died in 1850.
Maxwell, (WILLIAM STIRLING.) See STIRLING.
May, (CAROLINE,) an American writer, and resident
of New York, has published several poems and prose
works, and prepared an edition of the "American Female
Poets," with notes.
May, (EDITH.) See DRINKER.
May, (EDWARD COLLETT,) an English musician, born
at Greenwich, October 29, 1806. He began life as an
organist, but subsequently devoted himself with great
success to the teaching of vocal music. Died in 1887.
May, (EDWARD H.,) an American painter, of English
extraction, born in 1828. He resided in New York and
in Paris. He studied under Couture, in Paris, and pro-
duced pictures highly commended by French critics.
Among his master-pieces are "Jewish Captives at Baby-
lon," " Francis I. at Prayer after hearing of the Death
of his Son," and a "Scene from Waverley." Died 1887.
See TUCKKRMAN, " Book of the Artists."
May, (SAMUEL JOSEPH,) an American Unitarian min-
ister, born in Boston, Massachusetts, September 12, 1797.
He graduated at Harvard College in 1817, and became
distinguished as an anti-slavery writer and speaker and
as an advocate of popular education. Died at Syracuse,
New York, July I, 1871.
May, (THOMAS,) an English writer, born in Sussex
•bout 1595, was appointed by Cromwell secretary and
historiographer to the Parliament He was the author
of a " History of the English Parliament which began
November, 1640," which is commended by Warburton ;
also the tragedies of " Antigone" and "Agrippina," a
comedy entitled "The Heir," and other works. He
likewise translated Lucan's " Pharsalia," and wrote a
continuation of it, in Latin and English. It is eulogized
by Dr. Johnson and other critics. Died in 1650.
May, (THOMAS ERSKINE,) an English historian and
writer on law, born in 1815. He published, besides
other works, " A Constitutional History of England from
1760 to 1860," (1861-63.) and "Democracy in Europe;
a History," (1877.) He was made Companion of the
Bath in 1860. Died May 13, 1886.
May de Romain-Motier, mi deh ro'maN' mo'tg-i',
(EMMANUEL,) a Swiss writer, born at Berne in 1734,
published a " Military History of the Swiss," etc., (1772.)
Died in 1799.
Maya, mi'yi, a Sanscrit word, signifying " Illusion,"
and applied by the Hindoos in a philosophical or mys-
tical sense to that Power which caused or created the
visible phenomena of the universe, it being assumed that
external objects have no absolute existence, but that
they are mere impressions on the mind, according to
the theory held by Berkeley and some other European
philosophers. The MayS of the Hindoo mythology is,
according to some, a mighty goddess, regarded as the
wife or consort of Brahmi.
See MOOR, " Hindoo Mythology ;" WILSON, " Sanscrit Dic-
tionary."
Mayans y Siacar, mi-ins' e ses-kaR', [Lat. MAIAN'-
SIUS.I (GREGORIO,) a Spanish jurist and scholar, born
at Ohva in 1699. He published a "Life of Miguel Cer-
vantes,"(1 738,) and a number of legal and critical works
of a high character. Died in 1781.
See TICKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature;" STRODTMANN,
"G. Maiansii Vita," 1756.
Maydieu, mi'de-uh', ()EAN,) a French littfraieur,
who was born at Troyes, and lived about 1760-1800. H<
wrote several works of fiction. He was a priest, anc
was banished at the Revolution.
Mayenne or Madeline, de, deh mi'ySn', (CHARLES
DE LORRAINE,) Due, an able French general, born in
1554, was the second son of Francis, Duke of Guise,
He fought against the Huguenots in the civil wars
under Charles IX. and Hemy III. His brother Henry
and he organized the Catholic League in 1577. (See
JUISE, DE, HENRY, DUKE.) On the death of his brother
rlenry, in 1588, the Duke of Mayenne became com-
mander-in-chief of the army of the League. He occupied
'aris in February, 1589, and opposed the succession of
rlenry IV., who defeated Mayenne at Ivry in March,
1590. The duke retained possession of Paris until 1593,
and concluded a treaty of peace with Henry IV. in 1596.
Died in 1611.
See NERvilH, " Histoire de la Vie du Due de Mayenne," 1618;
SISMONDI, "Histoire des Francais ;" DAVIUA, "History of tht
Civil Wars of France ;" H. MARTIN. " Histoire de France.
Mayenne, de, (HENRI DE LORRAINE,) Due, a son
of the preceding, born in 1578. He acted a prominent
jart in the tumults and violent feuds which prevailed
luring the minority of Louis XIII. In 1621 he was
dlled at Montauban, where he fought against the Prot-
estants.
May'er, (ALFRED MARSHALL,) an able American
scientist, born in Baltimore, November 13, 1836, a nephew
of Brantz Mayer. He was educated at Saint Mary's
College in Baltimore, and in the University of Paris, and
leld (1856-71) professorships of science in various col-
eges, becoming a professor of physics in the Stevens
Institute of Technology, at Hoboken, New Jersey, in
1871. Electricity, magnetism, and acoustics were the
subjects to which he gave especial attention. He was
he author of many scientific papers, a treatise on
'Sound," etc. Died July 13, 1897.
Mayer, ml'er, (ANDREAS,) a German astronomer,
born at Augsburg in 1716 ; died in 1782.
May'er, (BRANTZ,) an American lawyer and writer,
born at Baltimore in 1809. He published " Mexico
—Aztec, Spanish, and Republican," (1851,) "Observa-
tions on Mexican History and Archaeology," etc., and
'Mexican Antiquities," (1858.) Died in 1879.
Mayer, mi'ya', (CHARLES JOSEPH,) a French novel-
st and historical writer, born at Toulon in 1751 ; died
about 1825.
Mayer, (CONSTANT,) a French-American painter,
born at Besan9on, in France, October 4, 1832. He was
educated at the ficole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, and in 1857
became a resident of New York. He has made many
life-size genre pictures and portraits, and in 1869 was
created a chevalier of the legion of honour. Among
his best works are "Consolation," "Recognition,"
Good Words," "Love's Melancholy," "The Sewing-
School," " Ttie Song of the Shirt," etc.
Mayer, (JOHANN CHRISTOPH ANDREAS,) a German
anatomist, born at Greifswalde in 1747, became physician
to the King of Prussia in 1789. Died in 1801.
Mayer, (JonANN FRIEDRICH,) a German divine and
polemist, born at Leipsic in 1650. He held professor-
ships of divinity at Wittenberg, Kiel, and Greifswalde.
He published over three hundred and seventy books and
pamphlets, and was noted for his extreme hostility to
Spener and the Pietists. His works are nearly forgotten.
Died at Stettin in 1712.
Mayer, (Junus ROBERT,) a German physicist, born
at Heilbronn, November 25, 1814. He was educated at
Tubingen, Munich, and Paris, and became a surgeon at
Heilbronn. He was distinguished as an able theorist on
thermodynamics. His principal work is " Die Mechanik
der Warme," (1867.) Died March 20, 1878.
Mayer, ml'er, [Lat. MAYE'RUS,] (JOHANN TOBIAS,)
an eminent German mathematician and astronomer, born
at Marbach in 1723. At an early age he devoted him-
self to the study of the exact sciences, and in 1750
became professor of mathematics in the University of
Gottingen, and the next year director of the observatory
in that place. In 1755 he published his " Lunar Tables,"
a work of the greatest accuracy and which at once
gained him a high reputation. Among his many able
productions we may name the " Zodiacal Catalogue," a
treatise " On the Libration of the Moon," " Solar Tables,"
and " Terrestrial Refractions." Mayer also discovered
the principle of the repeating circle, since developed by
Borda and employed by him to measure the arc of the
meridian. After Mayer's death, which took place in
1762, the British Parliament, at the suggestion of the
a. e. T. o, ii, y, /oneva, e, 6, same, lessproloiged; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, Q, obscure; fir, fall, fat; mil; not; good; moon'
MA YER
1689
MAYOW
Doard of longitude, paid to his widow the sum of ^3000,
heing the prize offered for the "Lunar Tables."
Mayer or Mayr, miR, (SiMON,) a celebrated German
composer, born at Mendorf, in Bavaria, in 1763. He I
studied under Lenzi and Bertoni in Italy, and in 1802 '
became chapel-master at Bergamo. He composed a
great number of operas, among the most popular of
which are his " Medea," " Lodoiska," and " Music-Mad,"
(" II Fanatico per la Musica.") Died in 1845.
Mayerne-Turquet, de, (THEODORE,) born, of
French parentage, at Geneva in 1573, became physi-
cian-in-ordinary to Henry IV. of France. In 161 1 he was
appointed first physician to James I. of England, and
held the same office under Charles I. He was the
author of several valuable medical works in Latin. Died
in 1655.
Mayerus. See MAYER, (JUHANN TOBIAS.)
Mayeur de Saint-Paul, mi'yuR' deh saN'pol',
(FRANC.OIS MARIE,) a French actor and dramatist, born
in Paris in 1758, published a number of comedies,
romances, and poems. Died in 1818.
May'hew, (AUGUSTUS SEPTIMUS,) an English author,
a brother of Henry Mayhew, noticed below, and author
of several books, among them "Kitty Lamere," (1858,)
"Paved with Gold," (1866,) and "Blow Hot and Bluw
Cold," (1869.) He also assisted Henry and Horace
Mayhew in producing the "Brothers Mayhew" series of
humorous tales. Died December 25, 1875. EDWARD
MAYHEW, (born in London in 1813,) a brother of the
above, was a theatrical manager, and the author of some
farces, and of a series of illustrated and humorously-
written books on veterinary practice. These had a wide
sale in America and England. HORACE, another brother,
was associated in the authorship of the " Brothers May-
hew" series, and wrote several comic books of his own.
He was born in London in 1819, and died April 30,
1872. THOMAS, the eldest of the five brothers, was born
in 1810, and published the " Penny National Library,"
including a " Penny Dictionary," " Penny Grammar,''
etc. He was also editor of a radical paper.
May'hew, (HENRY,) an English littlrateur and jour-
nalist, born in London in 1812. He was one of the found-
ers of the periodical entitled " Figaro in London," and
in 1841 became the first editor of " Punch." He sub-
sequently edited the "Comic Almanac." Among his
works may be named " What to Teach, and How to
Teach it," (1842,) "London Labour and the London
Poor," ( 1 85 1,) " The Wonders of Science," " The Greatest
Plague of Life," " Whom to Marry and How to get Mar-
ried," " Magic of Kindness," etc. Died July 21, 1887.
May'hew, (JONATHAN,) D.D., an American divine,
born in Martha's Vineyard in 1720, was distinguished as
a preacher and controversialist, and published a number
of theological works. Among these we may name
" Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the So-
ciety for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts," and
"Christian Sobriety." Died in 1766.
May'nard, (CHARLES JOHNSON,) an American
naturalist, born at West Newton, Massachusetts, in
1845. He made special studies in ornithology and
on the land shells of the West Indies, and wrote
various works on the birds of the United States and
American butterflies, also " Naturalist's Guide,"
"Contributions to Science," "Nature Studies," etc.
May'nard, (EDWARD,) an American inventor,
born at M'adison, New Jersey, in 1813. He became
a dental surgeon, and invented many dental instru-
ments. He was appointed court dentist by Nicholas
I. of Russia, and for many years was professor in the
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. His later in-
ventions were in firearms and ammunition, and in-
cluded the tape system of primers, a breech-loading
rifle, etc. The Maynard rifle was adopted by the
United States and by several European governments.
Died in 1891.
Maynard, mi'niR', (FRANC.OIS,) a French poet, born
at Toulouse in 1582, was an intimate friend of Malherbe.
He was the author of odes, epigrams, and other poems,
which are characterized by La Harpeas possessing great
eloquence of diction, but are deficient in warmth. Died
in 1646.
May'nard, (HORACE,) LL.D., an American statesman,
born at Westborough, Massachusetts, August 30, 1814.
He graduated at Amherst College in 1838. He removed
to Knoxville, Tennessee, where he was (1838-42) pro-
fessor of mathematics in the University of East Ten-
nessee. He became a lawyer, was a member of Congress,
1857-63 and 1865-75, attorney-general of Tennessee,
1863-65, United States minister at Constantinople, 1875-
80, and postmaster-general, 1880-81. Died at Knoxville,
May 3, 1882.
May'nard, (Sir JOHN,) an English lawyer, born in
Devonshire in 1602. He became Cromwell's sergeant
in 1653, and, after the restoration, filled the same office
under Charles II. He was active in promoting the Revo-
lution of 1688, and was appointed in 1689 one of the
lords commissioners of the great seal of England. Died
in 1690.
Mayne, man, (JASPER,) an English divine and poet,
born in Devonshire in 1604. He obtained several offices
under Charles I., of which he was deprived after Crom-
well's usurpation. On the restoration he was appointed
chaplain-in-ordinary to Charles II., and Archdeacon of
Chichester. He was the author of a comedy entitled
"The City Match," and a tragi-comedy called "The
Amorous Warre." Died in 1672.
Mayno, mi'no, (JUAN BAUTISTA,) a Spanish painter,
born at Toledo about 1590, was drawing-master to Philip
IV. Among his best productions are "The Nativity"
and "The Resurrection." Died in 1654.
See QUILLIHT, " Dictionnaire des Pemtres tspagnols.'
Maynwaring, man'a-ring, (ARTHUR,) an English
satirist and political writer, born in Shropshire in 1668.
He was for a time attached to the cause of James II.,
and satirized the government of William III., to which,
however, he was afterwards reconciled. After the peace
of Ryswick he visited Paris, where he made the ac-
quaintance of Boileau. He was a member of Parliament
for Preston in 1705. Maynwaring's productions, both in
prose and verse, were much esteemed, and Sir Richard
Steele dedicated to him the first volume of the "Taller."
Died in 1712.
See OLDMIXON, "Life and Posthumous Works of A. Maya-
waring."
Mayo, ma'o, (AMORY DWIGHT,) an American divine,
born at Warwick, Massachusetts, in 1823, became pastor
of the First Congregational Unitarian Church in Albany.
He published '"Graces and Powers of the Christian
Life," ( 1 852,) " Symbols of the Capital," and other works.
His wife, S. C. EDGARTON MAYO, was the author of a
number of poems of great beauty, chiefly on religious
subjects. She died about 1850.
Mayo, (FRANK,) an American actor, born at
Boston in 1839. He began his theatrical career at
sixteen, became a star actor in Shaksperian and other
prominent parts in 1869, and produced " Davy Crock -
i ett" in 1872, in which he appeared more than two
thousand times. Died June 8, 1896.
Mayo, (HERBERT,) an English physician, became
professor of anatomy and physiology at King's Col-
lege, London, and acquired distinction as a lecturer.
He was the author of ' ' Outlines of Human Physiology, ' '
(1827,) "Outlines of Human Pathology," (1836,)
"The Nervous System and its Functions," (1842,)
I etc. Died near Mentz in 1852.
Mayo, (Mrs. ISABELLA,) an English author, was
i born at London, December 10, 1843. Sne was ^e
\ author of a number of novels, including " Gold and
| Dross," (1871,) "Crooked Places," (1874,) etc.
Mayo, (WILLIAM STARBUCK,) an American physician
and writer, born at Ogdensburg, New York, in 1812. He
published, in 1849, " Kaloolah," a fictitious tale of African
adventure, which was followed by " The Berber, or the
Mountaineer of the Atlas," (1850,) and "Romance-Dust
from the Historic Placer." Died in 1895.
Mayow, ma'o, ? (JOHN,) an English physician, born
in Cornwall in 1645, was the author of a valuable work
"On Nitre and Nitro-Aerial Spirit," in which he origi-
«as/&; £as*.- gbarJ: gas/.'G, H,K., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: sasz; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23.)
MAYR
1690
MAZZA
nated some of the most important modern discoveriei
in pneumatic chemistry. Died in 1679.
Mayr, von, fon miR, (JoHANN MARIE ECK,) a Ger-
man general, born in Vienna in 1716, fought for Frede-
rick the Great in the Seven Years' war. Died in 1759.
Mayseder, mi'zeh-der, (JOSEPH,) a German violinist
and composer, born at Vienna in 1789. Died in 1863.
Mazade, de, deh mS'zSd', (Louis CHARLES JEAN
ROBERT,) a French author, born at Castel-Sarrazin,
March 19, 1820. He became a journalist at Paris, and
published "Odes," (1841,) "L'Espagne moderne," (185=:,)
"L'ltalie moderne," (1860,) " Lamartine," (1872,) and
other works, chiefly on public questions. Died in 1893.
Mazarin, maz'a-reen', [Fr. pron. mf ziPrlN' ; It. MA-
ZARINI, mad-za-ree'nee ; Lat, MAZARI'NUS,] (GiULio or
JULES,) CARDINAL, a celebrated courtier and prime min-
ister of France, was born in Italy in 1602. He was edu-
cated in a college of Jesuits at Rome, (where his father,
Pietro Mazarini, resided,) and adopted the profession of
law. He had acquired the reputation of an adroit nego-
tiator in the service of the pope, when, in 1630, he met
Cardinal Richelieu, who secured his attachment to the
interest of France. When the French and Spanish were
about to engage at Casal, he prevented a battle, and ne-
gotiated the treaty of Cherasco in 1631. He was nuncio
extraordinary to France in 1634, and gained the favour
of the French king, who sent him as ambassador to
Savoy in 1640. Through the influence of the French
court, Mazarin was made a cardinal in 1641. The next
year he was admitted into the supreme council. The
death of Richelieu (in 1643) and of Louis XIII. (in 1643)
opened a wider sphere to the ambition of Mazarin, whom
Richelieu recommended as his successor. By the will
of the late king he was declared sole adviser of the
queen-regent, Anne of Austria, in respect to ecclesiastic
affairs, and he soon acquired the principal power in the
government, as well as the confidence of that queen. He
used his power at first with moderation, and courted
popularity by gracious and affable manners. He prose-
cuted the war against Spain which began under his pre-
decessor, and in which Conde and Turenne maintained
the honour of the French arms. A dispute which arose
between the court and the Parliament of Paris was fo
merited by Cardinal de Retz into the revolt of the Paris-
'ans called "the Day of the Barricades," (August 27,
1648,) and was followed by the civil war of the Fronde.
The queen, with her son, Louis XIV., and Mazarin, were
driven out of Paris in 1649 by the Frondeurs. This civil
war was more remarkable for the levity of the people than
for their military exploits. Ladies directed the several
factions, and cabals were made or broken by amorous
intrigues. In the midst of these domestic broils, Maza-
rin had been so fortunate or politic as to conclude with
the German emperor the famous treaty of Westphalia,
(1648,) by which the latter ceded to France the province
of Alsace. In 1651 the cardinal was exiled to Cologne ;
but about two years later he returned to the capital in
triumph, and the end of the rebellion, in 1654, restored
him to his former power. He made in 1655 a treaty of
alliance with Cromwell, who, being solicited as an ally
by the French and the Spanish courts, preferred the
former. He acquired the same influence over the king,
who had attained his majority, as he had exerted over
the queen. It is said that Louis XIV. wished to marry
Marie Mancini, a niece of his minister, but the latter
discouraged the match, and in 1659 negotiated a marriage
with a Spanish princess. Mazarin once said "Louis con-
tained the material for four kings and one honest man."
He died at Vincennes in March, 1661. His person was
remarkably handsome, and his manners fascinating.
"Mazarin," says Mignet, "had a far-seeing and invent-
ive mind, a character rather supple than feeble. His
device was 'Le Temps et moi.'" Much diversity of
opinion exists respecting his merit as a statesman ; but
it may safely be affirmed that he was able and skilful,
and, though avaricious, he was not a cruel or revengeful
minister.
See AUBERY, " Histoire du Cardinal Mazarin," 1751; MIGNET,
" Me"moires relatifs a la Succession d'Espagne;" SAINT-AULAIRB,
" Histoire de la Fronde ;" BAZIN, " Histoire de France sous le Mi-
niitere du Cardinal Maztrin ;" VOLTAIRE, " Siecle de Louis XIV ;"
GUALDO-PRIORATO, "Vita del Cardinal Mazarini," 1662; JOHN
CALVBRT, " Life of Cardinal Uazarin," 1670; RETZ, "M<moire»;'
SISMONDI, "Histoire des Francais;" GKAMONT, " M^moires ;" V
COUSIN, " La Jeunesse de Mazarin ;" " Nouvelle Biographic G^n*-
rale :" " Fraser's Magazine" for November, 1831, and February, 1833.
Mazarini See MAZARIN.
Mazarinus. See MAZARIN.
Mazarredo y Salazar, ma-thar-ra'Do e sl-ll-
thaR', (Josft MARIA,) a Spanish admiral, born at Bilbao
in 1714, distinguished himself by his defence of Cadiz
against the English in 1797. He was appointed by Joseph
Bonaparte minister of the marine in 1808. Died in 1812.
Mazdak, maz'dak, or Maz'dek, a Persian impostor,
who was born about 470 A.D., professed to be a prophet,
and advocated a community of property. He induced
King KobSd to adopt his system, and effected great
change^ m tne social order.
Mazdek. See MAZDAK.
Maze, (HiPPOLYTE,) a French historian and states-
man, born at Arras in 1839. He held professorships
in history at Douai and Versailles, was elected to the
Chamber in 1879, and became a Senator in 1886,
interesting himself in co-operative provident associa-
tions. He wrote histories of the United States and
France, " La Lutte centre la Misere," etc. Died in
1891.
Mazel, mt'ziSl', (ABRAHAM,) one of the leaders of
the Camisards in France, born at Saint-Jean-du-Gari
After the insurrection of the Cevennes, in 1702, he was
imprisoned, but, having escaped, he again attempted to
rouse the people to revolt, and was killed in a skirmish
near Uzes in 1710.
Mazeline, mjz'len', (PIERRE,) a French sculptor,
born at Rouen in 1633. The palace of Versailles is
adorned with several of his works. Died in 1708.
Ma-zep'pa, (I VAN STEPANOVITCH,) a celebrated Po-
lish adventurer, born in the government of Kief in 1644,
was educated at the court of John Casimir, King of
Poland. Having been detected in an intrigue with the wife
of a nobleman, he was bound by his orders to one of the
wild horses of the Ukraine and carried to the country
of the Cossacks. He was kindly received by them,
and rose to be hetman, t>r commander-in-chief of their
armies, about 1687. When Peter the Great attempted
to take possession of the Ukraine, Mazeppa strongly
opposed the measure, but, finding resistance vain, en-
tered into a negotiation with Charles XII. of Sweden
for the independence of his country. The plan being
discovered, and Mazeppa deserted by his troops, he
joined the Swedish army, and after the battle of Pultava
tooK refuge in Turkey, where he died in 1709. The ad-
ventures of Mazeppa have formed the subject of one of
Byron's poems.
Mazois, mi'zwl', (CHARLES FRANCOIS,) a French
architect and antiquary, born at Lorient in 1783, was
employed by Murat, King of Naples, to restore the
Portici palace, and other edifices. He afterwards in-
vestigated the antiquities of Pompeii. He published in
iSn his principal work, "The Ruins of Pompeii," the
last two volumes of which appeared after his death.
Died in 1826.
Mazo-Martinez. del, del ma'tho maR-tee'nSth,
JUAN BAUTISTA,) a Spanish painter, born at Madrid
about 1620, was a pupil and son-in-law of Velasquez,
whom he succeeded in 1661 as painter to Philip IV. His
portraits and landscapes are highly esteemed. Died in
1687.
Mazure, mfziiR', (F. A. J.,) a French journalist and
litterateur, born in Paris in 1776, wrote a "History of
the English Revolution of 1688," and a " Life of Vol-
:aire." Died in 1828.
Mazza, mat'sa, (ANDREA,) an Italian philologist,
jorn at Parma in 1724. He published "Select Chap-
ters of Church History," (in Latin, 1757.) Died in 1797.
Mazza, (ANGELO,) an Italian poet, born at Parma in
1741, became professor of Greek in his native city, (1768.)
rle was the author of an ode entitled "Aura Armonica,"
and a number of lyrics, which obtained for him a high
eputation. Died in 1817.
See TIPALDO, " Biografia degli Italiani illustri."
Mazza, (GIUSEPPE,) an Italian sculptor, born at Bo-
ogna in 1652 ; died in 1741.
a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fat; mSt; not; good; moon;
MAZZINGHI
1691
MAZZUCHELLI
Mazzinghi, mJt-sen'gee ? (JOSEPH,) an English mu-
sician and composer, born in London in 1768, was
patronized by George III. and George IV. Among his
most popular operas we may name "The Blind Girl,"
" The Exile," and " Paul and Virginia." Died at Bath
in 1844.
Mazzini, mit-see'iiee, (GIUSEPPE,) a distinguished
Italian patriot and writer, born at Genoa, June 28, iHo8,
was educated for the profession of law. In his youth he
wrote a number of literary articles for the " Indicatore
Genovese" and other journals, and was an adherent of
the romantic school. He devoted himself at an early
age to the liberation and unity of Italy, which was then
degraded and oppressed by Austria and by various petty
despots. In 1830 he joined the Society of Carbonari,
which he proposed to reform. Having been banished
or proscribed, he retired in 1831 to Marseilles, where he
organized a political association called " Young Italy,"
(La Giovint Italia,) whose watchword was " God and
the People," and whose fundamental idea was that the
liberty of the Italians can only be secured by the union
of the several states or kingdoms into one nation. He
propagated his principles by writings, and, during a
long period of exile and adversity, pursued his purpose
with invincible constancy.
About 1842 he became a resident of London, and
began to contribute political and scientific articles to
Tarious journals, among which was the " Westminster
Review." His letters were opened in the post-office in
1844 by the British secretary for the home department,
Sir James Graham. The revolutionary movements of
1848 restored him to his native country. He issued a
journal called "Italia del Popolo," and, although he
preferred a republic, was disposed to co-operate with
King Charles Albert in resistance to Austrian domina-
tion, and he enlisted under the standard of Garibaldi.
In February, 1849, he went to Rome, in which a republic
had recently been organized after the flight of the pope.
He was quickly recognized as the leader and master-
spirit of the republicans, and in March of that year
Mazzini, Sam, and Armellini were appointed triumvirs.
They defended Rome resolutely against the French
army, by which that city was at length captured in July,
1849. Mazzini then went into exile, and chose London
as the base of his operations. He associated himself
with Kossuth and Ledru-Rollin to form an international
revolutionary committee about 1851.
In 1857 he incited an insurrection in Northern Italy,
»nd went to Genoa to direct it ; but the movement failed.
He co-operated with Garibaldi in his victorious expedi-
tion to Sicily in 1860, and opposed the project which
Napoleon III. formed for a confederation of Italian
states. In 1861 he republished, with additions, an es-
say " On the Unity of Italy," in which he says, " I know
that the idea of a confederation is both the counsel and
design of one whom many Italians still regard as the
friend and protector of Italy ; but I know, too, that he is
treacherous, a foreigner, and a despot. That he should
seek to weaken in order to dominate us is easily under-
stood ; but the mere fact that the suggestion springs
from such a source ought to be one of the most powerful
warnings against it."
Some of his predictions have been verified by recent
events in Italy, which have tended to raise his reputation
for sagacity and practical wisdom. He is the author of
a work entitled "The Duties of Man," (1858; English
version, 1862,) which enjoys great popularity in Italy,
and of many other works. The " Life and Writings ol
Joseph Mazzini," in English, have appeared in 6 vols.,
(1864-70.) He died at Pisa, March 10, 1872, and was
buried in his native town.
The character of Mazzini is well described by Thomas
Carlyle in a letter to the London "Times," June, 1844
reprinted in the " Westminster Review" for September
of that year. He says, " I have had the honour to know
M. Mazzini for a series of years ; and I can, with great
freedom, testify to all men that he, if I have ever seen
one such, is a man of genius and virtue, a man of sterling
reracity, humanity, and nobleness of mind, — one of those
rjje men, numerable, unfortunately, but as units in this
d, who are worthy to be called martyr-souls ; who
n silence piously in their daily life understand and
Jractise what is meant by that"
See his "Autobiography," 6 vols., 1864; JULES DB BRBVAL,
' Mazzini juge par lui-meme," 1853 ; " Jahrbuch zum Conversations-
Ijexikon" for 1859.
Mazzocchi, mat-sok'kee, or Mazzoccolo, mat-sok'-
co-lo, (ALESSIO SIMMACHO,) an Italian antiquary, born
at Santa Maria di Capua in 1684. He became professor
of Greek and Hebrew at Naples, and was a member of
the Academy of Inscriptions of Paris. He wrote many
valuable treatises in Latin and Italian. Died in 1771.
Mazzoccolo. See MAZZOCCHI.
Mazzola, mjt-so'15, (GIROLAMO BEDOLO,) an Italian
jainter, sometimes called MAZZOLINO, born near Parma
n 1503, was the most distinguished pupil of Parmigiano.
He excelled as a colorist and in perspective. Among
lis best productions are a " Madonna with Saint Cathe-
rine," and "Miracle of the Multiplication of Loaves."
Died about 1590.
Mazzola, Mazzuola, mat-soo-o'll, or Mazzuoli,
mjt-soo-o'lee, (GIROLAMO FRANCESCO MARIA,) an emi-
nent Italian painter, surnamed IL PARMIGIANO, ("the
Parmesan,") born at Parma in 1503. He visited Rome
in 1523, and was employed by Clement VII. to execute
a number of works in that city. His style, formed
on that of Correggio and Raphael, is characterized by
exceeding grace and delicacy of form and softness of
colouring, and it was said by his admirers that " the
spirit of Raphael had passed into him." Among his
master-pieces are the " Madonna delta Rosa," in the
jallery of Dresden, an "Annunciation," in the principal
:hurch of Viadana, the "Madonna with Saint Margaret,
Saint Jerome," etc., in the Museum at Bologna, the
" Madonna dello Lungo Collo," at Florence, and the
" Vision of Saint Jerome," in the National Gallery, Lon-
don. Mazzola was the first Italian artist who engraved
with aquafortis. Died in 1540.
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters," etc. ; AFPO, "Vita di F-
Mazzola," 1784 ; MRS. JAMESON, " Memoirs of Early Italian
Painters;" F. BELLINI, "Cenni intomo alia Vita ed alle Opere di
F. Mazzola," 1844; MOKTARA, " Memoria della Vita di F. Max-
zuola," 1846.
Mazzolari, mat-so-li'ree, (GIUSEPPE MARIA,) called
also MARIANO PARTENIO, an Italian writer and excellent
Latin scholar, born at Pe'saro in 1712. He published
poems, orations, critical essays, commentaries, etc. Died
in 1786.
See MONTRNARI, "Biografia di G. M. Maztolari," 1837.
Mazzoli See MAZZOLA.
Mazzolino, mjt-so-lee'no, (LuDOVico,) a celebrated
Italian painter, surnamed IL FERRARESE, was born at
Ferrara in 1481. His "Adoration of the Magi," and
"Christ in the Midst of the Scribes," are ranked among
his master-pieces. Died about 1530.
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters," etc.
Mazzoni, mat-so'nee, (GlACOMO,) an Italian writer,
born at Cesena in 1548. He produced several critical
and philosophical works, the most important of which
is his "Defence of Dante," ("Defesa di Dante," 1573.)
He was an intimate friend of Tasso. Died in 1598.
See SERASSI, "Vita di G. Mazzoni," 1790; GINGUKNB, " Histoire
de la Litterature Italienne."
Mazzuchelli, mat-soo-kel'lee, (GIOVANNI MARIA,)
COUNT, an Italian biographer, born at Brescia in 1707.
He was the author of " Historical and Critical Notices
of the Lives and Writings of Learned Italians," (" Scrit-
tori d'ltalia, cioe Notizie storiche e critiche intorno alle
Vite ed agli Scritti de letterati Italian!,") a work of great
merit, which he did not live to complete. He published
two volumes of this work, (1753-63.) Among his other
works are a "Life of Archimedes," (1737,) and a "Life
of Pietro Aretino," (1741.) Died in 1765.
See RODELLA, "Vita del Conte G. Mazzuchelli," 1766; FABRONI,
" Vitae Italorum doctrina excellentium :" TIPALDO, " Biografia degll
Italiani illustri;" "Nouvelle Biographie Ge"nerale."
Mazzuchelli, (PiERO FRANCESCO,) an Italian painter,
surnamed IL MORAZZONE, was born at the village of that
name in 1571. He studied at Milan, where he after-
wards established a school. Among his principal works
are a " Flagellation," and " Saint Michael Triumphant"
Died in 1626.
€ as k; 9 as s; g hard: g as /; G, H, K, guttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as *; th as in this. (J®=See Explanations, p. 23
MAZZUOLA
1692
MECKEL
Mazzuola. See MAZZOL«_
Mazzuoli See MAZZOLA.
Mazzuoli, mat-soo-o'lee, or Mazzola, mat'so-lJ,
(FiLiPPO or GIUSEPPE,) an Italian painter, surnamed IL
BASTARUOLO, born at Ferrara about 1530 ; died in 1589.
McKinley, (\VILLIAM.) See MAcKiNLEY.
Mead, (LARKIN GOLDSMITH,) an American sculptor,
was born at Chesterfield, New Hampshire, January 3,
18^5, and became a citizen of Vermont. He became in
1852 a pupil of H. K. Brown. Among his works are
'The Recording Angel," (1855,) "Vermont," (1857.)
statues of Ethan Allen, (1861, 1874,) "The Returned
Soldier," (1866,) and a great part of the Lincoln monu-
ment at Springfield, Illinois, besides many statuettes,
portrait-busts, etc,
Mead, (MATTHEW,) an English nonconformist divine,
born in Buckinghamshire in 1629. He was the author
of "The Young Man's Remembrancer," and "Sermons
on Ezekiel's Wheels." Died in 1699.
Mead, (RICHARD,) a celebrated English physician,
son of the preceding, was born at Stepney in 1673. H*
studied at Leyden, and subsequently visited Italy, where
he took his medical degree at Padua. He was after-
wards elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the
College of Physicians, and on the accession of George
II. (1727) became his physician-in-ordinary. He was
the author of a " Mechanical Account of Poisons,"
(1702,) "A Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Con-
tagion," (1720,) which was translated into French and
Latin, "Medicina Sacra," (1749,) or an account of dis-
eases mentioned in the Bible, and other medical works
of a high character. Died in 1754-
Meade, meed, (GEORGE G.,) a distinguished American
general, was burn December 3t, 1815, at Cadiz, in Spain,
where his father, R. VV. Meade, was United States con-
sul. He graduated at West Point in 1835, served in the
Mexican war, (1846-47,) and became a captain in 1856.
He was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers in
August, 1861, and served in the battle of Gaines's Mill,
June 27, 1862. At Malvern Hill he received two wounds,
July I. He commanded a division at Antietam, Sep-
tember 17, 1862. Having been raised to the rank of
major-general, he directed a corps at the battle of Fred-
ericksburg, December 13, 1862, and at that of Chancel-
lorsville, May 2-3, 1863. On the 28th of June ensuing,
he was appointed commander-in-chief of the army of
the Potomac. Just before the date last named, Gen-
eral Lee had invaded Pennsylvania with a large army,
which the Union army encountered at Gettysburg on
the ist of July. General Meade, whose forces occu-
pied a good position on a range of hills, acted mostly on
the defensive at this battle, which lasted three days and
contributed largely to the triumph of the Union cause.
(See LEE, R. E.) General Meade reported that he took
at Gettysburg 13,621 prisoners, some of whom were
probably wounded, and he lost 16,643 killed and wounded.
He was promoted to be a brigadier-general of the regu-
lar army by a commission dated July 3, 1863. About
the l8th of July he moved his army across the Potomac
into Virginia, where he had several skirmishes with the
enemy in October and November, 1863. He was second
in command of the army of the Potomac in its operations
against Richmond in 1864. " I tried as far as possible,"
says General Grant, " to leave General Meade in inde-
pendent command of the army of the Potomac. My
instructions for that army were all through him, ana
were general in their nature, leaving all the details and the
execution to him. The campaigns that followed proved
kim to be the right man in the right place." In August,
1864, he was appointed a major-general of the regular
army. The army of which he had the immediate com-
- mand fought great battles at the Wilderness, Spottsyl-
vania Court-House, and Cold Harbour, and was em-
ployed many months in the siege of Petersburg. (See
GRANT, U. S.) General Meade was appointed com-
mander of the third military district, comprising Georgia,
Florida, and Alabama, in 1867. Died Nov. 6, 1872.
Meade, (RICHARD KIDDER,) an American soldier of
the Revolution, born in Nansemond county, Virginia,
about 1750, was one of General Washington's aides,
Died in 1805.
Meade, (RICHARD WORSAM,) an American ad-
miral, born at New York city in 1837. He entered
the navy in 1850, served through the civil war, and
continued in active service, becoming captain in 1880,
commodore in 1892, and rear-admiral in 1894. He
was naval commissioner to the Columbian Exposition
in 1893. In 1895, in consequence of a remark offen-
sive to President Cleveland, he was rebuked, and re-
tired from the service. Died in 1897.
Meade, (WILLIAM,) D.D., son of Richard Kidder
Meade, born in Clarke county, Virginia, in 1789.
He graduated at Princeton College in 1808, and in
1841 succeeded Bishop Moore as bishop of the Prot-
estant Episcopal Church in Virginia. He published
several theological works. Died in 1862.
Meadowcourt, med'o-kort, (RICHARD,) an English
critic, born in Staffordshire in 1697, published Notes on
Milton's "Paradise Regained." Died in 1769.
Meadows, mSd'oz, (ALFRED,) M.D., an English
physician, born at Ipswich, June 2, 1833. He studied
at King's College, London, and at Paris, and graduated
as M.D. at the University of London in 1858. Among
his works are " A Manual of Midwifery." Died 1887.
Meadows, (KENNY,) an English artist, born in 1787.
He achieved some celebrity as an illustrator of books
Died August 24, 1874.
Meagner, ma'Her or ma'er, (THOMAS FRANCIS,) a
general, born at Waterford, Ireland, in 1823. He joined
the movement for the independence of Ireland, and was
condemned in 1848 to banishment or penal servitude
for life. He escaped from Tasmania in 1852, and took
refuge in the United States. He raised in 1861 an Irish
brigade, which he commanded at Gaines's Mill, June
27, at Antietam, September 17, and at Fredericksburg,
December 13, 1862. Died in 1867.
Mean, de, deh mi'6N', (CHARLES,) BARON, a Belgian
jurist, born at Liege in 1604; died in 1674.
Means, (ALEXANDER,) a Methodist minister, born
in North Carolina in 1801. He became professor of
natural science in Emory College in 1838, and professor
of chemistry in a medical college at Atlanta, Georgia,
in 1855. Died June 5, 1883.
Meaume, mom, (£DOUARD,) a French jurist and
archaeologist, born at Rouen in 1812. Among his works
is a " Life of Jacques Callot," (1860.) Died in 1886.
Mecenate. See MAECENAS.
Mecene, the French of MAECENAS, (which see.)
Mechain, ma'shiN', (PIERRE FRANCOIS ANDR*,) an
eminent French astronomer, born at Laon in 1744.
Having visited Paris, he acquired the friendship and
patronage of Lalande. He was elected a member of the
Academy of Sciences about 1782, and in 1785 succeeded
Jeaurat as editor of the " Connaissances des Temps." In
1791 he was appointed, conjointly with Delambre, to
measure the arc of the meridian between Dunkirk and
Barcelona. Dissatisfied with the result of his calcula-
tions, he was preparing to prolong the measurement to
the Balearic Isles, when he was attacked with fever, and
died on the journey, (1805.)
See DHLAMBRH, " Histoire de I'Astronomie au dix-huitiem«
Sitcle."
Mecbel, mik'el, (CHRISTIAN,) a Swiss engraver, boru
at Bale in 1737; died in 1817.
Mecheln, me'K'eln, or Meckenen, van, vln meV-
keh-nen', (ISRAEL,) a celebrated German painter and
engraver, said to have been born near Bocholt, in the
bishopric of Munster. It is, however, supposed by many
that there were two artists of the name. The principal
works attributed to Meister Israel, as he was called, are
in the Pinakothek at Munich. They possess great excel-
lence, and entitle him to rank with Van Eyck, Memling.
and other eminent painters of the Flemish school. Died
in 1503.
Mecherino. See BECCAFUMI.
Mechitar See MEKHITAR.
Meokel, mek'kel, (JOHANN FRIEDRICH,) an eminent
German anatomist, born at Wetzlar in 1714. He became
surgeon to the King of Prussia. He made discoveries
in anatomy, and wrote numerous medical and anatomical
works. Died in 1774.
a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; mil; not; good; moon :
M ECKEL
1693
MEDICI
Meckel, (JOHANN FRIEDRICH,) a German anatomist,
born at Halle in 1781, was a grandson of the preceding.
He became professor of surgery and anatomy at Halle
in 1806. He published " Contributions to Comparative
Anatomy," and translated Cuvier's " Comparative Anat-
omy," to which he added valuable notes. Died in 1833.
Meckenen. See MECKELN.
Meda, ma'dt', or Merda, meVdt', (CHARLES AN-
DRE,) a French general, born in 1775, served in the prin-
cipal wars of the Revolution, and attained the rank of
general of brigade, (1808.) He was mortally wounded at
the battle of Moskwa, (1812.)
Mede, meed, (JOSEPH,) an eminent English scholai
and divine, born in Essex in 1586. He studied at Christ
College, Cambridge, where he afterwards became pro-
fessor of Greek. His " Clavis Apocalyptica," published
in 1627, is esteemed a standard work. Died in 1638.
See "Life of Joseph Mede," prefixed to his works, 1673.
Me-de'a, [Gr. MjSeta; FT. MEDEE, ma'di',] a famous
sorceress, daughter of jEetes, King of Colchis. Having
assisted Jason to obtain the golden fleece, she became
his wife and accompanied him to Greece. Being after-
wards deserted by him, she destroyed their two sons.
The story of Medea has formed the subject of tragedies
by Euripides and Sophocles among the ancients, and
Corneille among the moderns. Those written by Soph-
ocles, jEschylus, and Ovid are lost.
Medee. See MEDEA.
Mederer, ma'deh-rer, (JOHANN NEPOMUK,) a Ger-
man littirateur, born in 1734, published several works on
German history. Died in 1808.
MSd'httrst, (WALTER HENRY,) an English mission-
ary and Chinese scholar, born in London in 1796. Hav-
ing spent many years in China, Java, and Malacca, and
become thoroughly versed in the languages of those
countries, he published a "Chinese-and-English Dic-
tionary," (1842,) " Chinese Dialogues," (1844,) " English-
and-Japanese Vocabulary," and other works. Died in
1857.
Medici, (ALESSANDRO DE'.) See LEO XI.
Medici, de', da mWe-chee or ma'de-chee, (ALESSAN-
DRO,) the subverter of the liberties of Florence, born in
1510, is supposed by some to have been a natural son of
Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino, and by others, of the cardi-
nal Giulio de' Medici, afterwards Clement VII. After
the sacking of Rome, in 1527, the latter made a treaty
with the emperor Charles V. in 1529, by which it was
agreed that the Medici should be restored to their
former rank at Florence, with Alexander as chief of the
republic. A marriage was also arranged between him
and Margaret of Austria, a natural daughter of the em-
peror. In 1530 Florence was taken by the Imperial
troops under Ferdinand de Gonzaga, and soon after the
pope obtained from the emperor a diploma which was
to decide the constitution of Florence. By this article
Alexander was declared head of the republic, but the
Florentines were left in possession of the same privileges
they had enjoyed under the former Medici. At length, by
the united intrigues of Clement VII. and Alexander, the
latter was declared duke of the republic in 1532, and the
old form of government was abolished. He now sig-
nalized himself by every species of cruelty and oppres-
sion. In 1535, Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici, whom he
had long feared as a rival, was poisoned by his orders ;
and he is believed to have caused the death of his own
mother in the same manner. In 1537, Lorenzino de'
Medici, a distant relative of the duke, desiring to rid
his country of such a tyrant, procured his assassination.
Alexander left a son, named Giuliano.
See SISMONDI, " Histoiredes Republiques Italiennes;" MADAME
ALLART, " Histoire de la Republique de Florence."
Medici, de', (Cosnto or COSMO,) surnamed THE
ELDER, a celebrated statesman of the Florentine repub
lie, was born in 1389. He was a liberal patron of learning
and the arts, and made a munificent use of the immense
fortune he had accumulated by commerce, in adorning
his native city with public edifices and founding institu-
tions for educational and charitable purposes. Among the
most important of these was an academy at Florence for
teaching the Platonic philosophy, at the head of which
he placed Marsilio Ficino. He also made a large col
ection of Latin, Greek, and Oriental manuscripts, which
ne bestowed on the Laurentian Library. These benefits,
and the urbanity and moderation of his character, won
For himgreat personal popularity and the title of "Father
of his Country." To give a detailed account of his ser-
vices to literature and art would be to write the history
of the Renaissance in the first half of the fifteenth cen-
tury. In the words of Ginguene, " One saw at Florence
Masaccio and Lippi adorn churches and palaces with
the productions of their pencil, Donatelli give life and
expression to marble, and Brunelleschi, architect, sculp-
tor, and poet, raise the magnificent cupola of Santa
Maria del Fiore ; while the Greek refugees, in return
for the noble asylum he had given them, spread abroad
the treasures of their beautiful language and the master-
pieces of their orators, philosophers, and poets." Cosimo
died in 1464, leaving a son, named Piero.
Medici, de', (CosiMO,) called THE GREAT, [Lat.
COS'MUS MEDICE'US MAO'NUS,] son of the general
Giovanni de' Medici, was born in 1519. On the death ot
Alexander he was declared his successor in 1537, through
the influence of Cardinal Cibo, which choice was con
firmed by Charles V. In 1537 he obtained a victory a'
Montemerlo over the hostile Florentines. Cruel and
suspicious in his disposition, he caused upwards of four
hundred Florentine emigrants to be put to death in the
early part of his reign, and, having deprived the magis-
trates of all authority, was invested with absolute power.
In 1554 the Marquis de Marignano, one of his generals,
defeated the French army under Marshal Strozzi, at
Siannagallo, and soon after Philip II., having succeeded
the emperor, conferred upon the Duke of Florence the
state of Sienna, with the exception of the ports. In 1562
Giovanni de' Medici, a son of Cosimo, died suddenly,
as is supposed, by the hand of his brother Don Garcias.
A short time after, the latter also died, and his father
was charged with his death. Eleonora of Toledo, wife
of the grand duke, soon followed her sons, and her death
was likewise attributed to Cosimo. These fatal events
form the subject of Alfieri's tragedy of " Don Garcias."
In 1564 Cosimo made his son Francesco his associate in
the government, and in 1569 he was declared Grand
Duke of Tuscany by a bull of Pius V. He died in 1574,
leaving three legitimate sons, Francesco, Ferdinand, and
Piero.
See BAUDINI, "Vita di Cosmo de' Medici I.," 1578: FABRONI,
"Magni Cosmi Medicei Vita;" ALDO MANUCCI, "Vita di Cosimo
de' Medici," 1586; SISMONDI, "Histoire des Republiques Itali-
ennes."
Medici, de', (CosiMO II.,) Grand Duke of Tuscany,
born in 1590, was a son of Ferdinand I. He began to
reign in 1609, and ruled with moderation and clemency.
Died in 1621.
See SISMONDI, " Histoire des Republiques Italiennes."
Medici, de', (CosiMO III.,) a son of Ferdinand II.,
was born in 1642, and became grand duke in 1670. He
married Marguerite d'Orleans, (a daughter of Gaston de
France,) who regarded Cosimo with extreme dislike and
caused him much trouble. He died in 1723, and his
family then became extinct.
See BOTTA, "Storia d'ltalia."
Medici, de', (FRANCESCO,) Grand Duke of Tuscany,
was a son of Cosimo the Great, and was born March 25,
1541. He began to reign on his own account in 1574,
and proved a suspicious, false, and despotic tyrant. Love
of science, art, and letters was his only virtue. In 1578
he married his mistress, the beautiful Bianca Capello.
Died at Poggio a Caiano, October 18, 1587.
Medici, de', (GIOVANNI.) See LEO X.
Medici, de', (GIOVANNI,) an Italian statesman, born
in 1360, was the father of Cosimo the Elder, noticed
above. He amassed a large fortune by commerce, and
rose through various offices to be gonfaloniere of justice
in 1421. Died in 1428.
See MACHIAVEL, "Stone Florentine."
Medici, de', (GIOVANNI,) an Italian general, of the
same family as the preceding, was born in 1498. He
distinguished himself both by his courage and his
ferocity in the civil wars of his country, and afterwards
entered the French service. He was mortally wounded
in battle in 1526.
as/fc: casj; ghard; g as/; G, H. K. guttural; N, nasal: K.trilleJ- sasi: %h as in this. <S3f='See Explanations, p. 23. >
MEDICI
1694
MEDUSA
Medici, de', (GIULIANO,) youngest son of Lorenzo
the Magnificent, was born in 1478. He married in 1515
Philiberta of Savoy, aunt of Francis I., by whom he
was created Duke of Nemours. Died in 1516.
See SISMONDI, "Histoire des Rrfpubliques Italiennes."
Medici, de', (GiULio.) See CLEMENT VII.
Medici, de', (IPPOLITO,) an Italian cardinal, born at
Urbino in 1511, was a natural son of Giuliano, noticed
above. He possessed immense wealth, and was noted
for his accomplishments and his profligacy. He died
in 1535, from the effects of poison administered, it is
iupposed, by order of Alessandro de' Medici, Duke
of Florence.
See VARCHI, "Istoria Fiorentina."
Medici, de', (LORENZO I.,) surnamed THE MAGNIFI-
CENT, [Fr. LAURENT LE MAGNIFIQUE, lo'r&N' leh mtn'-
ye'fek' ; Lat LAUREN'TIUS MED'ICES or MEDICE'US ;
It. LORENZO IL MAGNIFICO, lo-rSn'zo 41 min-yef'e-ko,]
Prince of Florence, was born in 1448. He was the son
of Piero I., and grandson of Cosimo the Elder, and,
having early entered public life, succeeded to the influ-
ence and popularity of his predecessors. He was care-
fully educated by the best masters of the time, being
instructed in the Platonic philosophy by the celebrated
Marsilio Ficino. In 1478 he narrowly escaped falling
a victim to a conspiracy formed by the Pazzi family of
Florence in conjunction with the Archbishop of Pisa
and Pope Sixtus IV. His brother Giuliano was assas
sinated, and he received a slight wound. The Arch-
bishop of Pisa was hanged for this offence, and Lorenzo
was excommunicated by Pope Sixtus IV. In 1484 the
latter died, and was succeeded by Innocent VIIL, who
became a friend and ally of Lorenzo. Florence enjoyed
great prosperity under the government of Lorenzo, who
acquired the favour of the people by his munificence,
prudence, and clemency. He was highly distinguished
as a patron of literature and art, founded at Florence an
academy for the study of the antique, and expended large
sums in the erection of public edifices and in the collec
tion of libraries. He also attained considerable eminence
as a poet Died in April, 1492.
See ROSCOE, " Life of Lorenzo de' Medici," a vols. 410, 1705 ;
ANGELO FABRONI, " Laurentii Medicis Magnifici Vita," 3 vols.,
1784; PAPIRE-MASSON, "Vila Laurenrii Medicis," 1587; MACCHIA
YBU.I, " Istorie Florentine;" N. VALORI, " Laurentii Medicei Vita,'
1749; SCIPIONE AMMIRATO, " Istorie Florentine;" SISMONDI, " His-
toire des R^publiques Italiennes;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'
"~ rope;" " Lives of tha
rale ;" LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe .
Italian Poets," by the REV. HENRY STEBBING, London, 1831.
Medici, de', (LORENZO II.,) eldest son of Piero II.
born at Florence in 1492, was placed, through the in-
Buence of his uncle, Leo X., at the head of the republic.
He married in 1518 Madeleine de La Tour, daughter of
Jean, Count d'Auvergne, and died in 1519, leaving an
infant daughter, Catherine de Midicis, afterwards Queen
of France.
Medici, de', (Luoovico,) Duke of Sarto, called also
the CHEVALIER DE MEDICI, a Neapolitan statesman, born
in 1760. He was appointed minister of finance in 1810
and in 1815 was sent as ambassador to Vienna. Die(
in 1830.
Medici, de', (PIERO I.,) eldest son of Cosimo th
Elder, born in 1414, succeeded his father as chief of th
Florentine republic. He had powerful rivals in th
Pitti family and other nobles of Florence, whose attemp
to assassinate him was defeated by the prudence of hi.
•on Lorenzo. Died in 1469.
See SISMONDI, "Histoire des Re'publiques Italiennes."
Medici, de', (PiERo II.,) eldest son of Lorenzo th
Magnificent, was born at Florence in 1471. Hesucceedei
to the rank and influence of his father in the republic
but his arrogance and rashness soon deprived him of th
popularity hitherto enjoyed by his family. On the in
vasion of Italy by Charles VIII., in 1494, Piero mad
overtures to the French king, into whose hands he sur
rendered several important places. Having subsequent!
entered the French army, he shared in its defeat at th
Garigliano by Gonsalvo de C6rdova in 1503, and was
drowned in attempting to cross the river.
See SISMONDI, " Histoire des R^publiques Italiennes.'1
Medici, de', (SALVESTRO,) a Florentine statesman
belonged to the Ghibeline faction, and was one of th
rincipal rivals of the Albizzi family. He was maae
onfaloniere of justice in 1378 ; but, the Guelph party
aving again come into power, he was banished in 1381.
See NOBLE, " Memoirs of the House of Medici."
Medicis. See CATHERINE DE MEDICIS.
Medicus, ma'de-kus, (FRIEDRICH CASIMIR,) a Ger-
man botanist, born at Grumbach in 1736. He published
everal able botanical and medical works. Died in 1808.
Me-dill', (JOSEPH,) an American journalist, born in
he province of New Brunswick, April 6, 1823. In 1832
ic was taken to Ohio, where he became a lawyer and
^ree-Soil Whig editor. He edited papers at Coshocton
nd Cleveland, and in 1854 removed to Chicago, where
le became principal owner and editor of the "Tribune."
ie was mayor of Chicago in 1872-73. Died in 1899.
Medina, mi-dee'ni, (Sir JOHN BAPTIST,) a Flemish
painter, of Spanish extraction, born at Brussels in 1630,
esided the greater part of his life in Great Britain. He
vas a pupil of Rubens, and enjoyed a high reputation.
Jied in 1711.
Medina, ma-Dee'nl, (PEDRO,) a Spanish writer, born
»t Seville about 1510, was the author of several historical
and mathematical works, and a treatise on navigation,
entitled "Arte de Navegar," (1545,) which was trans-
ated into several languages.
Medina, de, da mi-Dee'ni, (SALVADOR JACINTO
POLO,) a Spanish poet, born at Murcia, wrote the " Fable
of Apollo and Daphne," and a number of epigrams,
yrics, etc. Died about 1660.
Medina de Medinilla, de, da mi-Dee'na da ma-De-
nel'yi, (PEDRO,) a Spanish poet, supposed to have been
a native of Seville. He wrote an eclogue on the death
of Isabella, wife of Lope de Vega, his intimate friend.
Medina -Sidonia, de, da mi-Dee'na se-do'ne-i,
ALONZO de Guzman — di gooth-man',) DUKE, a Span-
sh grandee, who was governor of Milan and Captain-
general of Andalusia, and was appointed admiral of the
great Armada or fleet sent in 1588 to attack England.
Almost entirely ignorant of naval affairs, the duke was ill
atted to contend either with the severe storms of that un-
fortunate expedition or with the active and hardy English
sailors, led by Effingham, Hawkins, Drake, and Frobisher.
(See ELIZABETH.) Medina-Sidonia returned to Spain
with scarcely a third of his fleet.
Medina - Sidonia, de, di ma-oee'nj se-do'ne-1,
(GASPAR ALONZO Perez de Guzman — pa'rgth di
gooth-mln',) DUKE, a Spanish grandee, who lived about
1640, was a nephew of the prime minister Olivarez. He
formed a project to make himself King of Andaluria ;
but his design was discovered before he began to exe-
cute it
Meding, ma'ding, (OsKAR,) a German novelist, born
at Konigsberg, April u, 1829. He was educated at
Heidelberg and Berlin, and in 1851 became a lawyer.
He was a close personal adherent of the fortunes of the
King of Hanover, but in 1870 became a Prussian sub-
ject. Most of his numerous novels were published un-
der the name of GREGOR SAMAROW. He wrote " For
Sceptre and Crown," (1872,) " Mines and Counter-Mines
of Europe," (1873,) "Two Imperial Crowns," (1875,)
"Cross and Sword," (1875,) "Heights and Depths,"
(a social romance, 20 vols., 1879-80,) "Memoirs of
Contemporary History," (iSSl,) " Gippel und Ab-
grund," (1888,) "Der Weisse Adler," (1891,) etc.
Medinilla, mi-De-nel'yi, ( BALTHASAR ELISIO,) a
Spanish poet, born at Toledo in 1585, was a friend and
disciple of Lope de Vega, who wrote an elegy on his
early death.
Med-I-tri'na, a Roman goddess of medicine, in whose
honour the festival of Meditrinalia was celebrated in the
month of October.
M6d'6ws, (Sir WILLIAM,) an English general, born
in 1738. He served in America, and was wounded in
the battle of Brandywine, (1777.) He was made lieu-
tenant-general in 1792, and in 1801 succeeded Lord
Cornwallis as Viceroy of Ireland. Died in 1813.
Medrano.de, di mi-DRl'no, (FRANCISCO,) a bpanisl
lyric poet of the seventeenth century, whose works are
highly praised. Little is known of his life.
Me-du'sa, [Gr. Malm/o-a; Fr. M*DUSE, mi duz',] one
i, e, 1, 6, u, yJo>'.?: A, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a. e. T. o. u. v. short; a, e, i. o. obscure; far, fall fit; mft; n6t; good; moon:
MED USE
'695
MEHUL
ef the Gorgons, was represented as a beautiful woman
who captivated Neptune and offended Minerva by re-
ceiving his embraces in her temple. The goddess changed
her hairs into serpents, after which Perseus cut off her
head and gave it to Minerva, who placed it in the centre
of her zgis. (See GORGON.)
Meduse. See MEDUSA.
Mee'han, (THOMAS,) an author and botanist, born at
Potter's Bar, near Barnet, Herts, England, March 21,
1826. He grew to manhood in the Isle of Wight, and
studied botany at the Kew Gardens. In 1848 he removed
to Philadelphia, where he became a landscape-gar-
dener, and afterwards established a very successful
nursery. His principal works are a " Hand-Book of
Ornamental Trees," (1853,) and "Native Flowers
and Ferns," of which the first part appeared in 1878.
He was for many years botanist to the State Board of
Agriculture, editor of the "Gardener's Monthly" for
thirty years after 1859, and afterwards of " Meehan's
Monthly." For years he was vice-president of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and con-
tributed many valuable papers to its " Proceedings."
Meek, (ALEXANDER BEAUFORT,) »n American lawyer
and writer, born at Columbia, South Carolina, in 1814.
As a member of the legislature of Alabama, he procured
the adoption of a system of free schools about 1853.
Among his works is a volume of " Songs and Poems of
the South," (1857.) He died November 30, 1865.
Meek, (FIELDING BRADFORD,) an American palaeon-
tologist, born at Madison, Indiana, December 10, 1817.
He was engaged, 1848-58, on various State and United
States geological surveys, and after that lived in Wash-
ington, where he was occupied in palasontological work
for the government. His reports are numerous and im-
portant, especially the great " Report on Invertebrate
Cretaceous and Tertiary Fossils," (1876.) Died at
Washington, D.C., December 28, 1876.
Meet See MIEL.
Meer, van der, vtn der maR, (JAN,) an eminent
Dutch painter, born at Schoenhoven in 1627. His fa-
rourite subjects were sea-views, landscapes, and animals,
in which he attained great excellence. Died about 1690.
See DESCAMPS, " Vies des Peintres Flamands, HollaDdais," etc.
Meer, van der, (JAN,) a Dutch landscape-painter,
born at Haarlem about 1665, was a pupil of Nicholas
Berghem. Died in 1704.
Meerbeeck, van, vSn maVbak, (ADRIAN,) a Flemish
writer, born at Antwerp in 1 563, was the author of several
historical works in Latin and Flemish. Died about 1630.
Meerman, maVmin, (GERAART,) a learned Dutch
jurist, born at Leyden in 1722, was appointed pensionary
of Rotterdam. He published a valuable work on civil
law, entitled " Novus Thesaurus Juris Civilis," etc., (7
vols., 1751,) and "Origines Typographicae," (176^,) a
treatise on the origin of printing. Died in 1771.
Meerman, (JAN,) son of the preceding, was born at
the Hague in 1753. He studied at Gottingen, and took
his degree of doctor of law at Leyden. He was made a
senator and count of the empire by Napoleon, (1811,)
and became minister of public instruction under Louis
Bonaparte. He wrote a supplement t3 his father's
"Thesaurus," and published several works in French.
He died in 1815.
See CRAS, " Elogium Johannis Meerman," 1817.
Meerza or MSrza, meeR'zS, (SAMUEL,) a Persian his-
torian, born near Ispahan about 1490, was a son of Shah
Ismail, founder of the dynasty of Sofis. He wrote a
" History of Poets." Died after 1550.
Meerza- (or Mirza-) Iskaiidei -Kazem-Beg, mee R'-
A is-kin'der ki'zem-beg, (Moham'med Al'ee,) a
Persian philologist, born in the province of Ghilan in
1803. Having settled in Russia, he was converted to
Christianity in 1822, and subsequently became professor
of the Persian language and literature at the University
of Saint Petersburg. He published an " Essay on Arabic
Literature," (in Persian,) and other works in Russian and
Persian, and wrote a " Concordance to the Koran," (in
Arabic,) and a " General History of the Turks," (in
Russian.) Died December 8, 1870.
Meetkercke. See METKERKE, (ADOLPHUS.)
Megabyze. See MEGABYZUS.
Meg-a-by'zus or Meg-a-ba'zus, [Gr. McyaSvw 01
Mfj-ufio^'of ; Fr. MEGABYZE, ma'gi'bez, or MEGABAZE,
ma'gt'bSz',] a Persian nobleman, and one of the seven
who conspired against Smerdis the Magian in 521 B.C.
He afterwards commanded an army of Darius I. in
Europe.
See HERODOTUS, books iii. and vii.
Megeera. See FURIES.
Meg'a-ra, [Gr. Me/opa ; Fr. MEGARE, mk'giV,] a
daughter of Creon, King of Thebes, was a wife of Her-
cules, who, after he had in a paroxysm of insanity killed
her children, gave her to lolas.
Megare. See MEGARA.
Megasthene. See MEGASTHENES.
Me-gas'the-ne§, [Gr. Mryao0?w;f ; Fr. M*GASTHENE,
ma'gts'tin',] a Greek geographer under the reign of
S^leucus Nicator, King of Syria, whom he served as
secretary about 300 B.C. He was the author of a work
entitled " Indica," extracts from which are contained in
the writings of Strabo, ^Elian, and Arrian.
Megerle. See ABRAHAM A SANCTA CLARA.
Meggot See ELWES.
Megingjord or Megingjardar. See THOR.
Me-gis'tl-as, [MfjwTi'ac,] a celebrated soothsayer, a
native of Acarnania, fell with Leonidas at Thermopylae.
Meglio, del, del mSl'yo, (JACOPO COPPI,) an Italian
painter of the Florentine school, born in 1523, assisted
Vasari in painting the pictures in the Palazzo Vecchio.
Died in 1591.
Mehegan, ma'i'goN', (GUILLAUME ALEXANDRE,) a
French littlrateur, born at La Salle in 1721. He became
professor of French literature at Copenhagen in 1751.
His most important work is entitled " Picture of Modern
History from the Fall of the Western Empire to the
Peace of Westphalia," (1766.) Died in 1766.
Mehemet-Alee, (or -All,) meh'heh-mJt i'lee, ot
Mo-ham'med-Al'ee, Viceroy of Egypt, was born at
Kavala in 1769. Having lost his parents at an early age,
he was protected by the Turkish governor of the town.
His distinguished abilities and energy soon won for him
a high reputation, and he was sent in 1799 to assist the
British in expelling the French from Egypt. He was
appointed in 1804 Pasha of Cairo, for his services in
defending that city from the oppression of the Mame-
lukes, and in 1806 was made Governor of Upper Egypt
by the Sultan. After a protracted contest with the Mame-
lukes, who had for centuries been the scourge of the
country, Mehemet Alee invited them to a festival at
Cairo, and, having enclosed them in the citadel, ordered
a general massacre, in which four hundred and seventy
perished, (iSll.) This sanguinary act was followed by
the destruction of the Mamelukes in other parts of Egypt.
In 1830 he invaded Syria, which he soon subdued, and
which, after the interference of the sovereigns of Europe,
was ceded to him by the Sultan, on condition of his being
a vassal of the Porte, (1833.) The Sultan, becoming
jealous of his powerful rival, made a treaty, in conjunc-
tion with several European powers, in 1841, by which Me-
hemet was obliged to relinquish Syria, but his family was
permitted to retain the pashalic of Egypt. He died in
1849, having the previous year resigned the government
to his son, Ibraheem Pasha. As a ruler, Mehemet Alee
displayed talents of a very high order, and few princes
have founded more beneficent institutions or shown a
more just and liberal spirit. He established schools and
colleges, created an army and navy, and introduced the
manufactures of Europe. He protected his Christian
subjects, and aided by his liberality the researches of
Champollion, Lepsius, and other eminent savants.
See K. MENGIN, Histoire de 1'Egypte sous le Gouvemement de
Mohammed Ali," 1839; A. DB VAULABELLE, " Histoire de Pfigypte."
Mehemet-Alee, (Pasha,) meh'heh-met a'lee pa'shi',
an Ottoman minister of state, born at Trebizond about
1807. He became a general of division in 1840, and mar-
ried a daughter of Sultan Mahmood in 1844. He was
grand vizier of Turkey from October, 1852, to May, 1853.
Died in 1865.
Mehul, ma'iil', (£TIENNE HENRI,) a celebrated French
composer, born in the department of Ardennes in 1763.
; casj; ghard; gas/; G, H,*., guttural; N, nasal; 1.,trillid; sasz.' thasin//5i>. (Jj^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
MEHUS
1696
MEIN1CKE
Having previously received some instruction from Hau-
ler, a German organist, he repaired in 1778 to Paris,
where he became a pupil of Gluck. In 1790 he brought
out his opera of "Euphrosyne and Coradin," which met
with brilliant success and was pronounced by Gretry equal
to the finest productions of Gluck. Among his operas,
which are more than forty in number, we may name
' Stratonice," " Joseph in Egypt," and " The Blind Man
of Toledo." His " Song of Victory" and other popular
melodies of the kind are also greatly admired. Mehul
was one o) the inspectors of the Conservatory of Music,
and a men.bfr of the French Institute. Died in 1817.
See QuATREMtRB DK QuiNcv, " Notice sur Me*hul ;" FiTis,
' Biographie Universelle des Musicieos :" VIEILLARD, "Notice sur
He"hul, sa Vie et ses CEuvres," 1859; "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'-
ra!e."
Mehus, m&'iis', (Livio,) a Flemish painter, born at
Oudenarde in 1630, studied in Italy under Pietro da
Cortona, and died at Florence in 1691.
Mehus, ma'oos, (LORENZO,) an Italian scholar, a
native of Florence, lived about 1730-50.
Meibom, mi'bom, [LaL MEIBO'MIUS,] (HEINRICH,)
a German historian and philologist, born at Lemgo
in 1555. He devoted himself chiefly to the history of
Germany in the middle ages. Died in 1625.
Meibom, (JOHANN HEINRICH,) a German physician
and littlrattur, born at Helmstedt in 1590, was a son of
the preceding. He wrote a number of medical treatises,
and also a " Life of Maecenas." Died in 1655. His son,
HEINRICH MEIBOM, born at Lubeck in 1638, became
professor of medicine at Helmstedt in 1661, and of his-
tory and poetry in 1678. He was the author of several
able medical works and a " History of Germany," (in
Latin.) Died in 1700.
Meibom, (MARKUS,) a German philologist, born at
Tonningen in 1630. He was a profound classical scholar,
and published a work entitled " Seven Greek Writers
on Music," (2 vols., 1652,) which he dedicated to Chris-
tina of Sweden. He became professor of history at
Amsterdam, where he died in 1711.
Meibomius. See MEIBOM.
Meier. See MAJOR, (GEORG.)
Meier, mi'er, (ERNST HEINRICH,) a learned German
Biblical scholar and philologist, was born at Rusbendt,
in Schaumburg-Lippe, May 17, 1813, and in 1848 took
a professorship of Semitic languages at Tubingen. He
wrote Scripture commentaries and works on Semitic
and Sanscrit subjects, Swabian folk-lore, etc., and a
volume of original poems. Died March 2, 1866.
Meier, (GEORG FRIEDRICH,) a German critic and
philosopher, born near Halle in 1718, was appointed
professor of philosophy at Berlin in 1746. He was the
author of a "Critique on the Poetry of Gottsched,"
"Thoughts on Spectres," (1748,) etc. Died in 1777.
Meier, (MoRiTZ HERMANN EDUARD,) a German an-
tiquary and philologist, born at Glogau in 1796, became
professor of eloquence at Halle, (1848.) He wrote "On
the Life and Orations of Lycurgus." Died in 1855.
Meierotto, mi'eh-rot'to, (JOHANN HEINRICH LUD-
WIG,) a German scholar, born at Stargard in 1742, be-
came professor in Berlin, (1772,) and wrote "On the Man-
ners and Customs of the Romans," etc. Died in 1800.
Meigga, megz, (HENRY,) an American contractor,
born in Catskill, New York, in 1811. Engaging with
varied success in business, first in Boston and then in
New York, he went to California in 1848, and acquired
wealth, but failed in 1854. From 1858 to 1877 he carried
on enormous railway enterprises in Chili and Peru, ac-
quiring incredible wealth, and paying off his California
debts, so that the State repealed the act by which he had
been outlawed. Died in Peru, September 29, 1877.
Meiga, megz, (JAMES AITKEN,) M.D., a distinguished
American physician and naturalist, born at Philadelphia
in 1829. He became in 1856 librarian of the Academj
of Natural Sciences, and in 1859 professor of the insr/-
tutes of medicine in Pennsylvania College. In 1868 he
was appointed professor of the institutes of medicine in
Jefferson Medical College as successor to Dr. Dunglison.
He published several ethnological treatises, among which
we may name " The Cranial Characteristics of the Races
of Men." Died November 9, 1879.
Meigs, (MONTGOMERY C.,) an American general, born
in Georgia about 1816. He graduated at West Point
in 1836, served several years as an engineer, and was
appointed about 1852 to superintend the extension of
the Capitol at Washington. In May, 1861, he became
quartermaster-general of the Union army, the duties of
which office he performed with distinguished zeal and
ability till the end of the civil war. Died Jan. 2, 1892.
Meigs, (RETURN JONATHAN,) an American officer,
born at Middletown, Connecticut, in 1740, served with
distinction in the Revolutionary war. Died in 1823.
His son, of the same name, became Governor of Ohio
in 1810, and in 1814 was appointed postmaster-general.
Died in 1825.
Meikle, mik'el, f (JAMES,) a Scottish surgeon and
writer, born at Carnwath in 1730. He wrote, besides
other works, "MetaphysicalMa.\ims,"(i797,)and "Soli-
tude Sweetened," (1803.) Died in 1799.
Meikle, (WILLIAM J.) See MICKLE.
Meil, mil, (JOHANN HEINRICH,) a skilful German
designer and engraver, born at Gotha in 1729, furnished
illustrations for Gellert's and La Fontaine's Fables and
Burger's poems. Died in 1803.
Meil, (JoHANN WILHELM,) brother of the preceding,
was born at Altenburg in 1732. He became director of
the Academy of Fine Arts at Berlin. His prints and
vignettes are highly esteemed. Died in 1805.
Meilhac, mjl'ak', (HENRI,) a French dramatist, born
in Paris in 1832. In early youth he began dramatic com-
position. In a large part of his pieces he had the co-
operation of Ludovic Halevy, with whom his name is
generally associated. His best-known work is " Frou-
Frou." He was elected to the Academy in 1888.
Died July 6, 1897.
MeUleraie, de la, deh It mlt'ri' or m4'ye-r4',
(CHARLES de la Porte — deh If poRt.) Due, a French
general, was cousin-german to Cardinal Richelieu. He
served in several campaigns, and in 1639 was created
marshal of France. He was regarded as the most skil
ful general of his time in conducting sieges. He died
in 1664, leaving an only son, who married Hortens*
Mancini, niece of Cardinal Mazarin.
Meineke, ml'neh-keh, (JOHANN ALBRECHT FRIED-
RICH AUGUST,) a German scholar, born at Soest in 1791.
He published excellent editions of Menander and Phi-
lemon, and wrote a number of critical treatises on the
classics, among which are "Commentationes Miscel-
laneae," (1822.) His "Fragments of the Greek Comic
Poets," (" Fragmenta Comicorum Grascorum," 5 vols.,
1839-43,) preceded by biographical notices of the same,
is highly esteemed. Died at Berlin, December 12, 1870,
Meirier, ml'ner, (JoHANN WERNER,) a German phi-
| lologist, born in Franconia in 1723 ; died in 1789.
Meiners, mi'ners, (CHRISTOPH,) a learned German
writer and antiquary, born near Otterndorf, in Hanover,
in 1747. He obtained a chair of philosophy at Gottingen
about 1774, and published numerous and various works,
among which are a " History of the Origin, Progress,
and Decline of the Sciences in Greece and Rome," (2
vols., 1782,) and " Biographies of the Eminent Men of
the Time of the Renaissance," (" Lebensbeschreibung
beriihmter Manner aus den Zeiten der Wiederherstell,"
etc., 3 vols., 1796-99.) Died in 1810.
Meinhold, min'r-olt, (JOHANN WILHFLM,) a German
writer and divine, born in the island of Usedom. He was
the author of various poems, and a novel entitled "The
Amber Witch," ("Die Bernstein Hexe," 1843,) which
made a great sensation and was for some time regarded
as a true narrative. It was translated into English, and
is characterized by a writer in the " Quarterly Review"
as a tale worthy of De Foe. He also published " Sidonia
the Sorceress," etc., ("Sidonia von Borck die Kloster-
Hexe," New York, 1850.) Died in 1851.
See the "Quarterly Review" for June. 1844: "British Quarterly
Review" for February, 1846 ; " Fraser's Magazine" for October. 1848-
Meinicke, mi'nlk-keh, (KARL EDUARD,) a German
geographer, born in Brandenburg in 1803. Among hi»
works we may name a " History of the European Colo-
nies in the West Indies," (1831,) and "The Continent
of Australia," (1837.) Died August 26, 1876.
a. e. T, 6, u, y, long: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e. i, o, obscure: fir, fill, fat; met; not; good; moon:
MEIR
1697
MELANCHTHON
Meir ben Todroa, mir ben to'dRds, a learned
Spanish rabbi, wrote several able treatises on the Tal-
mud and the Mosaic rites. Died in 1244.
Meisner, mis'ner, (BALTHASAR,) a German Lutheran
theologian, born in 1587; died in 1626.
Meissel, (CONRAD.) See CELTES.
Meissner, mis'ner, (ALFRED,) a German poet, born
at Toplitz in 1822, published, among other works,
" Ziska," an epic poem, "The Son of Atta Troll," and
"Recollections of Heinrich Heine." Died in 1885.
Meissner, (AUGUST GOTTLIEB,) a celebrated German
litterateur and dramatist, born in Upper Silesia in '753;
He wrote several dramas, of which his "John of Suabia"
is esteemed the best. He owes his reputation princi-
pally to his " Sketches," (" Skizzen,") consisting of nar-
ratives, anecdotes, fables, etc., which obtained extensive
popularity and have had many imitators. Died in 1807.
See MBUSEL, "GeJehrtes Deutschland."
Meissonier, mi'so'ne^', ()EAN Louis ERNEST,) a
celebrated French painteTTborn at Lyons Feb. 21, 1815.
Among his must admired works are " The Little Mes-
senger," " The Painter in his Studio," and " The Chess-
Players." His pictures are of small size but of exquisite
finish, and command high prices. He was made officer
ot the legion of honour in 1856, and received a number
ot medals. Died January 31, 1891.
Meissonier, (JUSTE AUR^LE,) a French artist, born
at Turin in 1675, was skilled in painting, sculpture, and
architecture. He excelled particularly in ornamental
gold-work, and became goldsmith to the king, Louis
XV. Died in 1750.
Meister, mis'ter, (JACQUES HENRI,) a Swiss writer,
born at Zurich in 1744, was an intimate friend of Necker,
Diderot, and Grimm. He wrote " Letters on Imagina-
tion," (1794,) "Studies on Man," (1805,) and other
works. Died in 1826.
Meister, (LEONHARD,) a Swiss littlratmr, born near
Zurich in 1741, wrote several historical works. Died
in 1811.
Meister, mis'ter, (SlMON,) a German painter, born
at Coblentz in 1803, studied under Horace Vernet, and
acquired great skill in painting battles and horses. Died
in 1844.
Mejanes, de, deh ma'zhin', (JEAN BAPTISTE MARIE
de Piquet — deh pe'ki',) MARQUIS, a French nobleman,
born at Aries in 1729, was the owner of a library of more
than seventy-five thousand volumes, which at his death,
in 1 786, he bequeathed to the city of Aix.
Mejia. See MEXIA.
Mejia, ma-Hee'i, (iGNACio,) a Mexican soldier, born
at Zimatlan, August 14, 1814. He was much engaged in
the civil wars of his country, taking for the most part
the liberal side. He fought Tomas Mejia and the
French, and in 1865 was made war-minister, retaining
that place for many years, and doing much for his
country's advancement.
Mejia, or Mexia, mi-Hee'a, (ToMAS,) a Mexican
soldier of Indian blood, born about 1812. He had great
influence with the common people, and was called the
" King of the Mountains." He fought against the United
States, 1847-48, and was the head of many insurrections.
He acted with great honour, bravery, and moderation,
and was devoted to the cause of the Conservative or
Church party. Later, he attached himself with warmth
and zeal to the empire under Maximilian, with whom he
was taken prisoner at Queretaro, at which place he was
condemned and executed, June 19, 1867.
Mekhitar or Mecbitar, meK'e-tar', (PETER,) an
Armenian priest and reformer, born at Sebaste in 1676.
Having embraced Catholicism, he became a distinguished
and popular preacher, and founded, in 1740, an Armenian
monastery at Venice. He also established there a print-
ing-house for the Armenian language. Among the works
issued from this press were an Armenian Grammar and
Lexicon. Died April 29, 1749.
Mekhitar Kosh, THE BEARDLESS, a learned Arme-
nian ecclesiastic, born about 1 140, founded a monastery
in the valley of Dandsoud, in Eastern Armenia, of which
le became the first abbot. Died in 1213.
Me'la, (POMPONIUS,) an eminent Roman geographer,
born in Spain, flourished probably about 50 A.D. He
wrote a valuable work entitled "On the Situation of the
Earth," (" De Situ Orbis.") A good edition of it was
published by Tzschucke, Leipsic, (7 vols., 1807 tt nq.'\
See MALTH-BRUN, article on " Mela" in the " Biographic Unive.
«elle."
Melampe. See MELAMPUS.
Me-lam'pus, [Gr. MfXa^n-ovc ; Fr. MELAMPE, ma'-
loNp',] a mythical personage of Argos, famous as a
soothsayer, was a son of Amythaon. He was considered
as the first mortal that possessed prophetic power, and
the first that practised medicine.
Me-lan-eh'thpn [Ger. pron. ma-linK'ton] or Me-
lan'thon, (PHILIP,) an eminent German Reformer and
scholar, whose original name was SCHWARZERD or
SCHWARZERDT, (shw'aRts'eRt : i.e. " Black Earth,") which,
according to the usage of the time, he changed into Greek,
was born at Bretten, in the Palatinate, February 16, 1497
His father was a skilful and prosperous armourer. He
entered in 1507 the Academy of Pforzheim, where he en-
joyed the patronage of Reuchlin, who was his great-uncle.
About the age of twelve he passed to the University of
Heidelberg, where he took the degree of bachelor of
arts, and went in 1512 to finish his studies in the Uni-
versity of Tubingen. He learned the Greek language,
mathematics, jurisprudence, etc., and remained in this
university a number of years, during which he gave
public lectures on the classics and other subjects. In
1518 he was appointed professor of Greek in the Uni-
versity of Wittenberg, then recently founded, and there
became the colleague and friend of Luther, whose doc-
trines he adopted. The renown of his learning and
eloquence soon attracted multitudes of students from
all parts of Germany. In 1519 Luther and Melanchthon
held a public disputation at Leipsic with Eckius, one
of the ablest champions of the Roman Catholic Church.
Melanchthon married in 1520 Katharina Krapp, daugh-
ter of a burgomaster of Wittenberg. It appears that
he was never ordained as a minister of the gospel. He
gave much attention to biblical exegesis, and became a
prominent advocate of the Reformed religion by his
writings. Compared with the other Reformers, he was
distinguished for moderation and gentleness, which
tended to restrain the impetuosity of Luther. In 1521
he published an able defence of the Reformed doctrines,
in a systematic treatise on theology, entitled "Loci com-
munes Rerum theologicarum," which enjoyed great popu-
larity. It was commended by Luther as being "next to
the Holy Scriptures the most excellent work on theol-
ogy." He aided Luther in his German translation of
the Bible, on which he expended much time, (1522-34.)
In 1529 he attended the Diet of Spire. Having been
appointed by the leading Reformers to compose a formal
exposition of the Lutheran faith, he wrote the celebrated
"Augsburg Confession," which was presented to the
emperor Charles V. at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530,
and is perhaps the most important symbolical book of
the Lutheran Church. A Latin version of this Con-
fession was published under the title of "Confessio Fidei
exhibita invictissimo Imperatori Carolo V.," etc., (1531.)
He also wrote, in reply to certain Catholic theologians,
an " Apologv of the Confession," (" Apologie der Augs
burgischen Confession.") He was invited by Henry VIII.
of England and Francis I. of France to visit their courts ;
but he declined both invitations, and remained at Wit-
tenberg. He was one of the theologians that disputeo.
with the Roman Catholics at the Conference of Worms
(1540) and the Conference of Ratisbon, (1541,) where he
proposed concessions and compromises which the othei
Reformers rejected. After the death of Luther, in 1546
Melanchthon was recognized as the leader of the Refor-
mation in Germany. His conduct was conformed to the
maxim "In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in om-
nibus caritas," ("In essentials unity, in doubtful points
liberty, in all things charity,") which subjected him to
violent denunciations from some Protestant zealots. In
1551 he was sent as a delegate to the Council of Trent,
which, however, was dispersed by the hostile movements
of Maurice of Saxony before Melanchthon arrived at
Trent. The latter years of his life were greatly troubled
by the acrimonious dissension* among the Protestant
Me'la, (POMPONIUS,) an eminent Roman geographer, by the acrimonious dissension* among the Protesta:
e as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural: N, nasal; K, trilled: s as z; th as in this. (J®=See Explanations, p. 23
107
MELANDER
1698
MELENDEZ
theologians. He died at Wittenberg on the igth of April,
1560, leaving three surviving children. He was a man
of small stature. Among his numerous works were
" Elements of Logic and Ethics," a Greek Grammar,
Commentaries on the Scriptures, editions of several
classic authors, with notes, and an extensive corre-
spondence with his eminent contemporaries. An edi-
tion of his works was published at Wittenberg by his
son-in-law, Peucer, in 1562-64.
See CAMERARIUS, "Vita P. Melanchthonis," 1566; F. A Cox.
"Life of P. Melanchthon," 1815; A. H. NIBMEYER, "P. Melanch-
thon als Preceptor Germaniz," 1817 ; C. MATTHES, " P. Melanch-
thon, seinLeben und Wirken," 1841 ;M. FACIUS, "P. Melanchthon '3 I
Leben," 1832; F. GALLR, "Vereuch einer Characteristik Melanch-
thon's," etc., 1840; LEDDERHOSB, "P. Melanchthon nach seinem
ftussem und innern Leben dargestellt," 1847; D. NISARD, " £tudes
*ur la Renaissance;" D'AuBlGNB, " History of the Reformation."
Melander, ml-lan'der, or Melanderhjelm, ma-Ian'
der-he-elm', (DANIEL,) an eminent Swedish astronomer,
born at Stockholm in 1726. He succeeded Strbmer
as professor of astronomy at Upsal in 1761, and sub-
sequently became perpetual secretary to the Academy
of Sciences. He was also ennobled by Gustavus III.,
(1801.) He wrote a " Synopsis of Astronomical Lessons,"
and other treatises, (in Latin.) Melander was a corre-
sponding member of the Academy of Sciences in Paris.
Died in 1810.
See LALANDB, " Bibliographic astronomique :" KJBLLIN, " Are-
minneofver D. Melanderhjelm," 1811.
Melanie. See MELANIA.
Melaiiippide. See MELANIPPIDES.
Mel-an-Ip'pI-des, [Gr. MeAavnnri(^c ; Fr. M6LA-
NIPPIDE, ma'lJ'ne'ped',] a Greek poet, born in the
island of Melos, lived in the time of Perdiccas, King of
Macedonia, (about 450 B.C.,) at whose court he died. He
is styled by Xenophon one of the greatest dithyrambic
poets of Greece ; and he also excelled in music. His
only writings extant are to be found in Bergk's " Poetae
Lyrici Graeci."
See PLUTARCH, "De Musica ;" XBNOPHON, "Memorabilia;"
FABRICIUS, " Bibliotheca Grieca ;" SCHBIBBL, "Dissertatio de Me1-
lanippide," 1848.
Melauthe. See MELANTHIUS.
Me-laii'thl-iis or Me-lan'thus, [Gr. Mc^ov0u>c or
MfAavSof ; Fr. MELANTHE, ma'loNt',1 an eminent Greek ]
painter, was contemporary with Apelles, with whom he
studied under Pamphilus. He ranked among the first
artists of the time, and his pictures commanded very
high prices.
Melanthius, [MeAavOiof,] a Greek tragic poet of
Athens, flourished about 400 B.C., and was noted for his
wit. He was satirized by Aristophanes and other comic
poets. His works are lost.
Melanthus. See MELANTHIUS.
Melas, ma'lls, (MICHAEL,) BARON, an Austrian gen-
eral, born in Moravia in 1730. He served under Mar-
shal Daun in the Seven Years' war and in several subse-
quent campaigns against the French, and in 1796 became
commander-in-chief of the Austrian forces in Italy. He
was signally defeated by the French army at Marengo,
(1800,) and was obliged to sign a capitulation. Died in
1806.
Mel'ba, (NELLIE,) a prima-donna, horn in Aus- j
tralia in 1865. She appeared at Brussels in 1887, and
subsequently in grand opera in Europe and the United
States.
Melbourne, mel'burn, (WILLIAM LAMB,) VISCOUNT,
a popular English statesman, son of Sir Peniston Lamb,
afterwards Lord Melbourne, was born in 1779. He
entered the House of Commons in 1805, and advocated
a moderate Whig policy. His father dying in 1828, he
inherited his title, entered the House of Lords, and, on
the formation of Earl Grey's ministry, in 1830, became
secretary of state. He was appointed first lord of the
treasury in 1834; but the Tories, under Peel and Wel-
lington, soon gaining the ascendant, he was compelled
to resign. In 1835 he succeeded in forming a Whig
•inistry, which lasted six years. He was distinguished
for his tact and popular qualities and accomplishments.
Died in 1848. Lord Melbourne was the author of a
comedy entitled "The Fashionable Friends." His wife
was known as an authoress. (See LAMB, CAROLINE.)
Melchthal, von, fon melK'tal, (ARNOLD,) a Swiss
patriot, became, in concert with his friends Furst and
Stauffacher, one of the founders of Swiss liberty. In
1307, in conjunction with thirty of their countrymen,
they formed a confederacy for the defence of Switzer-
land against Austrian oppression. In the course of the
following year the adventure of William Tell with Cess-
ler brought affairs to a crisis. (See TELL.)
Melcombe, LORD. See DODINGTON.
Mel'der, (GERARD,) a Dutch miniature-painter,
born at Amsterdam in 1693 ; died in 1740.
Meldo'la, (RAPHAEL,) an English chemist, born
at London in 1849. He became associated with Nor-
man Lockyer in his researches in spectrum analysis,
and in 1885 was made professor of chemistry in the
Finsbury Technical College. His chemical discoveries
were of importance, and he published several scientific
books and many papers.
MeldoUa. mSl-dol'la, (ANDREA,) an Italian painter
and engraver, born in Dalmatia about 1520, was a pupil
of Mazzuoli, (Parmigiano.) He is supposed by some
writers to have been the same as Andrea Schiavone.
Died in 1582.
See LB BLANC, "Manuel de 1' Amateur d'Estampes."
Me-le-a'ger, [Gr. Meteoypof ; Fr. MELftAGRE, mi'll'-
SgR',] a famous hero of classic mythology, was a son of
CEneus and Althaea, or, as others say, a son of Mars.
According to tradition, when he was seven days old the
Moirae (or Fates) warned his mother that he would
die as soon as the billet which was burning on her
hearth should be consumed. Althaea then extinguished
the fatal brand and hid it in a chest. He signalized his
valour in the Argonautic expedition and the Calydonian
hunt. He fought with the Calydonians against the
Curetes, and offended his mother by killing her brothers.
She therefore cast the above-mentioned brand into the
fire, and Meleager speedily died.
Meleager, [Gr. McAfaypoc,] a Macedonian general,
who served under Alexander the Great, and, after the
death of that monarch, attempted to raise Arrhidaeus to
the throne in opposition to Perdiccas. His partisans
were defeated, and he was put to death, 323 B.C.
See DROVSBN, "Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen."
Meleager, a Greek poet, supposed to have lived in
the first century before the Christian era, is said to have
been the first who made a collection of fugitive poems
and epigrams called an " Anthology," (" Anthologia.")
See BRUNCK, " Analecta," vol. i.
Meleagre. See MELEAGER.
Melece. See MELETIUS.
Melek Shah, (a Seljookide Sultan.) See MALIK
SHAH.
Melendez-Valdez, ma-len'deth val'deth, or Valdes,
val'dSs, (JuAN ANTONIO,) an eminent Spanish poet, born
in Estremadura in 1754. He studied law at Salamanca,
where he became intimate with the poet Cadalso, and
distinguished himself by his attainments in English
literature, of which he was a warm admirer. His
idyl "Batilo" (1780) won the prize at the Spanish
Academy, and another was given to his " Pindaric Ode
on the Fine Arts" by the Academy of San Fernando.
He published in 1785 a collection of lyric and pastoral
poems, which established his reputation as the first Spar
ish poet of his time. He had been appointed in 1781,
through the influence of his friend Jovellanos, professor
of humanities at Salamanca. In 1791 he obtained an
important office in the chancery of Valladolid, and in
1798 became fiscal of the supreme court of Madrid. He
published in 1797 another collection of poems, dedicated
to Godoy, who soon after appointed him to a high office
at court. On the fall of the minister Jovellanos, Melen-
dez was exiled from Madrid, to which he was not per-
mitted to return until the fall of Godoy, (1808.) Having
subsequently joined the French party in Spain, he was
created councillor of state and minister of public in-
struction by Joseph Bonaparte. He died in France in
1817. Of Melendez, Ticknor observes, "There can be
no doubt that he was better fitted to form a new school
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; A, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; fir, fill, fat; met; not; good; moon;
MELETIUS
1699
MELLEN
and give a guiding impulse to the national poetry, than
any writer that had appeared in Spain for above a
century."
Biographic Gi'ne'rale."
Meletius, me-lee'shg-us, [Gr. McXrraf,] Bishop of
Lycopolis, was founder~of a sect called by his name.
Having been deposed by the Bishop of Alexandria,
about 301 A.D., he formed a schism, and united with the
Arians.
Meletius, [Fr. MELECE, mi'ljs',] SAINT, called THE
GREAT, born in Little Armenia, was appointed Bishop
of Sebaste in 357 A.D., and in 360 Patriarch of Antioch.
Through the influence of the Arians, he was thrice de-
posed from his office and exiled, being finally restored
in 378. He presided over the first General Council at
Constantinople, (381,) and died the same year, having
previously confirmed the nomination of Saint Gregory
Nazianzen as Patriarch of Antioch. His funeral oration
was delivered by Saint Gregory of Nyssa.
See TILLH.MONT, " Me'moires," etc. ; BAH.LET, " Vies des Saints ;"
MAIMBOURG, " Histoire de rArianisme."
Meletius, a Greek prelate and geographer, born at
Janina in 1661. He wrote an "Ecclesiastical History,"
(3 vols., 1798.) Died in 1714.
Me-le'tus, [MtA^roc,] written less correctly Me-li'tus,
a Greek tragic poet, is chiefly known as one of the three
principal accusers of Socrates. He was a licentious
writer, and a man of profligate habits. He was put to
death by the Athenians when they repented of their
treatment of Socrates.
Mel'fprt, (JoHN DRUMMOND,) DUKE OF, was prime
minister to King James II. of England, whom he ac-
companied in his exile to France. Being accused of
planning a second invasion of England, he was banished
by Louis XIV. to Angers, where he died in 1716.
Melgarejo, mel-ga-Ra'Ho, (MARIANO,) a Bolivian
president, born about 1810, entered the army at an early
age, distinguished himself in many revolutions, acquired
immense popularity, and was often wounded, taken pris-
oner, or exiled. In December, 1864, he issued zpronun-
riamiento at Cochabamba against his brother-in-law,
President Acha, whom he overthrew. He maintained
himself in power as dictator against many insurrections
until January, 1870, when he was overthrown by Morales.
He then went to Lima, where he was killed in a quarrel
by his son-in-law, November 23, 1870.
Meli, ma'lee, (GIOVANNI,) an eminent Sicilian poet,
oorn at Palermo about 1740. His works, consisting
chiefly of eclogues, odes, and sonnets, are written in the
Sicilian dialect, to which he gave a grace and refinement
hitherto unknown. His pastoral poems are exquisite
specimens of their kind, especially the " Ecloghe Pesca-
torie," or fishermen's dialogues, distinguished for their
humour and the graceful simplicity of their language.
Meli also wrote satires and fables, and a mock-heroic
poem entitled "Don Quixote." Died in 1815.
See LOMBARDO, "Storia della Letteratura Italiana ;" "Foreign
Quarterly Review" for November, 1829 ; A. GALLO, " Cenni biogra-
Cci di G. Meli," 1836.
Mel-I-cer'ta or Mel-I-cer'teS, [Gr. MfWpn/f; Fr.
MELICERTE, mi'le'seRt',] a son of Athamas and Ino.
The poets feigned that Ino threw herself and her son
into the sea, and Neptune changed them into sea-deities.
Melicerta then received the name of Palaemon.
Melicerte. See MELICERTA.
Mell-koff, (MIKHAIL TARIELOVITCH Tainow,)
Count Lons-Melikoff, a Russian general, born at Lori, in
Transcaucasia, January i, 1826, the son of an Armenian
merchant named Melian, of princely origin, whose sur-
name was Russianized to Melikoff. He was colonel of
light cavalry. He took part in the siege of Kars, and in
the capture of Schamyl, (1859.) In 1865 he was made
lieutenant-general and ataman of the Terek Cossacks.
In 1877 he captured Ardahan and Kars from Mukhtar
Pasha and was made a count and full general. In 1878
he was named Governor of Astrakhan, and in 1879
Governor-General of KharkhofI In 1880 he became
president of a commission for the regulation of the em-
pire, and was afterwards a member of the plenum in
the grand council of the empire. An attempt to assas-
sinate him in iSSo failed. Died in 1888.
Meline, ma-leen', (FELIX JULES,) a French states-
man, born at Remiremont, Vosges, in 1838. He
studied law, entered the French Chamber in 1872, was
appointed under-secretary of state for justice in 1876,
became minister of agriculture in 1883, and president
of the Chamber in 1888. He afterwards became chair-
man of the tariff commission, and formed a " Con-
ciliation Cabinet" in 1896, which held office till 1898.
In 1899 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the
Presidency.
Meline, me-leen', (JAMES F.,) an American Catholic
writer, was born at Sackett's Harbor, New York, in 181 1.
He was educated in the college at Emmittsburg, and be-
came a lawyer, held several United States consulships,
and served in the war of 1861-65, attaining the rank of
colonel. He published " Two Thousand Miles on Horse-
back," " Mary, Queen of Scots," a " Life of Sixtus V.,"
and other works. Died at Brooklyn, New York, August
14, 1873-
Melioratl See INNOCENT VII.
Me-lis'sa, [Gr. Mc/Uooa; Fr. MftLlsSE, mi'less',] a
daughter of 'Melissus, King of Crete, was said to have
fed the infant Jupiter with the milk of goats.
Melissa, in classic mythology, a nymph who first dis-
covered the use of honey, or the method of procuring it;
whence bees (in Greek JAi^uaaai) are said to have derived
their name.
Melisse. See MELISSA.
Me-lis'sus, [ME/UOOOC,] a Greek philosopher, born at
Samos, flourished about 440 B.C. He was also distin-
guished as a naval commander, and gained an important
victory over the Athenians. He was a disciple of Par-
menides, and was the author of philosophical works of
which only fragments are extant
Melissus, ma-lis'sus, (PAUL,) a German, distinguished
as a Latin poet, born in Franconia in 1539 ; died in 1602.
MSl'I-ton or Mel'I-to, [Gr. MtAiTuv,] an ecclesias-
tical writer of the second century A.D., became Bishop
of Sardis in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. His works
were highly esteemed by his contemporaries, but they
have been lost, with the exception of a few fragments.
Melitus or Melitos. See MELETUS.
Me'U-us or Mselius, mee'le-us, (SPURIOS,) a Roman
knight, who gained the favour of the people by the
liberal or profuse use of his large fortune. He was ac-
cused by L. Minucius Augurinus of a design to make
himself king, and was summoned before Cincinnatus,
who was appointed dictator for this occasion. Refusing
to submit, he was killed by Servilius Ahala in 439 B.C.
See LIVY, " History of Rome;" NIEBUH*, " History of Rome."
Meli, (PATRICK HUES,) D.D., LL.D., an American
Baptist clergyman, born at Walthourville, Georgia, July
19, 1814, was educated at Amherst College. He became
professor of ancient languages in Mercer University in
1842, and in the University of Georgia in 1857. In 1860 he
was called to the chair of ethics and metaphysics in the
same institution, and in 1878 was appointed its chan-
cellor. He published several works on theological
subjects. Died in 1888.
Melian, m&'IoN', (CLAUDE,) an eminent French en-
graver and painter, born at Abbeville in 1598, studied
under Villamena and Vouet at Rome. He originated a
new method of engraving, which consisted in producing
light and shade by varying the thickness of the single
lines instead of crossing one set by another. Amonj,
his master-pieces are " Saint Peter Nolascus borne by
Two Angels," the " Face of Christ," " Rebecca at the
Well," and a portrait of Pope Urban VIII. Died in
1688.
Mel'len, (GRENVILLE,) an American poet, born at
Biddeford, in Maine, in 1799, was a son of Chief-Justice
€ as it; 5 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, ^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as \nthis. ( 2®=-See Explanations, p. 23.)
MELLIti
1700
MEL VILLE.
Martyr's Triumph," and " Buried Valley, and other
Poems," (1834.) Died in 1841.
See GRISWOLD, "Poets and Poetry ^pf America;" CLEVELAND.
" Compendium of American Literature."
Mellin, m?l-leen', (GUSTAF HENRIK,) one of the most
popular Swedish novelists and historians, born in Fin-
land in 1813. Among his romances, which are generally
founded on Swedish history, we may name " Flickorna
i Askersund," (1832,) "Helena Wrede," (1834,) and
"Johannes Fjallman." His " Den Skandinaviska Nor-
dens Historia" (1850) and " Fiiderlandets Historia"
(1852) are highly esteemed by his countrymen. The
greater part of his romances have been translated into
German. Died August 2, 1876.
Mellin de Saint-Gelais, mi'laN'deh saN zheh-1^', a
French poet, born in 1491, was the author of ballads,
sonnets, elegies, etc. Died in 1558.
*^ee LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Melling, mel'ling, (ANTON IGNAZ,) a German painter,
born at Carlsruhe in 1763 ; died in Paris in 1831.
Mellini, m?l-lee'nee, (GIUSEPPE ZAMA,) an Italian
writer on religion, born at Bologna in 1788; died in
1838.
Mello, de, di mel'lo, or Melo, ma'lo, (FRANCISCO
MA.VOEL,) a Portuguese writer, born at Lisbon in 1611,
wrote (in Spanish) a valuable history of the Catalo-
nian revolution, entitled " Historia de los Movimientos y
Separacion, etc. de Cataluna," (1645.) He also wrote
a number of dramas and poems, among which we may
name ".The Three Muses of Melodino," (" Las tres
Musas de Melodino.") Died in 1665.
See BARBOSA-MACHADO, "Bibliotheca Lusitana."
Mello, de, (P. JOZE,) an eminent Portuguese jurist,
wrote a " History of Portuguese Civil Law," (3d edition,
1800.) Died in 1798.
Melloni, me'1-lo'nee, (MACEDONIO,) an Italian savant,
born at Parma in 1801. He was appointed in 1839 di-
rector of the Conservatory of Arts and Trades at Naples.
He wrote several scientific works, one of which was
entitled " La Termocrasi," etc., explaining his theory
concerning the radiation of heat and the coloration of
light. He originated valuable discoveries on these sub-
jects, for which the Royal Society of London bestowed
upon him the Rumford medal. Died in 1854.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Genc'rale."
MSl'moth, (WILLIAM,) an English lawyer, born In
1666, was the author of a work entitled "Great Impor-
tance of a Religious Life," which was ascribed by Walpole
to the first Earl of Egmont. One hundred thousand
copies of this work were printed after the author's death.
Died in 1743.
See NICHOLS, " Literary Anecdotes :" " Memoirs of a Late Emi-
nent Advocate-"
Melmoth, (WILLIAM,) an English littfratfur, a son
of the preceding, was born in 1710. He published in
1747 a translation of the "Letters of Pliny," which is
esteemed one of the best versions of a Latin author in
the English language, and is mentioned by Warton as
"one of the few that are better than the original." He
also translated the " Letters of Cicero to Several of his
Friends," and the treatises " On Friendship" (' De
Amicitia") and "On Old Age"("De Senectute") of the
same author. Died in 1799.
Melnikov, mel'ne-kov, ( PAWEL IVANOWITCH, ) a
Russian author, born at Nizhnee-Novgorod, October 22,
1819. He studied (1834-37) at Kazan University, and
in 1846 entered the civil service. Besides histories of
the Russian schismatical sects, he published noteworthy
novels, among them " Old Times" and " Beyond the
Volga." Died in i
Melo. See MELLU.
Melon, meh-16N', QEAN FRANC.OIS,) a French lit-
tlraieur, resided at Bordeaux, and, in conjunction with
the Duke de la Force, founded the Academy of that city
in 1712. He afterwards became secretary to the regent
Orleans. He wrote " Mahmoud the Gaznevide," an alle-
gorical history of the regency, and a " Political Essay on
Commerce." The latter work was highly commended
i'y Voltaire. Died in 1738.
Melot, meh-lo', (ANICET,) a French savant, born at
Dijon in 1697, became in 1738 a member of the Acad-
emy of Inscriptions, to which he contributed several
able treatises. In 1741 he was appointed royal librarian.
He wrote a "Dissertation on the Capture of Rome
by the Gauls," and other antiquarian works. Died in
I759-
Melozzo da Forli, ma-lot'so da foR-lee', (FRAN-
CESCO,) an Italian painter, born at Forli in 1438, invented
the sotto in JT/, and discovered the rules of vertical per-
spective. Among his finest extant frescos is " Sixtus IV.
giving to Platina charge of the Vatican Library," now in
the Vatican. His works are highly commended by Vasari.
He excelled in foreshortening. Died in 1492.
Mel-pom'e-ne, [Gr. MEATTO^W/ ; Fr. MELPOMENE,
meTpo'min',] one of the nine Muses, presided ove»
tragedy, and was represented as holding in her hand a
tragic mask. She was said to be the mother of the
Sirens. (See MUS.B.)
Melun, de, deh meh-luN', (CHARLES,) a French states-
man under Louis XI., was appointed in 1465 grand
master of France. Having subsequently incurred the
displeasure of the king, he was condemned to death and
executed, (1468.)
Melvil. See MELVILLE, and MALEVILL.
Melvill van Carnbee, meTvil vtn karn'ba, ( PIE-
TER,} BARON, a geographer and naval officer, born at
Aix-la-Chapelle in 1816. He produced the " Mariner's
Guide," ("Zeeman's Gid," 1842.) Died in 1856.
Melville, mSl'vil, (ANDREW,) an eminent Scottish
Reformer and scholar, born in Forfarshire in 1545. He
studied in Paris, and subsequently became professor of
humanities at Geneva. After his return to Scotland he
was appointed principal of Glasgow College, where he
introduced great improvements in the discipline and
was eminently successful as a teacher. He was active!)
engaged in the religious controversies of the time, and
was chiefly instrumental in the abolition of episcopacy
in Scotland. He became in 1580 principal of Saint
Mary's College, Saint Andrew's, where he also filled the
chair of theology and the Oriental tongues. Having
given offence to King James by his bold opposition to
the measures of the court, he was imprisoned five years,
and subsequently retired to France, and was appointed
professor of theology at Sedan. Died in 1622.
Melville, (GEORGE WALLACE,) an American naval
engineer, born at New York, January 10, 1841. He
was appointed to the navy as assistant engineer in
i 81 i , served through the civil war, and in 1869 sailed
on the Jeannette Polar Expedition. He headed the
boat's crew which survived the Arctic rigors and the
expedition which afterwards recovered the remains of
De Long and his comrades in the Lena delta. He
was specially rewarded by Congress for his courage,
was appointed engineer-in-chief of the navy in 1887,
and given the rank of renr-admirnl in 1899. He made
three Arctic voyages in all.
Melville, (GEORGE WHYTE,) an English novelist,
born about 1820. He was a captain in the Coldstream
Guards. He produced many novels, the best-known
of which are " Digby Grand," (1853,) "Tiibury Nogo,"
(1853.) "General Bounce," (1854,) "Kate Coventry,"
(1856,) "Holmby House," (1860,) "The Gladiators,"
(1863.) and "Katerfelto," (1875.) Died December 5, 1878.
Melville, (HERMAN,) an American novelist and trav-
eller. born in New York in 1819. Having made a voy-
age to the Pacific in 1841, he spent several months on
one of the Marquesas Islands, and subsequently visited
the Sandwich and Society Islands. He published, after
his return, a narrative of his adventures, entitled
"Typee," (1846,) which was received with great favour,
both in the United States and England. Among his
other principal works are " Omoo, a Narrative of Ad-
ventures in the South Seas," " White Jacket, or the
World in a Man-of-War," (1850,) and "The Piazza
Tales." Died in New York, September 28, 1891.
See DUVCKINCK, " Cyclopaedia of American Literature," Tol. U.
Melville or Melvil, (Sir JAMES,) a Scottish states-
man and historian, born in Fiff shire in 1530. Having
5, e, i, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, otscurf; fir, fall, fit; m<H; not; gon<l; moon
MEL VILLE
1701
MENAHEM
been appointed page to Mary Queen of Scots during
her resfdence in France, he accompanied her on hei
return to Scotland, and was made her privy councillor
and employed in several important negotiations. He
died in 1606, leaving in manuscript a work published in
1683, under the title of "Memoirs of Sir James Melvil
of Halhill," etc., which are highly valuable as records
of his time. Froude speaks of Melville as " a man who,
without the faintest pretensions to statesmanship, was
as skilled an intriguer as Europe could boast." (" His-
tory of England," vol. viii. chap, viii.)
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen "
Melville, LORD. See DUNDAS, (HENRY.)
Melville, (ROBERT,) a Scottish officer, born in Fife-
shire in 1723, served against the French in the West
Indies in 1762, and was appointed governor of the pos-
sessions conquered from France. He was a Fellow of
the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries.
Died in 1809.
Melzi, mll'zee, (GAETANO,) COUNT, an Italian littlrn-
(fur, born at Milan in 1783, published a "Biography of
Italian Romances and Poems of Chivalry," (1838,) and
" Dictionary of Pseudonyms and Anonymous Works of
Italian Writers," etc., (1848,) both of which enjoy a
high reputation. He was the owner of a library of
more than thirty thousand volumes, consisting chiefly
of rare and valuable works. Died in 1852.
Melzi d'Eril, mSl'zee da-rel', (FRANCESCO,) an Ital-
ian statesman, born at Milan in 1753. On the invasion
of Italy by the French he had a prominent part in the
establishment of the Cisalpine republic, of which he
was made vice-president In 1802. He was afterwards
created by Napoleon high-chancellor of Italy, and Duke
of Lodi, (1809.) He was a grandee of Spain. Died
in 1816.
See THIERS, " History of the Consulate and of the Empire ;'
" Nouvelle Biographic Ge"ne"rale."
Memling, mfim'ling, Hemling, hgm'ling, or Meru-
melinck, mem'meh-Iink', (HANS or HAUSSE,) an emi-
nent Flemish painter, the date and place of whose birth
are unknown. He flourished about 1450-85. Among
his master-pieces are the " Marriage of Saint Catherine,"
and a "Baptism of Christ." Died at Bruges in 1495.
See P. H^DOUIN, " Memling. Etude stir sa Vie et ses Ouvrages,'
1847 ; " Lives of the Early Flemish Painters."
Memmi. See MARTINI, (SiMONE DI.)
Memminger, me'm'min-jer, ? (CHARLES GUSTAVUS,)
a native of Wiirtemberg, Germany, born in 1803, settled
at Charleston, South Carolina, where he became distin-
guished as a lawyer and politician. He zealously opposed
the State Rights party, which he satirized in his " Book
of Nullification," (1832.) He was appointed secretary of
the treasury in the cabinet of Jefferson Davis in February,
1861, and resigned in June, 1864. Died March 7, 1888.
Mem'ml-us, (CAius,) a Roman tribune, was a strenu-
ous opponent of the aristocrats. He became tribune
of the people in in B.C., and exposed the venality and
corruption of the aristocratic leaders in their manage-
ment of the Jugurthine war. While a candidate for the
consulship, he was killed by the mob led by Saturninus
in 100 B.C.
Memmius, (CAius GEMELLUS,) a Roman orator,
poet, and politician, was a tribune of the people in 66
B.C., and prastor in 58. He was a son-in-law of Sulla,
and friend of Lucretius, who dedicated to him his poem
" De Rerum Natura." He is also frequently mentioned
by Cicero. Having been accused of bribery, (ambitus,)
he went into exile about 54 B.C.
Mem'non, [Gr. Mi/tvar,] a mythical personage, sup-
posed to have been a son of Tithonus and Eos, (Aurora,)
and a king of Ethiopia or Egypt. According to tradition,
he fought for the Trojans at the siege of Troy, slew An-
tilochus, and was killed by Achilles. The poets feigned
that the dew-drops which appear in the morning are the
tears which Aurora shed for the death of Memnon. Many
writers identify Memnon with Amenoph'is II. of Egypt,
in whose honour was erected the celebrated colossal
statue near Thebes. This statue, which is still extant
and is about fifty feet high, was commonly believed by
the ancients to emit a sound when it was first touched
by the beams of the morning sun. Some writers, in-
cluding Sir Gardner Wilkinson, believe that the phe-
nomenon was the result of imposture.
See SIR J. GARDNER WILKINSON, "Topography of Thebes,"
PP- 33-37-
Mem'non, a Greek general in the service of Da
rius, King of Persia, attained the rank of high admiral,
and Governor of Western Asia. He had great military
talents. Died in 333 B.C.
See CLINTON, "Fasti Hellenici."
Memnon, a Greek historian, supposed to have lived
under the reign of Augustus or the Antonines. He
wrote a history of Heraclea, of which only fragments
ire extant.
See Vossius, "De Historicis Grscis."
Mena, de, da ma'na, (FELIPE GIL,) a Spanish por-
trait-painter of great merit, born at Valladolid in 1600;
died in 1674.
Mena, de, (JUAN,) a Spanish poet, born at C6rdova
about 1410. He was patronized by John II., King of Castile,
who made him his Latin secretary and historiographer.
His principal work is an allegorical poem, entitled " The
Labyrinth," (" El Labirinto,") which enjoyed a high repu-
tation in his time. He was an intimate friend of Henry
de Villena, the Marquis de Santillana, and other eminent
writers of that age. Died in 1456.
See TICKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature ;" PRESCOTT,
" History ot Ferdinand and Isabella," vol. i. pp. 18, 19, 20; LONG-
FELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Menabrea, ma-na-bRa'a, (LEON CAMII.LE,) a titth-a-
(fur, born near Chambery in 1804. He wrote several
works on medieval antiquities, and left unfinished an
important work entitled " Les Alpes historiques." Died
in 1857.
Menabrea, ma-na-bRa'a, (LuiGi F.,) COUNT, an Ital-
ian general and statesman, born about 1809. He was
appointed minister of foreign affairs and president of
the council of ministers of the kingdom of Italy in 1867
and in 1869.
Mensechmus, mi-ne'k'mus, | MtVo^/ioc, ] a Greek
sculptor, born at Naupactus, lived about 480 B.C. His
principal work was a statue, in gold and silver, of
Diana Laphyra at Calyclon, in which he was assisted
by Soidas.
Menage, ma'nfch', (GiLLES,) a celebrated French
critic and scholar, born at Angers in 1613. He studied
law, and practised for a time in Paris, where he became
an advocate to the Parliament. He subsequently de-
voted himself entirely to literary pursuits, and his house
became the resort of the distinguished wits and writers
of the time, including Balzac, Sarrazin, and Madame
Rambouillet. He was patronized by Paul de Gondi,
afterwards Cardinal de Retz, whose favour he subse-
quently lost, owing to his arrogance and strong propen-
sity for satire. He was also involved in a literary feud
with Boileau, who has severely satirized him in one of
his poems, and with Moliere, who introduced him into
his " Femmes savantes," in the character of Vadius.
His reputation rests principally on his " Etymological
Dictionary of the French Language," (1650,) which is
still a useful work. He also published poems in Latin,
French, and Italian, and his friends made a collection of
his witticisms, etc., entitled "Menagiana," (1693,) which
ranks among the best productions of the kind. His
" Request of the Dictionaries," a satire on the I Hctionary
of the French Academy, is believed to have been the
cause of his exclusion from that institution. Died in
Paris, July 23, 1692.
See ANTOINE GALLAND, "Menagiana," 1693; BAVLE, "His-
torical and Critical Dictionary ;" " Metnoires pour servir a )a Vie de
Menage," prefixed to the "Menagiana," 1715; MOR^RI, " Diction-
oaire Historique ;" " Nouvelle Biographic G^nerale."
Menageot, ma'ni'zho', (FRANC.OIS GUILLAUME,) a
painter, of French extraction, born in London in 1744.
He studied in Paris under Vien and Boucher, and wai
appointed director of the French Academy at Rome in
1787. Among his works may be named "Time arrested
by Study," and "Diana seeking Adonis." Died in 1816.
Men'a-hem, [Heb. DHJ^,] the son of Gadi, having
slain Shallum, King of Samaria, usurped his throne
and reigned ten years over that country.
See II. Kings xv. 14.
^; 5 as*; %,hard; gas/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz: th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23.)
MENANDER
1702
MENCIUS
Me-nan'der, [Gr. Mevavdpoc; Fr. M^NANDRE, mi'-
no.NdR'; Ger. MENANDROS, mi-nan'dRos, ] a Greek
dramatic poet, born at Athens in 341 B.C., is called the
originator of the new comedy, giving representations of
actual life and manners. He enjoyed the highest repu-
tation among his contemporaries, and is eulogized by
Julius Caesar, Plutarch, and other eminent men of anti-
quity. His dramas were very numerous, but they have
been lost, with the exception of the fragments preserved
in the works of several Greek writers.
See CLINTON, " Fasti Hellenic! ;" K. O. MULLER, " History
of Greek Literature ;" HAUPTMANN, " De Menandro atque illius
Comoediis," 1743; G. GUIZOT, "Menandre: Etude historique,"
etc., 1855; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge^rale."
Menander, a Macedonian general, was appointed
Governor of Lydia by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C.
He became a partisan of Antigonus, for whom he fought
against Eumenes in 320 B.C.
Menander, a Roman jurist under the reigns ol
Severus and Caracalla.
Me-nan'der Pro-tec'tor, a Greek historian of the
sixth century, was one of the body-guard of the emperor
at Constantinople. He was the author of a " History
of the Eastern Empire from 559 to 582 A.D.," of which
only fragments are extant
See Vossius, " De Historicis Gnecis."
Menandre. See MENANDER.
Menandrino, ma-nan-dRee'no, (MARSILIO,) an Italian
jurist, sometimes called MARSILIUS OF PADUA. He was
counsellor to Louis of Bavaria, for whom he wrote a
treatise entitled " Defender of the Peace," in support of
the authority of the emperor over the pope. For this
he was excommunicated by John XXII. Died in 1328.
Menandros. See MENANDER.
Menard, ma'ntR', (CLAUDE,) a French writer, born
at Saumur about 1574, was the author of a "History of
Anjou," which is commended by Menage. He also edited
Joinville's " History of Saint Louis," and other works.
Died in 1652.
Menard, (JEAN,) a French ecclesiastic and writer, born
at Nimes in 1637, was an intimate friend of Flechier.
Died in 1710.
Menard, (L£oN,) a French jurist and antiquary, born
tt Tarascon in 1706. He wrote a "History of the City
of Nimes," a treatise "On the Manners and Customs of
the Greeks," and other works. He was a member of the
Academy of Inscriptions. Died in 1767.
See LE BEAD, " Eloge de Menard," in the " Memoires" of the
Academy of Inscriptions.
Menard, (NICOLAS HUGUES,) a French theologian
and pulpit orator, born in Paris in 1585, wrote several
religious and ecclesiastical works. Died in 1644.
Me'iias, [Gr. MVTOC,] a freedman of Pompey the
Great and of his son, Sextus Pompey. He commanded
a fleet sent against Octavius, afterwards deserted Pom-
pey for the service of Octavius, and was slain (B.C. 35)
at the siege of Siscia.
Menasseh Ben Israel. See MANASSES BEN JOSEPH
BEN ISRAEL.
Mencius, men'she-us, the Latinized form of Meng-
Tee, mjng'tseh', or TSeng-Tseu, meng'tsuh', (named
also Meng-Kho, in his youth,) was, after Confucius, the
most celebrated of all the Chinese philosophers. He
was born in the little state of Tsow, (or Tsou,) which
was subsequently included in the kingdom of Loo, and
in the modern province of Shan-Toong, (or Shan-Tung,)
about 370 years before Christ : he was, therefore, a con-
temporary of Plato and Aristotle. He lost his father in
his early childhood. To his mother, who appears to have
been a woman of rare intelligence and worth, he was
indebted, in a great measure, not merely for his inclina-
tion towards learning and philosophy, but also for that
pure and lofty virtue for which he was so distinguished.
It is related that after the death of her husband she re-
sided for a short time near a butcher's shop, but, fearing
that the frequent sight of scenes of blood might harden
and deprave the heart of her son, she removed to another
abode. This happened to be near a cemetery, and young
Mencius amused himself with acting the various scenes
which he witnessed at the tombs. "This," said his
mother to herself, "is no place for my son." She again
changed her dwelling, and took a house in the market-
place. But here he soon began to play the part of a
salesman, vaunting his wares and chaffering with cus-
tomers. The watchful and anxious mother was not yet
satisfied. At last she found a house close by a school.
Her son's attention was attracted by the various studies
and exercises which he saw pursued in the school, and a
desire for learning was awakened in his mind. Soon
after she sent him to the school ; and he is said to have
distinguished himself by the quickness of his intellect,
and subsequently by his earnest application to study.
The following story may serve to show his mother's con-
scientious watchfulness in regard to the moral education
of her son. Seeing a butcher killing pigs, he asked her
what that was done for. She replied rather thoughtlessly,
(as it appears,) "It is to furnish you with food." Her
conscience at once reproved her for saying what was not
strictly true, and, anxious not to set him an example of
untruthfulness, she went and bought some pork in order
to make good her words. One day when he returned
home from school, she looked up from the web which
she happened to be weaving, and asked him how he was
getting on. He answered, carelessly, that he was doing
well enough, whereupon she took a knife and cut through
her web. Alarmed, he inquired what she meant She
then showed him that she had only done what he was
doing : she had lost her labour and thrown away the time
she had spent in weaving the web, he also was throwing
away his precious time through neglect of his studies.
The lesson was not lost upon him, and did not need to
be repeated.
Some writers represent Mencius as having studied
tinder Tseu-sse, (or Tsze-sze,) the grandson of Confucius.
But this is scarcely possible, since Tseu-sse, had he been
iiving, would have been more than a hundred years old
when Mencius was born. It is, however, certain that he
diligently studied the writings of Confucius, to the neglect
of whose precepts he attributed the miserable state of
things which he saw everywhere around him, faith and
justice being disregarded, the bonds of society breaking
asunder, and the whole empire hastening to decay. He
resolved to devote his life to correcting these evils and
restoring, so far as it lay in his power, the virtues of the
primitive ages.
Although Mencius considered himself a follower of
Confucius, yet in his mode of instruction, and especially
in his behaviour towards those rulers who sought his
counsel, he differed materially from his master. In his
reasoning, if less grave than Confucius, he displayed
more art and more acuteness. His method, indeed, was
not unlike the dialectic of Socrates ; he pushed his ad-
versary from one admission to another, until he obliged
him either to confess his defeat or else to maintain the
most obvious and palpable absurdities. In his inter-
course with kings he was more bold and severe than
Confucius, both in exposing folly and denouncing injus-
tice and oppression. Mencius appears to have been
held in great respect by most of the Chinese princes to
whom his fame had penetrated. It is not known at what
time in his life he first began to teach publicly ; but we are
told that when he felt that he was sufficiently conversant
with the doctrines and precepts of the great teachers
of Chinese philosophy, he commenced his travels for tha
purpose of offering his counsels to the different petty
sovereigns who ruled in the states adjacent or neighbour-
ing to Loo. But, although he seems to have enjoyed
more consideration than Confucius had done, he was
scarcely more successful in carrying into practice his
ideal plans of government. His theory of morals was
too high and difficult for human nature in its ordinary
condition. He appears not to have succeeded in a single
instance in prevailing on any of the princes to embrace
and consistently carry out his principles ; and accordingly
he had little inducement to continue at any of the courts
longer than was necessary in order to make a fair trial
of what his influence could effect He is said to have
passed the last twenty years of his life in the more con-
genial society of his disciples, and in writing those works
by which he has perhaps exerted a greater influence on
after-ages than he did upon that in which he lived. He
is supposed to have died at an advanced age about 2<JC
a, e, I, 6, u, y. long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, J, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, fall, fit; mSt; not; good; moot.
MENC1US
1703
MENDELSSOHN
B.C. According to Dr. Legge, he died 288 B.C. ; some
other authorities, however, place the date of his death
many years earlier. The descendants of Mencius, like
those of Confucius, constitute at the present day a class
of what may be termed hereditary nobles, — the only
hereditary nobility in China.
One of the chief doctrines of Mencius was that man is
naturally good, although he admitted that by far the
greater part of mankind had, through unfavourable cir-
cumstances or influences, become perverted. He says
the way in which a man loses his natural goodness is
like the way in which trees are deprived by the wood-
man of their branches and foliage. And if they still
send forth some buds and sprouts, then come the cattle
and goats and browse upon them. As in the tree all
appearance of life and beauty is destroyed, so in man,
after a long exposure to evil influences, all traces of
native goodness seem to be obliterated. But he main-
tains that there is an original power of goodness in the
race, and that all men may, if they will, become like
Yao and Shun, two of the early sages and kings, who
were pre-eminent for their virtue. A distinguished
Chinese scholar says the great object of Mencius, in his
writings, is to rectify men's hearts. "If a man once
rectify his heart," says Mencius, " little else will remain
for him to do." In another place he says, " The great or
superior man is he who does not lose his child's heart,"
an expression which vividly recalls those beautiful lines
of the great German poet, —
" Wohl dem der frei von Schuld und Fehle
Bf wahrt die kindlich reine Seele."*
It is livid :nt, however, that, owing to his sanguine and
ardent nature, or to some other cause, Mencius did not
very fully realize the exceeding difficulty of "rectifying
one's heart." Yet Confucius, who was regarded by
Mencius as the most perfect of human beings, recognized
this great but melancholy truth, when he said it was
only at the age of seventy that " he could follow what
his heart desired without transgressing what was right."
("Analects," book ii.)
Confucius had always inculcated the reciprocal obli-
gation between kings and subjects. Mencius, without
denying the general obligation of obedience on the part
of subjects, taught nevertheless that among the various
elements in a state " the people are the most important
element, and the sovereign the least important ;" and
he did not hesitate to draw the legitimate inference from
such a position that a bad sovereign ought to be de-
throned, and even slain, if his life should endanger or in
any way interfere with the public good.
The distinguished Orientalist Remusat, in drawing a
comparison between Confucius and Mencius, says the
former "is ajways grave, and even austere; he exalts
men of virtue of whom he presents an ideal portrait ;
he speaks of bad men only with a cool indignation.
Mencius, with the same love of virtue, seems to feel
for vice rather contempt than abhorrence. He assails
it with the force of argument ; he does not disdain to
even employ against it the weapons of ridicule." Men-
cius combined a certain modesty with a just and manly
appreciation of himself. He seemed greatly surprised
when one of his disciples was disposed to rank him as a
sage ; yet he said on another occasion, " When sages
shall rise up again, they will not change my words." He
believed that he was appointed by Heaven to uphold or
restore the doctrines of the ancient sages, such as Yao,
Shun, and Confucius. Han-Yu, a celebrated Chinese
critic, says, " If we wish to study the doctrines of the
sages, we must begin with Mencius. ... It is owing to
his words that learners nowadays still know to revere
Confucius, to honour benevolence and righteousness, to
esteem the true sovereign, and to despise the mere
pretender." We have already noticed some of the lead-
ing opinions of Mencius. The following are a few of his
most characteristic sayings : " I love life ; I also love
righteousness. If I cannot keep both, I will let lite go,
and choose righteousness." (The Works of Mencius,
book vi. chap, x.) "There is a nobility of Heaven, and
• " Happy he who, free from sin and fault,
Preserves the pure childlike soul."
SCHILLER'S Kraniche des Ibicvs,
there is a nobility of man. Benevolence, righteousness,
self-consecration, and fidelity, with unwearied joyin these
virtues, —these constitute the nobility of Heaven." (Book
vi. chap, xvi.) " Benevolence subdues its opposite, just
as water subdues fire. Those, however, who practise
benevolence nowadays do it as if with one cup of water
they could save a whole wagon-load of fuel on fire, and,
when the flames are not extinguished, should say that
water cannot subdue fire. This conduct, moreover, greatly
encourages those who are not benevolent." (Book vi.
chap, xviii.) "There is no greater delight than to be
conscious of sincerity on self-examination." (Book vii.
chap, iv.) Kung-Sun-Chow said to Mencius that his
principles were admirable, but they were too difficult
and lofty for ordinary minds, and asked him why he did
not adapt his teachings to the capacity of the learners.
He replied, "A great artificer does not, for the sake of a
stupid workman, alter or do away with the marking-line."
(Book vii. chap, xli.)
See the excellent notice of Mencius prefixed to the works of thai
philosopher, in the second volume of DR. LHGCE'S "Chinese Clas-
la Chine," translated by G. PAUTHIER, Paris, 1851 ; the Chinese
Classical Works, translated by the late REV. DAVID COLLIE, Malacca
Mission Press, 1828 ; STANISLAUS JULIEN'S translation (into Latin)
of the Works of Mencius, Paris. 1824: "Confucius and the Chinese
Classics," (book iv.,) by REV. A. W. LOOMIS, San Francisco, 1867.
Mencke, (JOHANN BURKHARD,) born at Leipsic in
1675, became in 1708 historiographer to Frederick
Augustus, King of Poland. He published, in Latin,
" Two Orations on the Charlatanry of the Learned,"
(1715,) and a work entitled " Writers of German His-
tory," (3 vols., 1728-30.) The former caused a great
sensation, and was translated into several foreign lan-
guages. Mencke also wrote a number of poems, and,
after the death of his father, conducted the "Acta Eru-
ditorum. Died in 1732. His son, FRIEDRICH OTTO
MENCKE, (1708-1754,) was professor of history at
Leipsic, and the author of various works.
Mencke, (OTTO,) a learned German, the father of
the preceding, born at Oldenburg in 1644. He bicame
professor of moral philosophy at Leipsic. In 1682 he
founded the first literary and scientific journal published
in Germany. It was entitled "Acta Eruditorum," and
numbered among its contributors Leibnitz and other
eminent savants. Died in 1707.
See SELIGMANN. " Leichenpredigt auf O. Mencken," 1707: Nici-
RON, "Me'moires."
Mendana de Neyra, mgn-daVyJ di na^e-rS, (At,-
VARO,) a Spanish navigator, born in 1541, sailed on a
voyage to the Pacific in 1567, and discovered between
7° and 12° south latitude the islands of Saint Chris-
topher, Isabella, and Guadalcanar. He discovered in
1595 the isles since called by Admiral Byron the Dan-
gerous Islands, and the large island of Santa Cruz, to
which Carteret gave the name of Egmont in 1767. He
also established a colony at Bahia Graciosa. The por-
tion of Polynesia which includes the Marquesas has been
named the Mendana Archipelago. Died in 1595.
Men'deleeff, (DMITRI IVANOVICH,) a distin-
guished Russian chemist, born at Tobolsk in 1834 and
made professor of chemistry in the University of St.
Petersburg in 1866. Of his many discoveries the most
notable is his periodic law of atomic weights, one of
the leading chemical theories of the century.
Mendelssohn, men'dels-son', (MosES,) an eminent
philosopher, born at Dessau, in Germany, in 1729, was
the son of a Jewish schoolmaster. In consequence of
the limited means of his family, he owed his early educa-
tion chiefly to his own exertions. In 1745 he repaired
to Berlin, where he applied himself to the study of
mathematics and the philosophy of Wolf and Leibnitz.
In 1754 he formed an intimate friendship with Lessing,
in conjunction with whom he afterwards wrote the treat-
ise entitled " Pope a Metaphysician." He next pub-
lished his " Letters on the Sensations," and in 1767 his
" Phaedo, a Dialogue on the Immortality of the Soul."
The latter work was received with great favour, and wai
€ as k; 9 as s; | hard: g as/; G, H. K. guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( Jgp'See Explanations, p. 23.}
MENDELSSOHN
1704
MENDOZA
translated into the principal languages of Europe. Men-
delssohn was one of the most profound thinkers of his
time, and was highly esteemed by his contemporaries for
the excellence of his character, as well as his intellectual
endowments. Died in 1786.
See MIRABHAU, " Sur M. Mendelssohn," etc., 1787; "Memoirs
of Moses Mendelssohn," by M. SAMUELS ; WINCKLER, " Notice sur
M. Mendelssohn," 1708; HEINEMANN, " M. Mendelssohn," 1819 ;
J. A. L. RICHTER, "M. Mendelssohn als Mensch," etc., 1829;
1 Nouvelle Biographic G^nerale. "
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, mSn'dels-son' baR-tol'-
dee, (FELIX,) an eminent German composer, born at
Hamburg in 1809, was a grandson of the preceding. At
an early age he manifested extraordinary musical talent,
which received the most elaborate culture under Zelter
and Ludwig Berger. He performed with brilliant suc-
cess in Berlin and Paris before he had completed his
tenth year, and in 1827 he brought out at Berlin his
"Overture to the Midsummer Night's Dream" and his
opera of " The Wedding of Camacho." He subsequently
visited London and Paris, where the " Overture" above
named was received with enthusiasm. After his return
to Germany, he was appointed, in 1835, director of the
Gewandhaus concerts at Leipsic. In 1836 he brought
out his oratorio of " Saint Paul," at Dusseldorf and
Leipsic, and the following year at Birmingham, Eng-
land. His " Elijah," an oratorio, performed at the Bir-
mingham Festival in 1846, caused a greater sensation
in the musical world than had been known in England
since the days of Handel. Subsequently, Mendelssohn's
health, which had been some time declining, failed
rapidly, and he died soon after his return to Germany,
in November, 1847. Among the more important of his
other compositions, we may name the overtures of
"Fingal's Cave," "A Calm Sea and Happy Voyage,"
(" Meeresstille und gliickliche Fahrt,") and " The Beau-
tiful Melusina," ("Die scheme Melusine,") besides a
great number of cantatas and instrumental pieces. His
" Songs without Words" are particularly admired. As a
musician and composer, he is esteemed second only to
Handel and Mozart.
Men'denhall, (THOMAS CORWIN,) an American
educator, born at Hanoverton, Ohio, in 1841. He
was professor of physics in the Imperial University of
Japan 1878-81, president Rose Polytechnic Institute
1886-89, superintendent United States Coast and Geo-
detic Survey 1889-94, ar|d became president of the
Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1894. In addition,
he served the government in several capacities.
Mendes, (CATULLE,) a French poet, born at Bor-
deaux in 1840. His lyrical drama " Le Roman d'une
Nuit" (1860) caused his imprisonment. Among his
best works are " Hesperus," (1869, a fine poem with
a Swedenborgian tone,) and " Le Soleil de Minuit,"
a dramatic poem. In 1866 he married JUDITH GAU-
TIER, (q.v.). He wrote several novels and plays, the
latter including " Le Capitaine Fracasse," (1870,)
" Le Chatiment,"(i887,) and " Fiammette," (1889.)
Mendes Leal, meVdes 14-al', (JosE da Silva,) a
Portuguese poet, born in Lisbon, October 22, 1820. He
held positions in the public service, and in 1874 was sent
to France as minister plenipotentiary. His very popular
" Poems" (1858) were followed by many plays and some
romances. Died in 1886.
Mendez Pinto. See PINTO.
Mendo9a or Mendoza, de, da mjn-do'sa, (ANDREA
HURTADO,) a Portuguese naval commander, who ren-
dered great services to his country by clearing the South
Seas of pirates and thus protecting the Portuguese es-
tablishments in the East Indies. Died about 1606.
Mendoza, de, da mfn-do'tha, (ANTONIO HURTAPO,)
a Spanish writer, born about 1590, was appointed private
secretary to Philip IV. He wrote a number of popular
dramas, also lyric poems and prose works. Died in 1644.
See TICKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature."
Mendoza, de, (ANTONIO SARMIENTO,) a Spanish
writer, a native of Burgos, lived about 1630. He trans-
lated Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered" into Spanish.
Mendoza, de, (Don BERNARDINO,) a Spanish his-
torian and diplomatist, was employed by Philip II. in
several missions to France and England. He had a
prominent share, while in France, in the formation of the
Catholic League. He was the author of a " History of
the Netherlands from 1567 to 1577," and a treatise '' On
the Theory and Practice of War."
See MOTLEY, " History of the United Netherlands," vol. i. chap
Hi. ; CAPEFIGUE, " Histoire de la Refonne etla Ligiie."
Mendoza, de, (DiEGO HURTADO,) a celebrated Span-
ish writer, soldier, and diplomatist, born at Granada in
1503, was a grandson of the Marquis de Santillana,
noticed below. He studied at Salamanca, and distin-
guished himself by his attainments in the classics,
theology, and civil and canon law. He was afterwards
patronized by Charles V., who sent him in 1538 on an
embassy to Venice. While in this post, he devoted him-
self to the collection of Greek and Latin manuscripts, of
which he acquired a great number, comprising works of
Saint Basil, Gregory Nazianzen, and Archimedes. They
were subsequently ceded to the Library of the Escurial.
He was soon after appointed by the emperor ambassador
at Rome and governor of Sienna. Having returned to
Spain in 1554, he incurred the displeasure of Philip II.,
who banished him from court. He devoted himself
thenceforth to literary pursuits, and published in 1610
his " History of the Wars against the Moors," ("Guerra
de Granada contra los Moriscos.") This work, which
has taken its place among Spanish classics, is charac-
terized by great accuracy and impartiality, and is esteemed
the best imitation of the Latin historians in modern lite-
rature. He was also the author of a number of poems,
and the celebrated comic romance of " Lazai illo de
Tormes," (1554,) in which he originated the so-called
Picaresque school of fiction, afterwards followed by Le
Sage in his " Gil Bias." " Mendoza," says Prescott, "by
the brilliant success which he achieved as a statesman,
a diplomatist, a novelist, a poet, and a historian, has
established a reputation for versatility of genius second
to none in the literature of Spain." Died in 1575.
See TICKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature ;" SISMONDI,
"Histoire des Rdpubliques Italiennes;" PRESCOTT, "History of
Philip II.;" LONGFELLOW, "Poets and Poetry of Europe :" N.
ANTONIO, " Bibliotheca Hispana Nova;" BOUTBRWEK, " Histoira
de la Literature Espagnole;" " Nouvelle Biographic G^ne'rale;'*
Notice of " Lazarillo de Tormes" in the " Retrospective Review,'*
vol. ii., 1820.
Mendoza, de, (!NIGO LOPEZ.) See MONDEJAR, MAR-
QUIS DE.
Mendoza.de, (ISico LOPEZ,) Marquis de Santillana,
(da san-tel-ya'ni,) a Spanish poet, born in 1398, was a
friend of Juan de Mena and the Marquis de Villena, and
one of the most brilliant writers of the court of John II
He is said to have introduced the sonnet into Spanish
poetry. Among his best works is an "Elegy on the
Marquis de Villena." Mendoza was also a distinguished
soldier, and was created a marquis as a reward for his
services at the battle of Olmedo, (1445.) Died in 1458.
See TICKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature :" BOUTERWEK,
" Geschichte der Spanische Poesie und Reredtsamkeit ;" LONGFEL-
LOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe. "
Mendoza, de, (JUAN GONZALEZ,) a Spanish mission-
ary, born at Toledo about 1540. He visited China in
1580, and subsequently South America and Mexico.
He died as Bishop of Popayan in New Granada, (1617.)
He was the author of a " History of the Great Kingdom
of China," (1586,) which enjoys a high reputation and
has been translated into French.
Mendoza, de, (Don PEDRO,) a wealthy Spaniard,
born at Cadiz about 1487. He offered his 'services, in
1529, to the emperor Charles V., to complete, at his own
expense, the exploration of the rivers La Plata and Para-
guay. Having been created by the emperor military
chief of the country adjacent to those rivers, he set sail
in 1534, and founded the city of Buenos Ayres in 1535.
He died soon after, while at sea on his return to Spain.
Mendoza, de, (PEDRO GONZALEZ,) a Spanish prelate
and statesman, called THE GRAND CARDINAL, born in
1428. He enjoyed the favour of John II. and Henry
IV., and was created successively Bishop of Siguenza,
Chancellor of Castile and Lear., and cardinal, (1473.)
Under Ferdinand and Isabella he became Archbishop
of Toledo. He also distinguished himself in the Moons!)
war, in which he held a command. He founded the
a, e, T, 6, u, y, long;^, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 5, ii, y, short; a,e, i, o, eb^-ui-,-; idr, tall, (At; met; n8t; good; moon-
MENDOZA
1705
MENJPPUS
magnificent College of Santa Cruz at Valladolid, and a
hospital at Toledo. Died in 1495.
Meiidoza, de, (PEURO DE SALAZAR,) a Spanish his-
torical writer, born at Toledo about 1550, published a
" Chronicle of the House of Ponce de Leon," (1620,) and
a "Chronicle of the Grand Cardinal of Spain, Pedro
Gonzalez de Mendoza," (1625.) Died in 1629.
Me-nec'ra-tes, [Gr. Mfi'ocpunjc,] a physician who
made himself ridiculous by calling himself Jupiter. His
vanity was rebuked by Philip of Macedon, who in-
vited him to a banquet and offered him only incense
and libations.
Men-e-de'mus, [Gr. Mev£<5j7,uof ; Fr. MENEDfeME,
ma'na'dim',] a Greek philosopher, born at Eretria in the
fourth century B.C. He was the founder of the school of
Eretria, and was a disciple of Plato and Stilpo. Died
about 277 B.C.
Menelas. See MKNELAUS.
Men-e-la'us, |Gr. Mfvf/laoc, MtvfAtuf, or Mci'fAaf ; Fr.
MENELAS, mi'na'las', | a Grecian hero and king of Sparta,
was a son of Atreus. lie and his brother Agamemnon
were called Atridae. He married the beautiful Helen,
who preferred him to all of her numerous suitors, but
afterwards eloped with Paris. At the siege of Troy,
which was the consequence of the abduction of Helen,
Menelans behaved with great spirit and courage, and
fought a single combat with Paris, whom he was about
to vanquish, when Venus interposed and rescued him.
He was one of the daring band that entered Troy in
the wooden horse. On the capture of Troy he recov-
ered Helen, was reconciled to her, and, after a devious
voyage of several years, returned to Sparta. A temple
was erected in his honour at Therapne.
Menelaus, a celebrated mathematician and astrono-
mer of Alexandria, resided in Rome under the reign of
Trajan. His only extant work is a treatise on spherical
geometry, which was translated into Latin.
Men'elik II.. King of Abyssinia, was born in
1843, and succeeded to the crown in 1889, on the
death of John II. In the same year he concluded a
treaty which placed his kingdom under an Italian pro-
tectorate. Disputes concerning the text of the treaty
arising, hostilities broke out, which ended in the com-
plete defeat of the Italians and the freeing of the
kingdom from foreign influence. Menelik endeavoured
to promote the civilization of his people, and cultivated
relations with foreign powers.
Me-ne'nI-us A-grip'pa, surnamecl LANA'TUS, a
Roman patrician and senator, was chosen consul in
503 B.C. He obtained a signal victory over the Sa-
bines, for which a triumph was decreed him. Through
his mediation the contest between the patricians and
the plebeians was appeased in 493. On this occasion
he related the fable of the belly and the members to
the plebeians.
Me-nep'thah II., a king of Egypt, of the nineteenth
dynasty, was the son and successor of Rameses II. He
gained a great victory over the Greeks and Libyans, prob-
ably in what is now called Barca, and reigned thirty years
with great dignity. His son, Menepthah III., is said to
have been at first a viceroy of Ethiopia under the usurp-
ing Sipthah, or pseudo-Menepthah, whom he deposed.
After this he reigned for many years at Thebes. He was
the last king of his dynasty.
Me'nei [Gr. M^vw, or Mi?wf) was the first king 01
Egypt, according to the traditions of that country. He
is said to have founded Memphis, and to have introduced
the worship of the gods. He lived probably 2000 B.C.,
or earlier.
Meneses or Menezes, ma-na'se's, (ALEIXO,) a Por-
tuguese prelate, born at Lisbon in 1559, became Arch-
bishop of Goa, and in 1607 succeeded Alphonso de
Castro as Viceroy of the Indies. He was appointed
by Philip III. of Spain Viceroy of Portugal in 1614.
Died in 1617.
Meneses Osorio, ma-na'se's o-so're-o, (FRANCISCO,)
a Spanish painter, born at Seville in 1630, was one of
the most distinguished pupils of Murillo. Among his
master-pieces are "Saint Philip de Neri adoring the
Virgin," and " Saint Catherine." Died in 1705.
cas*. 9as.r,- gAarJ; gas/; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; v.,trilltd; sasz; thasin
Menesthee. See MENESTHEUS.
Me-ne's'theus, [Gr. Mn'roSriJf ; Fr. MENESTH£K, mi'-
neVta',] a semi-fabulous king of Athens, obtained the
throne in the absence of Theseus, who was the lawful
monarch. He commanded the Athenians in the Trojan
war.
Menestheus, [Mevfafleic,] an able Athenian general,
was a son of Iphicrates. He was appointed commander
in the Social war, 356 B.C. He also commanded a naval
expedition against the Macedonians in 335 B.C.
Meuestrier, meh-neVtRe-i', (CLAUDE FRANCOIS,) a
learned French ecclesiastic and antiquary, born at Lyons
in 1631. He was the author of numerous treatises on
heraldry, antiquities, and history, among which we may
name "On Ancient and Modern Chivalry," (1673,) "The
Origin of Armorial Bearings," (1679,) and "The Philos
ophy of Images," (2 vols., 1682-83.) Died in 1705.
Menestrier, Le, leh meh-neVtRe^i', (CLAUDE,) a
French antiquary, whose principal ^"work is entitled
" Statue of the Symbolical Ephesian Diana Explained."
Died in 1639.
Menestrier, Le, (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French anii-
quary, born at Dijon in 1564, was the author of a work
entitled " Medals, Coins, and Antique Monuments of the
Roman Empresses," (1625.) Died in 1634.
Meueval, de, deh man'vSl', (CLAUDE FRANC.OIS,)
BARON, a French historian, born in Paris in 1778. During
the empire he served Napoleon as secretary, (stcritciirc
in portefeuille.) He wrote "Napoleon et Marie Louise,
Souvenirs historiques," (3 vols., 1843-45.) Died in 1850.
Menezes. See MENESES.
Menezes. See ERICEIRA.
Meugoli, mSn'go-lee, (PiETRO,) an Italian geometer,
born at Bologna in 1625 ; died in 1686.
Meugs, mengs, (ANTON RAFAEL,) a celebrated Ger-
man painter, born at Aussig, in Bohemia, in 1728. He
was irrstructed by his father, with whom he resided several
years at Rome. On his return to Germany he was ap-
pointed court painter at Dresden, in 1744. While on a
second visit to Rome, he painted a " Holy Family," which
won for him a high reputation. The Madonna in this
picture was the portrait of a beautiful peasant-girl, whom
Mengs afterwards married, having become a Catholic
for her sake. He became in 1754 director of the Acad-
emy of Painting at Rome, and in 1757 he executed his
celebrated fresco of "Apollo and the Muses" in the villa
of Cardinal Albani On the invitation of Charles III.
of Spain, he repaired to Madrid, where he was appointed
first painter to the king, with a large salary. Here he
produced several of his master-pieces, among which we
may name his "Temple of Glory" and "Triumph of
Trajan" in the royal palace. He died at Rome in 1779.
Mengs is ranked among the best painters of his time,
his works being distinguished by great accuracy of de-
sign and neatness of execution, but they are censured
by critics as deficient in warmth and animation.
See GUIBAL, " filoge historique de Mengs," 1781 ; J. J. MA-
RIETTE, "Abecedario;" BlANCONr, " Elogio storico di R. Mengs,"
1780; NAGLER, "Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon."
Meug-Tse or Meng-Tseu. See MENCIUS.
Meuil-Durand, de, deh ma'nel' dii'roN', (FRANC.OIS
JEAN DE Graindorge d'Orgeville — gRaN'doRzh'
doRzh'vel',) BARON, a French officer, born at Lisieux
in 1729, published a number of works on military tactics.
Died in 1799.
Meninski, meh-naN'ske', (FRANgois DE MESGNIKN,)
a French Orientalist, whose original name was MENIN,
born in Lorraine in 1623. Having accompanied the
Polish ambassador to Constantinople, he became inter-
preter to the embassy, and subsequently ambassador.
He was appointed in 1671 first interpreter of Oriental
languages at the court of Vienna. His principal work
is a "Dictionary of Oriental Languages," ("Thesaurus
Linguarum Orientalium," 3 vols., 1680,) which is highly
esteemed. Died in 1698.
See " Noiivelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Menippe. See MENIPPUS.
Me-nip'pus, [Gr. Mfwa-Trof ; Fr. MENIPPE, mi'nep',]
a Cynic philosopher and poet, was a native of Phcenicia,
and lived probably about 60 B.C. Having amassed a
large fortune by usury, he destroyed himself in con-
/^u.
e Explanations, p.
MENIPPUS
1706
MENU
seqtence of having been robbed of his treasures. He
was the author of numerous satires, none of which are
extant Varro is said to have imitated the style of Menip-
pus. He is also mentioned by Lucian in his " Dialogues."
See VARRO, "Satine Menippez:" J. F. LBV, "Dissertatio de
Vita Scriptisque Menippi Cyniti," 1843.
Menippus, a Greek geographer under the reign of
Augustus, was a native of Pergamus, in Asia Minor.
See " Menippos der Geograph aus Pergamon," etc., 1841, by
GROTEFEND and ULRICHS.
Menippus OF STRATONICE, an eminent Greek rheto-
rician, renowned throughout Asia for his eloquence. He
is highly commended by Cicero in his " Brutus."
Menuander, mln-nan'der, (CARL FREDRIK,) a
learned Swedish prelate, born at Stockholm in 1712.
He became Bishop of Abo, in Finland, and subsequently
Archbishop of Upsal, (1775.) Died in 1786.
Meunechet, meVshi', (fiooUARD,) a French littl-
rateur, born at Nantes ir. 1794. He produced odes,
dramas, and " Le Plutarque Francais," a collection of
lives of eminent Frenchmen, (8 vols.) Died in 1845.
Mennes, menz, (Sir JOHN,) an English poet and
royalist, born in Kent in 1591 ; died in 1671.
Menno, men'no, [Fr. MENNON, ma'noN',] (SiMONis,)
the founder of the sect of Mennonites, was born in Fries-
land in 1496 His doctrines resembled in some points
those of the Anabaptists, but were free from the absurd-
ities and excesses of the latter. The Mennonites were
included in the prescriptive edicts of the emperor Charles
V. in 1540, and a price was set on the head of their
founder. Menno died in 1561. His followers settled in
England, Holland, and North America, and are every-
wnere favourably known for their virtues and industry.
See MULLEE, "Cirabria Literata."
Mennon. See MENNO.
Menochio, mi-no'ke-o, [Lat. MENO'CHIUS,] (Gio-
VANNI STEFANO,) a learned Italian Jesuit and theologian,
born at Pavia in 1576. He became rector of the colleges
of his order at Rome and M6dena. His principal work
is a commentary on the Scriptures, entitled " Brevis Ex-
positio Sensus literalis totius Scriptural," (2 vols., 1630.)
Died in 1655.
Menochio, QACOPO,) an Italian jurist, father of the
preceding, was bom at Pavia in 1 532. He was appointed
a president of the Council of Milan by Philip II. of
Spain. He wrote several valuable legal treatises, in
Latin. Died in 1607.
Menochius. See MENOCHIO.
Me-npd'o-tus, [Gr. MiywxioToc,] a Greek physician of
Nicomedia, lived probably about 100 A.D. He belonged
to the sect of Empirici. He wrote a medical work,
which Erasmus translated into Latin.
Mencetjua, me-nee'she-ijs, [Gr. Mevomor.,] a son of
Actor, and father of Patroclus, took part in the Argo-
nautic expedition.
Me'non, [Gr. Mcvuv,] a Thessalian general, who
served in the Lamian war against the Macedonians. He
and Antiphilus were defeated by Antipater at Cranon in
322 B.C. He was killed in battle in 321 B.C.
Menon de Turbilly, de, deh meh-n6N' deh IU'R'-
oe'ye', (Louis FRANCOIS HENRI,) MARQUIS, a French
agricultural writer, born near La Fleche in 1712, wrote a
'Treatise on Clearing Land." Died in 1776.
Meuot, meh'no', (MiciiEL,) an eminent French Fran-
:iscan preacher, born in 1440; died in 1518.
Menou, de, deh meh-noo', (JACQUES FRANCOIS,)
BARON, a French general, born in Touraine in 1750.
He served in the republican army in the Vendean cam-
paign of 1793, and in 1795 commanded the National
Guard which suppressed the insurrection in the Fau-
bourg Saint-Antoine. As general of division, he accom-
panied Napoleon to Egypt in 1798, and on the death of
Kleber was invested with the chief command. In 1801
he was besieged in Alexandria by Sir Ralph Abercrom-
bie, to whom he was obliged to capitulate. After his
return to France, in 1802, he was appointed by Napo-
leon Governor of Piedmont, and subsequently of Venice.
Died in 1810.
See THIERS, "History of the Consulate and of the Empire;" DH
COURCELLHS, "Dictionnaire des G^neraux Francais;" "Nouvelle
Biographic G^nerale."
M6nt'chl-kof, written also Mentschikow, Merit
achikof, and Menchikof, (ALEXANDER DANIELO-
VITCII,) PRINCE, a celebrated Russian statesman and
general, born at Moscow about 1670, was the son of a
pastry-cook. His talents procured for him at an early
age the notice and favour of Peter the Great, and, having
served with great distinction in several campaigns against
the Swedes, he was created a field-marshal after the battle
of Pultava, (1709.) He was also made a prince of the
empire, and governor-general of Saint Petersburg, and
obtained from the King of Prussia the decoration of the
Black Eagle. On the death of Peter (172^) Mentchikof
caused the empress-dowager to be proclaimed empress,
under the title of Catherine I., and appointed a council
of regency for the son of Alexis, afterwards Peter IL
The latter, becoming weary of the insolence of Mentchi-
kof, caused him to be arrested for his abuse of power,
and exiled to Siberia, where he died in two years, (1729.)
See M. RANFT, " Leben des beruhmten Fiirsten Mentschikow,"
1774; " Leben und Todt des Fiirsten Menzikoff." 1730; VOLTAIRE,
"Histoire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand;" "Anecdotes secretes
de la Cour du Czar," 1780.
Mentchikof, (ALEXANDER SERGEIVITCH,) a Russian
admiral, great-grandson of the preceding, born in 1789.
Soon after the accession of the emperor Nicholas, he
was sent as ambassador-extraordinary to Persia. He
was appointed Governor-General of Finland in 1831,
and was subsequently created an admiral and minister
of the marine. In the Crimean war he was charged with
the defence of Sevastopol, and was defeated at the Alma
by the allies in September, 1854. Died in May, 1869.
See DESESSARTS, " Portraits des Hommes de la Guerre de
1'Orient;" " NouveUe Biographic G^ne'rale."
Mentel, m&N'te1!', (JACQUES,) a French physician,
born at Chateau-Thierri in 1597, wrote a Latin work in
which he claims the invention of printing for John Men-
tel of Strasburg. Died in 1671.
Mentel, men'tel, or Mentelin, mSn'teh-Ieen', (Jo-
HANN,) the first printer of Strasburg, born at Schelestadt
about 1410, is said to have been instructed in his art by
Gutenberg. He printed in 1473 the "Specula" of Vin-
cent de Beauvais, (10 vols. fol.) Mentel was ennobled
by the emperor Frederick III. Died in 1478.
See LABORDE, "Debuts de I'lmprimerie k Strasbourg," 1840;
JACQUES MENTEL, " De vera Typographiz Origine," 1650.
Meutelle, moN'tSl', (EoME,) born in Paris in 1730,
was the author of a "Selection of Geographical and
Historical Lectures," (6 vols., 1783,) and other similar
works. He was a member of the French Institute.
Died in 1815.
See QUERARD, "La France Litt<<raire ;" SALM-DYCK, "Notice
«ur la Vie de Mentelle," 1839.
Men'tor, [Gr. Mevrup,] a wise and faithful friend ot
Ulysses, King of Ithaca, who, on his departure to the
siege of Troy, intrusted to him the care of his house.
Minerva is said to have assumed the form of Mentor,
and to have accompanied Telemachus in his travels.
(See "Odyssey," books ii., iii., and iv.) Minerva, as
Mentor, performs a conspicuous part in Fe"nelon's cele-
brated romance of " TeMernaque."
Mentor, a Greek artist of the time of Pericles, was
celebrated for his exquisite chased work in gold and
silver. His productions are eulogized in the highest
terms by Pliny, Cicero, and Martial, and Crassus is said
to have paid 100,000 sesterces for one of his goblets.
Mentor, a Greek general, and a brother of Memnon.
He entered the service of the Persian king Artaxerxes
Ochus about 350 B.C., and led a successful expedition
against the Egyptians. By treachery he obtained pos-
session of Hermias, (a friend of Aristotle,) whom he
delivered to King Artaxerxes.
Meutu, in the ancient mythology of the Egyptians,
the god of the rising sun, corresponding with ATMU, (q. v.)
Like Atmu, Mentu is simply a phase, or form, of Ra, the
sun-god.
Mentzel, ment's?!, (CHRISTIAN,) a German naturalist
and philologist, born at Fiirstenwald in 1622. He pub-
lished " Kurze Chinesischen Chronologic," ("Chinese
Chronology Abridged," 1696,) and several botanical
works. Died in 1701.
Menu. See MANU.
Menu de Chomo1 ceau, meh-nii' deh sho'moR'sd',
a, e,T, 6,5, y,/oK^.a.e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, o, ii, J, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure ; far, fill, fit; mft; not; good; moon;
MENZEL 1707 MERCK
(JEAN ETIF.NNE,) a French litterateur, horn in 1724, j mains of man and extinct animals in caves. He pub-
wrote a heroic poem entitled " Renaud," in imitation of I lished " Hill-Caves of Yucatan."
Tasso. Died in 1802. Mer'cer, (HUGH,) a distinguished general in the
Menzel, mint's;!, (ADOLPH,) a German painter, born American Revolutionary war, was a native of Scotland,
at Breslau in 1815. Among his principal works may be i|e f,mght against the French and Indians, and served
named "Frederick the Great at Sans-Souci," (in oil.) under Braddock in the campaign of 1755. He was
Menzel, (FRIEDRICH WILHELM,) a German, born severely wounded at Fort Du Quesne, after which he
about 1726, was private secretary at the court of Saxony, travelled on foot to Fort Cumberland, a distance of
Having revealed to the Russian ambassador the secret mOre than one hundred miles. He afterwards took part
correspondence between Russia, Saxony, and Austria, in the engagements of Trenton and Princeton, and was
he was imprisoned at Kbnigstein, where he died, after a mortally wounded at the latter place, January, 1777. A
captivity of thirty-three years, in 1796. , monument has been erected to his memory at Laurel
Menzel, (KARL ADOLPH,) a German historian, born Hill, Philadelphia.
at Grunberg in 1784, was the author of a " History of Mercer, (JOHN,) an American officer and statesman,
Germany till the Reformation," (1815,) and a " Modern served in the war of the Revolution, and was a member
History of Germany from the Reformation to the Act1 of the convention which framed the United States Con-
of Confederation," (14 vols., 1848,) both of which are stitution. He was elected Governor of Maryland in
highly esteemed. Died in 1855. 1801. Died in 1821.
Menzel, (WOLFGANG,) a German critic and litterateur, Mercerus. See MERCIER, (JEAN.)
born at Waldenburg, in Silesia, in 1798. He became a Mercey, de, deh meR's^' or mlR'sa', (FRliDERK
resident of Stuttgart about 1825, and edited the "Litera- BOURGEOIS,) a French litterateur and landscape-painter,
turblatt" for many years. Among his numerous works r,orn jn Paris in 1808. He wrote works on art, and was
are histories of Germany, Europe, etc., an historical pjaced at the head of the Direction des Beaux-Arts in
romance called "Furore," "German Literature," 1853. Died September 5, 1860.
"History of Nature in a Christian Point of View," Mercie\ (MARIUS JEAN ANTOINE,) a French sculp-
etc. Died in 1873. tor, born at Toulouse in 1845. He won the Institute
Menzies, minglz, (ARCHIBALD,) a Scottish botanist, prize of twenty thousand francs in 1887, and was
born in Perthshire about 1754. He served as assistant elected to the Academy of Fine Arts in 1891.
surgeon in the navy. Died in 1842. Mercier, ( AUGUSTS,) a French general, born at
Menzini, mSn-zee'nee, (BENEDETTO,) an Italian poet, Arras in 1833. He entered the army in 1854, took
born at Florence in 1646. He visited Rome in 1685, part in the Franco-Prussian war, and rose to the rank
and obtained the patronage of Christina of Sweden, then of general of division in 1889. He was minister of
residing in that city. His poems are chiefly sonnets, war in the Dupuy cabinet 1893-95, and gained noto-
hymnsrand satires, which have a high reputation. His riety by his determination to convict Dreyfus, and by
" Arte Poetica" especially ranks among the classics of his persistent belief in his guilt on his second trial.
the language. Died in 1704. He was made a grand officer of the Legion of Honour
Meuzocchi. See MlNZOCCHL ;n 1895.
Merat, ma'rt', (FRANCOIS VICTOR,) a French medical Mercier, meR'se-4', (BARTH*LEMI,) a French eccle-
writer and botanist, born in Paris in 1780 ; died in 1851. jjasticand writer, iJorn at Lyons in 1734. He published a
Mercadaute, me'R-ka-dan'ta, (SAVERIO,) an Italian Supplement to Prosper Marchand's " History of Print-
composer, born at Altamura in 1798, produced a num- jngi» anc) several bibliographical works. Died in 1799.
her of popular operas, among which we may name Mercier or Le Mercier, leh meVse-a', [Lat. MER-
"Elisae Claudio," " Didone," and "The Two Illustrious CE'RUS)] (JEAN,) a French Orientalist, born at Uzes,
Rivals." He was appointed in 1839 director of the Con- 41icceeded Vatable as professor of Hebrew in the Royal
lervatory of Music at Naples. Died in 1870. College in 1546. He made a number of translations
Mercati, me'R-ka'tee, or Mercado, m?R-ka'do, (Ml- ,-rom the Chaldee and Syriac, and published commenta-
CHELE,) an Italian naturalist, born in Tuscany in 1541, r;es on various books of the Scriptures. Died in 1570.
became physician to Pope Clement VIII. He formed Mercier, (JosiAS,) Sieur des Bordes et de Grigny,
valuable collection of minerals, which was placed in the a French scholar, born at Uzes, was a son of the pre-
Museum of the Vatican, and of which he wrote a de- cedjng. He was made a councillor of state by Henry
scription entitled " Metallotheca," etc., (1717.) Died in jy He published "Annotations" on Tacitus and other
1593. classics. Mercier was father-in-law of the celebrated
See NicisoN, " M<*moires ;" MAGELLI, "Vita di Mercati," pre- 1 Salmasius. Died in 1626.
.cd to his "Metallotheca." Mercier, (Louis SEBASTIEN,) an eccentric French
Mercator. See ISIDORE MERCATOR. writer, born in Paris in 1740, became professor of rhet-
Mer-ca'tpr, [Dutch pron. m?R-ka'tor,] (GERARD,) a orjc ;n tne College of Bordeaux. He was the author
celebrated geographer and mathematician, born at Rupel-1 of "The Year 2440," etc., (1770,) a caustic satire on
monde, in East Flanders, in 1512, was originally named par;sjan society, entitled "Picture of Paris," ("Tableau
KAUFFMANN, ("Merchant," Lat. Mercator.) Through ^ parjS)» 1781,) and a number of dramas, romances,
the influence of Cardinal Granvelle, he was introduced and miscellaneous treatises. In his "Essay on the Dra-
to the notice of the emperor Charles V., to whom he pre- matjc Art" he denounces the dramas of Racine and
sented two globes, superior to anything of the kind that coniejiie and proposes that his own should take their
had then appealed. He is chiefly known from the method piace on the French stage. Among the most successful
of geographical projection called by his name. He pub- Qf nis piayS were "The Deserter," and "The Wheel-
lished in 1569 the first hydrographic map of that kind. Darrow of the Vinegar-Dealer," ("La Brouette du
He was the author of a Latin treatise "On the Use of vinaigrier.") Mercier was chosen in 1792 a deputy to
the Astronomical Ring," and other works. He also the National Convention, where he acted with the
executed numerous maps and charts. Died in 1594-
See ADAM, "Vita; Philosophomm."
Mercator, mcR-ka'tor, (NICHOLAS,) a Danish mathe-
Girondists, voted for the imprisonment of the king, and
was proscribed by the Jacobins. He was afterwards a
member of the Council of Five Hundred, and of the
matician, whose original name was KAUKFMAN.N. born in intitule of France. Died in 1814.
Holstein about 1630. He was the inventor of a new; Mercier, (PHILIP,) a painter, of French extraction,
method of constructing logarithms, which he described , ^orn at Berlin in 1689, resided principally in England,
in a work entitled " Logarithmotechnia," (1668.) Having! w),ere ne was patronized by Frederick, Prince of \Val<
visited England about 1660, he was elected a Fellow of i jjjs works are commended by Walpole. Died in 1760.
the Royal Society. Died in 1687. Mercier de la Riviere, m?R'Re-A' deh li re've^iR',
Mer'cer, (HENRY CHAPMAN,) an American archae- a French writer on political economy, born about 1720.
olorist, born at Doylestown, Pennsylvania, in 1856. Hjs principal work is "The Natural and Essential
He became curator of archeology at the University Order of Political Societies," (1767.) Died about 1794-
of Pennsylvania and made a special study of the re- ' Merck, meuk, QOHANN HEINRICH,) a German lit
c as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. { ^=See Explanations, p. 23. )
MERCKLIN
1708
MERIAN
Uratatr, born at Darmstadt in 1741, was an intimate
friend of Goethe. He translated Addison's " Cato," and
other English works, and contributed to Lavater's
" Physiognomy." He also wrote for the " Deutschen
Mercur," and other literary journals. He died, by sui-
cide, in 1791.
See ADOLPH STAHR, " ]. H. Merck ; ein DenkmaJ," 1840 ;
"Foreign Quarterly Review" for July, 1836.
Mercklin, mSRk-leen', (GEOKG ABRAHAM,) aGerman
physician and writer, born at Weissemburg in 1644;
died in 1702.
Mercoeur, meR'kuR', (£LISA,) a French poetess, borr.
at Nantes in 1809, was patronized by Chateaubriand
Lamartine, and other celebrated writers of the time
Died in 1835.
Mercoeur, de, deli meR'kuR', (PHILIPPE EMMANUEL
de Lorraine— deh lo'r^n',) Dye, a French Catholic
leader, born in 1558, was appointed Governor of Bre-
tagne in 1582. He revolted against Henry III. in 1589,
and afterwards defied the authority of Henry IV. until
1598, when he submitted, and received a large sum of
money from the king. Died in 1602.
See BRUSLS DE MONTPLAINCHAMP, "Vie de P. E. de Lorraine,"
1689 ; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge"ne"rale."
Mercure or Mercur. See MERCURY.
Mercuri, meR-koo'ree, (PAOLO,) an Italian engraver,
born at Rome, April 20, 1804. He worked with success
in Paris from 1832 t. . 1847. Died in 1884.
Mercuriale, mgR-koo-re-a'la, or Mercurial!, mSR-
koo-re-a'lee, [Latin, MERCURIA'LIS,] (GiROLAMO,) an
Italian physician, born at Forll in 1530, succeeded Fra-
cantiani as professor of medicine at Padua, (1569.) On
the invitation of Maximilian II., he visited Vienna, and
was made a chevalier and count palatine by the emperor.
He edited the works of Hippocrates, and published,
among other works, a treatise "On the Gymnastic Art,"
(in Latin.) Died in 1606.
See TIRABOSCHI. "Storia della Letteratura Italiana:" F. BOHR.
KER, " Disserlatio de Vita H. Mcrcurialis," 1751.
Mercurialis. See MERCURIALE.
Mercurio. See MERCURY.
Mercurius. See MERCURY.
Mer'cu-ry, [Lat. MERCU'RIUS ; Fr. MERCURE, meV-
kiiR'; It. MERCURIO, mJR-koo're-o ; Ger. MERCUR,
meR-kooR',] in the Roman mythology, a god of com-
merce and gain, (from the Latin merx, plural merces,
" merchandise,") was regarded as the messenger of
the gods, the patron of orators, merchants, travellers,
and thieves. He was identified by the Romans of the
later ages with the Greek Hermes, and was said to be
a son of Jupiter and Maia. The poets feigned that it
was his office to conduct the souls of the dead to the
infernal regions, — that he stole from Neptune his trident,
from Venus her girdle, from Mars his sword, and from
Jupiter his sceptre, — that he could assume whatever
shape he pleased, and render himself invisible. Having
invented the lyre and given it to Apollo, he received
from that god a golden wand, called caductiis. The
invention of the alphabet, of numbers, of astronomy, of
music, and other things, was ascribed to Mercury, who
was also interested in alliances and treaties. He was
represented with a winged cap (fetasus) and winged
sandals, (talariu.) He received numerous surnames,
among which are Cyllenius, (from Mount Cyllene, where
he was born,) Caduceator, (i.t. the " herald" or " wand-
bearer,") Argei phonies, (the "slayer of Argus,") and
many other names,
See J. D. GmoNiAUT, " Commentatio de 'Epjiot- seu Mercuri
Mythologia," 1835.
Mercy, meR'se', (CLAUDE FLORIMOND,) a distin-
guished military commander, born in Lorraine in 1666,
was a grandson of Francois, noticed below. Having
entered the Austrian service, he fought against the
French in the principal campaigns from 1702 to 1734,
and attained the rank of field-marshal and general-in-
chief of the Imperial forces in Italy. He was killed at
the battle of Parma, (1734.)
Mercy, (FRANC.OIS,) a celebrated general, born in
Lorraine about 1595. He served with distinction in the
Austrian army during the Thirty Years' war, and gained
a decided advantage over Turenne at Marienthal, in
1645. He was mortally wounded in an action with the
Duke of Enghien, near Nordlingen, the same year.
Mercy d'Argenteau, de, deh meVse' diR'zho.v'to'
(FRANC.OIS,) COMTE, was Austrian ambassador from
the court of Vienna to Paris in 1791. He advised the
flight of the royal family. Died in 1 794.
Mer'e-dith, ( GEORGE, ) an English novelist, born in
Hampshire about 1828. Among his works are " The
Ordeal of Richard Feverel," (1859,) " Rhoda Flem-
ing," (1865,) " Beauchamp's Career," (1875,)
"The Egoist," (1879,) "Diana of the Crossways,"
(iSSi,) "One of our Conquerors," (1891,) "Lord
Ormont and his Aminta," (1894,) etc. He is often
involved and obscure in style, but many critics regard
him as the foremost novelist of his period.
Meredith, (LouiSA A., nle Twamley,) an English
authoress, born at Birmingham in 1812. She married
Mr. C. Meredith in 1839, and went to reside in Tas-
mania, where he was a magistrate. Among her rather
numerous works are "Poems," (1835,) "The Romance
of Nature," (1839, poems, with original illustrations,)
"Autumn Rambles on the Wye," "Notes and Sketches
of New South Wales," (1844,) "My Home in Tasmania,"
(1852-53, an entertaining and well-written book,) "Over
the Straits," (1856,) "Loved and Lost," (1860, in verse,
with her own illustrations,) etc. Mrs. Meredith's style
is remarkably correct and pleasing. Died in 1895.
Meredith, (OWEN.) See LYTTON.
Mer'e-dith, (WILLIAM MORRIS,) an eminent Amer-
ican lawyer, born in Philadelphia, June 8, 1799, graduated
with distinction at the University of Pennsylvania in
1812. He commenced the practice of law about 1820.
From 1824 to 1828 he represented his native city in the
Pennsylvania house of representatives, and from 1834
'.3 1849 was president of the select council of Phila-
delphia. In 1837 he was chosen a member of the Con-
vention for amending the Constitution of the State. On
the inauguration of President Taylor, in March, 1849,
Mr. Meredith was appointed secretary of the treasury,
which position he held till the deat-h of the President, in
July, 1850. In 1861 he became attorney-general of the
State of Pennsylvania, and filled this office until 1867.
As a lawyer, Mr. Meredith for many years stood in
the foremost rank in his native State, and was constantly
engaged in important cases both in the supreme court of
Pennsylvania and that of the United States. As an able
and ready legal debater, he had few equals and scarcely
any superior in our country. Died August 17, 1873.
Mergenthaler, mer'gen-tn-ler, (OTTMAR, ) in-
ventor, was born at \Viirtemberg, Germany, in 1854.
He emigrated to the United States in boyhood, and
experimented for years on the invention of a type-
setting machine. In 1886 he completed the linotype
machine, now so widely used. Died October 28, 1899.
MSrl-am, (EBEN,) an American meteorologist, born
at Concord, Massachusetts, in 1794. He was a diligent
collector of statistics, and originated a theory of cycles
of atmospherical phenomena. Died at Brooklyn, New
York, in 1864.
Merian, ma're'iN', (JEAN BERNARD,) a Swiss littfra-
teur, born near Bale in 1723. He was the author of a
number of philosophical essays of great merit, and trans-
lated into French some of the "Essays" of Hume.
Died in 1807.
Merian, ma're-an, (MARIA SIBYLLA,) a celebrated
Hower-painter and naturalist, born at Frankfort-on-the
Main in 1647, was a pupil of Mignon. She was married
in 1665 to John Andrew Graff, an artist, whose name,
however, she did not assume. Having made a scientific
tour in South America in 1698, she published, after her
return, a magnificent work "On the Metamorphoses of
Surinam Insects," (1705, in Dutch and Latin ;) also a
treatise " On the Origin of Caterpillars, their Nourish-
ment and Changes." These works are illustrated by
designs from nature and painted with exquisite skill and
accuracy. She died in 1717, leaving two daughters,
fane Maria Helena and Dorothea Maria Henrietta,
who were distinguished in the same department of art.
a. e. T. 6, u, y, long;^, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fatjmlt; not; good; moon.
MERIAN
1709
MERODACH
Marian, (MATTHIEU,) an eminent Swiss engraver,
•he father of the preceding, was born at Bale in 1593,
and resided at Frankfort-on-the Main. His prints are
very numerous, and are highly esteemed. Died in 1651.
Marian, (MATTHIEU,) born at Bale in 1621, was a son
of the preceding. He studied under Sandrart and Carlo
Maratta, and painted portraits of great excellence in the
etyle of Van Dyck. Among his master-pieces is an eques-
trian portrait of Count Soderini. Died in 1687.
Meric, de, deh nil'rek', (JEAN,) a French general,
born at Metz in 1717, served under Marshal Saxe, and
was killed in an engagement near Malines in 1747.
Merilhou, ma're^oo', (JOSEPH,) a French lawyer,
born at Montignac in 1788. He gained distinction as an
advocate in political trials. In 1830 he became minister
of public instruction in Lafitte's cabinet. He was elected
to the Chamber of Deputies in 1831, and in 1837 was
made a peer. He published a " Historical Essay on the
Life and Works of Mirabeau," (1827.) Died in'i856.
Merille, ma'rel' or ma-re'ye, (£DMOND,) a French
juiist and writer, born at Troyes in 1579; died in 1647.
Merimee, ma're'ma', (JEAN FRANCOIS LENOKE,) a
French painter, born in 1765 ; died in Paris in 1836.
Merimee, (PROSPER,) a distinguished novelist and
historian, a son of the preceding, was born in Paris in
1803. He produced in 1825, as translations from ttie
Spanish, several dramas, under the title of "Theatre de
Clara Gazul." In 1834 he was appointed inspector-
general of historical monuments. His novel of "Co-
lomba" (1841) was very successful. He was elected a
member of the French Academy in 1844, and became a
senator in 1853. Among his numerous works are "The
Double Mistake," (" La double Me'prise,") a moral tale,
('833,) "Notes of a Journey in the South of France,"
('835,) "Notes of a Journey in the West of France,"
(1836,) "Studies in Roman History," "The Conspiracy
of Catiline," etc., (2 vols., 1844,) a " History of Don
Pedro I., King of Castile," (1848,) "Les faux Deme'-
trius ; Episode de 1'Histoire de Russie," (1853,) and
"Melanges historiques et litteraires," (1855.) He had
an excellent talent for narration. Died in 1870.
Merino, mi-ree'no, (Don GERONIMO,) a Spanish
guerilla chieftain, born at Villasbiado, in Old Castile,
about 1770, distinguished himself in the principal cam-
paigns against the French from 1808 to 1811. Having
afterwards embraced the cause of Don Carlos, he suffered
a total defeat in 1838, and fled to France. Died in 1847.
Me-ri'o-nea, [Gr. M;/p<oc»/c; Fr. MERIONE, ma're'on',]
a Cretan hero, a suitor of Helen, and a friend of Idoine-
neus, whom he served in the Trojan war.
Mer'I-vale, (CHARLES,) an English divine, a son of
John Herman Merivale, born in 1808, graduated at Cam-
bridge in 1830, and became dean of Ely in 1869. He
wrote a " History of the Romans under the Empire,"
(7 yols., 1850-62.) " Boyle Lectures," (1864-65,) a Trans-
lation of Homer's Iliad, (1869,) "General History of
Rome from the Foundation of the City to the Fall of
Augustulus," (1875,) etc. Died in 1893.
Merivale, (HERMAN,) an English writer, a brother
of the preceding, was born about 1805. He became
professor of political economy at Oxford about 1837.
Among his works are "Lectures on Colonization and
the Colonies," (2 vols., 1841.) He completed the "Me-
moirs of the Life of Sir Philip Francis," which had been
commenced by Joseph Parkes. Died in 1874.
Merivale, (HERMAN CHARLES,) an English dramatist,
a son of the preceding, was born in London in 1839.
He was educated at Harrow, and at Balliol College,
Oxtord. In 1864 he was called to the bar. Among his
plays are " Alone," " All for Her," " The White Pilgrim,"
and " Forget-me-Not." He also wrote " A Lazy Jour-
ney," a sketch of travel.
Merivale, (JOHN HERMAN,) an English lawyer and
writer, father of Herman Merivale, was born at Exeler
in 1779. He practised in the court of chancery, and
published in 1827 a " Letter on the Chancery Com-
mission." In iS}i he was made a commissioner of
bankruptcy. He translated the minor poems of Schiller,
and various other works from the German, Greek, and
Italian. Died in 1844.
Mgrl-weSth-er, (DAVID,) an American soldier, born
in Virginia in 1755, served in the war of the Revolution.
He was chosen to represent a distiict of Georgia in
Congress 1802-07. Oied in 1825.
Mer'iwether, (LEE,) an American author, born
at Columbus, Mississippi, in 1862. He made a
walking trip through Europe to study the condition of
workin;^inen, publishing his observations in "A
Tramp Trip : How to see Europe on Fifty Cents a
Day." He prepared a report for the United States
Bureau of Labour on the " Condition of European
Labour," and subsequently made similar studies of
labour in the United States.
Merle, meRl, (JEAN TOUSSAINT,) a French dramatist,
born at Montpellier in 1785. Among his most popular
works are "The Youth of Henry IV." and "The New-
Market Races." Died in 1852.
Merle, (MATTHIEU,) a French officer, born at Uzes,
in Languedoc, in 1548. He fought on the side of the
Protestants in the civil wars of the time, and was dis-
tinguished by the favour of Henry IV. Died about
1590.
Merle, van. See MERULA, (PAUL.)
Merle-d'Aubign6. See D'AUBIGNE.
Merler. See HORSTIUS, (JACOBUS.)
Merley, meis'lV, (Louis,) a French engraver of
medals, born at Saint-Etienne in 1815; died in if>S>3.
Merlieux, mgK'le-uh ', ( Louis PAREAIT,) a French
sculptor, born in Paris in 1796. He was employed by
Cuvier in 1822 to reproduce the forms of extinct animals.
His master-piece is a statue of "Capaneus struck with
Thunder," (1837.) Died September 8, 1855.
Mer'lin or Merdhin, mer'din, [Lat. MERLI'NUS
AMHRO'SIUS,] a celebrated prophet and magician, is
supposed to have lived in Britain about 450 A.D. He
is alluded to by Spenser in his " Faerie Queene," and
forms the subject of the metrical romance of "Merlin."
Another MERLIN, called "the Caledonian," is said to
have lived in the latter part of the sixth century. He is
frequently mentioned in the works of Sir Walter Scott,
and his grave, near the Tweed, is still pointed out. The
" Prophecies" of Merlin have been attributed to both
writers of the name.
Merlin, meVlaN', (ANTOINE FRANCOIS EUGENE,)
COUNT, a French general, son of Merlin de Douai, was
born at Douai in 1778. Having accompanied Bonaparte
to Egypt as his aide-de-camp in 1798, he was present at
the battle of Aboukir. He afterwards served with dis-
tinctiim in Austria, Prussia, and Spain. Died in 1854.
Merlin, (PIERRE,) a French Protestant minister, born
about 1535, had much influence in the Church. He pub-
lished several religious works. Died in 1603.
Merlin de Douai, meVlaN' deh doo'4', (PHILIPPE
ANTOINE,) COUNT, a French statesman and jurist, born
at Arlevix in 1754. Elected to the Constituent Assen.bly
in 1789, he at first favoured moderate measures, but sub-
sequently identified himself with the republican party,
and, as a member of the National Convention in 1792,
voted fur the death of the king. In 1793 he presented
to the Convention the infamous decree called the law
of the suspected, (lot des suspects.) He was appointed
minister of justice in 1795, and was subsequently created
by Napoleon a councillor of state, count of the empire,
and grand officer of the legion of honour. He was chosen
a member of the French Institute soon after its founda-
tion. He died in 1838, leaving several legal treatises.
See MATHIEU, "filoge historique du Comte Merlin," 1839;
C. PAUL.MIER, "Merlin," 1839; " Nouvelle Biographic Generate. "
Merlin de Thiouville, meVliN' deh te'dN'vel',
(ANTOINE CHRISTOPHE,) born at Thionville in 1762, was
a brother of Christophe Antoine, noticed above. He
was elected in 1792 to the National Convention, where
he supported for a time the measures of the Jacobins,
whom he afterwards opposed. He was a member of the
Council of Five Hundred. Died in 1833.
Merliuus. See MERLIN.
Mermet, meVmi', (JULIEN AUGUSTINE JOSEPH,) a
French general, born at Quesnoi in 1772. He served in
several campaigns in Italy and Spain. Died in 1837.
Merodach-Baladan, me-ro'dak baTa-dan, the He-
brew form of the name of Marudak-Bal-Iddina, a
t.as k; 9 as s; g h.ird: g asy; G, H, K.,giittur,i!; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
see Explanations, \>. 23.)
MER ODE 1 7 1 o MER Y
king of the Chaldaeans. He is called MARDOKEM'-
PADUS by Ptolemy. In 721 B.C. he conquered Babylon.
regular service, was superintendent of West Point
1882-87, afterwards commander of the department of
He sent to Hezekiah, King of Judah, proposing an al- 1 the Atlantic, and in 1898 military governor of the
liance in 711. In 710 he was dethroned by Sargon. He i Philippines. He was retired on age limit in June,
again became king, but was expelled from Babylon by 1900.
Sennacherib, who in 700 B.C. drove him also out of Mer'ry, (ROBERT,) an English poet and dramatist,
Chaldaea proper, (lying south of Babylonia.) He died U0rn in London in 1755, was the author of " Lorenzo," a
soon after. There was a king of Babylon of this name tragedy, and a drama entitled "Ambitious Vengeance."
who about 815 B.C. was humbled by Samsi-Vul IV., Died at Baltimore, in the United States, in 1798. Merry
King of Assyria, who compelled him to cede much terri- was th'_- founder of the short-lived " Delia Crusca School"
tory. j of English literature.
Merode, ma'ro-deh or ma'rod', (CHARLES GHISLAIN,) Mersch, van der, vin der meRsh, (JEAN ANI>KE,)
a Belgian diplomatist, born at Brussels in 1763. Having a Belgian general, born at Menin in 1734, headed the
been made a senator by Napoleon in 1809, he defended
the cause of Pope Pius VII. Died in 1830.
Merode, (JEAN PHILIPPE EUGENE,) Marquis of Wa-
terloo, born at Brussels in 1674, entered the Austrian
revolt of his countrymen against the Austrian emperor
Joseph II. in 1789. Having been deprived of his com-
mand and imprisoned through the intrigues of his rivals,
he was released when the Austrians regained their power
service, and was created a field-marshal and count of ;n Belgium. Died in 1792.
the empire. He died in 1732, leaving a volume of "Me- Mersenne, meR'seV, [Lat. MERSEN'NUS,] (MARIN,)
moirs," reprinted at Mons in 1840. j a learned French philosopher, mathematician, and theo-
MeVo-pe, [Gr. Mepom;; Fr. MEROPE, ma'rop',] in lOgjan, born in Maine in 1588. He studied at the Col-
classic mythology, was a daughter of Atlas, and one of the iege de |a Fleche, where he formed an intimate and
Pleiades. She was married to Sisyphus. It was fabled lasting friendship with Descartes. He subsequently
that she appears less luminous than the other Pleiads, entered the religious order of Minims. Among his most
because she was ashamed of her marriage with a mortal, important works are a commentary on Genesis, entitled
Merouan. See MERWAN. "Quasstiones celeberrimae in Genesim," (1623,) and a
Merovee, ma'ro'vi', [Lat. MEROVJE'US ; Ger. MERO- .. Treatise on Universal Harmony," (1627.) Died in 1648.
VIG, ma'ro-vic,] the son of Clodion, born about 411, is Mertel, meVtel', (THEODOLPHO,) an Italian cardinal,
supposed to have been the third king of France, and was born at Allumiere, February 9, 1806, was created a car-
the founder of the Merovingian dynasty. In conjunc- dinal-deacon in 1858. He became head of the secre-
tion with the Roman general Aetius, he defeated Attila, tariate of apostolic briefs and the grand chancellery of
King of the Huns, in 451 A.D. Died in 457 or 458, orders, and was a palatine-cardinal under Leo XIII.
Merovee or Mer'o-vig, a son of Chilperic I., King Mfiru, ma'roo, or Merus, ma'rSos, [Gr. MT/POC,] a
of Neustria. He married in 576 A.D. Brunehaut, Queer ' vord of doubtful etymology, forming, in the Hindoo
of Austrasia, who was his aunt. By this act he lost the mythology, the name of a celebrated mountain, said to
favour of his father. He was persecuted by Queen be situated in the centre of the seven continents. Its
Fredegunda, his step-mother, who employed assassins height is supposed to be 84,000 yojanas,* of which 16,000
to kill him. After he had fled for refuge to various are below the surface of the earth. The sacred river
cities, he was killed in 577 A.D. Ganges (Ganga) falls from heaven on its summit, and
Mer'ret, (CHRISTOPHER,) an English physician and flows to the surrounding worlds in four streams, of
naturalist, born in Gloucestershire in 1614, was a Fellow which the southernmost is the Ganges of India. Brahma,
of the Royal Society and of the College of Physicians, attended by Rishis (sages) and celestial minstrels, U
He published an "Account of the Animal, Vegetable, supposed to reside on Mount Meru, on one of the highest
and Mineral Producticr.s of Great Britain," and several summits of which, Kailasa, dwells also Siva, with his
medical treatises. Died in 1695. consort, ParvatL
Mer'riam, (CLINTON HART,) an American biolo- Merula, ma'roo-la or meR'oo-la, (GIORGIO,) an Italian
gist, born at New York in 1855. He entered the scholar, born at Alessandria della Paglia in 1424. He
government service in 1872, and was made chief of the brought out in 1470 an edition of Martial's Epigrams,
Biological Survey in 1885. He wrote many works said to be the first ever published, and wrote comment-
and papers on biological subjects. »ie.s °n Cicero Phny and other classics. He was the
Merriam, f H ENR Y C. , ) an American general, bom f°th°r .<** "ls,tory of the Vlscont1' PnnceS °f ****•
in Maine in 1837. He served through the < war, ^^ me'r^MPAUL,) » Dutch jurist and writer,
was promoted colonel in 1885, bngadter-general in tern at Dort in ,553, was origlna|ly named VAN MERLE.
1897, and major-general n May, 1898. In Ken he succeeded Justus Lipsius as professor of his-
He wrote a " Life of Erasmus," and a
historical works, (in Latin.) Died
the poem of fryphiodorus on the " Capture of Troy.' '" MerulOi ma-Roo'lo, (CLAUDio,) an Italian organist,
He became a Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford.jn 1744. teacheri and composer, born at Correggio in 1533. For
He also wrote a " Dissertation on Proverbs, and a twenty.seven vears he was organist at Saint Mark's, in
translation of the Psalms into English verse, regarded as VenicCi and 4on a high reputation. Died at Parma,
one of the best in the language. Died in 1769. M . 1604.
Mer'rill, (STEPHEN M.,) D.D., a Methodist bishop, Merwan or MerOuan (mer'win') L, surnamed IBN-
born at Mount Pleasant, Ohio, September ID, 1825. e TARID] cali h of the dynasty of tne Omeyyads, born
became a preacher in 1845, and m 1872 was chosen a a( Mecca about & Having gained a victory over his
bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. rival> Abdallah ben zobeir, Merwan was proclaimed
Mer'riman, ( H. SETON,) nom-de-plume of Hugh caliph in 684. He was assassinated by one of his wives
S. Scott, a British novelist, author of " The Phantom [n 685 A.D.
Future," (1889,) "With Edged Tools," (1894,) Merwan or Merouan U,(Aboo- (Abu- or Abou-)
"The Sowers," (1896,) etc. Abdelmelek, a'boo abd-el-mel'ek,) one of the Omey-
Mer'ritt, (ANNA LEA,) an American artist, born at yad caliphs, grandson of the preceding, was born at
Philadelphia in 1844. Of her pictures the best known Damascus in 688 A.D. He was victorious over several
is " Eve Overcome by Remorse." In later years she rivals, but was at last defeated by Abool-Abbas, son
devoted herself to etching. of Ibrahim, in 749 A.D. He was subsequently killed by
Merritt, (WESLEY,) an American soldier, born at the Christians, whom he had cruelly persecuted.
New York in 1836. He graduated in 1860 at West
Point, and served from 1861 to 1865 with great dis-
tinction, chiefly as a cavalry officer, attaining the
rank of major-general of volunteers. He continued
Mery, ma're', (!EAN,) a French surgeon and anato-
mist, born at Vatan in 1645, published a work entitled
• A yo'jana (called yo'jiin in the common dialect of India) is usu-
ally reckoned at 16,000 J'ards, or about nine of our miles ; but, ac-
in the army, reached the rank of major-general in the cording to some authorities, it is only five miles.
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, p, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; not; good; moon;
MERY
1711
MESSAPUS
"New System of the Circulation of the Blood," (1700,
and other medical treatises. He was first surgeon of
the H6tel-Dieu, in Paris, and a member of the Acade:
of Sciences. Died in 1722.
See FONTENELLE, " filoges des AcadiSniiciens," etc
M6ry, (JOSEPH,) a French litterateur, born near Mar
seilles in 1798, wrote numerous poems, romances, anc
dramas. Died at Paris, June 17, 1866.
Meryon, ma'Re'6N', (CHARLES,) an eminent French
etcher, born in Paris in 1821. His father was an English
physician, his mother a danseust. Having served some
time in the navy, he tried to become a painter, but, being
colour-blind, he finally devoted himself to etching. He
was very poor, and died in a mad-house in 1868. Un-
appreciated in his lifetime, Meryon's etchings are now
regarded as among the most masterly ever produced.
The twenty-two " Eaux-fortes sur Paris" (1850-54) are
the most famous. He is said to have made only ninety-
four etchings in all. (See WEDMORE, "Meryon and
Meryon's Paris.")
Merz, mSkts, (JACOB,) a Swiss painter and engraver,
born in the canton of Zurich in 1783; died in 1807.
MerzliakoforMerzliakov, merz-le-a'kof, (ALEXIS
FEODOROVITCH,) a Russian critic anopoet, born in
1778, became professor of eloquence and poetry at
Moscow. Among his principal works is a " Discourse
on the Poetry of the Ancients," etc. His lyric poems
are highly esteemed by his countrymen. He also trans-
lated into Russian Tasso's "Gerusalemme Liberata,"
and various works in Latin, Greek, and French. Died
in 1827.
Mesa, ma'sa, (CRISTOBAL,) a Spanish poet, born in
Estremadura about 1540. During a residence of five
years at Rome, he became an intimate friend of Tasso.
He was the author of several heroic poems, which, how-
ever, are much less esteemed than his translations of
Virgil's "yEneid," "Georgics," and " Bucolics." Died
about 1620.
See TICKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature."
Mesenguy or Mesengui, ma-zoN'ge', ( FRANC.OIS
PHILIPPE,) a French ecclesiastic, born at Beauvais in
1677, was an adherent of Jansenism, and published sev-
eral treatises against the constitution Unigenitus. He
also wrote an "Abridgment of the History of the Old
and New Testament," (1737,) which is commended by
Rollin. Died in 1793.
See LEQUEUX, " Memoire sur la Vie, etc. de I'Abbe" Me'sengui,'1
'763-
MesLbi. meVe-hee, a celebrated Turkish poet, flour-
ished in the reign of Solyman I. He is one of the seven
whose names, written in golden letters, are suspended
in the temple of Mecca, and who have been styled by
their countrymen "the Pleiades." One of his idyls has
been translated by Sir William Jones, in his " Commen-
taries on Asiatic Poetry."
See VON HAMMER, "Geschichte der Osmanischen Dichtung."
Mesle, m&'la', (JEAN,) a French advocate in the Par-
liament of Paris, wrote a valuable "Treatise on Minori-
ties," (1714.) Died in 1756.
Mesmer, mSs'mer, (FRIEDRICH ANTON,) founder of
the doctrine of Mesmerism, or animal magnetism, was
born at Meersburg, in Suabia, in 1733. Having made
various experiments with the mineral magnet, he was
led to the discovery of the power since called Mesmer-
ism. This he made public in 1775, m nis "Letter to
a Foreign Physician on Magnetism." He soon after
established a hospital at Vienna for the perfection and
promulgation of his discovery, and repaired in 1778 to
Paris, where he devoted himself to the cure of diseases
and made many proselytes. He subsequently refused a
large sum of money offered him by the French govern-
ment for his secret. A number of his adherents having
presented him with 340,000 livres, on condition of being
instructed in his doctrine, he received the money, but
did not perform his promise. He died in Germany in
1815, leaving several treatises, one of which was entitled
"Memoire de Mesmer sur ses Decouvertes," (1799.)
See THOURET, " Recherches et Domes sur le Magnetisme ani-
Tial," 1784; JOZWIK, "Sur le Magnetisme animal," 1832: DK.
KOEFER, article in the "Nouvelle Biographic G^ne"rale."
Mesmes, de. See AVAUX.
Mesmes, de, deh mim, (HENRI,) a French states-
man, born in Paris in 1531, was a son of Jean Jacques,
noticed below. He became chancellor of the kingdom
of Navarre. Died in 1596.
Mesmes, de, (JEAN JACQUES,) a French diplomatist,
born in 1490, was patronized by Catherine of Navarre
and Francis I., and was appointed master of requests
in 1544. Died in 1569.
Mesmon, de, deh mfe'm6N', (GERMAIN HYACINTHS
de Romance— deh ro'mSNss',) MARQUIS, a French
journalist, born in Paris in 1745. He edited succes-
sively, at Hamburg, the " Spectateur du Nord," the
"Reveil,"and the "Censeur," and afterwards repaired
to Saint Petersburg, where he became editor of the
"Journal du Nord." Died in 1831.
Mesnager, Le, leh m|'nf zha', (NICOLAS LE BAILLIF,)
a French diplomatist, born at Rouen in 1658. He was
sent as a secret agent to London in 1711, to negotiate
the preliminaries of peace, and he was one of the French
diplomatists that signed the treaty of Utrecht, (1713.)
Died in 1714.
Mesnard, m&'niR', (JACQUES ANDR*,) a French
lawyer and senator, born at Rochefort in 1792. He
became a counsellor in the court of cassation in 1841,
and a senator in 1852. He translated into French the
"Divina Commedia" of Dante, (3 vols., 1858.) Died in
1858.
Mesnardiere or Menardiere, de la, deh li ma'-
nfR'de-aiR', (HippOLYTE JULES PILET,) a French poet,
born at Loudun about 1610, was patronized by Cardinal
Richelieu. In 1655 he was elected a member of the
French Academy, a distinction which he owed chiefly
to his brilliant conversational powers. Died in 1663.
Mesnil. Du. See DUMESNIL.
Mesnil, du, du mi'nel', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French
lawyer, born in Paris in 1517, was appointed in 1556
royal advocate. Died in 1569.
Mea-o-me'dea, [Gr. Meoo^^c,! a lyric poet, who
flourished under the emperor Hadrian. Three of his
poems are preserved in the Greek Anthology.
Mesonero y Romanes, de, da ma-so-na'ro e ro-
ma'n6s. (RAMON,) a popular Spanish writer, born at
Madrid in 1803. His principal works are a " Manual
of Madrid, Description of the Court and the City," and
"Panorama of Madrid," ("Panorama Matritense," 1835,)
which are admired for their faithful delineations of life
and manners and the elegance of their style.
Mes-sa'la (or Mes-sallaJCor-vI'nus, (MARCUS VA-
LERIUS,) a celebrated Roman orator and general, born 59
B.C., at first opposed the party of Antony, and commanded
a division of the army of Brutus at the battle of PhilippL
After the death of Brutus he became general -in-chie£
He was subsequently reconciled to Augustus, who made
lim consul, 31 B.C., and, five years after, prefect of Rome.
Among his other important military services, he reduced
Aquitania to subjection, for which he obtained a triumph,
27 B.C.) Died about n A.D. Of the writings of Messala
only fragments remain ; but his eloquence is spoken of
n the highest terms by Quintilian, Seneca, and the two
Plinys. He was intimate with Horace, Ovid, and Pollio,
and was a liberal patron of learning.
See M. C. VAN HALL. " M. V. Messala Coryinus," etc., 2 vols.,
821 ; L. WIHSK, " Dissertatio de Messala: Corvini Vita et Studiis,"
829; TACITUS, "Annales," books iv. and vi. ; APPIAN, " Bellura
Civile."
Mes-sa-H'iia, [Fr. MESSALINE, mj'st'len',] a Roman
empress, notorious for her crimes, was a daughter of M.
Valerius Messala Barbatus. She was married to Clau-
[ius, who afterwards became emperor. She caused a
number of eminent Romans to be put to death. She
vas executed, by order of Claudius, in 48 A.D.
Mes-sa-ll'na Sta-till-a, granddaughter of Statilius
naurus, became the third wife of the emperor Nero, in
36 A.D.
Messalla. See MESSALA.
Messape. See MESSAPUS.
Messapus, [Gr. MeaoaTrof,- Fr. MESSAPE, mi'slp',]
n classic mythology, a son of Neptuiie, and a king of
itruria. He fought for Turnus against j5neas, and was
upposed to be invulnerable.
eas£; casj; gharj; gas/; G, H, Vi, guttural; N, nasal; v.,trillid; sasz,' th as in this.
xplanations, p.
.\fESSENE
ME TELL US
Mes-se'ne, (Gr. Mead/vy,} the wife of Polycaon, whom
she induced to take possession of the country which was
afterwards called, from her, Messenia. A temple was
•reeled to her honour.
Mes-se'nl-us, [Sw. pron. mSs-siT'ne-us,] (ARNOLD,)
son of Johan Messenius, noticed below, was made his-
toriographer to Christina of Sweden, and obtained a
title of nobility. Having been concerned with his son
in writing a libel on the royal family, they were both
condemned to death and executed, (1648.)
See "Anecdotes de Suede," The Hague, 1716.
Messenius, (JoHAN,) a Swedish historian, born in
Ostrogothia in 1584, was professor of law in the Uni-
versity of Upsal. Being accused of a treasonable cor-
respondence with the King of Poland and the Jesuits, he
was imprisoned in 1616. During his confinement of
nearly twenty years he wrote several historical works,
of which the most important is entitled "Scandia Illus-
trated," (in Latin.) Died in 1637.
See " Biographiskt- Lexicon ofver namnktmnige Svenska Man;"
P. STHNBECK, " De Vita et Meritis Messeniorum," 1741.
Mes'ser, (ASA.) D.D., LL.D., an American divine and
scholar, born at Methuen, Massachusetts, in 1769. He
graduated at Brown University, where he became suc-
cessively professor of the learned languages, (1796,) of
mathematics and natural philosophy, (1799,) and presi-
dent of the institution, (1802.) Died in 1836.
Messier, m4'se-a', (CHARLES,) a French astronomer,
born at BadonvillerTin Lorraine, in 1730. Having visited
Paris in 1751, he was employed by De Lisle in his ob-
servatory, and distinguished himself by the accuracy of his
astronomical observations. He is said to have observed
forty-six comets, of which he discovered twenty-one.
He was a member of the Academy of Sciences of Paris,
and of similar institutions at St Petersburg, Berlin, and
other cities. He died in 1817, leaving " Memoires" con-
taining his observations. Lalande named in honour
of this astronomer a constellation situated between Ce-
pheus, Cassiopeia, and the Camelopard.
Messina, da. See ANTONELLO DA MESSINA.
Mes'siri-ger, (ROBERT HINCKLEY,) an American
poet, born in Boston, Massachusetts, in iSn. He pub-
lished a number ot anonymous poems, among them the
well-known "Give me the Old." Died in 1874.
Messis. See MATSYS, (QUENTIN.)
MSs'ton, (WILLIAM,) a Scottish poet, born in Aber-
Jeenshire about 1688, was the author of " Mother Grim's
Tales," in verse, and a poem entitled "The Knight"
Died in 1745.
Mestrezat, mes'tReh-zt", (JEAN,) a Protestant theolo-
gian and pulpit orator, born at Geneva in 1592, became
pastor of the church at Charenton, and distinguished
himself by his bold and eloquent defence of the Protest-
ants against the Roman clergy. He was the authoi
of theological treatises and sermons, which are nighly
esteemed. Died in 1657.
See SENEBIKR. " Histoire litte'rairede Geneve."
Mesue or Messua. See MASSOOA.
Meszaros, ma'sa-rosh, (LAZAR,) a Hungarian general
and statesman, born in the county of Bacs in 1796. In
1848 he was appointed minister of war in the Hungarian
cabinet of Batthyanyi, but on the breaking out of the
war joined the revolutionary party. After sharing with
Pembinski the defeat of Temesvar, he took refuge in
Turkey, and afterwards visited England and America,
Died in 1858.
Metastase. See METASTASIO.
Metastasio, ma-tas-ta'se-o, [Fr. METASTASE, ma'tis'-
tSz',] (PlETRO BONAVENTURA,) an eminent Italian poet,
born at Rome in 1698, was originally named TRAPASSI.
He manifested at an early age extraordinary talents
l<>r improvisation on any subject. Having attracted the
notice of the celebrated jurist Gravina, he was adopted
by him, and his name was changed to Metastasio, (a
" changing,") in allusion to his adoption. His benefactor
died in 1718, leaving his property to Metastasio, who
!iow devoted himself principally to literary pursuits,
and brought out in 1721 his lyric drama entitled "The
Gardens of the Hesperides," ("Gli Orti Esperidi.'"
This piece was received with great favour, one of the
principal parts in it being performed by Signorr* Hulija-
rini, (La Romanina,) esteemed the first vocalist of her
time. At the request of this lady, he relinquished the
legal profession, which he had practised for a time, and
gave his attention exclusively to poetry. His opera of
" Didone Abbandonata" was performed with great ap-
plause at Naples in 1724, and was followed by his "Ca-
tone," " Semiramide," "Artaserse," and other operas,
which established his reputation. On the invitation of
the emperor Charles VI., he repaired to Vienna, and
succeeded Apostolo Zeno as imperial laureate. In 1734
he lost his "inestimable counsellor and friend," Signora
Bulgarini, who bequeathed to him, after the death of
her husband, her property, amounting to twenty-five
thousand crowns. This, with characteristic delicacy, he
refused to accept. He brought out during his residence
at Vienna two of his most admired operas, the " Olim-
piade" and " La Clemenza di Tito," which the music
of Mozart has contributed to render immortal. Besides
the works above named, he composed a number of ora-
torios, cantatas, sonnets, etc. He died at Vienna in
1782. The genius of Metastasio is eulogized by Vol-
taire and La Harpe, the former of whom compares some
of his scenes to the most sublime of the Greek poets.
Rousseau, in his " Nouvelle Heloi'se," pronounces him
"the only poet of the heart, the only genius who can
move by the charm of poetic and musical harmony ;"
and Schlegel observes that his purity of diction, grace,
and delicacy have rendered him in the eyes of his coun-
trymen a classic author, — the Racine of Italy.
See BURNEV, " Memoirs of Metastasio," 3 vols., 1796; TORCIA,
"Elosno del Abbate P. Metastasio," 1782 : HILLER, " Ueber P. Me-
tastasio und seine Werke," 1786; LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry
of Europe ;" ALTANESI, "Vita di P. Metastasio," 1787 ; "Nouvelle
Biographic Ge'ne'rale;" "Lives of the Italian Poets," by the Rav.
HENRY STEBBISG, London, 1831.
Metcalfe, meYkaf, (CHARLES THEOPHILUS,) BARON,
an able English statesman, born in Calcutta in 1785, was
educated at Eton. He entered the service of the East
India Company as a writer, and became a member of the
Supreme Council of India in 1827. He resigned his
office, returned to England in 1837, and was appointed
Governor of Jamaica in 1839. For three years he per-
formed the duties of this difficult position with success.
He was appointed Governor-Gerteral of Canada about
February, 1843. In politics he was a Liberal. He re-
signed on account of ill health in the autumn of 1845,
and died at Basingstoke in September, 1846.
Metcalfe, (FREDERICK,) an English author, born in
1817. He graduated as B.A. at Saint John's College,
Cambridge, and then went to Oxford, where he became
a Fellow of Lincoln College. He was afterwards a cler-
gyman of the Establishment, and in 1848 was made head
master of Brighton College. He edited and adapted
Kicker's "Galius" (1844; revised edition, 1884) and
"Charicles," (1845, '884,) and wrote a "History of
German Literature," and accounts oi his travels in Nor-
way, Thelemarken, and Iceland, ("The Oxonian in Nor-
way," etc., 1856, 1858, 1861.) Died in 1885.
Met'calfe, (THOMAS,) an American Whig statesman,
born in Fauquier county, Virginia, in 1780, removed at
an early age to Kentucky. He worked at the trade of
stone-mason in his youth. He became Governor of
Kentucky in 1828, and filled that office four years. In
1848 he succeeded Mr. Crittenden in the Unfted States
Senate. His term expired in March, 1849. Died in 1855.
Metch'nikoff. KI.IAS) a Russian zoologist, was
born in the government of Kharkoff in 1845, and be-
came a professor at Odessa in 1870. He advanced
a theory th:.' is due to the destruction of the
vital cells of the body by the white blood-corpuscles,
and suggested tl -erum prepared from young
animals to give new vitality to the body.
Metelli. See MIIKLLI.
Me-tel'lus, (QUIXTUSC^ECILIUS,) called MACEDO'NI-
cus, an eminent Roman general, of a noble family, was
chosen praetor in 148 B.C. He gained a victory over the
Macedonians in that year, and" took their leader, An-
driscus, prisoner, for winch a triumph was decreed him.
In 146 he defeated the Achaeans near Thermopvla:. He
was made consul in 143, and was sent to Spain to op-
pose Vii iathus. It was during the censorship of Metellus
a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged: a, e, I, 6, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat ; m^t; nfit; good ; moon;
METELLUS
1713
METRODORUS
and Pompeius (131 B.C.) that the decree was passed
obliging all Roman citizens to marry. He opposed the
Gracchi. Died in 115 B.C.
See TACITUS, "Annales;" Livv, "Epitome."
Metellus, (QuiNxus CJECILIUS NUMIDICUS,) an able
Roman general, a nephew of the preceding, was a leader
of the aristocratic party. Having been chosen consul
for 109 B.C., he obtained as his province Numidia, then
the seat of war with Jugurtha, who had hitherto suc-
ceeded in outgeneralling or outwitting all the Roman
commanders sent against him. Metellus was more suc-
cessful, and finally gained a great victory over the African
prince at the river Muthul, towards the close of that
year. Before the end of this war the command was
transferred to Marius ; but Metellus was honoured with
a triumph on his return to Rome in 107, and received the
surname of NUMID'ICUS. He became censor in 102, and
was banished about 100 B.C., through the influence of
Marius and Saturninus, but he was recalled the next year.
He was distinguished as an orator, and was reputed, one
of the most virtuous men of his time.
See SALLUST, " Bellum Jugurthinum ;" PLUTARCH. " Marius."
Metellus, (QuiNius C>«ciuus Pius,) a Roman
general, a son of the preceding, became praetor in 89
B.C. In the civil war between Marius and Sulla he
fought for the latter, and gained a decisive victory over
Carbo and Norbanus, near Faventia, in 82 B.C. He was
chosen consul with Sulla in the year 80, after which he
commanded in Spain and spent several years in un-
successful efforts to conquer Sertorius. He became
pontifex maximus. Died about 63 B.C.
Me-tel'lus Ce'ler, (Q. CJECILIUS,) a Roman states-
man, and leader of the aristocratic party. He became
praetor in 63 B.C., acted with Cicero against Catiline,
and was chosen consul for the year 60. During his
consulship he resolutely opposed the laws which his
colleague Afranius desired to enact for the benefit of
Pompey. Died in 59 B.C.
Me-tel'lus Ne'pos, (QuiNTUS,) a brother of the
preceding, became tribune of the people in 63 B.C., and
was a partisan of Pompey. As tribune, he opposed
Cicero with some violence. He became praetor in 60,
and consul in 57 B.C. Died about 55 B.C.
Meteren, van, vin ma'teh-ren, (EMANUEL,) a Flem-
ish Protestant historian, born at Antwerp in 1535, was
the author of a " History of the Netherlands from the
Early Part of the Sixteenth Century to his Own Time,"
(in Latin and Flemish.) It is valued for its accuracy;
but the historian is accused by some writers of injustice
towards the Catholics. Died in 1612.
See S. RUYTINCK, "Biographic de Van Meteren," prefixed to his
" Histoire," (French translation.)
Meteyard, met'yard, (EuzA,) an English writer, born
in Liverpool, June 21, 1822. Her pseudonym was
"Silverpen." Among her works are "Struggles for
Fame," (a novel, 1845,) "The Doctor's Little Daughter,"
(1850,) " Lilian's Golden Hours," (1856,) " Life of Wedg-
wood," (1865-66,) "A Group of Englishmen," (1871,)
and " Industrial and Household Tales," (1872.) Died
at South Lambeth, April 4, 1879.
Metezeau, meh'teh'zo', (CLEMENT,) a French archi-
tect, born at Dreux, constructed the great dyke of La
Rochelle, which, suggested by Cardinal Richelieu, was
the principal means of reducing that city in 1628. Died
about 1650.
Method or Methods. See METHODIUS.
Me-tho'dl-us, [Fr. METHODE, ma'tod',] SAINT, one
of the early Christian martyrs, surnamed PATARENSIS
on account of his having been Bishop of Patara. He
was also Bishop of Olympus, in Lycia, and afterwards
of Tyre. His piety and learning are highly commended
by Epiphanius and Jerome. He wrote a work entitled
" The Banquet of Ten Virgins," of which a great part
is extant He suffered martyrdom under Diocletian
about 312.
Methodius [Gr. McOoiio;] THE CONFESSOR, born at
Syracuse, was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople in
£42 A.D. He was a zealous advocate of the worship
of images, and was the author of several learned works.
Died in 846.
Methodius, [Fr. METHODE, ma'tod'; Ger. METHOES
ma'tod,] a native of Thessalonica, was sent, with hi*
brother Cyrillus, by the Greek emperor Michael III., to
convert the Saracens on the Euphrates, and about 863
went on a mission to the Slavonians. They invented
the Slavonian alphabet, and translated the Psalter and
Gospels into Slavonic.
Methuen, (PAUL SANFORD,) BARON, an English
general, born in 1845. He entered the army in 1864,
was made major-general in 1890, and led the forces
for the relief of Kimberley in 1899, in which attempt
he was defeated by the Boers on Orange River.
Me-thu'se-lah, [Heb. n^tyiTO ; Fr. MATHUSALEM,*
mS'tu'za"16N', or MATHUSALA, mt'tu'zi'lS',] a Hebrew
patriarch, noted for his longevity, was a son of Enoch.
He is supposed to have died about six years before the
deluge, aged nine hundred and sixty-nine years.
Me'tis, [Gr. Jilf/rif ; Fr. METIS, ma'tess',] in classic
mythology, the personification of prudence, was the
daughter of Oceanus, and the first wife of Zeus or Jupiter.
Metius, ma'te-us, (ADRIAAN,) a Dutch mathematician,
born at Alkmaar in 1571. He studied under Tycho
Brahe in Denmark, and after his return to Holland was
appointed, in 1598, professor of mathematics in the Uni-
versity of Franeker. Among his works is a Latin essay
" On the Institutes of Astronomy." Died in 1635.
Metius, ( JAKOB,) brother of the preceding, is regarded
by Descartes and some other savants as the inventor of
the refracting telescope.
See BARLOW, "History of Optics;" BORHL, " De vero Tele-
scopii Inventore."
Metkerke, van, vtn mJt'kfRTceh, or Meetkercke,
mat'keR'keh, (ADOLPHUS,) a distinguished Flemish phi-
lologist, born at Bruges in 1528. He was a Protestant,
and was sent by the United Provinces on an embassy to
Queen Elizabeth of England. He translated Theocritus
into Latin verse, and published an edition of Dion and
Moschus. Metkerke was president of the Council of
Flanders. Died in 1591.
See MOTLKV, "United Netherlands," vol. i. chap. ui.
Metochita, mSt-o-Kee'ta, ? (THEODORE,) a modern
Greek historian, was the author of a "Compendium of
Roman History from Julius Caesar to Constantino the
Great," and a " Paraphrase of the Physics of Aristotle."
Died in 1332.
Me'ton, [Meruv,] a Greek astronomer, flourished in
432 B.C. He observed the solstice at Athens, and dis-
covered the lunar cycle of nineteen years, designed to
make the solar and lunar years begin at the same time.
This invention is called the Metonic cycle, and is still
employed by the Western Churches in their computation
of Easter.
See SUIDAS, "Melon;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Metrodore. See METRODORUS.
Met-ro-do'rus [Gr. Mjyrjwdupof • Fr. METRODORE,
ma'tRo'doR'] OF CHIOS, a Greek philosopher, who lived
about 400 B.C., and wrote a " Treatise on Nature," which
was very celebrated. He is said to have been the mas-
ter of Anaxarchus.
See BAVLE, " Historical and Critical Dictionary ;" FABRICIUS
"Bibliotheca Grjeca."
Metrodorus OF LAMPSACUS, a Greek philosopher,
born in 230 B.C., was a disciple and intimate friend of
Epicurus. He sensualized and debased the doctrines
which he had received from his master, and contributed
not a little to bring the Epicurean philosophy into con-
tempt with the wise and virtuous. He wrote numerous
works, the titles of which have been preserved by Dio-
genes Laertius.
See RITTKR, " History of Philosophy ;" FABRICIUS, " Bibliotheo
Graeca."
Metrodorus, [Gr. Mi/Tpodupof,] a celebrated Athenian,
born about 200 B.C. After the defeat of Perseus by
Paulus Emilius, in 168 B.C., the latter commanded the
Athenians to send their best artist to paint his triumph
and their greatest philosopher to educate his sons. Me-
• The name was sometimes so written by the old English poets.
Cowley, in his "Fragments," says, "Seven royal years to a public
spirit will seem more than the private life of a Mathusalem."
cas/S. casr; &hard; gas/; G, H, ^guttural; N, nasal; v.,trilled; sasz;
Explanations,
METSU
1714
MEYENDORFF
trodorus, being esteemed by his countrymen as first in
both departments, was sent accordingly, and gave entire
satisfaction to the Roman general.
Metsu, (GABRIEL.) See METZU.
Mettenleiter, met'ten-li'ter, (JOHANN MICHAEL,) a
German engraver, born in 1765, executed a number of
mezzotints and lithographs of great merit. Died in 1845.
Metternich, von, fon met'ter-niic', (CLEMENS WEN-
IEL,) PRINCE, an eminent Austrian statesman and diplo-
matist, born at Coblentz in 1773, was a son of Count
Metternich, who was a minister of state at Vienna and
died in 1818. He was sent as minister to Dresden in
1801, and to Berlin in 1803. In 1806 he became ambas-
sador to Paris, where he remained until the renewal of
the war in 1809. After the capture of Vienna and the
restoration of peace, he was appointed chancellor and
minister of foreign affairs, October, 1809. For more
than thirty years from that date he had the chief direc-
tion of affairs in Austria. He represented his govern-
ment at the Congress of Vienna, (1814,) after which he
had great influence in European politics. "No diploma-
tist," says Alison, " even in that age of intellectual giants,
excelled, perhaps hardly any equalled, Metternich in the
sagacious survey which he took of existing events, and
the admirable tact with which he contrived to render
them conducive to the interests of his country." (" His-
tory of Europe.") In politics he was extremely conser-
vative. He was driven from power and into exile by
the revolution of March, 1848. He returned to Vienna
in 1851. Died in 1859. " He always comprehended his
position," says the "Edinburgh Review" for July, 1858,
" and never lost an opportunity. He acted with equal jus-
tice and calculation, and never made a retrograde step.
His conduct was always politic, and never precipitate."
" The Memoirs of Prince Metternich," edited by his son,
appeared in 1879.
Metternich, von, (RICHARD CLEMENT JOSEPH HER-
MANN,) PRINCE, an Austrian diplomatist, a son of the
preceding, was born June 7, 1829. He became secretary
of legation at Paris in 1854. In 1859, before the Italian
war broke out, he was intrusted with a special mission
to Paris, and from the close of the war until 1871 he was
ambassador at the French court. He was named hered-
itary councillor of the Austrian empire in 1861, and
councillor in 1864. Died March I, 1X95.
Mettrie, de la, deh It m&'tRe', QULIEN OFFRAY,) a
French physician and atheistic writer, born at Saint-
Malo in 1709, published an infamous work entitled "The
Man Machine," which he had the impertinence to dedi-
cate to Haller. Died in 1751.
See VOLTAIRE, " Correspondance Ge'ne'rale."
Metsys. See MATSVS.
Metz, mets, (KoNRAD MARTIN,) a German engraver,
born at Bonn in 1755, executed a number of prints after
Michael Angelo and Caravaggio. Died in 1827.
Metzger, mJts'ger, (EDUARD,) a German architect,
born at Pappenheim in 1807, visited Greece in 1831.
He wrote several works on architecture.
Metzger, (JOHANN DANIEL,) a medical writer, born
at Strasburg, in Alsace, in 1739 ; died in 1805. He was
a professor at Strasburg, and was promoted to be chief
professor of medicine there.
Metzu, met'zii, (GABRIEL,) an eminent Dutch painter,
oorn at Leyden in 1615. Among his master-pieces we
may name the " Vegetable-Market at Amsterdam,"
" Interior of a Kitchen," " Chemist Reading near a Win-
dow," and a "Young Girl Looking at a Butterfly."
Metzu is styled by Descamps one of the greatest artists
of his nation. Died in 1658.
See DESCAMPS, " Vies des Peintrea Hollandais," etc ; CHARLES
BLANC, " Histoire des Peintres."
Meulau, de, (PAULINE.) See GUIZOT, (£LISABETH
CHARLOTTE.)
Meulemeester, de. See DEMEULEMEESTER.
Meulen, van der, vin der myh'len or mo'len, (AN-
TOON FRANS,) a celebrated Flemish battle-painter, born
at Brussels in 1634, was a pupil of Snayers. Having
visited Paris about 1666, he was patronized by Colbert,
and employed by Louis XIV. to represent his principal
engagements. He married the niece of Le Brun, and
assisted that artist in his works at the castle of Ver-
sailles. In 1673 he was chosen a member of the Academy
of Painting. As a painter of battles, Van der Meulen
had perhaps no superior, and his landscapes also possess
great merit. Died in 1690.
See DESCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Flamands," etc; CHARLES
BLANC, "Histoire des Peintres."
Meulen, van der, (PETER,) a Flemish painter of
battles, was a brother of the preceding. He went to
England in 1670, and was patronized by King Wil-
liam III.
Meulen, Ver. See VERMEULEN.
Meun, Meung, mUN, or Mehun, ma-uN', JEAN,)
a French poet, surnamed CLOPINEL, from his lameness,
born about 1280. He was the author of the principal
part of the " Romance of the Rose," one of the earliest
poems in the language, which was begun by Guillaume
de Lorris. The best edition was published in Paris in
1814, (4 vols. 8vo.)
See FAUCHET, "Origine de la Pofoie;" MASSIKU, "Histoire de
la Poe'sie Fran^aise."
Meurice, muh'ress', (FRANC.OIS PAUL,) a French
dramatic writer, born in Paris in 1820, became a brother-
in-law of Victor Hugo. He produced successful dramas
called " Hamlet, Prince of Denmark," and " Benvenuto
Cellini."
Meurs, de, deh mURs, [Lat. MEUR'SIUS,] (JAN,) a
Dutch scholar and historian, born near the Hague in
1579. He was appointed professor of Greek at Leyden
in 1611, and soon after historiographer to the States of
Holland. He subsequently became royal historiographer
to the King of Denmark. He published a number of
treatises on Greek and Roman antiquities, and a " His-
tory of Denmark," (in Latin.) Died in 1639.
See SWEKRT. "Athenz Belgicae;" NICBRON, " Me'moires ;"
MORERI, "Dicnonnaire Historique;" SCHRAMM, " Dissenatio d«
Vita et Scriptis J. Meursii," 1715.
Meursius. See MEURS, DE.
Meusebach, moi'zeh-bJK', (KARL HARTWIG GRE-
GOR,) a German litterateur, born near Artern in 1781,
published a number of critical essays. He numbered
among his friends Tieck and Goethe. Died in 1847.
Meusel, moi'zel, (JOHANN GEORG.) a German his-
torian and bibliographer, born near Bamberg in 1743.
He became professor of history at Erfurt in 1769, and
at Erlangen in 1779. He published, besides other works,
"Bibliotheca Historica," (22 vols., 1782-84.) which con-
tains notices of ancient and modern historians, a valuable
collection of biographies of German scholars, entitled
"GelehrtesDeutschland,"(i5 vols., 1796-1812,) to which
Ersch and Lindner added seven volumes, and a " Dic-
tionary of German Authors who died between 1750
and 1800," (15 vols., 1802-16.) All of these are highly
esteemed. Died in 1820.
See KARL HEINRICH RAU, "Dem Andenken J. G. Meusels,"
etc, 1820 : " Nouvelle Biographic Gen^rale '" " Monthly Review,"
1800 et seq., (Appendix.)
Meusel. See MUSCULUS.
Meusnier, muh'ne-i', (JEAN BAPTISTE MARIE,) a
French general and savant, born in Paris in 1754, in-
vented several machines and apparatus. He was killed
in battle, near Mentz, in June, 1793.
Meusnier, (PHILIPPE,) a French painter, born in
Paris in 1656, was a favourite at the court of Louis XIV.,
and became treasurer of the Academy of Painting. He
excelled in architectural views and perspective. Died
in 1734.
Meusnier de Querlon, muh'ne-i' deh kfRlcN',
(ANNE GABRIEL,) a French lit/Jrateurfborn at Nantes
in 1702. He wrote critiques, works of fiction, etc., and
translated Pliny's " Natural History" into French. Died
in 1780.
Mexia or Mejia, ma-Hee'a, (PEDRO,) a Spanish his-
torian, born at Seville about 1496, published a compila-
tion entitled " Silva de varia Leccion," and a " History
of the Roman Emperors from Julius Caesar to Maximilian
of Austria." He was patronized by Charles V., who
appointed him historiographer. Died in I552-
Meyendorfi, von, ton mi'en-doRf , (PETER,) a Rus-
sian diplomatist, born in 1796. He was sent as ambas-
sador to Berlin in 1839, and represented Russia at Vienna
from 1850 to 1854. Died March 19, 1863.
i, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, i, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, o, u, J, short; a, ?, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; me1 1; not; good; mooni
MEYER
17*5
MEZZOFANTI
Meyer, mi'er, (CONRAD,) a Swiss painter and en-
graver, born at Zurich in 1618. He is said to have been
the first engraver who used soft instead of hard varnish.
Died in 1689.
Meyer, (CONRAD FERDINAND,) a Swiss poet and
novelist, was born at Zurich in 1825. There have
been many editions of his historical novels, " Jorg
Jenatsch," (1876,) and " Der Heilige," (1880,) and
of his poem " Huttens letzte Tage," (1872. )
Meyer, (FELIX,} an eminent Swiss landscape-
painter, born at \Vinterthur in 1653. His delineations
of the mountain-scenery of Switzerland are esteemed
master-pieces of the kind. Died in 1713.
Meyer, ml'er, (FRIEDRICH JOHANN LORENZ,) s.
German litterateur, born at Hamburg in 1760 ; died
in 1844.
Meyer, (HANS,) an African traveller, was born at
Heldburghausen, Germany, in 1858. He travelled in
Asia 1882-84, and in Africa 1886-89, where he was
the first to ascend Kilima-Njaro. He published a
work on " The Strasburg Guild of Goldsmiths," and
a richly illustrated work, " Zum Schreedom des
Kilima Ndsharo," (1888.)
Meyer, mi'er, [Lat. MEYE'RUS,] (JACOB,) a Flemish
aistorian, sometimes called BALIOLA'NUS, born near Bail-
leul in 1491, was the author of a " History of Flanders,"
and other works, (in Latin.) He was an intimate friend
of Erasmus. Died in 15^2.
Meyer, (JAN LODEWYCK,) a Dutch painter of marine
views, born in Amsterdam about 1809. He painted
landscapes in his youth, and afterwards distinguished
himself as a marine painter at the Hague. Died in 1866.
Meyer, (JOHANN GEORG,) a distinguished German
painter, called MEYER VON BREMEN, born in 1813. His
best works are delineations of domestic life, particularly
those lepresenting the actions and sports of children.
Among these may be named " The Game of Blind-Man's
Buff," and "The Youngest Brother." Died in 1886.
See BROCKHAUS. "ConversatJons-Lexikon."
Meyer, (JOHANN HEINRICH,) a Swiss artist and
amateur, born at Stafa, on Lake Zurich, in 1759. While
on a visit to Italy, in 1784, he formed an intimate friend-
ship with Goethe and Herder. In 1807 he became
director of the Academy of Design at Weimar. He was
the author of a "History of the Plastic Arts among the
Greeks," (1824,) and was a contributor to the " Pro-
pylaen" and other works of Goethe. Died in 1832.
See GOETHE, " Briefwechseln."
Meyer, (JONAS DANIEL,) a Dutch jurist, born at Arn-
hem in 1780. He published, in French, "The Spirit,
Origin, and Progress of the Judicial Institutions of the
Principal Nations of Europe," (5 vols., 1818-23.) Died
in 1834.
Meyer, mi'er, (LEO,) a German scholar, born at Ble-
deln, in Hanover, July 3, 1830. He studied at Gbttingen
and Berlin, was a professor in the Gbttingen University,
1856-65, and was then called to Dorpat as professor of
comparative philology. He has published many works
on philology, grammar, and mythology, especially those
of the ancient Greeks. Among his best-known treatises
is " Die gothische Sprache," ("Gothic Language," 1869.)
Meyer, ma'yi', (MARIE PAUL HYACINTHE,) a French
palaeographer, born in Paris, January 17, 1840. Edu-
cated at the Ecole des Charles, he became in 1876 a
professor of languages in the College de France. He
has published a great number of mediaeval and post-
classical manuscripts, many of them discovered by him-
self in British and other libraries, and is author of many
instructive papers, chiefly on early French literature.
Meyer, von, fon mT'er, (HERMANN,) a German geol-
ogist and naturalist, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main in
1801, published several works. Died April 2, 1869.
Meyerbeer, mi'er-baR', (GiACOMO,) an eminent Ger-
man composer, of Jewish extraction, born at Berlin in
1794., was originally named Jacob Meyer Beer. He
studied under Clementi and Vogler, and at the age of
nine years was regarded as one of the best pianists in
Berlin. His first operas, entitled " Jephthah's Daughter"
and "Abimelech, or the Two Caliphs," were coldly re
ceived, but, having visited Italy in 1815, he there pro-
duced his "Romilda e Costanza," (1818,) "Semiramide
Riconosciuta," (1819,) and " Emma di Resburgo," (1820,)
which met with enthusiastic applause. To these suc-
ceeded, in 1824, his " Crociato in Egitto," which was
performed with brilliant success in all the principal
cities of Europe. His " Robert le Diable," brought out
in Paris in 1831, raised his reputation to the highest
point, and is ranked among the master-pieces of musical
art He afterwards produced operas entitled "The
Huguenots," (1836,) and " Le Prophete," (1849,) both
of which were greatly admired. About 1842 he was ap-
pointed director-general of music by the King of Prussia,
Among his later works are " L'fitoile du Nord," (1854,)
and " Le Pardon de Ploermel," (1859.) Died in 1864.
Meyerheim, mi'er-him', (FRIEDRICH EDUARD,) a
German painter of great merit, born at Dantzic about
iSia He studied at Berlin, and in 1838 became a mem-
ber of the Academy of Arts in that city. His favourite
subjects are rural and domestic scenes, which he repre-
sents with exquisite skill and fidelity. Among his master-
pieces are "The Blind Beggar," "The Village School,"
and an " Old Woman Teaching her Granddaughter to
Knit." Died in 1879. His brother WILHELM has dis-
tinguished himself as a painter of animals, battles, etc.
Meyering, mi'er-ing, (ALBERT,) a D:itch paintei
born at Amsterdam in 1645 > died in 1714.
Meyern, mi'eRn, (WILHELM FRIEDRIOH,) a Ger-
man novelist, born near Anspach in 1762. He wrote
' a political romance, entitled " Dya-na-Sore, or the
Wanderers," (1787.) Died in 1829.
Meyerus. See MEYER, (JACOB.)
Meygret or Meigret, m4'gR|', (Louis,) a French
grammarian, born at Lyons about 1510, produced in 1550
a "Treatise on French Grammar," said to be the first
which ever appeared. He attempted to introduce a new
orthography conformed to the sound. Died after 1560.
Meyneli, ma'nel, (ALICE,) a meritorious English poet-'
ess, born about 1848, a sister of Mrs. Elizabeth S. Butler,
the artist Her maiden name was THOMPSON. She
married in 1877. She wrote " Preludes" (1875) in verse,
besides art-criticisms and other writings in prose. Mrs.
Meyneli owed much to the friendship and praise of Mr.
Ruskin.
Meyr, mir, (MELCHIOR,) a German poet and prose-
writer, born near Nordlingen, June 28, 1810. Among
his works are "Erzahlungen aus dem Ries," (1856-60,)
"Gott und sein Reich," (1860,) "Emilie," (1863,) "Ge-
sprache mit einem Grobian," (1866,) "Duell und Ehre,"
and (1870,) "Gedanken iiber Kunst, Religion und Phil-
osophic," (1874.) Died at Munich, April 22, 1871.
Meyrick, mer'ik, (FREDERICK,) an English clergy-
man, born in 1826, graduated at Oxford in 1847. He
published "The Outcast and Poor of London,"
(1858,) "Is Dogma a Necessity?" (1883,) "Justin
Martyr," (1896,) and other works.
Meyrick, mer'ik, written also Myrick, (Sir SAMUEL
RUSH,) an English antiquary, born in 1783. His prin-
cipal work is a "Critical Inquiry into Ancient Armour,
with Special Reference to England from the Norman
Conquest to the Time of Charles II.," (1824,) which is
highly esteemed. He was knighted in 1832. Died in
1848.
Mezeray, de, deh maz'Rj', (FRANCOIS EUDES,) a
French historian, born in Lower Normandy in 1610, was
patronized by Cardinal Richelieu. His principal work
is a " History of France," (3 vols., 1651,) which enjoyed
Extraordinary popularity at the time, owing in great
part to the engraved portraits it contained. He suc-
ceeded Voiture as a member of the French Academy in
1649, and became perpetual secretary of that institution
in 1675. He was also historiographer of France. Died
in 1683.
Meziriac, de, deh meh-ze're'Sk', (CLAUDE CASPAR
BACKET,) a French scholar and mathematician, burn aV
Bourg-en-Bresse in 1581. He published an edition of
the "Arithmetic" of Diophantus, (with notes,) and trans-
lated a number of Ovid's " Epistles" into French verse.
Died in 1638.
Mezzofanti, met-so-fan'tee, (GIUSEPPE GASPARO,) a
« as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: s as z; th as in this. ( 23p"See Explanations, p. 23.)
MIALL
1716
MICHAEL
celebrated Italian linguist, born at Bologna in 1774. He
studied at the episcopal seminary of his native city, and
was ordained a priest in 1797. In 1804 he became pro
lessor of Greek and the Oriental languages at Bologna,
and in 1815 was appointed chief librarian of the uni-
versity. Distinguished foreigners who visited Bologna
at this time praised his extraordinary attainments and
bore witness to the accuracy with which he spoke their
respective languages. On the invitation of Pope Gregory
XVI., he repaired in 1831 to Rome, where he succeeded
Angelo Mai as keeper of the Vatican Library, and in
1838 was made a cardinal. A German scholar says of
him at this period, " He is familiar not only with the
principal European languages, but with the Irish, Welsh,
and even Lappish." He is said to have spoken upwards
of fifty languages, and was thoroughly versed in the
idioms and provincialisms peculiar to each : he could
entertain his English friends with specimens of York-
shire dialect, and his French or German visitors with the
patois of their respective countries. Lord Byron styles
Mezzofanti a prodigy of languages, who should have lived
in the times of the tower of Babel, to serve as a universal
interpreter. Died in 1849.
See WILLIAM RUSSELL, "Life of Cardinal Mezzofanti," ew..
1857; MANAVIT, " Esquisse historique sur le Cardinal Mezzofanti,'
1854: "Edinburgh Review" for 1855.
Ml'all, (EDWARD,) an English dissenter, born at
Portsmouth in 1809. He founded " The Nonconformist,"
in London, and wrote several works against the union of
Church and State. In 1852 he was elected a Liberal
member of Parliament for Rochdale. He was returned
to Parliament for Bradford in 1869. Died In 1881.
Miaulis or Miaoulis, me-ow'lis, (ANDREAS VOKOS,)
a distinguished patriot and admiral of modern Greece,
born at Negropont about 1768. In 1821 he was ap-
pointed to the chief command of the fleet of the Greeks,
and gained a signal victory over the Turks at Patras.
In 1825 he burnt the Turkish fleet in the harbour of
Modon. He was created high admiral in 1832. On
the accession of King Otho to the throne of Greece,
Miaulis became one of his most zealous adherents. He
died in 1835, and was buried near the monument of
Themistocles.
See " Revue des Deui Mondes," 1859; "Nouvelle Biographic
Generale."
Miazzi, me-it'see, (GIOVANNI,) an Italian architect,
born at Bergamo in 1699. Among his most admired
works are the theatre at Treviso and the Spineda
palace at Venegazza. Died about 1780.
Mi'cah, [Heb. riD'D ; Fr. MICHEE, me'shj',] one of
the minor Hebrew prophets, was contemporary with
Isaiah and Hosea, and flourished under the reigns of
Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, from 759 10699 B-c-. " His
style," says Bishop Lowth, " is in many parts animated
and sublime, and in general truly poetical."
Mical, me'kil', fN.,) an ingenious French mecha-
nician, born about 1730, constructed several admirable
automatons, among which were two speaking heads,
presented by him to the Academy of Sciences in 1783.
Died about 1790.
See " M^moires secrets."
Micali, me-ka'lee, (GIUSEPPE,) an Italian historian
and antiquary, born at Leghorn about 1780. His prin-
cipal work is entitled "Italy before the Dominion of the
Romans," (4 vols., 1810.) Died in 1844.
Mi'-eha-eL, [Heb. Ssiro : Gr. M^o^X,- Fr. MICHEL,
me'sheV ; It. MICHELE, me-ka'IA,] one of the archangels
mentioned in the Old Testament, was regarded as the
especial protector of the Jewish nation. A festival was
instituted in his honour, as a defender of the Church,
by the Christians of the ninth century, which is still
celebrated on the2gth of September, (Michaelmas Day.)
See Daniel x. 13-21 ; Revelation xii. 7-9.
MI'-eha-el [Gr. Mt^A ; Fr. MICHEL, me'shel' ; It.
MICHELE, me-ka'li] I., Emperor of the East, surnamed
RHANGABE, (6 Tavya/J;;,) succeeded, in 811 A.D., Stau-
racius, whose sister Procopia he had married. Being
unsuccessful in his war against the Bulgarians, he abdi-
cated his crown in 813 and retired to a convent. Died
»bout 845.
See LH BEAU, " Histoire du Bas- Empire."
Michael IX, THE STAMMERER, also called MICHAEL
THE PHRYGIAN, succeeded Leo the Armenian, whom he
had caused to be assassinated, as Emperor of Constanti-
nople, in 820 A.D. He died after a reign of nine years,
leaving the empire to his son Theophilus.
Michael TTT Emperor of the East, a son of The-
ophilus, ascended the throne in 842 A.D., when he was
about three years old. He was assassinated by Basil
the Macedonian in 867. His character was very de-
praved.
See GIBBON, " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire."
Michael IV., surnamed THE PAPHLAGONIAN, [Gr.
Mi^a^X 6 na0Xay£n>,] became emperor in 1034, having
previously married Zoe, widow of Romanus III., whom
she had put to death. He died in 1041, and was suc-
ceeded by his nephew, Michael Calaphates.
Michael V, surnamed CALAPHATES, [Gr. 6 Koto-
fdrrjt,] was made Emperor of the East in 1041, but he
was deposed by his subjects in 1042.
Michael VI., Emperor of the Eas* surnamed STRA
TIOT'ICUS, began to reign in 1056. He was deposed in
1057, and was succeeded by Isaac Comnenus.
Michael VTJ., surnamed PARAPINA'CES, a son of
Constantine XI., succeeded Romanus III. in 1071. He
was feeble and incompetent to reign, and he abdicated
in 1078.
Michael Vin. Palaeol'ogua, [Gr. Mi^a^/l 6 IloXai-
oXo)oc; Fr. MICHEL PALEOLOGUE, me'sheY pt'li'o'log',]
Emperor of the East, and a son of Androni'cus Palseol-
ogus, was born in 1224. He usurped in 1260 the throne
of John Lascaris, the infant heir of the late Emperor
of Nicza. In 1261 his army took Constantinople from
the Latin ruler, Baldwin II. He was excommunicated
by the Patriarch Arsenius for his cruel treatment of John
Lascaris, whom he deprived of sight. Under his auspices
the Eastern and Western Churches made a treaty of
union in 1274; but this attempt to restore the union
proved abortive. In 1281 he defeated the army which
Charles of Anjou and the pope sent to invade the Eastern
empire. He died in 1282, and was succeeded by his son,
Androni'cus II.
See GIBBON, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;" GKORGB
PACHYMKRBS, " Historia Rerum a Michaele Palseologo gestarum,"
1666 : LK BEAU, " Histoire du Bas- Empire ;" " Nouvelle Biographic
General e."
MI'«ha-el An'ge-lo [Fr. MICHEL-ANGE, me'shel'
6Nzh ; It MICHELANGELO, me-k£l-an'ja-lo ; Lat. MI-
CHAEL AN'GELUS] Buonarotti (boo-o-ni-rot'tee) or
Buonarroti, a celebrated Italian painter, sculptor,
and architect, was born in the castle of Caprese, in Tus-
cany, on the 6th of March, 1474. He was descended
from the noble family of Canossa. At the time of his
birth, his father, Lodovico Buonarotti Simone, was
podesta or governor of Chiusi and Caprese. His
mother's name was Francesca del Sera. He attended a
grammar-school in Florence, and became in 1488 a pupil
of Domenico Ghirlandaio. Soon after that date he
began to study sculpture in an academy, or garden, which
Lorenzo the Magnificent had furnished with antique
statues and bas-reliefs, in Florence. He gained the
favour of Lorenzo, who about 1490 invited him to be-
come an inmate of his palace and treated him with much
respect and kindness. Here he enjoyed the society of
eminent literary men, one of whom, Angelo Poliziano,
(Politian,) became his intimate friend. Among his ear-
liest works was a marble bas-relief, the subject of
which was " The Battle of Hercules with the Centaurs."
This work, which was approved by his own mature judg-
ment, is preserved in Florence. His patron, Lorenzo
de' Medici, died in 1492, and was succeeded by his de-
generate son Piero, by whose order Michael Angelo
made a colossal statue of snow. In 1494 he went to
Bologna, where he worked about a year. Having re-
turned to Florence, he executed a statue of a " Sleeping
Cupid," which some person passed off as an antique
and sold for a high price to Cardinal San Giorgio. About
1497 he produced an admirable marble group, called a
" Pieta," representing "The Virgin weeping over the
Dead Body of her Son." " In none of his works," says
Ernest Breton, "has he displayed more perfect know-
ledge of design and anatomy, or more profound truth of
expression." (" Nouvelle Biographic Generale.") This
a, e, i, 6, u, y, long;^., e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, j?, short; a, e, j, p, obscure; far, fall, tat; met; not; good: moon;
MICHAEL
1717
M1CHAELIS
(TT'mp now adorns a chapel in the church of Saint Peter
at Rome. He found another patron in Pietro Soderini,
thegonfaloniere (chief ruler) of Florence, who employed
him in sculpture and painting. He executed a gigantic
marble statue of the psalmist David, which stands in
front of the Palazzo Vecchio, in Florence. He received
four hundred ducats for this work, on which he spent
about eighteen months and which he finished in 1504.
Having been commissioned by Soderini to paint in
fresco a historical picture in the hall of the ducal palace,
he chose for his subject an event in the war between the
Florentines and the people of Pisa. He displayed in the
cartoon of this composition a grandeur of style and a
knowledge of anatomy which had not been equalled by
any modern painter. " Such was the excellence of this
work," says Vasari, " that some thought it absolute per
fection." This cartoon has perished, and the painting
itself was never begun. Among his early paintings is
an oil-picture of the "Holy Family," (about 1504.) He
was invited to Rome by Julius II. soon after the acces-
sion of that pontiff, who employed him to build his
monument or mausoleum. He formed a magnificent
design for this work, which design was approved by
the pope and has been described by Vasari, but was
never completely executed. While they were consulting
about a suitable place for the monument, the architect,
San Gallo, suggested that a new chapel ought to be
built expressly for so superb a mausoleum. The pope
concurred in his opinion, and determined to rebuild the
church of Saint Peter. Thus Michael Angelo's design
is said to have been the cause of the erection of the
most magnificent church in the world. In 1506 he was
offended at the pope because he was not admitted to
his presence when he went to the palace on business.
He therefore abruptly quitted his service, and retired to
Florence. Julius II. sent messengers to bring him back,
out he refused to return, until the pope had urged him
by several letters and mandates. Michael Angelo wished
to finish the monument which he had begun, but Julius
had changed his mind, and ordered the great artist to
decorate with frescos the ceiling and walls of the Sistine
Chapel in the Vatican. He painted in the Sistine Chapel
numerous scenes from the book of Genesis, and colossal
figures of prophets and sibyls. " From the commence-
ment," says Duppa, " to the conclusion of this stupen-
dous monument of human genius, twenty months only
were employed. So short a time for the completion of
so vast a work could hardly be credited, if it were not
more difficult to refuse the testimony on which it is
supported." It was finished in 1512. Michael Angelo
and Raphael worked in the Vatican at the same time.
Julius II. died in 1513, and was succeeded by Leo X.,
who is censured for his illiberal conduct towards Michael
Angelo. Leo ordered him to build the fa9ade of the
church of San Lorenzo at Florence, and compelled him
against his will to spend several years in procuring
marble for that purpose. " It is a mortifying reflection,"
says Duppa, "that the talents of this great man should
have been buried and his time consumed, during the
whole reign of Leo X., in little else than in raising stone
out of a quarry and making a road to convey it to the
sea." (" Life of M. Angelo.") Under the patronage
of Clement VII., who was elected pope in 1523, he
began to build the library and chapel of San Lorenzo, at
Florence. He erected fortifications at Florence in 1528
or 1529, and aided in the defence of that city against the
papaltroops. After the accession of Pope Paul III., in
1534, Michael Angelo was permitted to resume the
monument of Julius II., which he completed on a smaller
scale than that which he first designed. It consists of
seven statues, one of which represents Moses, and was
placed in the church of San Pietro in Vinculo. This
statue of Moses is called one of his master-pieces.
Among his greatest productions is a picture, in fresco,
of " The Last Judgment," in the Sistine Chapel, Rome.
This work, which occupied him about eight years and
comprises nearly three hundred figures, was finished in
1541. It presents a confused mass of naked bodies in
the most violent attitudes and most admired disorder,
and excels chiefly in energy of expression. " In the
' Last Judgment,' " says E. Breton, " one will seek in vain
for that celestial light and divine inspiration which ap-
pear in the ' Transfiguration,' " (of Raphael.)
In 1546 he was appointed architect of Saint Peter's
Church, which Julius II. began to build about 1506.
Michael Angelo accepted this appointment on the con-
ditions that he should receive no salary, and that he
should deviate from the design of San Gallo, the former
architect of the church. He adopted a more simple
design, formed a model for the dome, and devoted the
remainder of his life chiefly to that grand fabric, but did
not live to see it completed. He finished the Farnese
palace, which is greatly admired, and is one of the most
imposing edifices of modern Rome. In his latter years
he adorned the Capitoline Hill with several fine buildings,
among which is the senatorial palace. He was the au-
thor of numerous sonnets and other poems, which are
distinguished for elegance and purity of style. These
were published in 1538, and often reprinted. He never
married. He died in Rome in February, 1563, or, ac-
cording to some authorities, in 1564. His moral character
is represented as good.
" He was the bright luminary," says Sir Joshua Rey-
nolds, " from whom painting has borrowed a new lustre,
under whose hands it assumed a new appearance and
became another and superior art, and from whom all
his contemporaries and successors have derived what-
ever they have possessed of the dignified and majestic."
(" Discourses on Painting," vol. ii.) Comparing him
with Raphael, Quatremere de Quincy remarks, "If
Michael Angelo is the greatest of draughtsmen, Raffaello
is the first of painters." ("Life of Raffaello.") "In
painting," says Duppa, " the great work on which Michael
Angelo's fame depends, and, taking it for all in all, the
greatest work of his whole life, is the ceiling of the Sis-
tine Chapel. . . . His Sibyls and prophets exhibit with
variety and energy the colossal powers of his mind. . . .
In his great works, his superior abilities are shown in
the sublimity of his conceptions and the power and
facility with which they are executed." It is doubtful
whether any oil-painting by this artist is now extant
See VASARI, " Lives of Painters and Sculptors ;" CONDIV;, " Viu
di Michelangelo Buonarroti," 1553 ; LANZI, " Storia della Pittura;"
RICHARD DUPPA, " Life ofMichael Angelo," London, 1806 : VIGNAU,
"Vila di Michelangelo," 1753; HAUCHECORNE, "Vie de Michel-
Ange ;" QUATRBMBRB DE QUINCY, "Vie de Michel- Ange," 1835;
WINCKELMANN, " Neues Mahler- Lexikon ;" NAGLER, " Kiinstler-
Lexikon ;" CICOGNARA, " Storia delta Scultura ;" B. CELLINI, " Me-
morie ;" LANNAU-ROLLAND, "Michel-Ange Poete ;" J. S. HAR-
FORD, " Life of Michael Angelo," 1856; MARIE HENRI BEYLE,
"Histoirede la Peinture en Italic," 2 vpls., 1817, (said to contain
an ample and well-written account of Michael Angelo:) HERMANN
GRIMM, " Michael Angelo's Leben," and English version of thft
same, London, 2 vois., 1865.
Michael Angelo delle Battaglie. See CERQUOZZI.
Mi'chael Feodo'rovitch, (fi-o-do'ro-vitch,) Czar
of Russia, born in 1596, was a son of Feodor RomanoC
He began to reign in 1613. His rule is said to have
been beneficial to Russia. He had two sons and three
daughters. Died in 1645.
See BERCH, " Rei^n of Michael Feodorovitch," (in Russian,)
1832; LEVESQUE, " Histoire de Russie."
Michaeler, me-Ka'eh-ler, (KARL JOSEPH,) a German
historian and scholar, born at Innspruck in 1735 ; died
in 1804.
Michaelis, me-Ka-a'lis, (JOHANN BENJAMIN,) a Ger
man poet, born at Zittau in 1746. He was the author
of lyric poems, fables, and satires : the last-named are
particularly esteemed. He was intimate with Jacob! and
Gleim, and resided with the latter at the time of hi»
death, (1772.)
See SCHMID, " Leben J. B. Michaelis," 1775.
Michaelis, (JOHANN DAVID,) an eminent German
theologian and Orientalist, born at Halle in 1717. He
studied in the university of his native city, and acquired
a profound knowledge of the Hebrew, Syriac, and Chal-
dee languages and biblical exegesis. He subsequently
visited Holland and England, and was appointed after
bis return professor of philosophy at Gottingen, (1745.)
In conjunction with Haller, he founded the Society of
Sciences in that city, of which he afterwards became
director. He was editor of the " Gelehrte Anzeigen,"
at Gottingen, from 1753 to 1770, and about the same time
tield the office of librarian at the university. He was th«
£as£; 5 as s; ghjrd; g a&j; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in //to.
Explanations, p. 23.)
MICHAEL IS 1718 MICHELET
author of "Introduction to the New Testament," ("Ein- Americana," 2 vols., 1803,) which for many years
which entitle him to rank among the most learned men Review" for October, 1805; "Monthly Review" for Novembar, 1806:
of his time. He also published grammars of the Hebrew, " N"rlh Ameritan Review" for April, 1858.
Syriac, and Chaldee languages, and several valuable Michaux, (FRANCOIS ANDR£,) a noted French bot-
treatises on chronology and geography. Michaelis was anist, a son of Andre^ Michaux, already noticed. He
a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, member of was born at Versailles in 1770. Like his father, he
the Academy of Inscriptions, Paris, and privy councillor travelled extensively in North America, collecting trees
of Hanover. Died in 1791. and seeds for the French government. His principal
See J. D. MICKAELIS, " Lebensbeschreibung von ihm selbst abge- work is " Histoire des Arbres forestiers de 1'Amerique
fast," 1793; C. G HBYNE. " Elogiura J. D. Michaeiis," i7gi; septentrionale," (4 vols., iSlo-iJ.) Died at Vaureal,
" Nouvelle b.ograph.e Generate." October 23, 1 855
Michaelis, ( JOHANN HEINRICH ,) a German Oriental - ^^ the French for MICAH, which see.
ist and theologian, born at Klettenberg, Saxony, in 1668 Michel, the French for MICHAEL, which see.
He taught Hebrew Greek, and Chaldee at Halle, and Mid^ me'shel', (CLAUDE ETIENNE,) a Frencu
became professor of theology at that place about 1709. a, of divisioni born at Pointre in 1772. He was
He wrote works on philology etc. Died in I 738 £i]Ied at Waterloo, Tune, 1 8 1 5 .
Michailovic, Mihailowitz, or Mihailoyitz, me- Michel, ( FRANCJISQUE>) a3French antiquarian, born
h.'lo-v.ts, (JOSEPH) a Croanan cardinal born at Thorda, L arid a professor at Bordeaux after 1839.
January 16, 1814, became in 1860 Archbishop of Aeram, , . .
and in 1877 was created a cardinal-priest. He, mad* aC,"V"e r««arches lnt° mediaeval antiqmUes
Michailowski. See MIKHAILOFSKI. *nd published " Histoire des Races Maudites,"
Michallon, me'shrioN', (ACHILLE ETNA,) a French (l847,) "Histoire des Hotellenes, (1854,) "A
painter, born in Paris in 1796. He gained the first prize Critical Inquiry into the Scottish Language, (1882,)
in 1817, and went to Rome with a pension. Died in 1822. etc-
Michallon, (CLAUDE,) a French sculptor, the fathe. Michel. (FRANCISQUE XAVIER,) a French archaeolo-
of the preceding, was born at Lyons about 1751 He gist, born at Lyons in 1809. He published editions of
studied at Rome. Died in 1799. the " Romance of the Violet," (1834,) " Song of Roland,"
Michaud, me'sho', (CLAUDE IGNACE FRANCOIS,) an (1837,) "Anglo-Norman Chronicle," and other works
able French general, born near the Jura Mountains in of the middle ages. Died May 21, 1887.
1753. He became general of division in 1793, and in Michel, (JEAN,) a French physician and dramatic
1794 succeeded Pichegru as commander-in-chief of the poet. He enjoyed a high reputation in his time, and
army of the Rhine. In the same year he gained victories was appointed first physician to the king, Charles VIII.
at Kaiserslautern, Mannheim, and other places. From Died about 1493.
1806 to 1813 he was Governor of the Hanse towns. Michel, (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French engraver, born
Died in 1835. lin Paris in 1748, resided many years in London, where
Michaud, (JOSEPH FRANC.OIS,) a distinguished French he enjoyed a high reputation. Died in 1804.
writer and journalist born in Savoy in 1767 Soon after Michel (LooISE^ a femaie communist, born at
the breakmg out of the French Revolution he repaired Chateau-Broncourt, France, in 1830. She very early
to Pans, where he was associate editor for many years b ,o b]ish yerses fu,, of for^ Durj (£e „„*
of the royalist journals the "Gazette Francatse and br £ak of g^ Comrnune of Paris she was a very active
•La Quot.dienne." In l8n he began, in conjunction worker |n the radica, cause In lg she was sentenced
with h,s brother, the publication of the celebrated "Bio- to deportation for life, and was transported to Noumea,
graphic Umverselle," (completed in 1840, 85 vols. 8vo,) in N(lw Caledonia, but returned to Paris in 1880, at the
which numbered among its contributors the most emi- time of ,he eneral amnesty, and became editor of " La
nent literary and scientific men of France. Michaud Re'TOiution sociale." She was imprisoned in 1883
was the author of an excellent " History of the Crisades, and in in ,gg6 for her anarchical publications, and
(6 yols, 1841) a poem entitled" The Spnng-Time of an subsequentlv resided in London. She published
Exile," wh.ch had great popularity, and other works in .. Men\oi - and a novel ,. The Microbes of So-
prose and verse, besides a number of contributions to „
the " Biographic Universelle." He was for many years cl
a prominent bookseller and publisher in Paris. Died Michel, (ROBERT,) a French sculptor, born at Puy
in 1839. i" 1720, worked mostly in Spain. Died at Madrid in
Michaud, (Louis GABRIEL,) a French liit/raleur, born ' 7^5-
at Bourg-en-Bresse in 1772. He was a brother of the Michel-Ange. See MICHAEL ANGELO.
preceding, in conjunction with whom he established a Michelangelo or Michelagnolo. See MICHAEL
printing-house in Paris, from which issued the principal ANGELO.
royalist publications of the time. He was the author Michelet, mesh'IJ', (JULES,) an eminent French his-
of a "Historical Picture of the First Wars of Napoleon torian, born in Paris in 1798. He was chosen chief of
Bonaparte," " History of Saint-Simonism," etc., and the historical department of the archives of France in
made numerous contributions to the "Biographic Uni- 1830, before which he had published several historical
verselle." Died in 1858. works for schools. About 1832 he was appointed the
Michault, me'sho', (JEAN BERNARD,) a French phi- substitute or successor of Guizot as professor of history
lologist and bibliographer, born at Dijon in 1707; died at the Sorbonne. He published in 1831 a "Roman
In 1770. History: the Republic," and in 1833 the first volume
Michaux, me'sho', (ANDRE,) a distinguished French of his "History of France." In 1838 he obtained the
botanist and traveller, born at Versailles in 1746. After chair of history and moral science in the College of
having traversed Persia and other countries, he was sent France, and was elected a member of the Academy of
by the government to North America in 1785 for the Moral and Political Sciences. He distinguished himself
purpose of collecting trees and plants. For about eleven as an adversary of the Jesuits and of Romanism. After the
years he thoroughly explored the botanical productions coup-d'ttat of December, 1851, refusing to take the oath,
of the United States, Canada, etc., with a courage and he lost his place in the archives, and his chair in the
energy which no danger or difficulty could overcome. College of France. His principal works are a " His-
In 1796 he returned to France with his collections, and tory of the French Revolution," (7 vols., 1847-53,) a
prepared his " Description of the Oaks of North Amer- "History of France," (14 vols., 1833-62,) "Love."
tea," (1801.) He a:companied Baudin's scientific ex- ("L'Amour," 1858,) and "Woman," ("La Femme,"
pedition to Australia in 1800, and, while pursuing bis 1859.) These have been translated into English and
researches in Madagascar, he died of fever in 1802, often reprinted. His histories present a profusion of
He left a "Flora of 'North America," (" Flora Boreali- ; poetical images, with a brilliant style and ingenious
a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fat; met; not; good; moon;
MICH E LET
1719
MICON
generalizations. He also wrote " A Sketch (Prleis} of
Modern History," (1833,) " The Sea," (" La Mer," 1861.)
"The Bible of Humanity," ("La Bible de rHumaniteV'
1864,) and two posthumous works, " The Soldiers of the
Revolution," (1878,) and "The Banquet," (1879.) Died
at the lies d'Hyeres, February 10, 1874.
Michelet, mesh'eh-14', (KARL LUDWIG,) a distin-
guished German philosopher of the school of Hegei, was
born at Berlin in 1801. He was appointed in 1825 pro-
fessor of philosophy and philology in the French gym-
nasium at Berlin, and in 1829 obtained the chair of
philosophy in the university. He published " The Ethics
of Aristotle in their Relation to the System of Morality,"
(1827,) "Critical Examination of Aristotle's Metaphys-
ics," (in French, 1836,) which was crowned by the Acad-
emy of Moral Sciences of Paris, " History of the Last
Systems of Philosophy in Germany, from Kant to Hegel,"
(1837,) and other works of high repute. Died in 1893.
Micheli, me-ka'lee, (ANDREA,) an Italian painter,
called ANDREA VICENTINO, born at Vicenza in 1539. He
was a good colorist, but lacked invention. Died in 1614.
Micheli. (DoMENico,) a Venetian statesman, became
Doge of Venice in 1 1 1 7. He conducted a fleet in a cru-
sade to Palestine in 1123, and took Tyre in 1124. Died
in 1 130.
Micheli, me-ka'lee, or Mlchieli, me-ke-a'lee, [Lat.
MICHE'LIUS,] (PiERO ANTONIO,) an eminent Italian
botanist, born at Florence in 1679, was appointed by
Cosimo de' Medici superintendent of his botanical garden.
He gave particular attention to the classification of the
mosses, fungi, and lichens. His principal work, pub-
lished in 1729, is entitled " Nova Plantarum Genera," in
folio, with plates, and is praised in high terms by Haller.
Linnaeus has named the genus Michelia in honour of
this botanist. Died in 1737.
See COCCHI, "Elogio di P. A. Micheli," 1737; CUVIER, "His-
toire des Sciences naturelles ;" G. MARSILI, " Di P. A. Micheli
botanico insigne," 1845; FABRONI, "Viue Italorum," etc
Micheli, (VlTALE,) a Venetian commander, elected
Doge of Venice in 1096, sent a large fleet to co-operate
with the leaders of the first crusade. Died in 1 102.
See DARU, "Histoire de Venise."
Micheli du Crest, mesh'le' dii kRj, (JACQUES BAR-
THELEMY,) a Swiss mathematician and astronomer, born
at Geneva in 1690, published, among other works, a
" Description of a Universal Thermometer," of which
he was the inventor. Died in 1766.
Michelis, me-Ka'lis, (FRIEDRICH,) a German Old-
Catholic theologian, born at Miinster, July 27, 1815.
He became a priest, was professor of history and phi-
lology in the seminary of Paderborn from 1849 to 1854,
and later was professor of philosophy in the Lyceum at
Brunswick. He supported Dollinger and followed him
in the Old-Catholic movement. He published a " His-
tory of Philosophy," (1867,) "Nature and Revelation,"
and many other works, philosophical, theological, and
controversial. Died in 1886.
MicheliuB. See MICHELI.
Mich'ell, JOHN,) an English scientist, born about
1725. He was educated at Queen's College, Cambridge,
where he became professor of geology. He was after-
wards rector of Thornhill, Yorkshire. He is remem-
bered as the inventor of the Torsion Balance, and the
author of a "Treatise of Artificial Magnets," (1750,) and
other works of value. Died in 1793.
Michelot. mesh'lo', (PIERRE MARIE JOSEPH,) a
French actor, born in Paris in 1785 ; died in 1856.
Michelozzi, me-ki-lot'see, or Michelozzo, me-ki-
lot'so, a Florentine sculptor and architect, was a pupil
of Brunelleschi. He furnished the design for the Ric-
cardi palace and for the chapel of the Annunciation at
Florence. Died in 1470.
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters, Architects," etc : QUATRE-
M&RE DE QUINCY, "Vies des Architectes illustres."
Michelsen, me'Kel-sen, (ANDREAS LUDWIG JAKOB,)
a German jurist and historian, born in Sleswick in 1801,
became professor of law at Jena in 1842. Died in 1881.
Michelaon, mee'Kel-son, (IVAN,) a famous Russian
general, born in Livonia in 1735 ; died in 1807.
Michiel, me-ke-fl', (GlusriNA RENIER,) a learned
Italian lady, born at Venice in 1755. She translated
"Macbeth" and "Othello" into Italian, and published
" Feste Veneziane," (5 vols., 1817-27.) Died in 1832.
Michieli. See MlCHEH.
Michiels, me'she-81', (JOSEPH ALFRED XAVIER,) a
French litterateur, born at Rome in 1813. He published
a " History of Flemish and Dutch Painting," " History
of the Franco-Prussian War," etc. Died in 1892.
Ml-^ip'sa, [Gr. Mout/<a{,] King of Numidia, was a
eon i if Masinissa, at whose death, in 148 B.C., the king-
dom was divided between Micipsa and his brothers,
Gulussa and Mastanabal. After the death of these two,
who survived their father but a short time, he was king
of all Numidia. He was an ally of the Romans. Dierl
in nSs.c.
Mickiewicz, mlts-ke-a'vitch, (ADAM,) a celebratec
Polish poet, born in Lithuania in 1798. He studied at
the University of Wilna, where he became intimate with
several distinguished patriots and joined the secret
societies opposed to the Russian government. He pub-
lished in 1822 a collection of poems, which at once es-
tablished his reputation as the greatest poet his country
had produced. He was banished in 1824 to the interior
of Russia, on a charge of conspiring against the govern-
ment, and while residing at Odessa wrote his " Crimean
Sonnets." Having been permitted to leave Russia, in
1828 he visited Germany and Rome, and in 1834 took
up his residence in Paris. He was appointed in 1840
professor of the Slavonic language and literature in
the College of France, where he lectured for a time
with great success. His subsequent connection with the
Polish fanatic Towianski, who inculcated the worship of
Napoleon Bonaparte, deprived him of his popularity
and he was ordered to quit Paris by the government.
He was sent by Louis Napoleon on a mission to
Constantinople in 1855, and died soon after his arrival.
His principal works are his " Grajina," a historic pic-
ture of Lithuania in early times, " Konrad Wallenrod,"
(1830,) the "Ancestors," ("Dziady," 1832,)— in the first
part of which he gives the story of his unfortunate at-
tachment to the sister of a fellow-student, and in the
latter describes his imprisonment at Wilna, — and " Pan
Tadeusz," (1833.)
See L. DE LOMBNIE, " Galerie des Contemporains ;" GEOKGE
SAND, "Essai sur le Drame (antastique :" "Nouvelle Biographic
Ge'ne'rale ;" "A. Mickiewicz; eine biographische Skizze," 1857:
" Foreign Quarterly Review" for October, 1838.
Mickle or Meikle, mlk'el, (WILLIAM JULIUS,) a
Scottish poet and translator, born in Dumfriess-shire in
1734. Having visited London in 1763, he published
several poems, which obtained for him the patronage of
Lord Lyttleton, and in 1775 brought out his translation
of the " Lusiad" of Camoens. It had great popularity
in England, and procured for him the honour of ad-
mission to the Royal Academy of Lisbon. This work,
however, is far from being a faithful version of the origi-
nal ; and Hallam observes that Mickle's " infidelities lu
translation exceed all liberties ever taken in this way.'
He also published several popular ballads, one of which,
entitled " Cumnor Hall," suggested to Sir Walter Scott
his romance of 1'Kenilworth." Died in 1788.
See CARY, " Lives of English Poets from Johnson to Kirke
White :" CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scots-
men ;" "Monthly Review" for September, 1771, and April, May,
and July, 1776.
Micklucho - Maclay, mik-loo'Ko-ma-kll', (NIK-
OLAS,) a Russian traveller, born in 1846, was the son of a
nobleman. He studied at the University of Saint Peters-
burg. In 1866 he went with Haeckel to Madeira, in 1867
to the Canaries, and in 1869 to Morocco. After visiting
South America, Tahiti, and Samoa, he in 1871-72 made
the first of his celebrated journeys in Papua. He also
travelled in Indo-China and in other little-known regions,
making important geographical discoveries. Died 1888.
Mi'cou, [Gr. M/KUV,] an eminent Athenian painter
and sculptor, flourished about the middle of the fifth
century B.C. He was chosen by his countrymen to paint
the walls of the temple of Theseus at Athens. His
pictures representing the battles of the Amazons and
Centaurs were especially admired for the skill displayed
in the delineation of the horses. There were several
other Greek artists named Micon.
as k; 5 as s; g hard, g as/'; G, H, Y., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (J[^=See Explanations, p.
MICRELIUS
1720
MIDGARDS
Micrelius or Micraelius, me-kRa'le-as, (JOHANN,
a German historical writer, bom at Coslin in 1597. He
taught philosophy at Stettin, and published, besides
other works, " Lexicon Philosophicum," (1653,) and
"Royal Political Science," ("Regia Politica Scientia."
1654.) Died in 1658.
Mi'das, [Gr.
a Phrygian king, who, according
to tradition, requested of Bacchus that all he touched
might turn to gold, and was gratified by the grant of that
wish. Being thus in danger of starvation, he could
only escape the curse he had brought upon himself by
bathing in the Pactolus, which ever after flowed with
sands of gold. It is also related of him that, having
decided in favour of Pan in his musical contest with
Apollo, Midas's ears were changed to those of an ass,
which he endeavoured to conceal. They were at length
discovered by a servant, who, unable to retain the secret,
whispered it in a pit in the ground, and the reeds which
grew around the spot revealed his disgrace, murmuring
in the winds the words, " King Midas has asses' ears."
This fable was a favourite theme with the Athenian
dramatists.
Middelburg, de, d?h mid'del-buRH', (PAUL,) a
Dutch mathematician and writer, born at Middelburg in
1445, became professor of mathematics at Padua. He
was made Bishop of Fossombrone in 1494. Died in
1534-
Mid'dendorf, von, (ALEXANDER THEODOR,) a
Russian explorer, born at St. Petersburg in 1815. He
was educated in Russia and Germany, became a pro-
fessor in Kiev University, and later a geographical
explorer in Siberia. He was many years in working
out the scientific results of his explorations, and pub-
lished a number of scientific works. He studied also
the agriculture of Turkestan. Died in 1894.
Middendorp, van, vin mid'den-doRp', (JAKOB,) a
Dutch historian, born in Overyssel in 1537. His his-
tories are not reliable. Died in 1611.
Mid'dl-man, (SAMUEL,) an English engraver, born
in 1746.
in 1818.
He engraved landscapes with success. Died
Mid'dle-tpn, (ARTHUR,) an American statesman,
born in South Carolina, succeeded Nicholson as governc
of that colony in 1725.
Middleton, (EDWARD,) an Englisn gentleman, born
at Twickenham, settled in South Carolina, and was the
founder of a family which produced several distinguished
statesmen.
Middleton, (ERASMUS,) an English writer, published
a " Dictionary of Arts and Sciences," and a collection
of lives of eminent Protestant theologians, entitled
" Biographia Evangelica."
Middleton, (HENRY,)
Died in 1805.
son of Arthur
Middleton,
Governor of South Carolina, was president of Congress
in 1775.
Middleton, (Sir HENRY,) an English navigator, born
about 1570, entered the service of the East India Com-
pany. In 1610 he conducted an expedition to Mocha,
Surat, and Bantam. Died in 1615.
Middleton, (HENRY,) an American statesman under
the administration of President Monroe, was elected
Governor of South Carolina, and in 1820 was minister
to Russia. Died in 1846. His son HENRY, born in Paris
in 1797, has published several political treatises.
Middleton, (Sir HUGH,) a wealthy citizen of London,
born about 1565, is chiefly known from the important
service he rendered to London by uniting two streams in
Hertfordshire and Middlesex, for supplying the city with
water. The stream formed by this junction, called the
New River, was conveyed a distance of about thirty-eight
miles. He was made a baronet in 1622. Died in 1631.
See LYSONS, " Environs of London."
Middleton, (JOHN IZARD,) son of Arthur, noticed
above, (1743-87,) was born in 1785. He wrote a work
entitled "The Cyclopean Walls." Died in 1849.
Middleton, (THOMAS,) an English dramatist, flou-
rished during the reigns of Elizabeth, James I., and
Charles I. Nothing is known of his life, except that he
was chronologer to the city of London in 1620. Two
of his principal plays are entitled "A Mad World, my
Masters," and " The Roaring Girl." The latter is said
to be a true picture of London life at that time. Mid-
dleton also assisted Rowley, Fletcher, and Jonson in
the composition of several of their plays. One of his
dramas, entitled " The Witch," is supposed to have fur-
nished Shakspeare with the witch-scenes in " Macbeth."
Died about 1626.
See CAMPBELL, "Specimens of the British Poets;" BAKER,
" Biographia Dramatica. "
Middleton, (ARTHUR.) an American patriot of the1 Middleton, (THOMAS FANSHAWE,) D.D., an English
Revolution, born in South Carolina in 1743, was one — '"'- ' :~ T~1--1 — L:- •- --'- TT - ' t! '
of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He
took the degree of A.B. at Cambridge, England, anc
after his return was a delegate from his native State to
the United States Congress in 1776. He was subse-
quently re-elected in 1782. Died in 1787.
became a Fellow in 1706. He was created D.D. in 1717,
on which occasion he opposed the claims of Bentley (then
regius professor of divinity) to an exorbitant fee. A law-
euit followed, in which Bentley was defeated. Middleton
published, soon after, "A Full and Impartial Account
of the Proceedings in the University of Cambridge against
Dr. Bentley," which, though highly vindictive in its
:- esteemed a master-piece of English style. He
>ointed chief librarian of the university about
tone, is
was appo:
1720. Having visited Italy in 1724, he published, aftei
his return, his "Letter from Rome," (1729,) in which he
maintains that " the religion of the present Romans is
derived from their heathen ancestors." Having brought
upon himself the charge of infidelity by this work and
succeeding publications, he wrote a pamphlet in defence
of his orthodoxy, which, however, failed to remove the
unfavourable impression he had made. He brought
out in 1741 his " History of the Life of M. T. Cicero,"
which, though marred with some grave defects, was
received with extraordinary favour. In 1 749 he pub-
lished " A Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Powers
of the Christian Church," in which he insists that the
Protestant clergy should deny the authority of the
Fathers entirely, or admit the truth of the leading
Catholic doctrines. Died in 1750.
prelate, born in Derbyshire in 1769. He took his degree
in 1808, and was appointed Archdeacon of Huntingdon
in 1812. Soon after this the government having decided
to constitute a bishopric in India, Dr. Middleton was
consecrated first Bishop of Calcutta, in 1814. Having
previously been made a Fellow of the Royal Society, he
set sail for India. He laid the foundation of the Bishops'
College at Calcutta, in 1820, and established a consistory
court in that city. While zealously engaged in his duties,
he was attacked with a fever, of which he died in 1822.
His principal work is entitled "The Doctrine of the
Greek Article applied to the Criticism and Illustration
of the New Testament."
See the " Life of Thomas Fanshawe Middleton," by C. W. LE
HAS ; " Monthly Review" for May, 1810 tt scq.
Mid'gard's* Serpent, (or MiSgarSsormr, mith'-
garthz-oRtnr',) called also the World-Serpent, and
Jbrmungand, in the Norse mythology, the great serpent
which surrounds the world, the offspring of Loki and
the female Jotun Angurboda, (AngrboCa.) The gods,
having learned that the children of Loki and An
gurboda were destined at some future day to be fatal to
them, determined to get possession of those children
while they were still young. They were accordingly
brought, and Midgard's Serpent was cast into the
ocean, where it grew till it encircled the world, biting
its own tail. At the end of the world (Ragnarock) the
world-serpent will fight among the enemies of the gods
and be slain by Thor, who, however, will die in mediately
afterwards from the effect of its venom. The myth of
the world-serpent is supposed to signify the deep or main
ocean, which, excited by Loki, (subterranean fire or earth-
Midgard (" middle-ward") was originally applied to man'i
dwelling-place in the middle of the universe, and hence signifies the
' world."
a, e, f, 5, u, y, long; 4, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, fi, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; not;
MIDHAT
1721
MIGNARD
quake,) is thrown upon the land, thus proving scarcely
less fatal to the works of man than the direct action of
volcanic fire, represented under the form of FENRIR,
(which see.)
For further particulars, the reader may consult THORPE'S " North-
ern Mythology," vol. i. ; MALLET'S " Northern Antiquities," vol.
ii.. Fables XVI., XXV., XXVI., XXVII.: KEYSKR'S "Religion
of the Northmen ;" and PETERSEN'S " Nordisk Mythologi."
Midhat Pasha, mid'hat pa'sha, a Turkish statesman,
born in Constantinople in 1822. In 1845 he entered the
civil service as a clerk, and he was afterwards employed
in various positions of high trust. In 1857 he crushed
out brigandage in Roumelia, and soon after he became
acting governor of Bulgaria. In 1860 he was made a
pasha, and was appointed governor of Southern Albania.
In 1864 he was commissioned as governor-general of
Bulgaria. He was then successively president of the
council of state, grand vizier, governor of Bagdad, and
minister of justice. He was concerned in the deposition
of Abdool Azeez and of Moorad V., and in 1876 again
became grand vizier, but was soon banished. In 1878
he was appointed governor-general of Syria. In 1881
he was condemned to death on the charge of having mur-
dered the Sultan Abdool Azeez, but was finally banished
to Southern Arabia. Died May n, 1884.
Mieczyslaw, me-e'tch'is-lav, [Lat. MICCISLA'US or
MICISLA'US,] I., surnamed THE GLORIOUS, called also
Miesko, (me-eVko,) Duke of Poland, was born at Posen
in 931. Having become converted to Christianity, he
showed great zeal in its promulgation and the extirpa-
tion of paganism. He died in 992. A monument, by
Rauch, was erected to his memory at Posen.
See KADLUBECK, "Annales;" SEIDEL, "Vondem ersten christ-
lichen Pomischen Fiirsten Miecislas," 1752.
Mieczyslaw or Miesko H., King of Poland, born
in 990, succeeded to the throne in 1025. He was de-
ficient in talent and energy, and lost a considerable por-
tion of his territory to the Germans and Hungarians.
He died in 1034, and was succeeded by his son, Casimir I.
Miel, meel, or Meel, mal, (JAN,) or GIOVANNI DELLO
VITE, (jo-van'nee dgl'lo vee'ti,) a celebrated Flemish
painter, born near Antwerp in 1599. He was a pupil
of Andrea Sacchi, but he afterwards adopted the style
of Bamboccio. His favourite subjects were pastoral and
hunting scenes, gypsies, beggars, and carnivals, in which
he has never been surpassed. He was patronized by
Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, who made him his
painter and presented him with a diamond cross of
great value. Many of the best works of this artist are
in the Imperial Gallery at Vienna. Died in 1664.
See DESCAMPS, " Vies des Peintres Flamands," etc. : C. BLANC,
" Histoire des Peintres ;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Mielle, me'el', (JEAN FRANC.OIS,) a French litterateur,
born at Dole in 1757. Among his works is a " History
of Portugal," (10 vols., 1828,) in which he was associated
with Fortia d'Urban. Died in 1839.
Mierevelt or Miereveld, mee'reh-velf, (MiCHiEL
JANSEN,) a Dutch portrait-painter, born at Delft in 1567,
was a pupil of Blocklandt. His works are esteemed
master-pieces of the kind, and, though very numerous,
are finished with exceeding delicacy and precision. His
portraits are stated by Sandrart to have amounted to
more than ten thousand. Mierevelt belonged to the
sect of Mennonites, but, in consideration of his genius,
was allowed the free exercise of his religion. Among
his best portraits we may name those of Grotius, Gus-
tavus Adolphus, William the Silent, Prince of Orange,
Ambrose Spinola, Constantine Huyghens, the grand
pensionary Barneveldt, Admiral de Coligny, Maurice of
Nassau, the Dutch poet Jacob Cats, and the Duke of
Buckingham. Died in 1641.
See PILKINGTON, " Dictionary of Painters:" DESCAMPS, "Vies
des Peintres Hollandais ;" CHARLES BLANC, " Histoire des Peintres."
Mieris, mee'ris, (FRANS,) called THE ELDER, a cele-
brated Dutch painter, born at Leyden in 1635, was a
pupil of Gerard Douw, who called him the prince of his
disciples. His works are principally domestic scenes,
conversation-pieces, and interiors of palaces, and are
distinguished by great brilliancy of colouring and skilful
imitation of velvet, satin, and other rich materials.
Among his master-pieces we may name "The Silk-Mer-
chant," which was purchased by the archduke Leopold
William of Austria for one thousand florins, a " Young
Girl Painting," an " Assembly of Ladies," bought by the
Grand Duke of Tuscany for one thousand dollars, a
" Lady at her Toilet," " The Pearl-Stringer," "The Silk-
Store," "Lady playing with a Parrot," and "The Sick
Woman." Died in 1681.
See SMITH, " Catalogue of the Most Eminent Dutch, Flemish,
and French Painters:" CHARLES BLANC, "Histoire des Peintres;"
DESCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc. : " Nou-
velle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Mieris, (FRANS,) THE YOUNGER, son of Willem,
noticed below, was born at Leyden in 1689. He was a
skilful artist, but is better known as a scholar and writer.
Among his works is his " History and Ecclesiastical
Antiquities ol the Seven United Provinces," (1726.)
Died in 1763.
See CHARLES BLANC, " Histoire des Peintres."
Mieris, (JAN,) son of Frans the Elder, was born at
Leyden in 1660. He painted portraits and historical
pieces of great merit. Died in 1690.
Mieris, van, vtn mee'ris, (WiLLEM,) son of Frans
the Elder, was born at Leyden in 1662. He studied
under his father, whose style he adopted. Among his
best pictures are a "Dutch Kitchen," a "Game-Mer-
chant," and "Armida and Rinaldo." Died in 1747. His
works are far inferior to those of his father.
See DESCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc.
Mieroslawski, me-a-ro-sliv'skee, (Louis,) the son
of a Polish officer and a French ladv, was born in France
in 1813. He wrote, in French, a " History of the Polish
Revolution," (1837,) and a number of historical and
political works in Polish. Died November 23, 1878.
Mierre, Le. See LEMIERRE,
Mif' flin, (THOMAS,) an American patriot and officei
of the Revolution, was born at Philadelphia in 1744.
He was a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1774,
became first aide-de-camp to Washington in 1775, served
with distinction at Long Island and Trenton, and rose
to the rank of major-general in 1777. He succeeded
Franklin in 1788 as president of the supreme executive
council of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the
Convention which framed the Constitution of the United
States in 1787. He was Governor of Pennsylvania from
1790 to 1799. Died at Lancaster in 1800.
See the " National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans,"
vol. iv.
Miger, me'zha', (PIERRE AUGUSTE MARIE,) a French
litterateur, born at Lyons in 1771 ; died in 1837.
Migliara, mel-ya'ra, (GIOVANNI,) an Italian painter,
born in Piedmont in 1785. He excelled in landscapes,
perspective, and architectural views. Among his best
works are the "Cathedral of Milan," "Charles V. in a
Convent," and " Interior of the Church of Saint Am-
brose." Died in 1837.
See TIPALDO, " Biografia degli Italiani illustri ;" "Westminstei
Review" for April, 1841.
MiglioratL See INNOCENT VII.
Mignard, men'jiR', (NICOLAS,) a French painter,
engraver, and architect, born at Troyes in 1608. He was
patronized by the Cardinal Archbishop of Lyons, brother
of Richelieu, whom he accompanied to Rome in 1644.
He painted portraits of Louis XIV. and his queen, and
adorned the Tuileries with several historical pictures ot
great merit. His engravings are also highly esteemed.
In 1663 he was appointed professor in the Academy of
Painting. He died in 1668, leaving two sons, PIERRE
and PAUL, who were artists of considerable merit
See R. DUMESNIL, " Le Peintre-Graveur Francais :" RBNOUVIBI*
" Des Types et Manieres des Maitres-Graveurs."
Mignard, (PIERRE,) surnamed THE ROMAN, one of
the most eminent painters of the French school, was
a brother of the preceding, and was born at Troyes in
1610. He studied in Paris under Simon Vouet, and in
1635 visited Rome, where he met with Poussin, Claude
Lorrain, Dufresnoy, and other celebrated artists residing
in that city. On his return to Paris, in 1658, he was pa-
tronized b'y Louis XIV., whose portrait he painted many
times. He was also employed to decorate the palaces
of Versailles and Saint-Cloud. On the death of Le Brun
he was appointed painter to the king, and director of the
Gobelin Manufactory. Mignard was ennobled by Louis
easi; casj; gAanf; g asy; G, H, K., guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; susz; th as in this. ll£^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
MIGNAULT 1722 MIL BURN
XIV., and became successively rector, chancellor, and) a prince loves only his own state, and does not love the
director of the Academy of Painting. Died in 1695. neighbouring state. Therefore he makes war against it.
Mignault, men'yo', (CLAUDE,) better known by tht " If princes," he asked, " regarded other states as their
name of Minos,* a learned French writer, born neai own, who would begin a war ? If every one regarded
Dijon about 1536. He edited several Latin classic his neighbour's person as his own, who would be found
•uthois, and published "Alciati Emblemata cum Notis to rob? If universal love prevailed, all enmities, usur-
Minois," (1574,) often reprinted. Died in 1606. pations, and miseries would disappear. Princes, loving
Migne, men, (JACQUES PAUL,) ABBE, a French priest, one another, would have no battle-fields; the chiefs
born at Saint-Flour, October 25, 1800. He was ordained of families, loving one another, would attempt no usur-
in 1824, and became an editor. He founded "L'Univers," pations; men, loving one another, would commit no
a newspaper, in 1833. He established an enormous robberies."
business as a publisher and editor of religious books, Mijatovich, (CHEDONILLE,) a Servian diploma-
employing a large staff of writers and collaborateurs. He tist, born at Belgrade in 1842. He became professor
of political economy at the College of Belgrade in
He afterwards held positions in the Servian
issued " Scripturae Sacrae Cursus Completus." (28 vols.,)
"Theologiae Cursus Completus," (28 vols.,) "Encyclo-
, ,. . P , . ... *, O £ \ J » 1 J-O>JS. lit mict*»i»»uo nviu ij\jjn.i.uuj t»» •••<, . ... ......
numbe?ofo0tgh1erUw'orks71 D^d\\ pl^'October 2^ Is^ i cabinet' and was minister to Roumania in 1884 and
tinguished French historian, born at Aix, May 8, *796. other works- and h's ^e (El°die Lawton, an English
He was educated at the College of Avignon, and studied woman) wrote on Servian history, folk-lore, etc.
law in his native city, where M. Thiers was his fellow- Mikhailofski Danilefski or Michailowski Da-
student. Having removed to Paris in 1821, he became nilewski, me-Kl-lofskee da-ne-leT'skee, (ALEXANDER
editor of the " Courrier Francais." He brought out in IVANOVITCH,) a Russian general and historical writer,
1824 his "History of the French Revolution from 1789 born in 1790, served with distinction in the principal
to 1814," (2 vols. 8vo,) which had extraordinary success campaigns against the French from 1812 to 1815, and in
and was translated into the principal European Ian- the Turkish war of 1829. He published, among other
guages. In 1830 he was associated with Thiers and works, an "Account of the Campaign in France in 1814."
Armand Carrel as editor of the "National," and was Died in 1848.
one of the journalists who protested against the sub- Mlklosich, mik'lo-riK', (FRANZ,) a German linguist,
version of the freedom of the press by the edict of July, profoundly versed in the Slavonian language, born at
1830. He was soon after appointed archivist in the Luttenberg, in Styria, in 1813. He wrote a " Lexicon
ministry of foreign affairs, and councillor of state. He i of the Old Slavonian Language," (in Latin, 1850,) a
was elected a member of the Academy of Moral and "Comparative Grammar of the Slavonian Languages,"
Political Sciences in 1832, and in 1837 became perpetual (1852-56,) " On the Dialects and the Wanderings of
secretary of that institution, and succeeded Raynouard , the Gypsies of Europe," (1872-77,) etc., and the great
in the French Academy. Mignet published, besides the etymological Slav dictionary, (1886.) Died in 1891.
history above named, " Introduction to the Negotiation* Milan (mee'lin) L, King of Servia, was born at Jassy,
relative to the Spanish Succession under Louis XIV.," ] August 10, 1854. He was a grand-nephew of Milos
(1842,) "Antonio Perez and Philip II.," (1845,) " His obrenovitch, and was adopted as his heir by his second
tory of Mary Stuart," (1851,) "Charles Quint, son Abdi-cousjni Michael III., (Obrenovitch,) Prince of Servia.
cation, son Sijour et sa Mort au Monastere de Yuste," when Michael was murdered in 1868, Prince Milan was
(1854,) "Eloges historiques," (1864,) and " Rivalite' de at school in Paris, but he at once returned to Servia, and
Francois I et Charles V," (1875.) Died March 24, 1884. was jn 1872 crowned at Belgrade as Prince Milan IV.
Mignon, men'y6N', written also Minjon or Minion, jn 1876 he declared war against Turkey, and was de-
(AbRAHAM,) a German painter, born at Frankfort in 1639, feated, but joined Russia in the war of 1877 and ob-
wascelebratedforhisexquisiterepresentationsofflowers, tajne(j independence for Servia. He was crowned
fruit, insects, birds, etc. His works are esteemed second ; kjn(T jn lg76) bu, was not recognized by the powers as
only to those of Van Huysum. Among his master- , sucg ti,, lgg2_ Re married Natalie, a Russian lady,
" ™ "'"J"11.1"! 3 F'°»"S °" a ; but obtained an illegal divorce from her in 1888, the
quarrel leading to his abdication, in favour of his son
Alexander, in 1889. He was subsequently reconciled
to his wife and returned to reside in Belgrade.
Marble Table." Died in 1679.
See DKSCAIIPS. "Vies des Peinlres Allemands." etc
Mignot, men'yo', (£TIENNE,) a learned French ec-
clesiastic, born in Paris in 1698, published a number of I Milanollo, me-11-nol'lo, (TERESA,) an Italian violinist,
works on theology and church government He was Dorn at Sevigliano, near Turin, in 1827. Before she was
chosen a member of the Academy of Inscriptions in seven years old she made her first public appearance in
1761. Died in 1771. Turin, and she was subsequently taken to Paris by her
Mignot, (VINCENT,) a French writer, born in Paris father, where she met with great success. Her younger
See GRIMM, " Correspondance." afterwards married M. Parmentier and retired to private
Miguel, me-geV, (Dom or Don MARIA EVARISTO,) llfe-
a Portuguese prince, born in Lisbon in 1802, was a Milbourne, mil'burn, (LUKE,) an English writer and
younger son of John VI. He became the head of the divine, born in 1667, published a " Poetical Translation
absolutist party, and in 1828 usurped the throne, the of the Psalms," (1698,) "Notes on Dryden s Virgil, and
lawful heir of which was his niece, Dona Maria. The , other works. He is one of the authors satirized in
partisans of this queen maintained her title by arms, Pope's "Dunciad." Died in 1720.
and were aided by her father, Don Pedro, and Admiral See JOHNSON, "Life of Dryden;" MALONB'S edition of Ihe
Napier. Miguel was defeated in several actions, and ! Works of Eryden.
was expelled from Spain in May, 1834. Died in 1866. , Mil'burn, (WILLIAM HENRY,) a Methodist divine,
Mih-Teih, mlh-ta', or M6-Teih, an eminent Chinesf known as "the Blind Preacher," born at Philadelphia in
philosopher, who lived about 400 B.C. Dr. Leggt says 1 1823. He lost his sight when a child. Having visi
of him that he was an original thinker, and exercised a
bolder judgment on things than Confucius or any of hia
followers. He taught that all the evils in society arise
from the want of mutual universal love. For example-
England in 1859, he gave lectures in the principal
cities, and attracted large audiences by his eloquence.
He published "Ten Years of Preacher Life," (1859,)
and " The Pioneers and People of the Mississippi Val-
ley," (1860.) He was elected chaplain of Congress
• It may be proper to remind the reader that the final , in Latin in ,g.r and ,853 of the House of Representatives in
«nd Greek names is sounded in french, contrary to the genera] rule "i; ,° »
.f French pronunciation. 1885, and of the Senate in ii)93.
a, e, 1, 5, u, y, long; a, e, o, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; n6t; good; moon;
MILDER
1723
MILL
Milder-Hauptmann, mll'der-howpt'mln, (PAULINE
ANNA,) a German soprano-singer, born at Constanti-
nople, of Austrian parentage, in 1785. Died in 1838.
Mild'may, (Sir WALTER,) an eminent English states-
man and scholar, born in 1522, was distinguished by the
favour of Henry VIII. and Edward VI., and held the
office of chancellor of the exchequer under Elizabeth
for more than twenty years. He was a liberal patron
of learning, and founded Emanuel College, Cambridge.
Died in 1589.
Miles, milz, (DiXON H.,) an American officer, born in
Maryland about 1803, graduated at West Point in 1824.
He became a colonel in 1859, and served at Bull Run,
July 21, 1861. He commanded at Harper's Ferry, and
there surrendered about 11,500 men, September 16,
1862. He was killed by a shell thrown after the sur-
render.
Miles, (JAMES WARLEY,) an American scholar and
missionary, born at Charleston, South Carolina, about
1819. He became professor of Greek and history at
Charleston College. He was a contributor to the
" Southern Review," and published various works in
prose and verse. Died in 1875.
Miles, (NELSON APPLETON,) a distinguished Amer-
ican soldier, born at Westminster, Massachusetts, in
1839. He joined the army as a volunteer in 1861,
and rose in rank with great rapidity, commanding an
army corps at the age of twenty-five. He afterwards
served in several campaigns against the Indians, nota-
bly that against the Apaches under Geronimo. In
1895 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the
army, and in 1898 led the troops that invaded Puerto
Rico. In 1900 Congress restored the grade of lieu-
tenant-general expressly for him.
Miles, (RICHARD Pius,) D.D., an American bishop,
born in Prince George's county, Maryland, May 17, 1791.
He was taken to Kentucky in 1796, became a Dominican
in 1806, was ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood
in 1816, and in 1838 was consecrated Bishop of Nash-
ville. Died at Nashville, February 21, 1860.
Mil'fprt, (LE CLERC,) a native of France, who settled
about 1776 among the Creek Indians of Georgia and
fought as their ally in the war of the Revolution. He
returned to France in 1796, and was created by Bona-
parte a general of brigade. He published a narrative
of his residence among the Creeks, entitled "Se'jour
dans la Nation Creek." Died about 1814.
Milizia, me-let'se-a, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian archi-
tect and writer, born in Otranto in 1725, was an intimate
friend of Raphael Mengs. He was the author of " Lives
of the Most Celebrated Architects of all Nations," (1768,)
a revised edition of which was entitled " Memorie degli
Architetti antichi e modern!, " ("Memoirs of Ancient
and Modern Architects," 2 vols., 1781,) which were trans-
lated into French and English, a treatise " On the
Theatre," (1772,) "Principles of Civil Architecture,"
("Element! di Architettura civile," 3 vols., 1781,) which
was highly esteemed and was translated into various lan-
guages, a "Dictionary of Fine Arts," (1797,) and other
works. He lived many years in Rome, where he died
in 1798.
Mill, (HENRY,) an English engineer, born at Lon-
don about 1680. He supplied the town of Northampton
with water, and was appointed principal engineer to
the New River Company.
Mill, (HUGH ROBERT,) an English geographer,
born at Thurso in 1861. He became secretary of the
Royal Geographical Society in 1892, and published
various books on geography, also the " Realm of Na-
ture," (1892,) "The English Lakes," (1895,) etc.
Mill, (JAMES,) a British historian and writer on po-
litical economy, born at Montrose, in Scotland, in 1773.
He studied at Edinburgh, and distinguished himself by
his attainments in the Greek language, metaphysics, and
moral philosophy. Having removed to London in iSoo,
he became a contributor to the " Edinburgh Review"
and other periodicals. He published (1817-19) his
'History of British India," (in 5 vols. 8vo,) a work of
great merit, which procured for him the office of head
of the department of Indian correspondence in the India
House. " We know of no work," says Mr. Grote, " which
surpasses his ' History of British India' in the main
excellences attainable by historical writers, — industrious
accumulation, continued for many years, of original au-
thorities, careful and conscientious criticism of their
statements, and a large command of psychological ana-
lysis, enabling the author to interpret phenomena of
society both extremely complicated and far removed
from his own personal experience." (See " Review of
J. S. Mill's Examination of Sir William Hamilton's
Philosophy," London, 1868.) Among his other pro-
ductions are a series of essays on "Jurisprudence,"
" Liberty of the Press," " Law of Nations," etc. These,
first published in the " Supplement to the Encyclo-
paedia Britannica," were very favourably received, and
were followed by his " Elements of Political Econ-
omy," which appeared in 1821, and his "Analysis of the
Phenomena of the Human Mind," in 1829. Mill was an
intimate friend of Jeremy Bentham, and one of the ablest
expounders of his system. Died in 1836.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen,"
(Supplement;) "Edinburgh Review" for March, 1829 ; "Monthly
Review" for August and October, 1821.
Mill, [Lat MIL'LIUS,] (JoHN,) an English theologian
and pulpit orator, born in Westmoreland about 1645.
He became chaplain-in-ordinary to Charles II. in 1681,
and in 1704 was made a canon of Canterbury. He pub-
lished a critical edition of the New Testament in Greek,
(1707,) which is highly esteemed. Died in 1707.
See CHALMERS, "General Biographical Dictionary."
Mill, (JOHN STUART,) an eminent English philosophei
and economist, son of James Mill, author of the " His-
tory of British India," was born in London in May, 1806.
He was educated at home by his father, and entered in
1823 the service of the East India Company as a clerk
in the India House. In his early life he contributed to
the " Edinburgh Review" and the " Westminster Re-
view." He published in 1843 a "System of Logic,
Rationative and Inductive," (2 vols.,) and, in 1844,
" Essays on some Unsettled Questions in Political Econ-
omy." He acquired a high reputation by a popular work
entitled "The Principles of Political Economy, with
some of their Applications to Social Philosophy," (1848.)
As a writer he was distinguished by originality of thought
and acuteness in reasoning. In political principles he
was an advanced Liberal, and all his sympathies were in
favour of liberty and progress. About 1850 he married
Harriet Taylor, a lady of rare intellectual powers. He
became examiner of Indian correspondence in 1856.
During the rebellion in the United States, Mr. Mill
was among the few prominent English writers who de-
fended the cause of the North and of the Federal Union.
Among his later works were an " Essay on Liberty"
and " An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Phi-
losophy," (1865,) of which a highly favourable review
from the pen of Mr. Grote, the historian, has been pub-
lished, (London, 1868.) He was for some time editor
of the " Westminster Review." In 1865 he was elected
a member of Parliament for Westminster. He became
an able debater, and made several speeches in favour
of reform and extension of the elective franchise in
1866 and 1867. His career as a legislator was very suc-
cessful. "Mr. Mill's success," says the "New York
Commercial Advertiser," August 29, 1867, "has been
the most marked and decided in the annals of Parlia-
ment. No man has ever before acquired so high a con-
sideration in so short a time." He was, however,
defeated in the general election of 1868. Mr. Mill dis-
tinguished himself as an earnest and able advocate of
the rights of women. In his work entitled "The Sub
jection of Women," (1869,) he takes the ground "that
the principle which regulates the existing social relations
between the two sexes — the legal subordination of one
sex to the other — is wrong in itself, and now one of the
chief hindrances to human improvement, and that it
ought to be replaced by a principle of perfect equality."
Died May 8, 1873.
Quarterly Review" for August, 1846, January, 1860, and July, 1868.
t as i; 5 as s; g hard; g as/'; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (U^™See Explanations, p
MILLAIS 1724 MILLER
Millais, mil'la', JOHN EVERETT,) an English painter,
of French extraction, born at Southampton in 1829, was
one of the founders of what is called the " Pre-Raphaelite
School." He studied at the Royal Academy, and at
school of the parish, and received instruction from two
maternal uncles, Tames and Alexander Wright, one of
whom encouraged his taste for natural history. At an
early age he began to write verses. He learned the
an early age produced several works of superior merit, trade of a stone-mason, and commenced in iSic, his life
among which was " The Benjamites seizing the Daugh- of labour in a quarry of old red sandstone at Cromarty.
ters of Shiloh " His " Return of the Dove to the Ark," " It was the necessity which made me a quarrier," he
" Child of the Regiment," " Ophelia," " The Order of writes, " that taught me to be a geolog.st. He worked
Release," and "Joan of Arc" are among his most ad- -s a mason in various parts of Scotland, and diligently
mired productions. He was made a baronet in 1885 improved the intervals of labour by the cultivation of
and became president of the Royal Academy in Feb-
ruary, 1896. Died August 13, 1896.
his mind. In 1825 and 1826 he was employed at Edin-
burgh as a stone-cutter. He afterwards published a vol-
ume of poems, and in 1834 relinquished his trade to
His son JOHN GUILLE MlLLAIS, born at London » ms- ar 10J£ reiinquu,™ iac
, ! become an accountant in a bank at Cromarty. In 1
in 1865, became a traveller and hunter, grated , h duced .. Scencs and L ds of the N(/nh of Sc
natural history works, and wrote " Game Birds and ,, £ „ which wag recdved ^ favour He married
Shooting Sketches," (1892.) British Deer and their about ,8,6
Horns," (1897,) etc. In ,g^9 ne defended with much ability the cause of
Mil'lar, (JoHN,) an eminent Scottish jurist, born in the Free Church, in a " Letter from One of the Scotch
Lanarkshire in 1735. He studied at Glasgow, where People to Lord Brougham," which was praised by Mr.
he became in 1761 professor of civil law. The spiri'.ed Gladstone. He became in 1840 editor of the " Witness,"
and attractive style of his lectures, which, says a critic an organ of the Free Church or Non-Intrusionists, pub-
in the "Edinburgh Review," "gave to a learned discus- lished in Edinburgh twice a week. He continued to
sion the charms of an animated and interesting conversa- edit this paper until his death, and rendered it very
tion," drew great numbers to the university, and made popular and influential. His reputation as a geologist
it for the time one of the most flourishing and popular was increased by his work entitled "The Old Red
in the kingdom. He was the author of " Origin of the Sandstone, or New Walks in an Old Field," (1841,)
Distinction of Ranks," (1771,) and a "Historical View which is written in an attractive style. He afterwards
of the English Government from the Settlement of the published "Footprints of the Creator," (1849,) "First
Saxons to the Accession of the House of Stuart," (1787.) Impressions of England and its People," (1851,) an inter-
The former was translated into French, German, and esting autobiography entitled "My Schools and School-
Italian. Died in 1801. masters, or the Story of my Education," (1854,) and
Mil'lard, (DAVID.) an American divine, born at Ball- :<The Cruise °( the Betsey." These works mark an
Bton. New York, in 1794, published several theological "nportant epoch in the progress of geology There
works, also " Travels in Egypt, Arabia, and tne Holy was .not,h'ng '" Miller * works, says the "Edinburgh
Land," (1843.) l«ed at Jafkson, Michigan, August I ^^»£fi££ ^ "vhe^M ,M.
Millard, (HARRISON,) an American .composer, C^^^^^^
born at Boston in 1829.
are the song
and the opera
as a pnma donna in 1894. He died in 1895. Rocks, or Geology in its Bearings on the Two Theologies,
Mil'ledge, (JoHN,) an American patriot and states- Natural and Revealed," (1857^ In this work he rejects
man, born at Savannah, Georgia, in 1757, distinguished the theory that the Mosaic account of the creation is
himself in the war of the Revolution, and in 1802 was purely parable, while he censures those who refuse to
elected Governor of Georgia. He was one of the founders accept the evidences of scientific truths when they seem
of the University of Georgia, and the former capital of to clash with traditionary interpretations of Scripture.
the State was named in his honour. Died in 1818. His "Footprints of the Creator" was written to refute
Mil'ler, (CHARLES HENRY,) an American artist, born the theory of development advocated by the author of
in New York city, March 20, 1842. He studied art at "The Vestiges of Creation." "Hugh Miller," says the
the National Academy, New York, and at Munich. He "Edinburgh Review," "must undoubtedly be regarded
first exhibited at the National Academy in 1860. He ^ one Of the most remarkable men whom Scotland has
afterwards studied medicine, and graduated as M.D. in , produced. . . . The interest of his narrative, the purity
1863 at the New York Homoeopathic College, but he J0f his style, his inexhaustible faculty of happy and inge-
never practised that profession. In 1873 he became an nious illustration, his high imaginative power, and that
llard, (HARRISON,) an American .composer, C^^^^^^ ^
at Boston in 1829. Among his musical pieces became d£eased. Duri a paroxysm of insanity, he
e songs Waiting and Under the Daisies ki]|ed himself with a pistof in December, 1856. He had
e opera " Leah. His daughter Maria appeared • , finished a work entitled "The Testimony of the
associate, and in 1875 a full member, of the National
Academy.
Mil'ler, (EDWARD,) an American physician, born in
Delaware in 1760, was a brother of the Rev. Samuel
Miller, noticed below. He became professor of the
theory and practice of medicine in the College of Phy-
sicians and Surgeons, New York, and wrote, among
other works, a "Treatise on Yellow Fever," which is
highly esteemed. He was one of the founders of the
" Medical Repository," the first medical journal of
America. Died in 1812.
light of genius which it is so difficult to define yet so
impossible to mistake, all promise to secure for the
author of the 'Old Red Sandstone' the lasting admira-
tion of his countrymen."
Miller, (JAMES,) an English dramatist and satirical
writer, born in Dorsetshire in 1703. He published sev-
eral political pamphlets, a satire entitled "The Humours
of Oxford," and a number of comedies. Died in 1744.
Miller, (JAMES,) an American officer, born at Peter-
borough, New Hampshire, about 1776. He served as
colonel with distinction at the battles of Chippewa and
Mil'ler, (EDWARD,) an English musician and writer, i Lundy's Lane, July 25, 1814. His commander asked
born at Norwich, was a pupil of Dr. Burnev. He was ( njm jf he could take a certain battery at Lundy's Lane,
the author of " Institutes of Music" and " Elements of jje answered, " I'll try, sir," and captured the" battery.
Thorough Bass and Composition." Died in 1807. Died in 1851.
Milfer, (HAKKIET MANN,) author and lecturer Miller, (JoAQUiN,) the literary name of CINCINNATUS
under the nom-de-flume of Olive Thome, was born HEINE MILLER, an American poet, born at Cincinnati,
at Auburn, New York, in 1831, and married \V. T. Ohio. November IO, 1842. He went with his father's
Miller in 1854. Her writings comprise several works family westward when very young, and iu 1852 reached
on bird-life, also " Four-Handed Folk," " Little Folks Lane county, Oregon. In 1856 he began a roving life,
in Feathers and Furs," etc. and served for a time with Walker in Honduras. In
Mil'ler, (HUGH,) an eminent Scottish geologist ana 1860 he began to practise law in Oregon. In 1863 a
writer, born at Cromarty on the loth of October newspaper which he edited was suppressed for disloyalty.
1802, was a son of a mariner and shipmaster, who per- He was county judge for Grant county, Oregon^ 1866-70.
ished in a storm in 1807. He attended the grammar- Among his poems are " Songs of the Sierras," ' s .ngs
a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; i, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6. u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; mJt; not; good; moon;
MILLER
1725
MILLIN
of the Sunlands," " The Ship in the Desei t," •' The First
Fam'lies of the Sierras," etc. Later works of his (chiefly
prose) are "The Danites," (an effective and successful
play,) "My Life among the Modocs," "The Shadows
of Shasta," "The Baroness of New York," "In
Classic Shade," (1890,) "My Own Story," (1891,)
etc.
Miller, mil'ler, (JOHANN MARTIN,) a German poet
and fictitious writer, born at Ulm in 1750. He was the
author of" Correspondence ofThree Academic Friends," !
"Siegwart. a Convent History," (1776,) which was Iran* i
ated into French. Dutch, and Polish, and several other
itipular works. His lyric poems are highly esteemed.
He was an intimate friend of Klopstock and Voss. Died
in 1814.
Miller, ( JOSEPH, ) a celebrated English comedian,
whose appreciation as an actor of the wit of Congreve's
plays contributed in a great measure to their success,
was born in 1684. The jests ascribed to him were in
reality compiled by John Motley, author of a " Life of
Peter the Great." Died in 1738.
Miller, (PHILIP,) an English botanist and florist, born
in 1691. He published a "Catalogue of Hardy Trees,
Shrubs, etc. cultivated near London," (with coloured
plates, 1730,) "Gardener's Dictionary," (1731,) which
was translated into several languages, and "Figures of
Plants," (2 vols., 1755,) adapted to the Dictionary. The
genus Milleria was named by Dr. Martyn in honour of
this botanist. Died in 1771.
Miller, (SAMUEL,) D.D., an American Presbyterian
divine, born in Delaware in 1769. He became pastor
of the First Presbyterian Church in New York in 1793.
In 1813 he was appointed professor of ecclesiastical
history in the Theological Seminary of Princeton. He
was the author of numerous theological and controversial
works, and wrote the " Life of Jonathan Edwards," in
Sparks's " American Biography." Died in 1850.
See SAMUEL MILLER, "Life of Samuel Miller," 2 vols., 1860.
Miller, (SAMUEL FREEMAN,) LL.D., an American
jurist, born at Richmond, Kentucky, April 5, 1816.
fie graduated as M.D. at Transylvania University in
1838. He afterwards became a lawyer, and in 1850
removed to Iowa. In 1862 he was appointed a justice of
the United States Supreme Court. Died Oct. 13, 1890.
Miller, (STEPHEN FRANKS,) an American lawyer and
journalist, born in North Carolina, became associate
editor of "De Bow's Review" about 1848. He published
the "Bench and Bar of Georgia," etc. Died in 1867.
Miller, (THOMAS,) an English poet and basket- ^
maker, born at Gainsborough about 1808. He was
patronized by the poet Rogers, by whose aid he be-
came a bookseller. He wrote, besides numerous
poems, the novels " Royston Gower" and " Fair Rosa-
mond." Died in 1874.
Miller, (WALTER,) an American classicist, was
born in Ashland county, Ohio, in 1864. He studied
at Michigan University, Leipsic, and Athens, and was
made professor of classical philology at Stanford Uni-
versity in 1892. He published works on excavations
in Greece, classical history, and philology, "The Old
and New," (1898,) "Stella's Great Sea-Beasts,"
(1899,) etc.
Miller, (WILLIAM,) founder of the sect of the Miller-
ites, was born at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, in 1781.
About 1833 he began to prophesy the end of the world,
which he affirmed would be destroyed in 1843. He died
in 1849 ; and his followers, who are said to have num-
bered nearly fifty thousand, have since greatly decreased.
Miller, (WILLIAM,) an eminent line-engraver, born
at Edinburgh, Scotland, May 28, 1796. He was a
Quaker, and spent most of his life in his native town.
His engravings after Turner are especially admirable.
Died at Sheffield, England, January 20, 1882.
Miller, (WILLIAM,) "the Laureate of the Nursery,"
a Scottish poet, born in Glasgow in August, 1810. He
was a wood-turner by trade, and his only published vol-
ume was " Scottish Nursery Songs, and other Poems,"
(1863.) Of his songs " Wee Willie Winkie" is perhaps
the best-known. Died in Glasgow, August 20, 1872.
Miller, (WILLIAM ALLEN,) an English chemist ar.d
physician, born at Ipswich in 1817. He took his medical
degree in London, and subsequently studied in the labo-
ratory of Liebi^ at Giessen. He was appointed pro-
fessor of chemistry in the Royal College in 1845, and
assayer at the Mint and Bank of England in 1851. He
was vice-president of the Royal Society and president of
die Chemical Society, and wrote " Elements of Chemistry,
Theoretical and Practical," (1850.) Died Sept. 30, 1870.
Miller, (WILLIAM HALLOWS,) F.R.S., an eminent
English mineralogist and physicist, was born near Llan-
dovery, Wales, April 6, iSoi. He was educated at Saint
John's College, Cambridge. He became professor of
mineralogy at Cambridge in 1832, and wrote several
treatises on crystallography. His most important work
is a new and greatly-improved edition of Phillips's
" Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy," (1852.) He
was a member of a commission appointed by govern-
ment in 1843 for the restoration of the standards of
weight and measure, and he constructed and verified the
new national standard of weight. Died May 20, 1880.
Milles, milz, (JEREMIAH,) an English divine and an-
tiquary, born in 1714, became Dean of Exeter in 1762.
He was a contributor to the " Archaeologia," and made
an unsuccessful attempt to vindicate the authenticity
of Rowley's poems. He was a Fellow of the Royal
Society, and president of the Society of Antiquaries.
Died in 1784.
Millet, me'yV, (AlME,) a French painter and sculptor,
a son of Frederic Millet, noticed below, was born in
Paris about 1818 ; died January 14, 1891.
Mil'let, (FRANCIS DAVIS,) an American painter, born
at Mattapoisett, Massachusetts, November 3, 1846. He
graduated at Harvard College in 1869, studied art at
Antwerp in the Academy of Fine Arts, 1871-73, and was
one of the jurors in the Vienna Exhibition of 1873, and
at the Paris Exhibition of 1878, and director of deco-
rations at the World's Columbian Exposition 1892,
and of functions 1893. He was a special correspondent
of " Harper's Weekly" and " London Times" at Ma-
nila in 1898.
Millet, (FREDERIC,) a French portrait-painter, born
at Charlieu in 1786, was a pupil of Isabey. He executed
a number of portraits of great merit, among which we
may name that of the empress Josephine. Died in 1859.
Millet, (JEAN FRANCOIS,) commonly known as FRAN-
CISQUE, an eminent painter, born at Antwerp, of French
parentage, about 1644. He became a very skilful land-
scape-painter, and died in Paris in 1680. His son, of
the same name, (born in Paris ; died 1773,) was a clever
artist, but inferior to his father.
Millet, (JEAN FRANQOIS,) an eminent French painter,
born at Gruchy, near Greville, (La Manche,) October 4,
1815. He studied under Delaroche, and then established
himself at Barbison, an obscure hamlet, and became the
faithful copyist of nature and of the humble life of
peasants. Among his more noted paintings are "The
Sowers," "The Sheep-Shearers," "Woman Carding
Wool," "Sheep-Pasture by Moonlight," "The Potato-
Planters," "The Evening Angelus," " A Woman Work-
ing Butter." His etchings and lithographs are few, and
very costly. His pictures are now very highly esteemed.
Died at Barbison, (which under his influence became an
artist-colony,) January 20, 1875.
Millevoye, mel'vwa', (CHARLES HUBERT,) a French
poet and litterateur, born at Abbeville in 1782. He was
the author of elegiac poems of great beauty, and ob-
tained several prizes from the French Academy. Died
in 1816.
Mil'H-ken, (RICHARD ALFRED,) an Irish poet, bon.
in the county of Cork in 1767. He is only remembered
for his humorous poem "The Groves of Blarney," which
originated a form of verse afterwards cultivated success-
fully by Father Prout and others. Died in 1815.
Millin, me'yaN',*(AUBiN Louis,) a French antiquary
and naturalist, born in Paris in 1759. He published
• There seems to be some diversity respecting the pronunciation
of these names: some speakers say me'IaN', melon', etc., omittiDF
tl] sound of the liquid /.
« as k; 5 as s; g hard: g as/- G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in Mir. (2^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
MILLINGEN
1726
MILNES
Decline and Fall of
of Natural History," (1794,) " Dictionary of life of the poet, and of Gibbon's " Decline and F
rts," (3 vols., 1806,) " Mythological Gallery," the Roman Empire. " Died in September, 1868.
"Elements
the Fine Art
(181 1,) and other works. In 1795 he became editor of Mil'more, (MARTIN,) an Irish- American sculptor,
the " Magasin Encyclopedique," a journal of high char- born in the county of Sligo, Ireland, September 14,
acter, which he conducted for twenty years. He was a ,3^ j-je settled with his family in Boston, Massachu-
tnember of the French Institute and of several foreign Sett9| ;n [gj^ an(j became a pupil of Thomas Ball. His
Academies, and a chevalier of the legion of honour. pOrtrait-busts are especially praised. Died at Boston,
In 1794 he had been appointed keeper of the medals ju]v ,,_ jggj
and antiquities in the Royal Library. Died in 1818. Milne, miln, (COLIN,) a Scottish divine and naturalist,
Millingen, mil'ling-gen, ? (JAMES,) an eminent and- born at Aberdeen. He was the author of a " Botanical
quary, of Dutch extraction, born in London in 1 774. He Dictionary," "Indigenous Botany," etc. Died in
published " Remarks on the State of Learning and the Ig,j_
Fine Arts in Great Britain," " Ancient Coins of Greek Milne, (ToHN,) a British mining engineer, bom
Cities and Kings," (1821,) and other similar works, which
have a very high reputation. Died in 1845.
Millon, me'y6N',* (CHARLES,) a French litterateur,
born at Liege in 1754, wrote poems, histories, etc. Died
in 1839.
Millon, (EucfeNE,) a French chemist, bom at Chalons-
sur-Marne in 1812. He published, besides other chemical
treatises, " Elements of Organic Chemistry, comprising
the Applications of this Science to Vegetable Physi-
olsgy," (2 vols., 1845-48.) Died December 14, 1865.
at Liverpool in 1850, and for twenty years in the ser-
vice of Japan. He especially studied seismic phe-
nomena, and wrote "Earthquakes," (1893,) "Seis-
mology," (1898,) etc.
Milne, miln, (JosHUA,) an English writer, born in
I7?6> was appointed actuary of the Sun Life Assurance
Office. He published a valuable " Treatise on Annui-
ties," in v.-hich he describes a new system of notation for
the calculation of life-insurance. Died in 1851.
Milne, (WILLIAM,) D.D., a Scottish missionary, born
,
Millot, mt'yo',* (CLAUDE FRANCOIS XAVIER.
in Franche-Comte in 1726. , ,
Elements of Universal History," dained in 1812, and went as an agent of the London
.
French historian, born in Franche-Comte in 1726. He at Kinnethmont, Aberdeenshire, in 1785. He was or-
was the author of ,
" Political and Military Memoirs towards the History of Missionary Society to labour among the Chinese at
Louis XIV.," etc., (6 vols., 1777.) and other works of | Malacca, where he died in 1822.
the kind He was elected to the French Academy in Milne-Edwards, mlln ed'wardz, [Fr. pron meln
1777 and in 1778 was appointed preceptor to the Due a'doo-lRs',] (HENRI,) an eminent French naturalist, of
d'Enghien. Died in 1785. | English descent, born at Bruges in 1800. After he nad
Mills (CLARK ) a distinguished American sculptor, taught natural history for some years in the College
born in Onondaga county, New York, in 1815. Having Henri IV. in Paris, he was elected to the Academy
removed to Charleston, South Carolina, he executed of Sciences in 1838. He published "
several busts in marble, which won for him a high repu- lory of the Crustacea," (3 vols., 1834-41,) which is
tation. In 1848 he began his bronze equestrian statue of highly esteemed. In 1841 he obtained the chair of
Mills (ROGER QUA'RLES,)' legislator, was born in 1834-37,) which obtained considerable popularity, and
Kentucky in 1849. He was a member of the House "Researches into the Anatomy and Physiology of
of Representatives 1873-92 and of the Senate 1892-99, : Polypi," (1842.) Died in 1885.
and was the author of the " Mills Bill," for the reduc- His son ALPHONSE, born in 1835, succeeded him as
tion of the tariff, during Cleveland's first term. i professor of zoology, became director of the museum
Mills, (SAMUEL JOHN,) an American Congregational m 1891, and made important discoveries in subma-
divine, born at Torringford, Connecticut, in 1783, was rine fauna. Died in 1900.
one of the founders of the American Missionary Society. Mil'ner, (ISAAC,) an eminent English divine and
He also took a prominent part in the organization of mathematician, born near Leeds in 1751. He studied
the American Colonizanon Society, and in 1817 visited at Queen's College, Cambridge, where he became in
Africa, in company with the Rev. E. Burgess, for the ,1783 Jacksonian professor of experimental philosophy,
purpose of choosing a site for the colony. He died in ! i-je was subsequently appointed master of his college,
1818, while on his voyage home. | (1788,) Dean of Carlfsle, (1791,) and Lucasian professor
Mil'man, (Sir FRANCIS,) an eminent English phy- Of mathematics, (1798.) He was also twice elected vice-
sician, born in Devonshire in 1746. He published i chancellor of his college. He was the author of a num-
" Animadversions on the Nature and Cure of Dropsy," i ber of sermons and miscellaneous essays, and wrote a
(1776,) "Treatise on the Source of the Scurvy," and other continuation of his brother Joseph's "Church History."
works. He_was appointed physician to George III., (je numbered among his friends Pitt and Wilberforce.
and was a Fellow 01 the Royal Society and of the Col-
lege of Physicians. Died in 1821.
Milman, (Rev. HENRY HART,) an English poet,
historian, and divine, son of the preceding, was born ir
london in 1791. He graduated at Brasenose College,
Oxford, where in 1821 lie became professor of poetry.
Having filled several inferior offices in the Church, he
was appointed Dean of Saint Paul's in 1849. His tragedy
of "Fazio," published in 1815, was well received, and
was followed by the poems of " Samor, Lord of the
Died in 1820.
Milner, (JOHN,) a learned Roman Catholic divine,
born in London in 1752. He was the author of a " His-
tory, Civil and Ecclesiastical, and Survey of the Anti-
quities, of Winchester," and was a contributor to the
"Archasologia." He was a member of the Society of
Antiquaries. Died in 1826.
Milner, (JOHN,) an English theologian, born neat
Halifax in 1628, became canon of Ripon. Died in 1702.
Milner, (JOSEPH,) an English divine, born near Leeds
Bright City," (1818,) "The Fall of Jerusalem, (1820,) in ,744i was a brother of Isaac, noticed above. He
"The Martyr of Antioch," and others. In 1840 he ibecame vicar of the Church of the Holy Trinity at Hull
brought out his " History of Christianity from the Birth in ljg. He wrote a "History of the Church of Christ,"
of Christ to the Extinction of Paganism in the Roman (, vols _ I794_,8i2,) which is esteemed a standard work.
Empire," (3 vols. 8vo,) and in 1854 his " History of j, was cornpleted by his brother, the Dean of Carlisle.
Latin Christianity, including that of the Popes i e Milner also published an "Answer to Gibbon's Attack
Pontificate of Nicholas V." He published excellent On Christianity," and other works. Died in 1797.
editions of the works of Horace, with a well-written See ISAAC MILNER, "LifeofJ. Milner," prefixed to his Sermoni
Milues, milnz, (RICHARD MONCKTON,) Baron Hough-
* See note on preceding page. on< an English statesman and miscellaneous writer.
a, e, i, 6, u, y, loaf; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, lit; m£t; not; good; moon;
MILNOR
1727
MILTON
born in Yorkshire in 1809. He graduated at Cambridge
in 1831, and in 1837 was first elected a member of Par-
liament for Pontefract, which he continued to represent
until 1863, wher. he was raised to the peerage, as Baron
Houghton. As a member of the liberal conservative
party, he was a prominent advocate of reform. Among
his principal publications are " Poems, Legendary and
Historical," "Palm-Leaves," (1844,) "Memorials of
Many Scenes," and the " Life, Letters, and Literary Re-
mains of John Keats," (1848.) He contributed to the
"Edinburgh Review." Died August n, 1885.
See "Fraser's Magazine" for June, 1847, article "Literary Legis-
lators;" "North American Review" for October, 1839, and July,
Mil'iior, (JAMES,) D.D., an American Episcopal
clergyman, born in Philadelphia in 1773, became rector
of Saint George's Church, New York, in 1816. Died in
1845.
See " Memoir of James Milnor, D.D.," by REV. J. S. STONE.
Mi'lo, [Gr. MiTiuv; Fr. MILON, me'lAN',] an athlete,
celebrated for his prodigious strength, born at Crotona,
in Italy, was a pupil of Pythagoras. He is said to have
once carried a bull on his shoulders to the sacrifice, and
killed it with a blow of his fist. In 509 B.C. he gained
a signal victory over the Sybarites. When advanced in
years, he found one day, in passing through a forest,
a tree partly cleft by wedges. Having introduced his
hands for the purpose of severing it entirely, the wedges
fell out, but, his strength failing him, the parts closed
again, retaining him a prisoner, and in this helpless con-
dition he was devoured by wild beasts.
Mi'lo, (TiTUS ANNIUS,) a famous Roman tribune, was
a plebeian, and a man of unscrupulous character. He
became tribune of the people in 57 B.C., and was a par-
tisan of Pompey. By his efforts to restore Cicero from
exile he incurred the hostility of Clodius, with whom he
fought in several bloody affrays. In the year 53 Milo
was a candidate for the consulship. Before the electoral
contest was decided, Milo and Clodius met, each with
a band of armed slaves, and a fight ensued, in which
Clodius was killed. Milo was tried for homicide, and,
though defended by Cicero, was condemned, and exiled
himself to Marseilles. Having taken arms against
Caesar in the civil war, he was killed in Lucania, 48 B.C.
See CICERO, " Orati'o pro Milone;" DRUMANN, "Geschichte
Roms;" DION CASSIUS, "History of Rome;" ELBERLING, " Nar-
ratio de T. A. Milone," 1840; SMITH, "Dictionary of Greek and
Roman Biography."
Milon. See MILO.
Milonof, Milonov, or Milonow, mee'lo-nof, (MI-
CHAEL VASSILIEVITCH,) a Russian poet, born in 1792,
was the author of satires, epistles, and lyric poems, which
enjoy great popularity. Died in 1821.
See GRETCH, " Essai sur PHistoire de la Litterature Russe."
Miloradovitch, me-lo-ra'do-vitch, (MICHAEL AN-
DRIEVITCH,) COUNT, a Russian general, born at Saint
Petersburg in 1770. He fought with distinction against
the Turks and Poles and in the campaigns against the
French from 1799 to 1814, and attained the rank of
general of infantry. He was appointed military gov-
ernor of Saint Petersburg in 1819. He was killed in
attempting to suppress the insurrection in that city, De-
cember 25, 1825.
Miloseh. See OBRENOVITCH.
Mil'roy, (ROBERT H.,) an American general, born
in Indiana about 1814. He was appointed a brigadier-
general of Union volunteers about September, 1861, and
served at Cross Keys, June 8, 1862. He commanded
about 8000 men at Winchester, was attacked June 15,
1863, and retreated, but lost nearly half of his force.
Miltiade. See MILTIADES.
Mil-ti'a-des, [Gr. MiATOwfyr; Fr. MILTIADE, mel'-
te'id',] a celebrated Athenian general, who flourished
about 500 B.C., was the son of Cimon. He became suc-
cessor to his uncle Miltiades, who had made himself a
despot or master of the Chersonese in Thrace, and he
appears first in history as an arbitrary ruler. Darius of
Persia having sent a great armament, under Datis and
Artaphernes, to conquer Greece, Miltiades was chosen
one of the ten generals of the Athenian army, which
»waited the enemy at Marathon in 490 B.C. The Grecian
army numbered about 10,000 men, and the Persian prob-
ably over 100,000. A regulation then prevailed that each
of the ten generals should command by turns for one day.
Some of them were averse to risking a battle. When
the command devolved on Miltiades, he gained one of
the most memorable and important victories recorded
in history. To reward his patriotism and eminent ser-
vices to national liberty, the Athenians decreed that he
should have the foremost place in a painting which illus-
trated the battle. Having failed in an attack on Paros,
he was fined fifty talents, which he could not pay, and
about the year 489 died in prison of a wound received
in the action just named. The famous general Cimon
was his son.
dee CORNELIUS NEPOS, "Miltiades;" HERODOTUS, books iv. and
vi. : GROTE, " History of Greece," vol. iv. ; THIRLWALL, " History
of Greece;" KIRCHMAIER, " Dissertatio de Miltiade." 1663.
Miltitz, von, fon mil'tits, (KARL,) a German prelate,
born about 1490, became chamberlain to Leo X., who
sent him in 1518 as nuncio to Germany, in order to
conciliate Luther or counteract his influence. On this
occasion he displayed much tact, and used flattery or
persuasive means with some success. (See LUTHER.)
Died in 1529.
Miltitz, von, (KARL BORROMAUS ALEXANDER STE-
PHAN,) a German poet and musical composer, born at
Dresden in 1781. Among his best compositions are
the operas of "Saul" and "Georg Czerny." Died in
1845. His brother ALEXANDER was ambassador to
Constantinople, and wrote a valuable work entitled
"The Manual of Consuls." Died in 1843.
Mil'tpn, [Lat. MILTO'NUS ; It. MIL'TON or MILTONO,
mel-to'no,] (JOHN,) an immortal poet, and, if we except
Shakspeare, the most illustrious name in English litera-
ture, was born in Bread Street, London, on the 9th of
December, 1608. He was the eldest son of John Milton,
a scrivener, and Sarah Bradshaw, (or Caston, according
to some authorities.) His early education was directed
by a private tutor, — Thomas Young, a zealous Puritan.
A portrait of his beautiful features, taken by C. Jansen,
at the age often, has been preserved. Before he entered
college he was an excellent Latin scholar. In severe and
systematic study he laid the foundations of his fame.
In a letter to a friend, written some years later, he says,
" It is my way to suffer no impediment, no love of ease,
no avocation whatever, to chill the ardour, to break the
continuity, or to divert the completion of my literary
pursuits." His first English poems were versions of the
U4th and I3&th Psalms, (1623.)
In February, 1624, he was admitted as pensioner into
Christ's College, Cambridge, where he acquired distinc-
tion as a Latin poet Dr. Johnson expresses the opinion
that Milton "was the first Englishman who, after the
revival of letters, wrote Latin verses with classic ele-
gance." He took the degree of Bachelor in 1628, and
that of Master of Arts in 1632, — before which he had
been subjected to a temporary rustication (and, some say,
to corporal chastisement) for an unknown offence. " By
the intention of my parents," says Milton himself, " I
was destined of a child to the service of the Church, and
in my own resolutions. Till coming to some maturity
of years, and perceiving what tyranny had invaded the
Church, that he who would take orders must subscribe
SLAVE, and take an oath withal, ... I thought better
to prefer a blameless silence, before the sacred office of
speaking, bought and begun with servitude and for-
swearing."
In 1632 he left the university, and retired to his
father's house at Horton, Buckinghamshire, where he
remained five years, during which he is said to have
read all the Greek and Latin writers. He also took
lessons in music, which he loved, and in which he was
very skilful. In this studious rethement, it appears, he
wrote his beautiful poems " Comus," "L'Allegro," "II
Penseroso," and "Lycidas," (1637.) "Comus" — adrama
in form, but essentially lyrical — was written and per-
formed at Ludlow Castle in 1634, but not printed until
1637. "It is certainly," says Macaulay, "the noblest
performance of the kind which exists in any language."
" Lycidas" is contemptuously depreciated by Johnson as
a " pastoral, easy, vulgar, and therefore disgusting."
tasi; $ass; ghard; gasi;G,H,K,gutturat; N, nasal; R, trilled; last; thasinMw. (Jj^=See Explanations, p. 23.
MILTON
1728
MILTON
But Hallam approves the judgment of a certain critic
(whom he does not name) that " Lycidas" is " a good
test of a real feeling for what is peculiarly called poetry."
Milton's " Allegro" and " Penseroso" are universally
admired. " It is impossible to conceive," says Macaulay,
" that the mechanism of language can be brought to a
more exquisite degree of perfection. These poems differ
from others as ottar of roses differs from ordinary rose-
water."
In 1638, attended by a servant, he visited Florence,
Rome, and Naples, conversed with Galileo, then a "pris-
oner to the Inquisition," and received testimonials of
honour and friendship from Carlo Dati, Francini, and
M.inso. He was admired as a great prodigy by these
Italian celebrities. He returned in 1639, and opened in
London a small boarding-school, in which he adopted a
new system of education. His nephews, Edward and
John Philips, were among his pupils. In 1641 he pro-
duced his first prose work, — a " Treatise of Reforma-
tion,"— which was followed by other arguments against
the Established Church and Prelacy. He sympathized
with the popular party in the great crisis of English
liberty, but took no active part in the civil war which
began in 1642.
At Whitsuntide, 1643, he married Mary Powell, whose
father was a justice of the peace and a royalist of Ox-
fordshire. " The lady," says Dr. Johnson, " seems not
much to have delighted in the pleasures of spare diet
and hard study." A month after the marriage, she made
a visit to her father's house, from which she refused to
return. Having resolved to repudiate her, Milton pub-
lished "The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce," (1644,)
and other treatises on that topic, in his own justification.
He also paid his addresses to a Miss Davis, until his
wife implored forgiveness and was restored to favour.
She became the mother of three daughters, who were all
the children that Milton had.
He published in 1644 his " Areopagitica," or " Plea
for Unlicensed Printing," — probably his greatest prose
work. " Many passages in this famous tract," says Hal-
lam, " are admirably eloquent : an intense love of liberty
and truth glows through it." He had taken a larger
house in Barbican (about 1645) for the reception of
scholars ; but his wife's relations, to whom, when ruined
by the civil war, he generously gave refuge, occupied his
rooms. In March, 1648-49, he was appointed Latin
secretary to the council of state, which was the highest
executive power in the new republic. As an antidote to
the " Eikon Basilike," i.e. the " Image (or Portrait) of the
King," — a work designed to excite commiseration for the
sufferings of Charles I., (see GAUDEN,) — Milton pro-
duced his " Iconoclastes," (Eikonoklastes,) or " Image-
oreaker," and, by order of the council, appeared as the
antagonist of the learned Salmasius, in reply to whom
he wrote, in Latin, his celebrated work entitled " Defence
of the English People," (" Defensio Populi Anglican!,"
1650.) (See SALMASIUS.)
About 1654 he became totally blind. His "Defensio
Secunda" (1654) contains an eloquent allusion to this
privation. His wife died about 1653, and in 1656 he mar-
ried Catherine Woodcock, who died in the following year.
After serving the Protector Oliver as Latin secretary
for four or five years, he retired about 1657 from public
life, with a pension of ^150. Before that date he had
meditated the plan of a great epic poem. One of the
subjects that presented was the exploits of King Arthur.
After much deliberation, "long choosing and beginning
late," he preferred the subject of " Paradise Lost," which
at first he proposed to dramatize. At the restoration,
(1660,) his prosecution was ordered, and he concealed
himself in the house of a friend until the Act of Oblivion
released him from danger. He married his third wife,
Elizabeth Minshul, in 1664; and when the great plague
raged in London, (1665,) he retired to Chalfont, Bucks,
where his friend Ellwood had engaged a cottage for him.
(See ELLWOOD, THOMAS.) In the course of the same
year Milton showed to Ellwood the finished manuscript
of " Paradise Lost," which the latter took home and
perused. On returning it to the author, he remarked,
• Thou hast said much here of Paradise Lost ; but what
hast thou to say of Paradise found?" Milton sold his
copy in April, 1667, to Samuel Simmons, for an imme
diate payment of five pounds and the promise of an
equal sum after the sale of thirteen hundred copies. It
was rather coldly received, only three thousand having
been sold in the first eleven years. " Its admirers," says
Johnson, "did not dare to publish their opinion."
He published in 1671 "Samson Agonistes," a tra-
gedy, and " Paradise Regained," which he is said to
have esteemed his most perfect production ; but the
public and the critics have not sanctioned this preference.
Milton died in London, by " a silent expiration," on the
8th of November, 1674.
A manuscript of Milton's "On Christian Doctrine,"
" De Doctrina Christiana,") found in the State-Paper
Office, London, in 1823, was translated and published
in 1825. The genuineness of this work, though some-
times called in question, is considered by the great
majority of critics to be established beyond reasonable
doubt.
Milton was not connected with any church, but ap-
pears to have favoured the Independents, — a politico-
religious party. "He grew old without any visible
worship," says Johnson ; who adds, " His studies and
meditations were an habitual prayer." His favourite
authors among the Greeks were Homer and Euripides,
and Shakspeare and Spenser among the English. His
stature was rather below the middle height. In his youth
he was so eminently and delicately beautiful as to be
called "the Lady" of his college, though his habits were
far from effeminate. He had a fair complexion and
auburn hair. Portraits of him were taken at the ages
of ten, twenty-one, and about sixty.
" Considered with respect to design," says Johnson,
" ' Paradise Lost' may claim the first place, and, with
respect to performance, the second, among the produc-
tions of the human mind. . . . His [Milton's] great works
were performed under discountenance and in blindness ;
but difficulties vanished at his touch : he was bom for
whatever is arduous ; and his work is not the greatest
of heroic poems, only because it is not the first." " Was
there ever anything so delightful," says Cowper, "as
the music of 'Paradise Lost'? It is like that of a fine
organ, — has the fullest and the deepest tones of majesty,
with all the softness and elegance of the Dorian flute ;
variety without end, and never equalled, unless, perhaps,
by Virgil." Of Milton's prose writings, Macaulay ob-
serves, " They are a perfect field of cloth of gold. The
style is stiff with gorgeous embroidery."
" It is certain," says Hume, " that this author, when
in a happy mood and employed on a noble subject, is
the most wonderfully sublime of any poet in any lan-
guage, Homer and Lucretius and Tasso not excepted.
More concise than Homer, more simple than Tasso,
more nervous than Lucretius, had he lived in a later
age and learned to polish some rudeness in his verses,
had he enjoyed better fortune and possessed leisure to
watch the returns of genius in himself, he had attained
the pinnacle of perfection and borne away the palm of
epic poetry."
"It may be doubted," says Walter S. Landoi,
"whether the Creator ever created one altogether so
great as Milton, — taking into one view at once his manly
virtues, his superhuman genius, his zeal for truth, for
true piety, true freedom, his eloquence in displaying it,
his contempt of personal power, his glory and exultation
in his country's."
" Milton," says Macaulay, " did not strictly belong
to any of the classes which we have described. He
was not a Puritan. He was not a Freethinker. Ht
was not a Cavalier. In his character the noblest quali-
ties of every party were combined in harmonious union.
. . . We are not much in the habit of idolizing either
the living or the dead. But there are a few characters
which have stood the closest scrutiny and the severest
tests, which have been tried in the furnace and have
proved pure, which have been declared sterling by the
general consent of mankind, and which are visibly
stamped with the image and superscription of the Most
High. These great men we trust we know how to prize ;
and of these was Milton. . . . His thoughts are power-
ful not only to delight, but to elevate and purify. Nor
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, till, fat; mit; not; good; moon.-
MILTON
1729
MINGARELL7
do we envy the man who can study either the life or the
writings of the great poet and patriot without aspiring to
emulate, not indeed the sublime works with which his
genius has enriched our literature, but the zeal with
which he laboured for the public good, the fortitude with
which he endured every private calamity, the lofty dis-
dain with which he looked down on temptation and dan-
gers, the deadly hatred which he bore to bigots and
tyrants, and the faith which he so sternly kept with his
country and with his fame." ("Essay on Milton.")
Those who desire to know how this great poet is
regarded by a nation whose taste and habits of thought
differ most widely from those of the English, may con-
sult the article "Milton" in the "Biographic Univer-
•elle," from the pen of the justly-celebrated French
critic Villemain. He admits that Milton's picture of
our first parents in Eden surpasses, in graceful and
touching simplicity, anything to be found in the creations
of any other poet, ancient or modern, and that the
human imagination has produced nothing more grand
or more sublime than some portions of " Paradise Lost."
See the article "Milton," in JOHNSON'S "Lives of the Poets;"
TODD, " Life of Milton," 1801 ; KEIGHTLEY, " Life, Opinions, and
Wriiings of John Milton," 1855 ; MASSON, " Life and Times of
Milton," vol. i., 1859; TOLAND, " Life of Milton," 1608; SYMMONS,
" Life of Milton;" HAYLBY, " Life of Milton," 1794; DR. CHANNING,
"Remarks on the Character and Writings of Milton," 1828; MAC-
AULAY, "Essays;" HUME, "History of England," chap. ikii. ; J.
MOSNBRON, "Vie de Milton," 1804; EDWIN P. HOOD, "J. Milton,
Jie Patriot and Poet," 1851 ; JOSEPH IVIMEY, " J. Milton, his Life
and Times," 1832; C. R. EDMONDS, "J. Milton: a Biography,"
1851; EDWARD PHILIPS, "Life of J. Milton," 1694; notice in the
" North American Review" for July, 1838, by R, W. EMERSON ; and
the excellent article in ALLIBONE'S "Dictionary of Authors."
Mil'tpn, (JOHN,) an English musician and composer,
the father of the poet. He was of an ancient Catholic
family, and was disinherited for embracing Protestantism.
Some of his tunes are contained in Ravenscroft's " Whole
Book of Psalms," " The Triumphs of Oriana," and other
contemporary publications. Died at an advanced age
in March, 1647.
Milton, LORD. See FLETCHER, (ANDREW.)
MilutinoviCB or Milutinowitsch, pronounced
alike me-loo-tee'no-vitch, (SlMON,) a Servian poet, born
in 1791. He was the author of "Popular Songs of the
Montenegrins," etc., "History of Servia from 1813 to
1815, ' and other works. Died at Belgrade, Jan. 11,1848.
Mi'mas, [Gr. Mi/wic,] a giant said to have been de-
stroyed by Jupiter. The island of Prochyte, near Sicily,
was believed to rest upon his body.
Mim-ner'mus, [Gr. Mi'^vcp/iof ,• Fr. MIMNERME, mem'-
niRm',] a Greek elegiac and lyric poet, born at Colo-
phon about 630 B.C., was contemporary with Solon.
The fragments of his poems have been published in the
collections of Estienne, Brunck, and Boissonade ; and, in
a separate edition by Bach, Mimnermus is said to have
invented the pentameter verse.
See K. O. MOLLHR, " Geschichle der Griechen Literatur," etc.;
CHRISTIAN MARX. " Disserutio de Mimnermo," 1831.
Mina,mee'nl, (Don FRANCISCO Espozy — es-p6th'e,)
a celebrated Spanish general, sometimes called EL REY
DE NAVARRA, ("the King of Navarre,") born near Pam-
peluna in 1782. As a guerilla chieftain, he successfully
defended Navarre against the French in 1808 and the
succeeding campaigns. Having been created martchal
del campo in 1813, he endeavoured to excite an insur
rection against the government of Ferdinand VII., but,
failing in the attempt, took refuge in France. After his
return to Spain, in 1820, he became captain-general of
the armies of Navarre, Galicia, and Catalonia. He held
several high offices under Queen Christina, for whom
he fought against Don Carlos. Died in 1836.
See MINANO, " Examen crilico de las Revoluciones de Eepafa,"
1837; MOLJNE DE SAINT-YON, "Les deux Mina: Chronique Es-
papiole du XIXe Siede," 3 vols., 1840; BURCKHARDT. "Riego nnd
Mina," etc., 1835.
Mina, (XAVIER,) a Spanish officer, born in Navarre
in 1789, was a nephew of the preceding. He undertook
to liberate Mexico, which he entered in April, 1817, with
a few hundred men. He gained several victories, but
was captured and shot at Mexico in November, 1817.
Minano y Bedoya, de, da men-ya'no e ba-Do'e-1,
(SEBASTIAN,) a Spanish writer, born in the province of
Valencia in 1779. He wrote " Letters from a Resident
of Madrid," and a " History of the Spanish Revolution
from 1820 to 1823," (in French.)
Mind, mfnt, (GOTTFRIED,) a celebrated Swiss painter,
born at Berne in 1768, was surnamed THE RAPHAEL
OF CATS. He was the child of indigent parents, and
a cretin, and was educated at Pestalozzi's institution for
Door boys. His favourite subjects were cats and bean
which he delineated with unequalled skill and fidelity.
He died in 1814, leaving numerous designs, which were
sold at a high price.
Minderer, min'deh-rer, (RAIMOND,) a German phy-
sician, born at Augsburg about 1570, was the discoverer
of a new chemical compound, (acetate of ammonia,)
since called Spiritus Mindereri. He published several
medical works in Latin, and became physician to the
emperor Matthias. Died in 1621.
Miuderhout, min'der-howt', a Flemish painter, born
at Antwerp in 1577, excelled in marine views, seaports,
etc. Died in 1663.
Minelli, me-ne-1'lee, [Lat. MINEL'LIUS,] (jAN.)aDutch
scholar, born at Rotterdam about 1625. He translated
Terence into Dutch, and published numerous editions
of the Latin classics, with notes, which had a high repu-
tation at the time. Died in 1683.
Miiiellius. See MINELLI.
Mi'ner, (ALONZO AMES,) D.D., LL.D., an American
clergyman, born at Lempster, New Hampshire, August
17, 1814, became pastor of a Universalist church in
Massachusetts in 1839, and in 1842 accepted a pastorate
in Boston. He was president of Tufts College, 1862-75,
and was conspicuous in educational, temperance, and
other reforms. Among his works are " Bible Exercises"
and "Old Forts Taken," (1878.) Died June 14, 1895.
MTner, (THOMAS,) an American physician, born at
Middletown, Connecticut, in 1777. He wrote, conjointly
with Dr. Tully, " Essays on Fevers and other Subjects,"
(1823.) Died in 1841.
Ml-ner'va or A-the'na, [ Fr. MINERVE, me'njRv',1
one of the greater divinities of the Roman mythology,
corresponding nearly to the Greek Athena or Athene,
[Gr. 'A0^v)7 or 'AfrTvd.] She was regarded as the goddess
of wisdom, arts, and sciences, or a personification of the
tanking, inventive faculty. According to a popular tra-
diti jn, she was the offspring of the brain of Jupiter, from
which she issued in full armour. She was always repre-
sented as a virgin. In war she was contradistinguished
from Mars (the god of brute force) as the patroness of
scientific warfare, and hence, according to the ancient
poets, was always superior to him. The favourite plant
of Minerva was the olive, and the animals consecrated
to her were the owl and the serpent. Athena was the
grp't national divinity of Attica and Athens, to which
she is said to have given her name. Pope, in his
"Temple of Fame," alludes to her twofold character as
the patroness of arts and arms, where he says,
"There Casar, graced with both Minervas, shone."
In the Trojan war she fought for the Greeks. She
was sometimes called Pallas, Parthenos, (i.e. "virgin,")
Tritonia or Tritogeneia, and other names. The poets
feigned that Neptune and Minerva disputed for the pos-
session of Attica, which the gods promised to him or
her who should produce the most useful gift to mankind.
Neptune, striking the earth with his trident, produced a
war-horse, and Minerva produced the olive, (the symbol
of peace,) by which she gained the victory. She was
usually represented with a helmet on her head, holding
in one hand a spear and in the other an aegis, or shield,
in the centre of which was the head of Medusa. There
was a celebrated statue of Minerva, called Palladium,
•hich was said to have fallen from the sky, and on
which the safety of Troy depended.
See G. HERMANN, " Dissertatio de Gneca Minerva," 1837;
GUIGIIIAUT, "Religions de I'Antiquiti* ;" SMITH, "Dictionary of
Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology :" " Biographic Uni-
verselle," (Partie mythologique.)
Minga, del, del men'ga, (ANDREA,) an Italian painter,
of the Florentine school, lived about 1550-70.
Mingarelli, men-ga-rel'lee, ( GIOVANNI LUIGI,) an
Italian ecclesiastic and writer, born near Bologna in
1723, was a friend of Tiraboschi. Died in -793.
See CAVALIBRI, "Vita di Mingarelli," 1817.
e as k; 9 as j: g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
109
Explanations, p. 23.)
MINGHETTI
MTOLAN
Minghetti, men-get'tee, (MARCO,) an Italian states
man, born at Bologna, September 8, 1818. He had
already obtained famt as a journalist and political econo-
mist, when in 1848 he was called to Rome, and became
for a time minister of public instruction, but soon went
north and joined the Sardinian army. He held various
cabinet positions in the new kingdom of Italy, acting
for several terms as prime minister, and wielding a great
influence as an orator and writer. His principal work is
" Delia Economia pubblica," (1859.) Other works of his
are " Opusculi letterari ed economic!, " (1872,) " Le Donne
italiane nelle belle Arti," (1877,) and " La Chiesa e lo
Stato," (1878.) Died December 10, 1886.
Mingotti, men-got'tee, (REGINA,) an Italian singer,
born at Naples, of German parents, in 1728. Her family
name was VALENTINI. When a mere child she married
an impresario named Mingotti, who recognized her vocal
abilities and had her educated for the operatic stage.
She made her first appearance in Dresden, and soon won
a great reputation, which was extended by her tours in
Spain, Italy, and England. Died in 1807.
Miniana, me-ne-3'ni, (Jos* MANUEL,) a Spanish
historian, born at Valencia in 1671. He wrote a continua-
tion of Mariana's " History of Spain," (1733.) Died in
1730.
Minii, me'ne-i', (CLAUDE ETIENNE,) a French of-
ficer, born in Pans in 1810, was the inventor of the rifle
called by his name. He was appointed by Napoleon
III. superintendent of the school of ordnance at Vin-
cennes, and received from him the sum of 20,000 francs.
The Minie^ rifle was an immense improvement on any-
thing of the kind that had previously been invented, both
as regards precision and the extent of its range. Died
December 14, 1879.
Minion and Minjon. See MIGNON.
Mino da Fiesole, mee'no da fe-es'o-li, an eminent
Italian sculptor, born at Fiesole about 1430. Among his
works is a tomb of Paul II. at Rome. Died in 1486.
See VASARI, "Lives of the Pointers and Sculptors."
Miiioochihr, Minoutchihr, or Muitichihr, min-
oo'chlh'r, written also Manucheher, an ancient Persian
king, the grandson (or, according to some authorities,
the great-grandson) of Fereedoon, (Feridun,) is said to
have been the first of his nation who fortified cities with
ramparts and ditches. With Minoochihr ended the glory
and power of the Peshdadian dynasty.
Mi'nos. [Gr. Mivuc,] a celebrated king and lawgiver
of Crete, whose history is much obscured or embellished
with fable. According to Homer, he was a son of Jupiter
and Europa, a brother of Rhadamanthus, and the father
of Ariadne and Deucalion. He was renowned for his
justice and moderation, and it was fabled that after his
death he became a judge of the souls which entered the
infernal regions. He has by some writers been identified
with Manu, (or Menu,) the great Hindoo lawgiver.
Minos, a king and lawgiver of Crete, supposed to
have been a grandson of the preceding, with whom, how-
ever, he has been confounded by some writers. He was
the husband of Pasiphae', and had many children. He
is said to have been the first Greek prince that had an
important naval power. The Cretans ascribed to Minos
their laws and political institutions, which served as a
model for the legislation of Lycurgus. According to one
tradition, he was cruel and tyrannical, and compelled the
Athenians, whom he vanquished, to pay him an annual
tribute in the form of boys and virgins, who were devoured
by the Minotaur.
Mi'not, (CHARLES SEDGWICK,) an American bi-
ologist, was born at Boston in 1852. He became
assistant in histology and embryology at Harvard in
1887, and professor of these branches in 1892. He
published " Human Embryology," (1892,) and many
biological papers.
Mi'not (GEORGE RICHARDS,) an American jurist and
historian, born at Boston in 1758. His principal works
are a "Eulogy on Washington," "History of Shays's
Rebellion," and " History of Massachusetts Bay." Died
in Boston, January 2, 1802.
Min'pt,? (LAURENCE,) an English poet, whose works
were discovered by Tyrwhitt while he was preparing an
edition of Chaucer. He lived about 1300-1352.
Min'o-taur, [Gr. tinuravpof; Lat. MINOTAU'RUS ;
Fr. MINOTAURE, me'no'toR',] a monster of classic my-
thology, represented as half man and half bull. Accord-
ing to the legend, he was the offspring of Pasiphae and a
bull which was sent to Minos by Neptune ; he was kept
in the great labyrinth of Crete, was fed with youths and
maidens whom the Athenians sent to Minos as tribute,
and was finally killed by Theseus.
Min'tha or Men'tha, [Gr. MivDii,\ a nymph, fabled
to have been beloved by Pluto and changed by Cere*
into the plant known as mint.
Minto, LORD. See ELLIOT.
Min'to, (WALTER,) a Scottish mathematician, born
in Edinburgh, emigrated to America in 1786. He was
the author of several scientific works, and became pro-
fessor of mathematics at Princeton College, New Jersey.
Died in 1796.
Mintrop, mJn'trop, (THEODOR,) a distinguished
German painter and designer, born at Heithausen, in
Bavaria, in 1814. He produced designs in crayon, and
several oil-paintings of religious subjects. Among his
works are " The Riches of the Year," and " The Apo-
theosis of Bacchus." Died July 4, 1870.
Minturni, men-tooR'nee, (ANTONIO SEBASTIANO,) an
Italian poet and canonist, born in Terra di Lavoro, was
noted for his learning. Died in 1574.
Minut, de, deh me'nu', (GABRIEL,) a French littl-
ratfur, born at Toulouse about 1520. He was patronized
by Catherine de Medicis, and was a friend of J. C.
Scaliger. He published treatises on medicine, theology,
and other subjects. Died in 1587.
Minutianus, me-nu-she-a'nus, [It. MINUZIANO, me
noot-se-1'no,} (ALESSANDRO.) a learned Italian printer,
born at San Severe about 1450. He published the first
complete edition of Cicero, and issued from his press
numerous classics of great beauty and accuracy. Died
about 1525.
Minuttus or Minuclus (ml-nu'she-u,s) Fella; an
early Christian writer, supposed to have been a native
of Africa, lived in the third century. He was the author
of a work entitled "Octavius," written in defence of
Christianity. A good edition of it was published by
Gronovius in 1707.
See BOUCHAUD, " Disserutio de Minutio Felice," 168;, : HEIK-
RICH MBIKR, " Commentatio de Minucio Felice," 1825.
Minutoli, me-noo' to-lee, (HEINRICH MENU,) BARON,
a distinguished writer, of Italian extraction, born at
Geneva in 1772. He served in the Prussian army, and
attained the rank of lieutenant-general. In 1820 he
accompanied the scientific expedition sent by the Prus-
sian government to Egypt, and published, (in German,)
after his return, a "Journey to the Temple of Jupiter
Ammon and Upper Egypt," (2 vols., 1824.) Among his
other works is " Recollections of a Soldier." He was
a member of the Academy of Sciences of Berlin, and
was appointed by the king, Frederick William, tutor to
Prince Charles. Died in 1846.
Minutoli, (JULIUS,) a lawyer, son of the preceding,
was born at Berlin in 1805. He was appointed in 1851
consul-general for Spain and Portugal. He published
a work entitled " Spain and its Progressive Develop-
ment." Died November 5, 1860.
in'y-as, [Gr. Mivioc,] a fabulous personage, said
to be a son of Neptune, a king of Boeotia, and the an-
cestor of the MiNYjB, (MivOoi,) a race of heroes cele-
brated in the most ancient epic poetry of Greece. The
Argonauts were mostly descendants of Minyas, and were
called Minyae.
Minzocchi, men-zok'kee, or Menzocchi, m?n-zok'-
kee, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian painter, born at Forll about
1500, was a pupil of Genga. Among his master-pieces
we may name "The Sacrifice of Melchisedec," "The
Fall of Manna," and a " Holy Family." Died in 1574.
Minzoni, men-zo'nee, (ONOFRio,) an Italian poet and
Jesuit, born at Ferrara in 1734, became professor of phi-
losophy at Venice. He was the author of a collection
of sonnets of great beauty. Died in 1817.
See TIPALDO, " Riografia degli Italian! illustri."
Miolan-Carvalho. me'o'l&N' kaVvt'lo', (CAROLINE
f. i, o. u, y. long: 4, 4, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, ?, short: a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, lit; met; not; good; moon;
MIOLLIS
MIRABEA U
FiLix,) a French vocalist, born at Chateau-Roux in 1829.
She performed with success in Paris and London as an
operatic singer. Died July 10, 1895.
Miollis, me'o'less', (SEXTIUS ALEXANDRE FRAN-
COIS,) COUNT, a French general, born at Aix in 1759. He
was wounded at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. He became
a general of division in 1799, and obtained command of
all the French forces in Northern Italy in 1805. In 1809
he entered Rome, where, having expelled the pope, he
remained, with the title of governor, until 1814. Died
in 1828.
Mlonnet me'o'nj', (THEODORE EDME,) a French
tntiquary, born in Paris in 1770. He wrote a "Descrip-
tive Catalogue of Greek and Roman Medals," (7 vols.,
1806-35,) a standard work, which still ranks among
the best of its kind, a treatise "On the Rarity and
Value of Roman Medals," etc., (2 vols., 1847,) and other
similar works. Died in 1842.
Miot me'o', (ANDRft FRANC.OIS,) Comte de Melito, a
French statesman, born at Versailles in 1762. He was
minister of the interior at Naples under Joseph Bona-
parte. He died in 1841, leaving "Memoirs of the Con-
sulate, the Empire, and King Joseph," (3 vols., 1858.)
Mirabaud, me'rt'bo', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French
littfratfur, born in Paris in 1675. He made a transla-
tion of Tasso's " Jerusalem Delivered," which had great
popularity at the time. He also translated the "Orlando
Furioso," and published several treatises on various
subjects. The atheistical work entitled "Systeme de
la Nature" was for a time attributed to Mirabaud, but is
now known to have been written by Baron d'Holbach.
Mirabaud was elected to the French Academy in 1726.
Died in 1760.
See D'ALEMBERT, " Histoire des Membres de 1'Acade'mie Fran-
faise."
Mirabeau, de, deh me'rl^bo', (BONIFACE RIQUETTI,)
VICOMTE, a brother of Gabriel, noticed below, was born
at Bignon in 1754. He served in the army of the United
States about 1780. In 1789 he became a royalist mem-
ber of the States-General, and was opposed to his brother
in politics. He was so bloated by drinking that he was
nicknamed "Barrel Mirabeau," ("Mirabeau Tonneau.")
He was noted for his sarcastic wit. "In any other
family," said he, " I should pass for a reprobate (mauvais
fujet) and wit ; but in mine I am regarded as a fool,
but a sedate man." When his famous brother reproved
him for his intemperance, he wittily replied, "Of all
the vices of our family, that is the only one which you
have left for me." He emigrated in 1790, and joined the
royalist army on the Rhine. Died in 1792.
Mirabeau, de, deh me'rfbo' or m5r'a-bo', ( HONORS
GABRIEL de Riquetti, (deh re'ka'te',) originally Arri-
ghetti,) COMTE, a famous French orator and states-
man, was born at Bignon, near Nemours, March 9, 1749.
His family was of Italian extraction. He was the oldest
surviving son of the Marquis de Mirabeau and Marie
Genevieve de Vassan. The last representative of that
stormy and highly-gifted race, he inherited a passionate
nature, a frank and open temper, and a mind of great
amplitude of grasp and prodigious activity. The edu-
cation which he received under the strict discipline of
his father was far from judicious. In his fifteenth year
he was sent to a boarding-school in Paris, where he
made rapid progress in ancient and modern languages
and mathematics, also in music and the fine arts. In
compliance with his father's will, he entered the army
in 1767. The next year, by an amorous intrigue, he pro-
voked the ire of the marquis, who caused him to be
imprisoned in the Isle of Rh& In 1769 he obtained
liberty to serve in Corsica against Paoli, where he won
golden opinions, and returned in 1770 with the brevet
of captain. It puzzled his father to find a proper sphere
for one whom he called a windmill, a whirlwind, one
who " had swallowed all formulas." On one occasion
he writes, " I pass my life in cramming him with prin-
ciples."
In 1772 young Mirabeau married Marie Emilie de
Covet, a daughter of the Marquis de Marignan, and
became a resident of Aix. For running into debt, he was
banished to Manosque, near the Alps, where he wrote
in "Essay on Despotism." Having again displeased
:d by a
blemical
ro Beau-
Calonne
the grim marquis by some venial error, he was confined,
by a Icttre de cachet, in the castle of If, in 1774, and was
finally separated from his wife, who was not inconsolable
on that account He was removed in 1775 to the castle
of Joux ; and, having liberty to walk out on parole, he
formed an ardent attachment for Sophie Monnier, un-
happily married to a man four times older than herself.
With her he eloped in 1776, and went to Amsterdam,
where he earned fair wages by translating Watson's
"Philip II." and doing other literary jobs. The parlia-
ment of Besan9on indicted him for abduction, and sen-
tenced him to death. In May, 1777, the police-officers
arrested him in Holland and consigned him to the prison
of Vincennes, where he was kept forty-two months, ap-
parently ruined, but still indomitable in spirit Presenting
himself before the court which had condemned him as
contumacious, he pleaded his cause with such power
that the sentence was annulled. He again met his father
on amicable terms ; for it is recorded among his few
conventional virtues that he loved his father to the end.
The marquis, however, left him to his own resources
for a supply of money.
From about 1783 to 1788 he led a wandering life
in England, France, and Germany, supporting himself
by his wits, teeming with grand projects, and often en-
gaging in questionable intrigues. Under the auspices
of Franklin, he published an eloquent essav^On the
Order of Cincinnatus," (1784,) which was fqf
tract " On the Opening of the Scheldt."
tract on the water-company of Paris, in re
marchais, produced a prodigious effect InJ
(partly from a desire to remove him out oWhe way) sent
him on a secret mission to Berlin, where he met the
Great Frederick, and collected materials for an important
work, — " The Prussian Monarchy," — which appeared in
1788. The States-General, which were convoked for
May, 1789, offered to him a congenial arena for the
exertion of his gigantic energies against the system of
organized injustice and oppression which for ages had
afflicted France. After he had been rejected with con-
tempt by the noblesse of Provence, he was chosen tri
umphantly by the Tiers-£tat of Aix and Marseilles. He
preferred to represent Aix. Aiming at reform by mod-
erate means, he made overtures for co-operation with the
ministry, but was coldly received by Necker, and went
away in ill humour. On the 23d of June, 1789, he gave
a decisive direction to the Revolution by his famous
speech in reply to the king's usher, De Br^ze, who re-
minded the Assembly that the king had ordered them
to disperse : — " The Commons of France have resolved
to deliberate. We have heard what the king has been
advised to say ; and you, who cannot act as his organ in
the States-General, — -you, who have here neither seat
nor vote nor right of speech, — you are not the person
to remind us of it. Go and tell your master that we
are here by the will of the nation, and that nothing but
the power of bayonets can drive us hence !" The usher
quickly vanished, and Mirabeau became the master-spirit
of the National Assembly. " Mirabeau's spiritual gift,"
says Carlyle, " will be found to be verily an honest and
great one ; far the strongest, best practical intellect of
that time." His brief and pithy sentences became the
watchwords of the Revolution ; " his gestures were com-
mands, his motions were coups fe'tat." Exchanging the
role of tribune for that of a statesman, he soared above
the intrigues of party and the ideal abstractions that
were in vogue. " Where others grope darkly," says
Lamartine, " he aims surely, he advances directly. . . .
The philosophy of the eighteenth century, modified by
prudence and policy, flows out all formulized from his
lips. His eloquence, imperative as law, is only the gift
of impassioned reasoning."
He advocated the abolition of the double aristocracy
of lords and bishops, the spoliation of the Church, and
the formation of the national guard, but he demanded for
the king an absolute veto and the initiative in making
war and peace. One of his greatest triumphs as an orator
was won over Barnave, on the latter question, in 1790.
Loud explosions of popular fury greeted him when it
was known that he favoured the royal veto. As he en-
tered the Assembly to speak on the question, he said to
€as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/.- r,, H. K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as c; th as in this. (
nations, p. 23.)
MIRABEAU
1732
MIRBEL
a friend, " I will either leave the House in triumph, or
be torn to fragments." He gained his point, and re-
stored his popularity. In the last part of his career he
became more conservative, and formed a secret alliance
with the court, from which he received large sums of
money. He doubtless cherished an ambition to be prime
minister of France.
In January, 1791, he was chosen president of the Na-
tional Assembly. " Never had this office been so well
filled," says Dumont. On parting with Dumont, who
left Paris at the date just named, Mirabeau said, " I shall
die at the stake, and we shall never, perhaps, meet again.
That base faction whom I now overawe [the Jacobins]
will again be let loose upon the country. I have none
but direful anticipations." He died April 2, 1791.
Among his last words were, " Envelop me with perfumes
and crown me with flowers, that I may pass away into
everlasting sleep." His strong constitution had been
ruined by inordinate passions and immoral pleasures
carried to the greatest excess, but veiled under a decorous
exterior after he had attained eminence as a legislator.
He had the art of enlisting men of talents in his service
and appropriating their productions, on which he im-
pressed the seal of his originality. Dumont, Claviere,
and Duroverai were, perhaps, the chief persons who thus
assisted him. Mirabeau had given development and
outward form to the French Revolution ; but to control
it was beyond his power. His indomitable will might
for a time direct or overawe the fury of the populace ;
but he possessed no virtues which could inspire the
better portion of the people with that trust and confi-
dence without which there can be no stability for any
government.
Alluding to the resemblance between Mirabeau and
Chatham, Macaulay observes, "Sudden bursts which
seemed to be the effect of inspiration, short sentences
which came like lightning, dazzling, burning, striking
down everything before them, ... in these chiefly lay
the oratorical power both of Chatham and Mirabeau. . . .
In true dignity of character, in private and public virtue,
it may seem absurd to institute any comparison between
them ; but they had the same haughtiness and vehemence
of temper. In their language and manner there was a
disdainful self-confidence, an imperiousness before which
all common minds quailed. . . . There have been far
greater speakers and far greater statesmen than either
of them ; but we doubt whether any men have, in modern
times, exercised such vast personal influence over stormy
and divided assemblies." (Article on " Dumont's Recol-
lections of Mirabeau," in Macaulay's " Essays.")
See MIRARBAU, "A Lite-History," London, 2 vols., 1848 ; LAMAR-
TINB, " History of the Girondists," book i. ; CARLYLB, "Essays,"
ToL i. ; BROUGHAM, "Statesmen of the Time of George III.," ad
aeries; CHAUSSARD, "Esprit de Mirabeau," 2 vols., 1707: VICTOR
HUGO, "Etude sur Mirabeau," 1834: F. LEWITZ, "Mirabeau, Bild
" Memoires biographiques, litteraires et politiques de Mirabeau," 8
vols., 1833-41 ; DUMONT, "Souvenirs sur Mirabeau," 1832; PITHOU,
" Abrese dela Viede Mirabeau," 1791 ; "Memoires sur Mirabeau et
ton E"poque," (anonymous.) Paris, 4 vols., 1824; SCHNBIDHWIND,
" Mirabeau und seine Zeit," 1831.
Mirabeau, de, (JEAN ANTOINE RIQUETTI,) MAR-
QUIS, surnamed SlLVERSTOCK, a brave French officer,
born in Provence in 1666, was the grandfather of the
great orator Mirabeau. His ancestors, the Arrighettis,
were exiled from Florence in 1267. He was called " Ven-
dfime's right arm." At the battle of Cassano, in 1706,
where he commanded a regiment, he received twenty-
seven wounds, one of which was in the neck. In conse-
quence of this, he wore a silver stock to support his head.
He married, and lived many years after that action.
See " Memoires de Mirabeau ;" CARLYLB, " Essays," vol. i.
Mirabeau, de, (VICTOR RIQUETTI,) MARQUIS, the
self-styled " Friend of Men," born at Perthuis in 1715,
was the son of the preceding, and father of the great
orator. A proud, eccentric person, of violent passions
and powerful intellect, he was regarded as the reverse of
a " friend" by most men who had intercourse with him.
His hobby was Political Economy, in which he was a
disciple of Du Quesnay. He published on that science
able and voluminous works, some of which were re-
ceived with favour. His " Friend of Men," (" Ami des
Hommes,") which appeared about 1755, made a great
sensation, though its style was extremely rugged, quaint,
and tortuous. He lived mostly in Paris, and was am-
bitious to direct affairs of state. It is reported that he
obtained from the ministry no less than fifty-four lettres
dt caekit, arbitrary warrants to imprison his children and
others. Died in 1789. "Out of all which circumstances,"
says Carlyle, " there has come forth this Marquis de
Mirabeau, shaped into one of the most singular, sublime
pedants that ever stepped the soil of France. There
never entered the brain of Hogarth or of rare old Ben
such a piece of humour as in this brave old Riqtietti
nature has presented us ready-made. For withal there
is such genius in him, rich depth of character, inde-
structible cheerfulness and health breaking out in spite
of these divorce-papers, like strong sunlight in thundery
weather."
Mirabella, me-ri-bel'li, (ViNCENZO,) an Italian anti-
quary, born at Syracuse in 1570. He wrote a " History
of Syracuse," and other works. Died in 1624.
MirEBUs. See LEMIRE.
Miraflorea, de, da me-ri-flo'R?s, (MANUEL de
Faudo,) MARQUIS, a Spanish historian, born at Madrid,
December 24, 1792. He was several times sent on im-
portant embassies, and was in later life prominent as one
of the principal ministers of the government. His chief
works relate to the history and politics of his own times.
Died in Madrid, March 17, 1872.
Miramon, me-ri-mon', (MIGUEL,) a Mexican general,
born about 1832. He became the leader of the clerical
party which began to wage war against Juarez in 1858.
He was defeated in a decisive battle in December, 1860,
and went into exile. He afterwards returned, and
fought for Maximilian, and was executed with him in
June, 1867.
Miranda, me-rln'di, (FRANCISCO,) a South American
patriot, born at Caraccas about 1750. Having entered
the French army, he served in the American campaigns
of 1779 and 1781, and in 1792 became general of division
under Dumouriez. In the campaign of 1793 he was
defeated by the allies at Neerwinden, and was brought to
trial for mismanagement on this occasion, but he was
acquitted. Being condemned by the Directory in 1707,
he took refuge in England, and on his return to Paris,
in 1803, was a second time banished. He sailed in 1806
to Venezuela, where he made an unsuccessful attempt
to found a republic. He was arrested in 1812 by the
Spanish government, and imprisoned at Cadiz, where
he died in 1816.
See J. BIGGS, " History of Miranda's Attempt to effect a Revo
lution in South America ;" DUMOURIEZ, " Memoires."
Miranda, de, da me-rin'di, (Don JUAN GARCIA,) a
Spanish artist, born at Madrid in 1677, became painter
to the king, Philip V. Died in 1749. There were
several other painters of the same family.
See CEAN-BBRMUDEZ, " Diccionario Historico," etc.
Miranda, de, da me-ran'di, (SA,) one of the earliest
Portuguese poets, born at Coimbra about 1495. He was
one of the founders of Portuguese literature, and is said
to have been the first to employ the metres of Dante and
Petrarch. He was the author of sonnets and dramas,
but his reputation rests chiefly on his poetical epistles
and eclogues. Died in 1558.
See BARBOSA MACHADO, " Bibliotheca Lusitana:" BOUTERWEK,
Histoire litte'raire;" A. DB VARNHAGEN, "O Panorama."
Mirandola. See Pico DELLA MIRANDOLA.
MirbeL, de, deh meR'b?!', (CHARLES FRANCOIS BRIS-
SEAU,) an eminent French botanist, born in Paris in
1776. He was appointed by the empress Josephine
superintendent of the gardens of Malmaison in 1803, and
in 1808 became a member of the Academy of Sciences,
and adjunct professor of botany and vegetable physiology
to the Faculty of Sciences. He afterwards held several
public offices, and in 1828 was appointed professor of
culture in the Jardin des Plantes. Among his principal
works are "Elements of Botany and Vegetable Physi-
ology," (3 vols., 1815,) and "Natural History of Vege-
tables," etc., (15 vols., 1826,) written in conjunction with
Lamarck, also " Researches on the Marchantia Poly-
morpha," and other treatises of great value, contributed
a, e, i
o, u, y. long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fitjmJt; not; good; moon;
MIRBEL
'733
MITCHELL
to the "Journal de Physique" and various other scien-
tific periodicals. He likewise assisted Sonnini in his
"Natural History of Plants." Mirbel gave great atten-
tion to structural botany, in which branch of the science
he was really eminent, although his views have been to
a great extent superseded. Died in 1854.
See PA YEN, "Eloee historique de M. de Mirbel," 1858; " Nou-
relle Biographic Ge'nerale."
Mirbel, de, (LIZINSKA AIMEE ZOE RUE,) the wife of
the preceding, was born at Cherbourg in 1796. She ac-
quired a high reputation as a miniature-painter. Among
her best works may be named the portraits of Louis
Philippe, the Duke of Orleans, the Count of Paris,
Madame Guizot, and Smile de Girardin. She obtained
several medals, and was appointed after the restoration
miniature-painter to the king. Madame Mirbel ranks as
one of the best of modern miniaturists. Her portraits
are remarkable for correctness and finish, as well as
for vigour and spirited expression and for harmony of
colour. Died August 31, 1849.
See "Journal des Beaux-Arts." 1849.
Mirecourt, de, deh mer'kooR', (EUGENE JACQUOT,)
a French litterateur, born November 19, 1812. The
latter part of his name was assumed from the name of
his native village, Mirecourt, in the Vosges. He early
adopted literature as a profession, and in 1845 attracted
attention by an attack on Alexandre Dumas, entitled
"The House cf Alexandre Dumas & Co., Manufacturers
of Novels." In 1854 he commenced the publication of
a series of volumes under the general title of " Les Con-
temporains," which consisted of gossipy and semi-scan-
dalous articles upon the literary celebrities of the hour.
Many of these involved him in lawsuits. After one
hundred volumes had been published, Mirecourt founded
a weekly paper under the same title and with a similar
aim. He also wrote a number of inferior romances.
Died February 13, 1880.
Mirepoix, de, deh meR'pwl', (CHARLES PIERRE
GASTON FRANCOIS de Levis — deh li've',) Due, a
French general, born in 1699. He became a marshal of
France in 1757. Died in 1758.
Mirevelt. See MIEREVELT.
Mir Hasan, meer ha'san, a poet of India, who lived
at Fyzabad and Lucknow and died in 1786. He wrote
(in the Urdu language) "The Magic of Eloquence," (a
romance,) " The Rose-Garden of Iran," etc.
Mirl-am, [Heb. D'"n.j a prophetess, a sister of
Moses, the Hebrew lawgiver. She sang a song of tri-
umph after the children of Israel had passed through
the Red Sea.
See Exodus xv. 20 ; Numbers xii.
Mirkhond, mir'Kond', a celebrated Persian histo-
rian, born in 1433, was the author of a work entitled
" Garden of Purity, or History of Prophets, Kings, and
Caliphs." There are manuscripts of this history in the
libraries of Paris, London, Berlin, and Vienna, and por-
tions of it have been translated into French and several
other languages. Died in 1498.
Mir Muhammadi Soz, meer muh-ham'ma-dee sfiz,
a Hindostanee poet, who lived at Lucknow, but became
a dervish, and died in 1800. He wrote much elegant
but licentious verse.
Miromesnil, de, deh me'ro'mi'nel', (ARMAND THO-
MAS HUE,) a French minister of state, born in the Or-
leannais in 1723. He was keeper of the seals from 1774
to 1787. Died in 1796.
Mir Taki, (or Taqi,) meer ti'kee, a Hindostanee
(Urdu) poet, born at Agra. He lived mostly at Luck-
now, and died in 1810. Many critics give him the first
place in Urdu poetry, but others consider him inferior to
Sauda. He left a great number of poems.
Mirza. See MEERZA.
Mi-se'nus, [Gr. Mioyvoc: Fr. MISENE, me'zjn'.l a
Trojan warrior, distinguished for his valour and his skill
as a trumpeter, was called jEoi/iDES by Virgil. After
the capture of Troy, he went to Italy with VEneas, whom
he served as a trumpeter. He is said to have been
drowned by a Triton who was envious of his musical skill.
See VIRGIL'S "jEneid," book vi. 162-174.
Misri-Effendi, mis'ree ef-fen'dee, a Turkish poet
and enthusiast, born in Egypt about 1660. He cele-
brated in verse the incarnation of Jesus Christ. Died
in 1710.
Missiessy, me'se'A'se', (£DOUARD THOMAS BUR-
GUES,) a French admiral, born in Provence in 1754. He
commanded a squadron which, in May, 1805, was sent
to the Antilles, and in 1809 commanded the naval forces
at Antwerp. Died in 1832.
Misson, me's&N', (FRANCOIS MAXIMILIEN,) a French
writer, born at Lyons, was of a Protestant family, and
settled in England after the revocation of the edict
of Nantes. Having visited Italy in 1687, he published,
after his return, an account of his travels, which was
commended by Addison for its lively and faithful de-
scriptions. Died in London, January 22, 1722.
Mistral, mes'tral', (FREDERI, or FREDERIC,) a French
(Provencal) poet, born at Maillane, September 8, 1830.
His most noted work is the pastoral epic "Mireio,"
(1859; in English by H. Crichton, 1868, and by H. W.
Preston, 1872,) which was the basis of Gounod's opera
" Mireille," (1864.) He also wrote "Calendau, Pouemo
nouveau," (1867,) and "Lis Isclo d'Or," ("The Golden
Shoes," 1875.) Mistral is one of the principal members
of the group of writers called ftlibres, (who aim at a
restoration of Provencal literature,) and prepared a Pro-
vencal Dictionary.
Mitch'el, (JOHN,) an Irish adventurer, born in the
county of Deny in 1815. He was for a rime associate
editor of the Dublin " Nation," and subsequently of
" The United Irishman," which, however, was soon sup-
pressed by the British government, and Mitchel was sen-
tenced to fourteen years' banishment to Australia in 1848.
In 1854 he escaped to the United States, and became an
editor successively of " The Southern Citizen" and " The
Richmond Examiner," violent pro-slavery and secession
journals. In 1874 he returned to Ireland and was elected
to Parliament, but before taking his seat he died, March
20. 1875.
Mitchel, (ORMSBY MACKNIGHT,) an eminent Ameri-
can astronomer, born in Union county, Kentucky, in
1810. Having graduated at West Point in 1829, he
became in 1834 professor of mathematics, philosophy,
and astronomy at Cincinnati College, Ohio. He first
suggested the erection of an observatory at Cincinnati,
and the successful accomplishment of the enterprise was
chiefly due to his efforts ; and the institution, of which he
became director, was provided through his exertions with
one of the finest telescopes to be found in the United
States. He delivered popular lectures on astronomy
at various places, and published, besides other works,
" Planetary and Stellar Worlds," which was very favour-
ably received. In 1859 he became director of the Dud-
ley Observatory at Albany. He was appointed a briga-
dier-general in the Union army in August, 1861. He
moved with a small army from Tennessee to Alabama
in April, 1862, surprised Huntsvillc, and distinguished
himself by his energy. Having been promoted to the
rank of major-general, he was appointed commander of
the department of the South, about August, 1862. He
died of yellow fever at Beaufort, South Carolina, in
October of that year.
Mitch'ell, (Sir ANDREW,) a distinguished diplomatist,
born in Edinburgh about 1695, was elected to Parlia-
ment in 1747, and in 1751 was appointed resident min-
ister at Brussels. He was ambassador-extraordinary to
Berlin in 1753, and acquired considerable influence over
Frederick the Great, whom he succeeded in detaching
from the interests of France. Died in 1771.
See " Memoirs and Papers of Sir Andrew Mitchell," by A. Bis-
SETT, 1850: TmiBAUl/r, " Souvenira de vingt Ans de Sejonr 4
Berlin."
Mitchell, (ANDREW,) a Scottish naval omcer, born
about 1757, attained the rank of vice-admiral of the
white in 1799, and in 1802 was appointed commander-
in-chief on the coast of America. Died in 1806.
Mitchell, (Sir DAVID,) a naval conjmander under the
reign of William III., rose to be rear-admiral of the
blue in 1693. He was afterwards employed in importap'
missions to Russia and Holland. Died in 1710.
Mitch'ell, (DoNALD GRANT,) a distinguished Ameri-
can writer, born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1822.
eas/6: 933^; gAard; gas/; G, H, Yi,guttural; N, nasal: R, trilled; sasz; th as in Mis. (jjy^See Explanations, p.
MITCHELL
1734
MITFORD
Having graduated at Yale College in 1841, he made the i
tour of Europe, and published after his return, under
ihe pseudonym of IK MARVEL, " Fresh Gleanings ; or, A
New Sheaf from the Old Fields of Continental Europe,"
(1847.) His principal works are " Reveries of a Bach-
elor," (1850,) "Dream Life," (1851,) "The Judge's Do-,
ings," (1854,) " My Farm of Edgewood," (1863,) " Wet
Days at Edgewood," (1864,) " Seven Stories, with Base- :
ment and Attic," (1864,) " Dr. Johns," (1866,) " Rural
Studies," (1867,) " AboutOld Story-Tellers, " (1878,)
and " English Lands, Letters, and Kings," (1889-95.)
Mitchell, (ELISHA,) D.D., an American chemist and
divine, born in Litchfield county, Connecticut, in 1793,
became professor of mathematics in the University of
North Carolina in 1817, and subsequently of chemistry
in the same institution. Being appointed State surveyor,
he first discovered the fact that the mountains of North
Carolina are the highest in the United States east of
the Rocky Mountains. While exploring one of these
heights, in 1857, he was killed by a fall from a precipice.
His name has been given to one of the highest summits.
Mitchell, (JOHN AMES,) editor, was born at New \
York in 1845. He studied architecture, drawing, and t
painting, became an artist and illustrator, and in 1883
founded " Life," in New York, and became its editor.
He published "The Romance of the Moon," "The !
Last American," " Life's Fairy-Tales," and other '
works.
Mitchell, (JOHN KEARSLEY,) M.D., an American
physician, born in Jefferson county, Virginia, in 1796.
He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, and
in 1841 became professor of the theory and practice of
medicine in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. He
published a treatise "On the Cryptogamous Origin of
Malarious and Epidemic Fevers, (1849,) and lectures on
scientific subjects, which are highly esteemed and have
been translated into foreign languages. Died in 1858.
Mitchell, (JOSEPH,) a Scottish poet and dramatist,
born about 1685, was the author of a tragedy entitled
"The Fatal Extravagance," "The Highland Fair," a
ballad opera, and a number of poems. Died in 1738.
Mitchell, ( MARGARET,) an American actress, born
at New York in 1832. She was taken on the stage as
an infant, and played child parts in her fifth year. She
became highly popular in the title role of " Fanchon,"
produced in 1860, and later in other roles.
Mitchell, (MARIA,) LL.D., a distinguished American
astronomer, born in the island of Nantucket in 1818.
She published, besides other astronomical treatises, a
memoir on a telescopic comet discovered by her in 1847.
A gold medal was conferred upon her by the King of
Denmark for this discovery. Miss Mitchell was ap-
pointed professor of astronomy at Vassar College soon
in the " Quarterly Review," which won for him a high
reputation. He afterwards published an excellent trans-
lation of several comedies of Aristophanes into English
verse ; also an edition of Sophocles, and five dramas of
Aristophanes, (with English notes.) He died in 1845,
leaving unfinished an edition of his " Pentalogia Aris-
tcphanica."
Mitchell, (Sir THOMAS LIVINGSTONE,) a Scottish
traveller, born in Stirlingshire in 1792. He served in
the Spanish campaigns from 1808 to 1814, and in 1827
sailed to Australia, where he was soon after appointed
surveyor-general. He gave the name of Australia Felii
to a region hitherto unexplored, and ascertained the
courses of the Glenelg, the Darling, and other rivers.
He published, among other works, " Outlines of a Sys-
tem of Surveying for Geographical and Military Pur
poses," (1827,) "Three Expeditions into the Interior of
Eastern Australia," etc., (2 vols., 1838,) and " Australian
Geography," etc., (1850.) He was a Fellow of the
Royal Society and of the Geographical Society. Died
in 1855.
Mitchell, (WALTER,) an American divine and littira-
tfur, born at Nantucket, Massachusetts, in 1826. He is
the author of '* Bryan Maurice," a novel, and of several
poems. Among the latter is the often-quoted " Tacking
Ship off Shore."
Mitch'ill, (SAMUEL LATHAM,) M.D., LL.D.,an Ameri-
can physician and naturalist, born on Long Island in 1764.
In 1786 he graduated as doctor of medicine at the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh. He became in 1792 professor of
chemistry, natural history, and philosophy in Columbia
College, New York. He was for many years associate
editor of the " Medical Repository." He was elected
to the United States Senate in 1804, and in 1820 was
appointed professor of botany and materia medica in
the College of Physicians »nd Surgeons, New York.
He published "Observations on the Absorbent Tubes
of Animal Bodies," and other scientific works. Died in
1831.
See the " National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans,1
TOl. i. ; DUYCKINCK, " Cyclopxdia of American Literature," vol. i
Mitelli, me-tel'lee, or Metelli, ma-tel'lee, (Aoo»
TINO,) an Italian painter and engraver of greaf merit,
born near Bologna in 1609, was a pupil of Dentone and
Falcetta. His principal works are perspective and ar-
chitectural pieces, in which his friend Michael Angelo
Colonna painted the figures. Among their master-
pieces are the frescos in the palace of Cardinal Spada
at Rome. Mitelli died in 1660 at Madrid, whither he
had been invited by Philip IV.
See LANZI, " History of Painting in Italy."
Mitelli, (GIUSEPPE MARIA,) an Italian painter and
engraver, bom in 1634, was a son of the preceding. Hii
.fter Correggio and the Caracci are ranked among
Mitchell, (S. WEIR,) M.D., an American physi- • notjc'ed below. He' studied at New College, Oxford,
cian and physiologist, a son of Dr. J. K. Mitchell, I and> having been admitted to the bar, was elected to
noticed above, was born at Philadelphia, February 15, ' Parliament for Beer- Alston in 1789. He became attorney-
1829. He graduated at the Jefferson Medical College general in 1799, Speaker of the House of Commons
in 1850. He particularly distinguished himself by his ;n 1801, and in 1802 lord chancellor of Ireland, being
researches on the chemical nature and physiological created at the same time a peer, with the title of Baron
action of the venom of serpents, and wrote valuable ' Redesdale. On the death of Mr. Pitt he resigned his
papers on the venom of the rattlesnake, the circulation office of chancellor. Died in 1830.
in the snapping-turtle, etc. He published " \Vear and Mitford, (MARY RUSSEI.I.,) a charming English writer,
Tear," (1871,) " Fat and Blood," (1878,) etc., and, born in Hampshire in 1786. Her father was a physician
with Drs. Keen and Morehouse, " Effects of Gunshot of more than ordinary talent and culture, whose improvi-
Wounds," (1864. ) L)r. Mitchell also won distinction ' dence, however, and luxurious tastes had involved him
as a novelist and poet, his works including several ] 'n pecuniary embarrassment. In order to relieve his
volumes of poems and the novels, " Hephzibah Guin- i necessities, Miss Mitford devoted herself to
ness," (1880,) " In War Time," (1884,) " Far in the ' at an early age- and published mi8p6 three volumes ol
were favourably received. T-he had previously i
Mitchell, (THOMAS,) an eminent English scholar, uted to the " Ladies' Magazine" a series of sketches
born in London in 1783. He studied at Pembroke Col- • •»*• -«-•. ««• • • • j •— -»-- — J-- -•-- -Al-
lege, Cambridge, and in 1813 began the publication of a
series of essays on Aristophanes and Athenian manners,
of English life, which appeared in 1832 under the title
of "Our Village," etc., (5 vols.) The genial spirit,
graceful simplicity, and freshness of feeling displayed in
a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged: a.e, I, 6, u, y, short; a, $, j, 9, oAffi/rc,- far, fill, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon;
MITFORD
'735
M1THRIDA TIS
these tales won for them the favour of all classes, and
they passed rapidly through many editions. Among
Miss Mitford's other works we may name " Belford
Regis; or, Sketches of a Country Town," "Stories of
American Life by American Writers," "Recollections
of a Literary Life," (3 vols., 1852,) and "Atherton, and
other Tales," (1854.) Died in 1855.
See the " Life of Mary Russell Mitford, told by herself in Letters
to her Friends," edited by the REV. A. G. K. L'ESTRANGE, Lon-
don, 1870; "Quarterly Review" for December, 1824; "Blackwood's
Magazine" for June, 1854.
Mitford, (WILLIAM,) an English historian, born in
London in 1744. He entered Queen's College, Oxford,
and subsequently studied law at the Middle Temple.
He was appointed in 1769 a captain in the South Hamp-
shire Militia, where he acquired the friendship of Gib-
bon, the future historian, at that time an officer in the
came regiment. Mitford published in 1774 his " Inquiry
into the Principles of Harmony in Languages," which
was followed by a "Treatise on the Military Force,"
etc. Having visited France and Italy, he was appointed,
after his return, lieutenant-colonel of the Hampshire
Militia, (1779,) and was subsequently returned to Parlia-
ment, as a Tory, for Newport, Beer-Alston, and New
Romney. He brought out in 1784 the first volume of
his " History of Greece," completed in five volumes in
1818. Its style is characterized by great spirit and
warmth of colouring, and displays uncommon learning
and research, but it is strongly tinctured with the anti
with extreme injustice. Scarcely anything can be ima
gined more partial or more false than his picture of the
great conflict between Athens and Philip of Macedon.
Philip, as he represents him, unites the perfections of a
king, a hero, and an accomplished statesman ; Demos-
thenes, on the contrary, is a demagogue, violent, venal,
and dishonest" " Mitford's History of Greece is," says
De Quincey, " as nearly perfect in its injustice as human
infirmity will allow."
See MACAULAV, Review of "Mitford's History of Greece;"
"Edinburgh Review" for July, 1808; "Quarterly Review" for April,
1821 ; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'neVale."
MIth'ra or MIth'ras, [Gr. Mt'Spoc; Lat. MITH'RAS;
Sanscrit, MIT'RA or MITRAS,] a deity of the ancient
Persians, usually regarded as the god of the sun ; but
he is more properly the god of day, and, in a higher and
more extended sense, the god of light, presiding over
the movements and influence of the principal heavenly
bodies, including the five planets and the sun and moon.
By the followers of Zoroaster he was regarded as the
chief of the Izeds, (a class of angelic beings,) and in a
particular manner as presiding over the light which
mortals enjoy on earth, (but as distinct from the sun,)
and as a mediator between men and Ormuzd. The
primary signification of the Sanscrit Mitra is a " friend ;"
and Mithra would seem to be the representative of
light as the friend of mankind and as the mediator
between earth and heaven. In this character of medi-
ator, as well as in some other respects, he would seem
to approach the character of AGNI, (which see.) In
the time of the emperors the worship of Mithra was
introduced extensively into Italy and other parts of the
Roman empire. He is usually represented as a hand-
some young man, seated or kneeling on a bull, into which
he is thrusting the sacrificial knife ; at his side are the
evening and morning star, and near at hand a dog, a
lion, and other animals, the signification of which is at
present very imperfectly understood.
See GUIGNIAUT, " Religions de 1'AntiquiteV' vol. i. book ii. ;
"Biographic Universelle," (Partie mythologique.)
Mithridate. See MITHRIDATES.
Mith-rl-da'teS, [Gr. MiSpiAiTw or MiflpoooTijf; Fr.
MITHRIDATE, me'tRe'dSt',] a Persian name, borne by
several kings of Pontus, who were descended from
Artabazes, a Persian noble. It is supposed to be de-
rived from AfitAra, (the sun,) and signifies "given by
the sun." Little is known of Mithridates I., who was
the son of Ariobarzanes.
Mithridates II., the son of Ariobarzanes II., began
to reign about 337 B.C. He extended his dominions by
conquest, and was called the founder of the kingdom ol
Pontus. In a war with Antigonus he was defeated, made
prisoner, and put to death, about 303 B.C.
Mithridates III., a son of the preceding, succeeded
his father, and made conquests in Paphlagonia. He
died after a reign of thirty-six years, and was succeeded
by his son, Ariobarzanes III.
See CLINTON, "Fasti Hellenic!'
Mithridates IV., of Pontus, the son of Ariobarzanes
III., began to reign probably about 245 B.C., when he
was a minor. He waged a successful war -against
Seleucus Callinicus, who, to obtain peace, gave him his
own sister in marriage, with one or two provinces as a
dowry. He is supposed to have died in 190 B.C. His
successor was Pharnaces I.
Mithridates V., surnamed EVERGETES, was a grand-
son of the preceding, and a son of Pharnaces I., whom
he succeeded in 156 B.C. He was a steadfast ally of
the Romans, who ceded to him the province of Phrygia.
After a peaceful reign, he died about 122 B.C.
Mithridates VI., King of Pontus, surnamed EU'PA-
TOR, and more commonly called THE GREAT, born about
135 B.C., was the son of Mithridates V., whom he suc-
ceeded about the age of fifteen. He had great political
and military talents, and is said to have been master of
twenty-five languages. In the early part of his reign he
found scope for his ambition in the conquest of Colchis
and of the Scythian tribes which roamed on the north
of the Euxine. His attempt to acquire Cappadocia by
fraud and force was resisted by the Roman senate about
93 B.C. After forming an alliance with Tigranes, King
of Armenia, — then the most powerful monarch of Asia,
— he took the field in the year 88 with about 250,000
men, and defeated the Romans in several actions. In
the same year he instigated a general massacre of the
Romans resident in Asia Minor, of whom it was com-
puted that 80,000 fell in one day.
In the year 87 he sent a large army into Greece, where
he was opposed by Sulla and defeated at Chaeronea, 86
B.C. Timbria, with another Roman army, invaded Bi-
thynia and gained a decisive victory in the year 85. The
next year Sulla and Mithridates made a treaty of peace,
by which the latter abandoned his recent conquests.
Muraena, who had obtained command of the Roman
army, with some flimsy pretext renewed hostilities, and
was completely defeated on the river Halys in 82 B.C.
As the Roman senate had not ratified the treaty which
he signed with Sulla, Mithridates made great preparations
for war, which was renewed in 74, when two Roman
armies, under Lucullus and Cotta, entered Bithynia, De-
feated with great loss by Lucullus at Cyzicus and Cabin,
Mithridates, retarding the pursuit of the Romans by the
riches he threw in their way, took refuge in the kingdom
of Tigranes (who was his son-in-law) about 72 B.C., and
gave orders that his wives Monima, Berenice, etc. should
be put to death.
Tigranes, having espoused his cause, was defeated at
Tigranocerta by Lucullus in 69, and at Artaxata in 68 B.C.
Mithridates then entered Pontus, and in 67 B.C. gained
a great victory over the Romans under Triarius, and re-
covered his kingdom. Lucullus, whose victorious career
had been interrupted by a mutiny of his troops, was
superseded in 66 by Pompey the Great, who soon tei
minated the war. After losing a battle, the King ot
Pontus fled to Lake Maeotis, (now the Sea of Azov,) and
offered terms of peace, to which Pompey did not accede.
While he was busy in raising a new army among the
Scythians and other barbarous tribes, his son Pharnaces
conspired against him, so that, to avoid the fate of a
captive, he took poison, in the year 63 B.C. After Han-
nibal, Mithridates was the most formidable enemy Rome
ever encountered. Cicero considered him superior in
power and character to any other king against whom
the Romans ever waged war.
See APPIAN, " Mithridatica;" LIVY, "History of Rome:" JUS-
TIN, "History;" WOLTERSDORF, " Commentatio Vitam Mithridatis
Magni per annos digestam sistens," 1813; DION CASSIUS, " Frag-
menta;'1 PLUTARCH, "Life of Lucullus;" "Nouvelle Biographie
G^neVale;" CLINTON, "Fasti Hellenici;" NIHBUHR, " Kleine
Schriften."
Mith-rl-da'tis, (Gr. Mi9p«5ar({,] a daughter of the
preceding, died with her father by taking poison, B.C. 63.
€as/6; 9 as s; ^hard; gasy.'G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: sasz; thasinM«.
Explanations, p. 23.1
MITRE _ 1736 _ MOCENIGO _
Mitre, me'tra, (BARTOLOMK,) an Argentine president, MOSYNE, ni'mo'zen',] in the Grecian mythology, the
born at Buenos Ayres, June 26, 1821, was a journalist in goddess of memory, was the daughter of Uranus, and
Montevideo during the early part of the nine years' siege, ; the mother of the nine Muses.
in which he also bore arms ; went to Bolivia in 1846, Mnesicles, nes'e-klez, [Gr. Mvifouc^c,] an able Greek
taught in a military college, and fought against Peru ; mist, of the age of Pericles, flourished about 433 B.C.
became a journalist in Valparaiso, was colonel of artillery He was the architect of the Propylza of the Athenian
in the decisive campaign against the tyrant Rosas in 1852, I Acropolis.
and became a leader in the movement for the independ- , Mnesimachus, ne-sim'a-kus, [Gr. Mvifm'uafOf ; Fr.
'''
, [G
ence of the state of Buenos Ayres from the remaining MNESIMAQUE, na'ze'mlk',] an Athenian comic poet of
states of the Argentine Confederation. He was succes- the fourth century before the Christian era, was esteemed
sively minister of war and governor, was defeated by one of the finest writers of the so-called middle comedy.
President Urquiza at Cepeda in 1859, but overthrew him There are a few fragments of his plays extant
at Pavon, September n, 1861, and became first President Mnestheus. See MENESTHEUS.
of the reorganized Argentine Republic. He was com- Mnioch, mnee'oK, JOHANN JAKOB,) a Prussian poet,
mander-in-chief of the " triple alliance" against Paraguay, , born at Elbing in 1 765, wrote a number of popular lyrics,
1865-70. He was distinguished as a poet, journalist, and among which we may name "The Song of the Grave,"
novelist. Died at Buenos Ayres in 1894. and "Song of the Masons at Saint John's Festival."
MitscherlIch,m!tsh'er-liK', (CHRiSTOPHWiLHELM,) Died in 1804.
a distinguished German scholar, born in Thuringia in Mo'ab, [Heb. 3X10,] the son of Lot, was the father
1760, was professor of philosophy and rhetoric at Got- of the Moabites, who inhabited the country east of the
tinge'n. He published in 1800 an excellent edition of Dead Sea and the Jordan. (See Genesis xix.)
the Odes and Epodes of Horace. Died in 1854. Moaweeyah, Moawiyah, or Moawyah, mo-i'-
Mitacherlich, (ElLARD,) an eminent German chem- wee'yah,* written also Muawia, Mauweiah, and Moa-
ist, born near Tever in 1794. He studied at Heidelberg veah, [in German, MOAWIJAH, MUAWIJJAH, or MOA-
and Gottingenj and in 1819 was invited to Stockholm by WIJE,] a celebrated caliph, born at Mecca in 610 A.D.,
Berzelius, whose notice he had attracted by his valuable was the founder of the Omeyyad dynasty. He was
discoveries in isomorphism. After his return to Ger- the great-grandson of Omeyyah, who was the head of a
many (1821) he became professor of chemistry at the powerful family of the Koreish, and cousin-german to
University of Berlin, and a member of the Academy of Abd-el-Moottalib, the grandfather of Mohammed. He
Sciences in that city. He was chosen a member of the subjected Arabia to his power about 660, and deposed
French Institute in 1852. He published a "Treatise on Hassan, the son of Alee, (Alt) He was an able and
Chemistry," ("Lehrbuch der Chimie,"2 vols., 1829-40,) successful but unscrupulous ruler. He died in 680, and
which has a very high reputation, and wrote contribu- was succeeded by his son, Yezeed, (Yezid.) His grand-
tions to Poggendorfs " Annalen" and to other journals, son, MOAWEEYAH II., born in 660, became caliph in 683.
Died in 1863. He abdicated in 683 or 684 A.D.
Mittarelli, met-ta-rel'lee, (Niccoi.6 JACOPO, after- Mo'ber-ly, (GEORGE,) D.C.L., an English bishop,
wards GIOVANNI BENEDETTO,) an Italian theologian, born at Saint Petersburg, Russia, in 1803. He was edu-
born in Venice in 1707. He wrote a "History of the cated at Winchester, a:id graduated at Balliol College,
Camaldules," ("Annales Camaldulenses," 9 vols., 1755- j Oxford, in 1825, becoming a tutor and Fellow of the
73,) a work of some merit Died in 1777. same college. He was head-master of Winchester
Mittermaier, mit'ter-ml'er, (KARL JOSEPH ANTON,) School, 1835-68, and in 1869 was consecrated liishup
a celebrated German statesman and jurist, born in of Salisbury. He published several volumes of sermons,
Munich in 1787. He was successively professor of law and various educational and theological works, and was
at Bonn and Heidelberg, president of the preparatory prominent as a High-Church prelate. Died in 1885.
parliament at Frankfort in 1848, and soon after member Mobiua or Moebius, mb'be-us, (AUGUST FERDI-
of the National- Assembly. He published a number of fjANDj) a German astronomer and mathematician, born
valuable legal treatises, among which we may name "The at Schulpforte in 1790. In 1844 he was appointed pro-
Common Civil Process of Germany compared with that fessor of astronomy at Leipsic. He published, among
of Prussia and France," (1826.) Died August 29, 1867. other scientific treatises, "The Barycentric Calculus, a
works. Died at Warsaw in 1778. Mocenigo, mo-cha-nee'go, (ALVisio,) born in 1701,
Miv'art, (SAINT GEORGE,) an English naturalist, born was elected Doge of Venice in 1763. He pursued a
Died in 1778.
(GIOVANNI,) brother of Pietro, noticed
______ , ______ n in 1408. He was elected Doge of Venice
1874 he jn 1478. The country being devastated by famine and the
was made professor of biology in the (Catholic) Uni- piaguei and at the same time invaded by the Turks,
versity College at Kensington, and in 1890 of the (je made peace m ,479 wjtn the Sultan, Mahomet II.
philosophy of natural history at Louvain. While an jjje(j jn 1485.
evolutionist, he was an active opponent of the Dar- Mocenigo, (Luici I.,) succeeded Pietro Loreuano
winian theory. Among his books are "Genesis of ^ Doge of Venice in 1570. The most important events
Species," (1871,) " Man and Apes," (1873,) " i- of hjs ru,e were the capture of the isle of Cyprus by the
sons from Nature," (1876,) "The Cat," (iSSt,) Turks, and the victory of Lepanto, gained by the Vene-
" Nature and Thought," (1883,) "The Origin of tizns and tnejr aiijes under Don John of Austria, (1571.)
Human Reason," (1889,) "Birds," (1892,) "Types Died in 1577.
of Animal Life," ( 1893,) etc. In 1899 his expression G] n } succeeded Valieri as doge in
of disbelief in certain Biblical stones led to a sharp R£ * ' ].rned with great wisdom and ability, and
controversy with Cardinal Vaughan, and on his death, ' vailed o° the Venetians to keep a strict neutrality
April I, 1900, his body was refused burial in conse- during the war of the Spanish succession. Died in 1709.
crated ground Mocenigo, (PlETRO,) became Doge of Venice in 1474,
M'Kinley, (Wn.i IAM.) See MAcKlNLEY. . ™ previously greatly distinguished himself in the
* wa^inst the Tu^ks. Vd £ .476-
have lived in the time of Alexander the Great • There U a great diversity in the accentuation as well » m ihe
Mnemon, nee'mon, a surname given to Artaxerxes lling of , his n;ui,e. Hammer- Purgstall, than whom there is ••
on account of his retentive memory. higher authority, places the full accent on the penuititna ; an<: «'
Mnemosyne, ne-most-ne, [Gr. Mwy^oowj; ; Fr. MN£- . have thought it safe to follow his example. _
a, e, 5, 6, u, y, long; i, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; n8t; good; moon;
MOCENIGO
1737
MOHAMMED
Mocenigo, (SEBASTIANO,) brother of Luigi II., sue
ceeded Cornaro as Doge of Venice in 1722. Died in 1 732.
See DARU, " Histoire de Venise."
Mocenigo, (TOMMASO,) an able Venetian statesman
born in 1343. He was elected doge in 1414. The Vene
tian fleet defeated that of the Sultan in 1416. During hi
administration the republic was prosperous and power
ful. Died in 1423.
Mocetto, mo-chet'to, (GiKOLAMO,) an Italian artist
had a high reputation as an engraver. He lived abou
1470-1500.
Mochnacki, moK-naVskee, (MAURICE,) a Polish
patriot and historian, born in Galicia in 1804. Hi
became in 1825 associate editor of the " Warsaw Jour
nal," and in 1830 published an excellent treatise "On
the Polish Literature of the Nineteenth Century," which
was instrumental in founding a new school of poetry in
1'oland. He was a prominent leader in the insurrection
of 1830 against the Russian government. On the fal
of Warsaw he took refuge in France, and began a
" History of the Polish Revolution," which he did noi
live to complete. Died in 1834,
Mocquard, mo'kjR', (CONSTANT,) a French poli-
tician and litterateur, born at Bordeaux in 1791. He
practised law in his early life. During the reign ol
Louis Philippe he became a friend and adherent of
Louis Napoleon, who in 1848 appointed him his private
secretary. He performed an important part in the coup
fitat of December, 1851, after which he was chef du
cabinet of the emperor for many years. He published a
collection of criminal trials, " N*uvelles Causes cele-
bres," (6 vols., 1847.) Died in 1864.
Mo-deer', [Sw. pron. mo-dflr',] (ADOLF,) a Swedish
naturalist and economist, born in 1738, published several
works. Died in 1799,
Modena, mod'a-nJ, (GUSTAVO.) a popular Italian
writer and tragic actor, born at Venice in 1803. He
made his dlbut in 1826 at Rome. He became an orator
of the radical party during the revolutionary movement
of 1847, and published "Popular Dialogues," ("Dialo-
ghetti popolari.") Died at Turin, February 22, 1861.
Modena, da, dJ mod'a-nJ, or Mutina, moo'te-ni,
(TOMMASO BARISINI,) an eminent Italian painter, sup-
posed to have been born at M6dena in the early part of
the fourteenth century. Among his master-pieces we
may name an altar-piece of the Virgin and Child.
Mo-des-ti'nuB He-ren'nI-ua, a Roman jurist of the
third century, was one of the counsellors of the emperor
Alexander Severus, and was appointed preceptor to
Maximinus the Younger. He wrote a number of legal
works, of which only fragments are extant.
Modi, mo'de, or MoSi, written also Mode, [that is,
"the Courageous," from a root cognate with the Danish
mod and German muth, " courage,"] a son of Thor, des-
tined to survive the destruction of the world at Ragna-
rock. In the renovated world he will share with Magni
the possession of their father's hammer, (mjblnir,) and
direct their efforts towards putting an end to all strife.
Modigliano, mo-del-yi'no, (GiAN FRANCESCO,) an
Italian painter, sometimes called FRANCESCO DA FORLI,
born at Forll about 1550. His works are principally
historical pieces of a religious character, some of which
have great merit.
Mo'dl-us, (FRANC.OIS,) a Flemish philologist and
Jurist, born near Bruges in 1536; died in 1597.
Mod-jes'ka, (HELENA,) a Polish actress, born at
Cracow about 1843. She married M. Modjeska when
she was seventeen years old. After his death in 1865
she married one Chlapowski, a journalist, and after her
great success upon the Warsaw stage they removed to
California, where she first appeared in an English-
speaking part in 1877, since which time she has won
many triumphs.
Moe, mo'eh, (JoRGEN ENGEBRETSEN,) a Norwegian
poet, born at Hole, in Sigdal, April 22, 1813. He was
educated in the University of Christiania, and from
1845 to '853 was professor of divinity in the national
military school. In 1875 he was appointed Bishop of
Christiansand. He published "Songs, Ballads, and
Staves," (1840,) "Norske Folke-eventyr," (1841; pre-
pared partly by Asbjornsen, except in later editions,) "I
Bronden og i Tjernet," (1851,) " En liden Julegave," (" A
Little Christmas-Gift," 1859,) etc. Died at Christian-
sand, March 27, 1882.
Moebius. See MOBIUS.
Moehler. See MOHLER.
Moehsen. See MOHSEN.
Moellendorf. See MOLLENDORF.
Moeller. See MOLLER.
Moerike. See MORIKE.
Mceris, mee'ris, or Myris, mi'ris, [Gr. Moijif or
Mupif,] a king of Egypt, who, according to Herodotus,
reigned about 1400 B.C. He is said to have been a pa-
cific monarch, and to have adorned the kingdom with
many monuments and temples, at Thebes, Edfou, etc.
Mceris .SHius, mee'ris ee'H-us, a Greek lexicog-
rapher, surnamed ATTICISTA, is supposed to have lived
in the time of Adrian. His only work extant is a " Lexi-
con Atticum," or vocabulary of Attic and Hellenic
words.
See FABRICIUS, " Bibliotheca Graca."
Moeaer. See MOSER.
Mof'fat, (JAMES CLEMENT,) D.D., a Scottish-Ameri-
can clergyman, born at Glencree, in Galloway, May 30,
1811. He came to America in 1833, and graduated at
Princeton College in 1835, and afterwards studied at
Yale College. He was then for two years a tutor at
Princeton, professor of Greek and Latin in Lafayette
College, 1839-41, of Latin and history in Miami Univer-
sity, 1841-52, professor of Greek and Hebrew in Cin-
cinnati, 1852-53, of Latin in Princeton, 1853-54, and of
Greek, 1854-61, and professor of church history at Prince-
ton after 1861. Among his works are " Introduction to
the Study of /Esthetics," (1856,) " Life of Chalmers,"
"Comparative History of Religions," (1871,) "Summer
Ramble in Scotland," (1873,) " Alwyn, a Poem," (1875.)
"The Church in Scotland, a History," (1882,) "General
Church History in Brief," (1884,) etc. Died in 1890.
Mof fat, (ROBERT,) a Scottish missionary, born near
Edinburgh in 1795, set out for Africa about 1816. He
Bpent more than twenty years in the southern part of
that country, and about 1840 published " Missionarj
Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa." He also
translated the New Testament and Psalms into the
Bechuana tongue. Mr. Moffat was father-in-law of the
African explorer, Dr. Livingstone. Died Aug. 10, 1883.
Mogilas, mo-Hee'lis, (PETROS,) a Russian prelate, of
a Wallachian family, born about 1600. He studied in
Paris, became a monk in 1625, and in 1632 was conse-
crated Metropolitan of Kieff. He prepared a " Cate-
chism," (1645,) and the celebrated "Orthodox Confes-
sion" of 1640, adopted as a standard by the patriarchs
and synods of the Greek Church. Died in 1647.
Mohallal, mo-hil'lal, (Ada-Ben-Rebiah,) an Ara-
bian poet, born at Diarbekir, lived about 600 A.D. He
irst fixed the rules and metre of Arabian poetry. He
was an uncle of the poet Amrool-Kais.
Mo-ham'med or Ma-hom'et,* written also Mo-
lamed and Muhammed, [Arabic pron. mo-ham'-
med ; Fr. MAHOMET, mi'o'ma' ; Ger. MOHAMMED, mo-
lam'mft, or MUHAMMED, moo-ham'met ; It. MAOMETTO,
ml-o-met'to, or MACOMETTO, ma-ko-met'to ; Lat. MO-
HAM'MED or (rarely) MOHAM'MEDES, (gen. of both, Mo
JAMMEDIS,) or MUHAMMED ; Port MAFOMA, mS-fo'mi ;
Sp. MAHOMET, ma-o-mSt',] a celebrated religious teacher
and pretended prophet, the founder of one of the most
widely diffused religions of the globe, was born at Mecca
about 570 A.D. The year of his birth is not positively
ascertained ; the authorities are divided between 571 and
569, but the former date appears to be generally regarded
as the more probable one. Both his parents belonged
o the Koreish, at that time the most influential of all
he Arabian tribes. His father, Abdallah, who was of
he family of Hashem, was regarded as the handsomest
•outh of his time. He married A'minah, of the noble
amily Zohrah. Their only child was Mohammed, the
* This name is often pronounced, especially by the poets, mah'-
-met'ormaTio-met, an accentuation derived, in all probability, from
be French. (See Introduction, page 13.) Nfahom'et (with the accent
n the penultima) is not only the prevailing English pronunciation,
ut it corresponds more nearly with the Arabic.
€ as k; c as j; g hard; g as /; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
Explanations, p. 23. (
MOHAMMED
1738
MOHAMMED
future prophet Aminah possessed, it is said, a pecu-
liarly nervous temperament, and used to fancy, while
between sleeping and waking, that she was visited by
spirits. It is probable that Mohammed inherited from
his mother his constitutional tendency to epilepsy, as well
as his most remarkable mental peculiarities. Many mar-
vellous stories are told of the circumstances attending
his birth. It is related, among other things, that his
mother experienced none of the pangs of travail. As
soon as her child was born, he raised his eyes to heaven,
exclaiming, "There is no God but God, and I am his
prophet I" That same night the fire of Zoroaster, which,
guarded by the Magi, had burned uninterruptedly for
more than a thousand years, was suddenly extinguished,
and all the idols in the world fell down.t
When his son was only two months old, Abdallah
died ; (according to some accounts, he died two months
before the birth of Mohammed.) Aminah for a short
time nursed her infant herself, but sorrow soon dried
the fountains of her breast, and the young child was
committed to the care of Haleemah, (Haltmah,) a shep-
herd's wife, with whom he remained about five years. It
is related that when Haleemah showed the child to a
celebrated soothsayer, (Kahin,) who was an idolater, the
latter exclaimed, " Kill this child !" Haleemah snatched
away her precious charge and fled. Afterwards the
Kahin explained to the excited multitude : " I swear by
all the gods," said he, "that this child will kill those
who belong to your faith ; he will destroy your gods,
and he will be victorious over you." When Mohammed
was four years old, he was seized, while at play, with a
nervous fit, which was supposed to be epilepsy. As this
disease was ascribed to supernatural influence, his nurse
was alarmed, and was anxious to return him to hia
mother ; but she was at last prevailed on to keep him
somewhat longer. When he had completed his sixth
year, his mother died. For the next two years he lived
with his grandfather, Abd-el-MoSttalib, who appears to
have regarded him with great fondness. At his death,
Abd-el-M6ottalib recommended the orphan to the care
of his son, the noble-minded Aboo-Tilib.
When only twelve years old, Mohammed accompanied
his uncle on a trading expedition to Syria, Near Bostra
they met with an Arabian monk named BaheerS or Ser-
gius. It is said that Aboo-TSlib, for some reason not
explained, found it necessary to send the young Mo-
hammed home again, and that Sergius took charge of
him and accompanied him to Mecca. Early Christian
biographers assert that Mohammed received his revela-
tions from this monk ; and he himself tells us in the
Koran that he was accused of having been taught by a
foreigner. It is not improbable that on his different
journeys to Syria he learned many facts respecting the
religions of Western Asia ; but how far the knowledge
of such facts influenced his future career must ever
remain a subject of conjecture.
When Mohammed was twenty-five years of age, his
uncle, Aboo-TSIib, proposed to him that he should take
charge of the merchandise which Khadijah, (or Khadee'-
jah,) a rich widow of Mecca, was about to send to the
markets of Syria. He accepted the proposal, and appears
to have fulfilled his charge with judgment and with entire
fidelity. Khadijah was so well pleased with him on his
return that she offered him her hand. Although she
was forty (lunar) years of age, and he but twenty-five, it
was considered by the family of Mohammed as a very
desirable connection. Their nuptials were celebrated
with a magnificent feast and great rejoicings. This mar-
riage raised Mohammed to an equal position with the
wealthiest inhabitants of Mecca. His moral character,
moreover, appears to have inspired universal esteem
and confidence, and he was generally known by the sur-
name of El-Ameen, (El-Amin,) or "'the Faithful." For
several years after his marriage he continued his com-
mercial journeys, visiting, with the caravans, the Arabian
fairs and markets of Syria. But, being now above the
necessity of anxiously toiling for a subsistence, he had
leisure to give free scope to the natural tendency of his
t It may be proper to observe that some of the most wonderful
of these stories are not found in the earlier accounts of Mohammed's
life, and are clearly the inventions of a later age.
mind, which inclinea him to religious meditation and
speculation. " He had," says Carlyle, " no school learn-
ing ; of the thing we call school learning, none at all.
The art of writing was but just introduced into Arabia ;
'.t seems to be the true opinion that Mahomet never
could write. Life in the desert, with its experiences,
was all his education."
Until his fortieth year Mohammed appears to have
been a devout worshipper of the gods of his fathers.
About this rime he began to entertain serious scruples
respecting the worship of idols. His followers ascribe
the change to a divine revelation ; but others have sug-
gested that his scruples were probably excited by a more
extensive acquaintance with the Jewish and Christian
Scriptures, which he may have acquired from his wife's
cousin, War'Jka, who had, it is said, once been a Jew
and afterwards became a Christian, and who made withal
some pretensions to astrology. Supposing these con-
jectures to have a basis of train, it was perhaps fortunate
for the new prophet's claims to an original revelation
that Waraka died a short time before Mohammed pub-
licly proclaimed his divine mission. But, however his
thoughts may have been first directed to the subject of
religion, there is every reason to believe that he was, at
least in the early part of his career, sincere and unselfish
in his desire to convert his countrymen to a better faith.
He appears to have thought long and deeply, and to
have had many mental struggles, before he resolved to
announce himself as a divine teacher. He was of a
nervous and melancholic temperament, and there were
times, during the period of doubt and conflict which
preceded the annunciation of his great mission, when
he was strongly tempted to commit suicide by throwing
himself down from a precipice. (See Sprenger's " Life,"
p. 105.) In all his trials he found a great support in his
faithful wife Khadtjah, who was the first, as he himself
declared, among all his nation that believed in him.
" God thus ordained it," says Ibn IshSk, " that his duties
might be made easy to him ; for, as often as he had to
hear reproachful language, or was accused of falsehood,
or was cast down, she cheered him up and inspired him
with courage, saying, 'Thou speakest the truth.'" We
may well suppose, with Carlyle, that "of all the kind-
nesses she had done him, this of believing the earnest,
struggling word which he now spoke was the greatest."
For a considerable time Mohammed preached his new
doctrines respecting the unity and glorious attributes of
God to his household and intimate friends only. In three
years he had made, we are told, only fourteen converts ;
but among these were the high-spirited, devoted, and
indomitable Alee, (Ali.) who was afterwards surnamed
the "ever-victorious Lion of God," (see ALEE,) and
Aboo-Bekr, whose character for good sense, benevolence,
and straightforward integrity contributed not a little to the
respectability and ultimate success of the new religion.
In the fourth year of his mission, in obedience, as he
alleges, to an exp'ress command from heaven, Mohammed
resolved to make a public declaration of his faith. He
addressed himself to the Koreish and others, asking
them, " If I were to tell you that there is an army on the
other side of that mountain, would you believe me ?"
" Yes," they answered, " for we do not consider thee to
be a liar." He then said, " I come to warn you ; and if
you do not believe me, a great punishment will befall
you ;" he told them they must renounce idolatry, and
make a profession of the one true God ; that unless they
did so they could have no true happiness in this life nor
salvation in the life to come. He formally separated him-
self from the polytheists, and publicly condemned their
religion. A powerful opposition was in consequence
organized against him, — his uncle, Aboo Lahab, (lah'hab,)
and Aboo-Sofiln, (of the family of Omeyyah,) the prin-
cipal leader of the Koreishites, being among the number
of his bitterest enemies. Not only the prophet himself,
but his disciples were for a time in extreme danger ; he
owed his life to the influence of the powerful family of
HSshem, and especially to the magnanimity, courage,
and indomitable firmness of his uncle, Aboo-Talib, who,
although he refused to accept the new faith, resolved, at
whatever cost, to protect his kinsman. Every form of
persuasion and menace was tried upon him in vain. To
», e, i, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, ii, y, short: a, e, i, o, ottcurt; far, fall, fit; mSt; n6t; good; moon;
MOHAMMED
'739
MOHAMMED
the hostile Koreishites, who urged him to give up to
their vengeance the blasphemer of his country's gods,
he answered with indignant scorn, and declared that if
they should slay his nephew the lives of the chiefs of
their tribe should pay for the life of Mohammed. They
were thunder-struck at his boldness and awed by his
invincible determination. But, while they hesitated to
provoke the vengeance of the Hashemites by laying
violent hands upon Mohammed, they persecuted his
disciples in a hundred ways, insulting and imprisoning
those of the better class, and starving and torturing such
as had no wealth, position, or family connections to pro-
tect them. Under the pressure of this persecution many
converts to the new faith apostatized ; and Mohammed,
fearing that others might desert him, advised some of his
followers to leave Mecca and seek refuge in Abyssinia,
which was ruled, he said, by a just and pious king. The
subsequent conduct of the Abyssinian monarch proved
that the confidence of the prophet was not misplaced.
In spite of all opposition, the new doctrines continued
to spread. In the sixth year of Mohammed's mission
two important conversions took place, — the prophet's
kinsman Hamzah, surnamed, on account of his bravery,
the " Lion of God," and Omar, who had at first been a
bitter opponent of the Islam, but afterwards became one
of its most zealous and powerful defenders. (See OMAR.)
Ten years after the commencement of his mission,
(that is, about 619 A.D.,) Mohammed lost by death his
generous and faithful wife, Khadijah, and his noble-
minded uncle and protector, Aboo-Talib. He appears
to have been greatly cast down by these severe afflictions,
and seldom went out of his house. Meanwhile, his
enemies seemed to have become more exasperated than
ever by the failure of all their efforts to prevent the
spread of the new religion. In this extremity, his uncle,
Aboo-Lahab, who had hitherto been one of his most
determined and bitter opponents, but upon whom now
devolved the duty of protecting his kinsman, came for-
ward with singular magnanimity and said to Mohammed,
"Go wheresoever thou wilt, and do what thou wast ac-
customed to do when Aboo-Talib was alive : I swear by
the gods of my country that no harm shall befall thee
while I live." But a few days afterwards some one said
to Aboo-Lahab, " Do you know what your nephew says
of your father? he says he is in hell." Aboo-Lahab
asked Mohammed if the charge was true. The prophet
had the hardihood to answer, " Your father died an
idolater ; and every idolater goes to hell." Upon this,
Aboo-Lahab withdrew his protection.
So long as Khadijah lived, Mohammed maybe said to
have been a strict monogamist. Shortly after her death
the daughter of Hakeem and wife of Othman asked the
prophet why he did not marry. "Whom shall I marry?"
said he. She replied, "If thou wishest a virgin, take
Ayeshah, the daughter of Aboo-Bekr; if a widow, take
Sawdah, the daughter of Zamah, — she believes in thee."
He instantly replied, " I will marry them both."
After Mohammed was abandoned by Aboo-Lahab,
another uncle, El-Abbas, (the brother of Aboo-Talib,
and ancestor of the Abbasside caliphs,) became his pro-
tector. Meanwhile the faith which had been rejected at
Mecca was eagerly embraced in the neighbouring city
of Medina. A numerous and powerful deputation from
the mcst influential families of the latter city waited on
the prophet, and in a solemn covenant promised, with
»n oath, that if he would come and live with them they
would protect him as they would protect their own wives
»nd children. The offer of this powerful aid did not
come a moment too soon. His enemies, headed by
Aboo-Sofian, had been unremitting in their efforts to
procure his destruction. At length it was formally and
publicly resolved that he should be slain. In order to
baffle the vengeance of the Hashemites, and to divide
the guilt of his death, it was agreed that one man from
every family should at the same moment plunge his
sword into the heart of their victim. Nothing now re-
mained for him but death or instant flight. At the dead
of night, accompanied by his faithful friend Aboo-Bekr,
he silently escaped from his house. The generous and de-
voted Alee, covered with the shawl of the prophet, laid
himself down on the bed of his master. Meanwhile
Mohammed and Aboo-Bekr had fled to the cave of Thor,
about a league from Mecca : there they remained three
days. According to one account, their enemies, after
exploring every hiding-place in the vicinity, came to the
mouth of the cave. But, a spider having providentially
spread her web over the entrance, the Koreishites, deem-
ing it impossible that Mohammed could have entered
there, turned back from their pursuit. Perhaps a more
probable explanation is that as the Koreishites knew
Medina to be the destination of the fugitives, they never
suspected that they could be concealed in the cave of
Thcr, which lay in an opposite direction. While they
were in the cave, Aboo-Bekr, contrasting their weakness
with the strength of their enemies, said, trembling, " We
are but two." "No," replied Mohammed, "there is a
third : it is God himself." On the fourth night the
prophet and his companion left their hiding-place, and,
riding on camels which the servant of Aboo-Bekr had
brought, arrived safely at Medina sixteen days after his
flight from Mecca. His approach having been made
known, several hundred of the citizens went out to meet
him. He was welcomed with loud acclamations; and
he who a few days before had left his native city as a
fugitive, with a price upon his head, now entered Medina
more like a king returning victorious from battle than
an exile seeking a place of refuge. This separation or
flight of Mohammed from the city of his nativity (called
in Arabic Hej'rah or Hij'rah*) marks the commence-
ment of the Mohammedan era.t
After Mohammed's arrival at Medina, a marked change
took place in his policy. He had hitherto asserted liberty
of conscience and opposed religious violence. He now
maintained that the Islam should, if necessary, be de-
fended and propagated by the sword. "The sword,"
said he, " is the key of heaven and of hell : a drop of
blood shed in the cause of God, or a night spent in arms,
is of more avail than two months of fasting and prayer ;
whoever falls in battle, his sins are forgiven him, and at
the day of judgment the loss of his limbs shall be sup-
plied by the wings of cherubim." He was not long in
carrying his new principles into practice. His arch-
enemy, Aboo-Sofian, had, with only thirty or forty fol-
lowers, conducted a rich caravan of a thousand camels
to the marts of Syria. The prophet resolved to inter-
cept it on its return. Aboo-Sofian, having been informed
of his design, dispatched a messenger to Mecca and
obtained a reinforcement of nearly a thousand men. Mo-
hammed's troops amounted to considerably less than
half that number. The hostile forces met in the vale
of Bedr, (or Bedder,) about twenty miles from Medina.
Mohammed was placed on a throne or pulpit whence
his eye could command the field of battle. His followers,
being outnumbered, were sorely pressed. At that critical
moment the prophet started from his throne, mounted
his horse, and threw a handful of dust into the air towards
the Koreishites, crying, " Let their faces be covered with
confusion !" Both armies heard his voice ; the Koreish-
ites were stricken with terror, while the Mussulmans,
assured of victory, rushed forward with an enthusiasm
that was irresistible. Some of the Moslem writers state
that when the prophet cast dust into the air three thou-
sand angelic warriors on white and black steeds made
their appearance and swept his foes before them like a
whirlwind. Seventy of the Koreishites were killed, and
about the same number taken prisoners. Among the
slain was Aboo-Jahl, perhaps the most bitter and fero-
cious of all the enemies of Islam. His head was brought
to Mohammed, who exclaimed with exultation, " This man
was the Pharaoh of our people." So great was the terror
and hatred he had inspired that even after his death his
name was never mentioned, it is said, by true believers
without the addition, " May he be accursed of God !"
• This word is often, but less correctly, written Hegira : it has,
Koperly speaking, but two syllables. The vowel i has doubtless
en added by the Italians or Germans to indicate the sound of/', (or
CHatTieja, for Aboo-Jahl Abu-GjaJll, etc.
t The era of the Hejrah is not calculated from the very day of
Mohammed's flight, but from the beginning of the lunar year in
which it occurred, namely, July 16, 622 A.D.
<• as/£: casj; gharJ: gas ;',• G, H, V., guttural; N, nasal; ^trillrd: sasi; *hasinrtif. (jy=See Explanations, p. 13.)
MOHAMMED
1740
MOHAMMED
The prophet's success at Bedr was the first of that
wonderful series of victories which, by spreading the
new faith to the borders of China on the east and to the
Atlantic Ocean on the west, were destined to change the
face of the world. The Islamites were less successful
in a second encounter with their foes, near Mount Ohod,
six miles north of Medina. Mohammed himself was
wounded in the face with a javelin, two of his teeth were
shattered with a stone, and seventy of the faithful, in-
cluding Hamzah, the prophet's uncle, were left dead on
the field of battle. But his enemies gained no perma-
nent advantage. The Koreishites signally failed in an
attempt to take Medina by siege. The Islam constantly
gained new adherents. " Caled [Khaled] and Amrou,"
says Gibbon, " the future conquerors of Syria and Egypt,
most seasonably deserted the sinking cause of idolatry."
Soon after, Mecca itself was taken by the followers of
the prophet, who, led by Khaled, (surnamed afterwards,
on account of his valour, the " Sword of God,") entered
the city in three divisions. The chiefs of the Koreish
were prostrate at the feet of the prophet. " What mercy,"
asked he, " can you expect from the man whom you have
so deeply wronged ?" " We trust to the generosity of
our kinsman." " And you shall not trust in vain : go ;
you are safe, you are free." He who seven years before
had left his native city as a hunted fugitive was now
received and honoured as prophet and king. But in an
attempt made soon after to reduce the Arabian tribes
who still adhered to idolatry, the army of Mohammed
was surprised in a mountain-pass, and for a time his
own life was in imminent peril. Several of his devoted
followers who endeavoured to shield him with their
bodies fell dead at his feet In his distress he cried,
"O my brethren, I am the apostle of truth ! O man,
stand fast in the faith ! O God, send down thine aid 1"
His uncle Abbas, who was distinguished for the strength
of his voice, called on the flying Moslems, repeating the
promises of God to the faithful. The battle was soon
restored, and what threatened to be a disastrous defeat
was changed into a complete victory. About the yea:
630 Mohammed sent an army, under the command of
Zeid, who had formerly been his slave, to invade Pales-
tine, then belonging to the Greek empire. At the battle
of Muta, where for the first time the Moslems encoun-
tered a foreign foe, Zeid and two other of the leaders
were slain. It is related of Jaafar, who succeeded Zeid
in the command of the army, that when his right hand
was struck off he seized the banner with his left ; this
also being severed from his body, he embraced the stan-
dard with his bleeding stumps, until at length he fell,
pierced with no fewer than fifty wounds. The day was
saved by the valour of KMled, in whose hand it is said
that nine swords were broken before the hosts of the
enemy were turned backward. Mohammed had to be-
wail, on this occasion, not only the death of his faithful
servant Zeid, but also that of many of his bravest fol-
lowers. We are told that when, after the battle, he first
saw the young orphaned daughter of Zeid, he wept over
her in speechless sorrow. " What do I see ?" said one
of his astonished followers. " You see," said he, " a friend
weeping the loss of his most faithful friend."
The recent successes of the prophet, by inflaming the
zeal of the faithful, confirming the wavering, and con-
vincing the doubtful, — for, as it has been well observed,
there is no argument like success, — contributed greatly
to the rapid diffusion and final triumph of the new faith.
But in the early part of 632, while he was engaged in
organizing a formidable expedition against Syria, he was
seized with a violent malady, (supposed by some writers
to have been a fever,) which, before many days, terminated
fatally. It is related that near the beginning of this ill-
ness Mohammed said to one of his attendants, " The
choice is given me either to remain on earth until the
end of time, or soon to depart to the presence of God :
I have chosen the latter." When he perceived that his
end was near, supported by the arms of Alee and another
relative, he went into the mosque and asked publicly if
he had injured any one, — if so, he was ready to make
full amends, or to suffer himself what he had inflicted on
others. As no one answered, he asked again if he owed
any man anything. A voice replied, " Yes, — to me, three
drachms of silver." The prophet ordered the money to
X paid, and thanked his creditor that he made his com-
jlaint now instead of deferring it till the day of judgment.
His last words were the utterance of a broken prayer, —
" O God, pardon my sins — yes — I come !" He died,
according to the Arabian historians, on his birthday, the
eleventh year of the Hejrah, (632 A.D.,) aged 63, or, ac-
cording to some authorities, 65 years. He had ceased
to breathe, but his followers refused to believe that he
was dead. Omar, in his fierce zeal, threatened to strike
off the heads of the infidels who should dare to assert
that the great prophet and intercessor with God was no
more. The authority of Aboo-Bekr was required to
appease the tumult " Is it Mohammed, or the God of
Mohammed, whom you worship ? God liveth for ever
and ever ; but Mohammed, though his prophet and
apostle, was mortal like ourselves, and, in dying, has
but fulfilled his own prediction."
In person Mohammed was of middle stature, with
broad shoulders and chest, square-built and strong, with
large hands and feet. The unusual size of his head was
partly concealed by long and slightly-curling locks of
hair. His forehead was broad and fair for an Arab, and
his fine eyebrows were separated by a vein which swelled
up and became very conspicuous when he was angry.
His eyelashes were long, and his eyes dark and glowing.
His nose was large, prominent, and slightly hooked ;
his mouth was wide, but adorned with a fine set of
teeth. According to some accounts, he stooped, and was
slightly round-shouldered. His natural disposition ap-
pears to have been in a high degree kindly and humane.
"He was naturally irritable," says Irving, "but had
brought his temper under great control." One of his
servants said, " I served him from the time I was eight
years old, and he never scolded me, tnough things were
sometimes spoiled by me." " He was," says a wrker*
who will scarcely be accused of exaggerating his virtues,
" kind to women, — never beat one, and entertained more
respect for them than is usual with nations addicted to
polygamy. He frequently protected women who came
to him for refuge. . . . He forbade the believers to beat
their wives ; but on the remonstrance of Omar, who said
that the wives would have the upper hand over their
husbands, he allowed it." Nevertheless, he insisted that
women should be fairly and justly treated, and not beaten
unless the occasion absolutely demanded it His own
wives, having once become rebellious, were brought to
submission by a revelation from Heaven and the blows
of their relatives,! the prophet himself being disinclined
to such severity, either from kindness of heart or from
a regard to his apostolic dignity.
" He was," says Sprenger, "'affectionate towards his
relations ; and, notwithstanding the gravity of his office,
he was playful with his wives. Ayeshah, being only nine
years of age when she married him, brought her toys
into his house, and he occasionally played with her. She
also used to race with him. ... He would sometimes
tell stories to his wives, such as the adventures of the
man who had been carried away by the jinn (genii) and,
after a long stay with them, returned to his family."
The intellectual powers of Mohammed were of a very
high order, and as a poet he ranks far above all others
who have ever written in the Arabic tongue. It was
usual for his followers to point to the beauty and sub-
limity of the Koran as an irrefutable proof of his divine
inspiration ; and he himself, in one of the chapters of
that sacred poem, boldly challenges men and angels to
produce anything to equal it, and confidently affirms
that God alone could have dictated so incomparable a
work. Probably no poet that ever lived more fully
realized the state of mind known as pnetir furor than
Mohammed. It is said that while he was composing
certain portions of the Koran he was in a state of such
intense excitement as amounted almost to frenzy ; and,
if we may believe those accounts of his life which seem
best authenticated, some at least of the revelations of
the Koran were actually communicated (or were believed
by him to have been communicated) during his epileptic
paroxysms, while wholly unconscious of things around
• See SPRKNCEI, " Life of Mohammad," p. 93. t Idem., lot cit.
o, u, y, long: 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; nflt; good; moon-
a, e, T
MOHAMMED
1741
MOHAMMED
him. With this view, there may have been no arrogance
or vanity in his claiming that to rival the Koran was
beyond the power of men or angels. Referring to the
prophet's tendency to poetic and elevated thought,
Sprenger says, " His mind dwelt constantly on the con-
templation of God : he saw his finger in the rising sun,
in the falling rain, in the growing crop ; he heard his
voice in the thunder, in the murmuring of the waters,
and in the hymns which the birds sing to his praise ;
and in the lonely deserts and ruins of ancient cities he
saw the traces of his anger." But combined with all his
poetic and religious enthusiasm was a vein of strong
common sense. He was free from all ostentation and
parade : that he pretended to work miracles, is a cal-
umny of his enemies. He considered it miracle enough
that he was inspired with the Spirit of God: this he
doubtless believed in all sincerity. One whom Heaven
had so highly honoured had no need of earthly dignity
or worldly splendour. He set a praiseworthy example
of indifference to earthly riches, of patriarchal simplicity
of manners, and of frugality in his diet and dress. With
his own hands he milked his goats, and afterwards at-
tended to his person. The costly presents which he
received he gave to his friends. The riches which he
obtained from the spoils of war and from tribute were
spent in promoting the interests of religion and in re-
lieving the wants of the poor. " His military triumphs,"
says Irving, "awakened no pride nor vain-glory. . . .
In the time of his greatest power he maintained the
same simplicity of manners and appearance as in the
days of his adversity. So far from affecting regal state,
he was displeased if on entering a room any unusual
testimonial of respect were shown him."
The most glaring moral defect of Mohammed's char-
acter was his passion for women, to justify which he pre-
tended that he had received a special revelation from
heaven ;J and, while only four lawful wives were allowed
to his followers, he himself had eleven wives, besides
several concubines. Mohammed's conduct in this re-
spect, viewed in connection with his pretended revela-
tions, would seem to go very far towards justifying those
who consider him to have been simply an artful and self-
ish impostor. " But, however he betrayed the alloy of
earth," observes Irving, "after he had worldly power at
his command, the early aspirations of his spirit con-
tinually returned and bore him above all earthly things.
. . . On the mercy of God he reposed all his hopes of
heaven." His wife Ayeshah once asked him if it were
indeed true that none could enter paradise except
through God's mercy. "None — none !" he replied, with
emphatic earnestness. And when she again asked if an
exception would not be made in his case, he answered,
with great solemnity, "Neither can I enter paradise
unless God clothe me with his mercy."
Until recently, the belief has universally prevailed in
Christendom that Mohammed was not merely the teacher
of a false religion, but a conscious impostor, an artful,
self-seeking charlatan. But such a theory of his life and
character will not bear examination. Not to mention
the thousand incidental proofs of his sincerity which are
scattered through the history of his early life, it is wholly
incredible that a mere self-seeking charlatan would have
exposed himself to universal obloquy and certain per-
secution, in the wild hope that he might at last triumph
over those religious prejudices which had been for so
many ages gaining strength among his countrymen.
When Aboo-Talib, weary of defending his nephew
against the implacable hostility of the Koreishites, be-
sought him to abandon a course attended with so much
?eril to himself and his kinsmen, he replied, "O uncle,
swear by God that if they put the sun on my right
hand and the moon on my left, I will not renounce the
career I have entered upon until God gives me success,
or until I perish." Aboo-Talib, touched with his heroic
spirit, solemnly promised that he would not give him up,
whatever he might preach.
In considering the question of Mohammed's sincerity,
it must not be forgotten that he possessed not only a
I "This is a peculiar privilege granted unto thee above tb^ rest of
the true believers." (See SALB s " Koran," chap, xxxiii.)
vivid and powerful imagination, but a very peculiar phys-
ical and mental constitution. It seems not unreasonable
o believe, as traditions relate, that in those nervous
paroxysms to which he was subject he had visions not
unlike those which his mother saw between sleeping and
waking. Such visions would be almost certain to par-
take of the character of those earnest thoughts and
convictions with which his waking soul was filled ; and
nothing could be more natural than for such a mind not
merely to regard those visions as a divine confirmation
of his peculiar views, but to employ them, modified as
they would necessarily be by his powerful imagination,
to give force and authority to his public teachings. Nor
will it appear at all unreasonable to those conversant
with human nature that one who was perfectly sincere
at the beginning of his career should afterwards — under
the stimulus of fear, lust, hatred, or ambition — pretend
to visions which he never had, for the purpose of giving
a divine sanction to his cherished opinions, or, it may be,
to his arbitrary caprices or selfish desires. How often,
indeed, have the professors of a far purer and higher
laith resorted to stratagem and deceit to promote what
they sincerely believed to be a good cause, which they
had not faith enough to trust to the care of Heaven or
to the legitimate operation of purely moral influences!
While we must admit, with one of the prophet's ablest
and most successful defenders, (Carlyle,) that in the
Moslem heaven and hell " there is enough that shocks all
spiritual feeling in us," we must also admit, on a candid
examination, that his religion, on the whole, made him
and his followers better, and not worse. In estimating
the influence of the Islam upon the nations which em-
braced it, it would be obviously unjust to take as a
standard of comparison the highest forms of Christian
civilization. We should rather compare the condition of
those nations under the sway of Mohammedanism with
their condition as it was before the advent of the prophet.
If the religion of Mohammed was immeasurably inferior
to the religion of Christ, it was in most respects greatly
superior to every form of paganism of which we have
any knowledge, and probably also to much of that
spurious or half-spurious Christianity which it displaced
in Western Asia and Northern Africa.
"The general tenor of Mahomet's conduct," says
Irving, " up to the time of his flight from Mecca, is that
of an enthusiast acting under a species of mental de-
lusion,— deeply imbued with a conviction of his being a
divine agent for religious reform ; and there is something
striking and sublime in the luminous path which his
enthusiastic spirit struck out for itself through the be-
wildering maze of adverse faiths and wild traditions, —
the pure and spiritual worship of the one true God,
which he sought to substitute for the blind idolatry of
his childhood. ... All the parts of the Koran supposed
to have been promulgated by him at this time — inco-
herently as they have come down to us, and marred as
their pristine beauty must be in passing through various
hands — are of a pure and elevated character, and breathe
poetical, if not religious, inspiration. They show that
he had drunk deep of the living waters of Christianity ;
and if he had failed to imbibe them in their crystal
purity, it might be because he had to drink from broken
cisterns and streams troubled and perverted by those
who should have been their guardians."
See SPRKNGHR, " Life of Mohammad, from Original Sources,"
Allahabad, 1851, London, 1852, (a work of decided merit ;) WEIL,
" Mohammed der Prophet, sein Leben und sein Lehre," Stuttgart,
1843; IRVING, "Mahomet and his Successors," New York, 2 vols.,
1850; GAGNIER, "Vie de Mahomet;" BOULAINVILLIERS, "Vie de
Mahomet ;" "Preliminary Discourse" prefixed to SALE'S translation
of the Koran: PRIDEAUX, "Life of Mahomet;" MARACCI'S trans-
lation of the Koran, (in Latin,) with notes ; RELAND, " De Religione
Mohammedica ;" ABULFEDA, "Moslem Annals," ("Annates Mos-
lemici,") and translated into Latin by REISKB; ABULFEDA, "Life of
Mohammed," rendered into Latin by GAGNIER, with the title "De
Vita et Rebus gestis Mohamedis," Oxford, 1732 : GIBBON, " Decline
and Fall of the Roman Empire," chap. 1. ; CARLYLE, " Hero and
Hero- Worship," etc., article " Mahomet," (one of the best productions
of its author;) RAMPOLDI, "Vita di Maometto," 1822; NOEL DBS
VERGERS, " Vie de Mahomet," 1833 : GEORGE BUSH, " J.ife of Mo-
hammed," New York, 1830 : SAMUEL GREEN, " Life of Mahomet,"
1840; CHARLES MILLS, " History of Mohammedanism," etc., Lon-
don, 1812; K. R. TUKPIN, " Histoirede la Vie de Mahomet," 2 vols.,
1773; DE BREQUIGNY, " Vie de Mahomet," 1754; L. ADDI£ON, " Life
of Mahomet," 1678.
vast; cas s; %kard; gas/;G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: sasz; thasinMii.
xplanations.fi. 23.)
MOHAMMED
1742
MOLA
Mo-ham'med IL, (commonly pronounced in India I Earth," 1866, etc.,) and a noted paper "Ueber die Natur
io-Hum'mSd,) Emperor of India, born about 1 150, was [ der Warme," (" On the Nature of Heat," i
, ' 1837,) in which
one of the founders of the Gaurian dynasty. He became he announced the doctrine of the correlation of forces,
master of part of Hindostan in 1171, after which he ex- Died in October, 1879.
Mobs, mos, (FRIEDRICH,) a German mineralogist,
born at Gernrode in 1774. He
1774. He succeeded Werner as
professor of mineralogy at Freiberg in 1817, and after-
tended his dominions by conquest. He took Lahore
and Delhi between 1184 and 1192, and Benares in 1193.
He was assassinated in 1206.
Mohammed IV, Emperor of India, born at Delhi wards filled the same chair at Vienna. He became
in 1360, succeeded his father, Fyroz (or Feroze) III., in j counsellor of mines in 1838. He published, among
1386. Died in 1394. other works, "Elements of the Natural History of the
Mohammed V, born at Delhi in 1406, succeeded Mineral Kingdom," (1832.) Died in 1839.
Moobarek II. as Emperor of India in 1434. Died in I Mohsen or Moehsen, QOHANN KARL WILHELM,)
1443.
Mohammed VL OF INDIA. See BASER.
Mohammed VH. OF INDIA. See HOOMAYOON.
Mohammed IX. OF INDIA. See AKBAR.
Mohammed XI. See SHAH JEHAN.
,
a German medical writer and numismatist, born in Ber-
lin in 1722. He was physician to the King of Prussia.
Died in 1795.
Mohsin-Fanee or Mohsin-Fani, moH'sin fa'nee,
' or Muhsiii-Faui, mooH'sin fa'nee, (MOHAMMED,) a
Mohammed XTTT, Emperor of India, of the dynasty Persian poet, bom on the coast of the Persian Gulf in
of Grand Moguls, was born at Agra about 1685. He '615. His principal work is the " Dabistan," which gives
began to reign at Delhi in 1713. He granted the East an account of ancient religious sects. Died in 1670.
India Company the privilege of exemption from the pay- Moigno, mwan'yo', (FRANQOIS NAPOLEON MARIE,)
ment of duties. He was deposed in 1718, and died the a French mathematician, born at Gue'me'ne' in 1804, pub-
same year. lished "Lessons in Differential and Integral Calculus,"
Mohammed XTV., often called Mohammed Shah, (1840,) a " Treatise on the Electric Telegraph," (1849,)
Emperor of India, born at Delhi about 1700, was a cousin and other works. Died July 15, 1884.
of the preceding. He began to reign in 1720. In 1739 Molne, Le. See LEMOINB.
Nadir Shah invaded India, captured Delhi, massacred Moine, Le, leh mwan, (ABRAHAM,) a French Protest-
an immense number of the people, and robbed Moham- ant divine, born in the seventeenth century, became
med of the celebrated diamond Kohinoor. Died in 1748. pastor of a French church in London. He translated
Mohammed, (Sultans of Turkey.) See MAHOMET. Bishop Gibson's " Pastoral Letters" into French, and
Mohammed OF GAZNA. See MAHMOOD. published a " Sermon in Defence of the Sacred History,
Mohedano, mo-i-da'no, (ANTONIO,) a Spanish j ln Answer to Lord Bolingbroke." Died in 1760.
painter, born at Antequera in 1561, excelled in fresco- [ Moir, (DAVID MACBETH,) a distinguished Scottish
painting. Died in 1625. writer and physician, born near Edinburgh in 1798. He
Mobl, von, fon m51, (HUGO,) a German botanist, bro- became at an early age a contributor to Constable's
ther of Julius, was born at Stuttgart in 1805. He pub- and Blackwood's Magazines, and published a number
lished " Contributions to the Anatomy and Physiology °f poems in the latter, under the signature of the Greek
of Plants," (1834,) etc. Died April i, 1872. Delta, (A.) Among his other works may be named his
Stuttg
and
the
he was appointed secretary ot the Asiatic bociety, having
previously been chosen a member of the Academy of
Inscriptions. He made a number of valuable contribu
.,.'
. ,,, m ' ,5'v,
ou' «->*ORGE,) a Scottish lawyer, born in Aberdeen
. mae a numer o vauae conru . -
tions to the "Journal Asiatique," and published editions ln, ' u became a successful advocate at Edinburgh,
of several Oriental works. Died January 3, 1876. wch,ere he,was "V?35 made professor ol rhetoric, and in
Mohl, von, (MORITZ,) brother of the preceding, was l8(? P™fessor of Scuts law. He was an accomplished
rn at Stuttgart in 1802. He published "Results of cr'.!Lc- (but *rote vcry ''ttle-
bo
a Journey in France for the Purpose of studying Arts
and Trades," (1845.) Died February 18, 1888.
Mohl, von, (ROBERT,) a German jurist, brother of
the preceding, was born at Stuttgart in 1799. He be-
came professor of law at Heidelberg in 1847, and after-
mplished
Dled '" ^°'
EARL OF. See HASTINGS, MARQUIS OF.
Moirae, moi're, [Gr. Moqxu,] a name applied to the
z^.s'~ c 5."*"
Moise. See MOSES.
Moitte, mwat, QF.AN GUILLAUME,) a French sculp-
, -
wards filled several important civil offices. He published l°r' born, '" fans '" '747- He executed the large
a number of le v bas-relief of the front of the Pantneon, and statues of
a number of legal works. Died November 4/1875.
Mohler or Moehler, mo'ler, (JoHANN ADAM,) a Cassm. and General Uustme He was a member of
German Catholic theologian, born at Igersheim in 1796, , *= Academy of fine Arts, and a chevalier of the legion
published in 1825 a work entitled " Unity in the Church ; | of honour,
or. The Principle of Catholicism." Died in 1838.
Mohn, mon, (GoTTLOB SAMUEL,) a German glass-
painter, born at Weissenfels in 1789. His most admired
Died in 1810.
See Qi'ATRRMBRB Da QUINCY,
; niteur," 1810.
' filoge de Moitte," in the " Mo
productions are the painted windows of the Imperial
Chapel at Laxenburg, near Vienna. Died in 1825.
Mohn, (HENRIK.) a Norwegian meteorologist,
born at Bergen in 1845. He studied the meteorol
Norway, and wrote "The North Ocean, its Depths.
Temperature, and Circulation," ( 1887.)
Mohnike, mo'ne-keh, (GOTTLIEB CHRISTIAN FRIED-
RICH,) a German writer and theologian, born in Pome-
rania in 1781, published a "History of the Literature of
the Greeks and Romans," (1813.) Died in 1841.
Mohr, mor, (KARL FRIEDRICH,) a German philoso-
pher, born at Coblentz, November 4, 1806. He studied
at Heidelberg, Berlin, and Bonn. When fifty-seven
years old he was made extraordinary professor of phar-
macy at Bonn. Among his books are " Lehrbuch der
/-hemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode," ("Text-Book of
Chemical Analysis by Titration," 1855, a work of high
excellence.) " Geschichte der Erde," (" History of the
Moivre, de. See DEMOIVRE.
Mojon, mo'zhoN', (BIANCA Miles! — me-la'see.) an
Italian lady, distinguished for her talents, accomplish-
ments, and elevated character, was born at Milan in
1790. She was married in 1825 to Dr. Mojon, physician
to the court in Paris. An interesting account of her was
written by her friend fimile de Souvestre. Died in 1849.
See, also, BESSIK R. PAKKK, "Twelve Biographical Sketches."
London, 1866.
Mokanna. See AL-HAKKM-IBN-ATTA.
Moke, mo'k?h, (HENRI GUILLAUME), a Belgian
writer, born at Havre in 1803. He produced, besides
other works, a " History of Belgium." Died in 1862.
Moktader-Billah, mok'ta-der bil'lah, orMuktader-
(mook'ta-der) Blllah, (Abool-Fadhl-Jaafar, a'bool
fad'l ja'far,) an Abbasside caliph of Bagdad, was born in
894 A.D., and began to reign in 909. He was defeated
and killed in 932 by Monnes or Mounes.
Mola, mo'la, (GiAMBATTiSTA,) a painter, of Italian
extraction, called MOLA DI FRANCIA, born at Besancon
a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fat; mft; not; good; moon;
MOLIERE.
MOLA
1743
MOLIERE
In 1614. He was a pupil of Vouet, and excelled as a i
landscape-painter. Died in 1661.
See LANZI, " History of Painting in Italy."
Mola, (PiETRO FRANCESCO,) sometimes called MOLA
DI ROMA, an eminent Italian painter, born about 1620,
was a pupil of Albano. He painted a number of his-
torical works of great merit, but he excelled particularly
in landscapes. Among his master-pieces are his " Saint
John in the Desert," " History of Joseph," and " Saint
Bruno." Died in 1666.
Molai or Molay, de, deh mo'li',* (JACQUES,) last
grand master of the order of the Templars, was born in
Burgundy. The wealth and power to which this order
had arisen having excited the jealousy of Philippe le Bel,
King of France, and Pope Clement IV., a plan was laid
by the two sovereigns for their destruction. Molai, being
invited to France in 1306, was arrested on his arrival,
together with all the Templars in that country, and, on j
vartous criminal charges, condemned to death. Nearly ;
sixty of the knights perished at the stake ; and the grand
master, after seven years' imprisonment, shared their
fate, in 1314.
Molbech, mol'be'K, (CHRISTIAN,) an eminent Daninh
historian, philologist, and bibliographer, born at Soriie
in 1783. After travelling in England and other countries
of Europe, he became in 1823 professor of the histoiy
of literature, and first secretary of the Royal Library,
at Copenhagen. Among his principal Works are aj
" History of the Wars of Ditmarschen," (1813,) "Danish
Dialect-Lexicon," (1837,) and " History of Erik Plogpen-
ning," (1846.) He published between 1814 and 18173
literary journal of great merit, entitled the " Athene,"
and subsequently became editor of the "Nordisk Tid-
skrift" and " Historisk Tidskrift," (1840.) Molbech also
had a share in the great "Dictionary of the Danish Lan-
guage," (unfinished.) Died at Copenhagen in 1857.
See ERSLHW, " Forfat'er-Lexicon."
Molbech, (CHRISTIAN KNUD FREDERIK,) a Danish
poet, a son of the preceding, was born at Copenhagen
in 1821. He produced "Dante," a drama, and lyric
poems, (1846,) which are highly commended. D. 1888.
Mold, mo'la', (FRANC.OIS RENE,) a celebrated French
comedian, born in Paris in 1734. He was a member of
the Institute, and director of the Academy at the Theatre
Francais. Died in 1802.
Mole, (Louis MATHIEU,) COUNT, an eminent French
statesman, born in Paris in 1781, was descended from
Mathieu Mole, noticed below. He published in 1805
" Moral and Political Essays," which procured for him
the favour of Napoleon, by whom he was soon after ap-
pointed master of requests, and prefect of the Cote-d'Or.
In 1813 he succeeded the Duke of Massa as minister of
justice. He was created a peer by Louis XVIII., and
m 1817 became minister of the marine. Under Louis
Philippe he was minister of foreign affairs from August
to November, 1830, and became in April, 1837, prime
minister ; but, overcome by the opposition of Guizot,
Thiers, and Berryer, he resigned his post, March 31,
1839. In 1840 he succeeded De Quelen in the French
Academy. Died in 1855.
See Louis DH LOM^NIH, "M. le Comte Mole", par un Hommede
Rien," 1840; A. DH CKSHNA. " Le Comte Mole"," 1842; " Nouvell*
Biographic G^n^rale. "
Mole, (MATHIEU,) an eminent French magistrate,
born in 1584. He was attorney-general in 1614, and in
1641 was appointed by Richelieu first president of the
Parliament of Paris. During the civil war of the Fronde
he was conspicuous for his intrepidity and his energetic
measures in quelling the insurrections of Paris. In 1651
he became keeper of the seals. He left interesting " Me-
moires," (pub'ished in 4 vols., 1855.) Died in 1656.
See BARANTE, " Vie de Mole1 ;" HBNRION DK PANSEY, " filogr
de M. Mole," 1775; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Moleschott, mo'Ies-sKot', (JACOB,) a Dutch natural
ist and physiologist, born at Bois-le-Duc in 1822, studied
medicine and natural science at Heidelberg, and settled
as a physician at Utrecht. He was the author of a
• See Introduction. V., 7 and g.
"Critical Examination of Liebig's Theory <
tation of Plants," (1845,) " Doctrine of Alin
iof the Alimen-
ments," (1850,)
Circular Motion of ~ Life," (1852,) and other similar
woiks. He became professor of physiology and an-
thropology at Heidelberg in 1847, and of physiology at
Zurich in 1855. Among his works are " Light and Life,"
("Licht und Leben," 1856,) and one on George Forster,
entitled "Georg Forster der Naturforscher cles Volks,'
(1854.) He is ranked among the most prominent ad-
vocates of the materialistic philosophy, (although he
recognizes a mixture of spiritual life with the material
life of the universe.) He totally rejects the idea of crea-
tion in the ordinary signification of the term, referring
the origin of all the species of animals to the operation of
Universal and unchangeable laws. Died May 19, 1893.
Molesworth, (SirGuiLDFORD LINDSEY,) an Eng-
lish engineer, was born at Millbrook in 1828. He
was consulting engineer to the government of India
after 1871, and wrote numerous works and papers on
engineering and financial subjects.
Molesworth, molz'w9rth, (MARY LOUISA, nle
Stewart, ) a Scottish author, born in 1842, on the Con-
tinent, and long a resident of Paris. Her works include
several novels and many stories for children, as " Rec-
tory Children," (1891,) " Next-Door House," (1893,)
"Uncanny Tales," (1896,) "Meg Langholme,"
(1897,) etc.
Molesworth, molz'worth, (ROBERT,) VISCOUNT, a
statesman and diplomatist, born at Dublin in 1656. He
was appointed by William III. a member of his privy
council, and in 1692 was envoy-extraordinary to Den-
mark. He published, after his return, an "Account
of Denmark," a severe criticism on the government and
customs of the Danes, which gave great offence to that
people but was very popular in England. He was a
Fellow of the Royal Society, and numbered among his
friends Locke and Lord Shaftesbury. Died in 1725.
See WALKJLK, " Royal and Noble Authors ;" LODGE, " Peerage."
Molesworth, (Sir WILLIAM,) an eminent English
statesman, born in Surrey in 1810. Having completed
his studies at a German university, he was elected to
Parliament for East Cornwall in 1832. He was for many
years associated with John Stuart Mill as editor of the
" Westminster Review." He represented Southwark in
Parliament in 1850, and was appointed first commissioner
of public works in 1853, and secretary of the colonies
in July, 1855. He died in October of the same year.
Besides his articles in the " Westminster Review," Sir
William published a complete edition of the works of
Hobbes.
Moles-worth, (WILLIAM NASSAU,) an English cler-
gyman, born at Millbrook, in Hants, November 8, 1816.
He studied at Saint John's and Pembroke Colleges,
Cambridge, graduating in 1839. He then took orders,
and for many years was a parish minister in Manchester
and Rochdale. Among his works are " Religious Im-
portance of Secular Instruction," (1857,) "Plain Lec-
tures on Astronomy," "England and France," (1860,)
" History of the Reform Bill," (1864,) " System of Moral
Philosophy," (1867,) "History of England," (1871-73.)
and " History of the Church of England," (1882.) He
was distinguished as an advocate of social and political
reforms. Died December 19, 1890.
Moleville, (ANTOINE FRANCOIS BKRTRAND.) See
BERTRAND DE MOLLEVILLE.
Moliere, mo'le-aiR', a celebrated French comic au-
thor and actor, wliose original name was Jean Baptists
Poquelin, (pok'laN',) was born in Paris on the I$th of
January, 1622. He received instruction in private from
the philosopher Gassendi, and in his youth assisted his
father, who was a dealer in tapestry, (marckandtapisswr.)
He became -valet- dt-chambrc to the king, Louis XIII.,
about 1640. Having assumed the name of Moliere, he
adopted the profession of comic actor about 1644, and
a few years later appeared in the provinces at the head
of a small troupe which he had formed. His first regular
drama was "The Giddy-Head," (" L'Etourdi,") which
was performed with success by his troupe at Lyons in
i6S3. Attracted to the capital by a growing ambition,
•easi; 9asj; %hard; gas/';G, H, K.,guttural; ft, nasal; ^trilled: sasz; thasinMw. (23f~See Explanations, p. 23.)
MOLIERES
1744
MOLITOR
royal patronage, he opened there a I grado" in Le Sage's " Gil Bias." On his death-bed he
His " Affected Ladies," (" Precieuses said to his attendants, " I leave behind me three great
physicians, — Diet, Water, and Exercise." Died in 1755.
See " Eloge de M. Molin," 1761.
Molina, mo-lee'ni, (GIOVANNI IGNAZIO,) a naturalist,
jorn in Chili in 1740, lived many years at Bologna. He
wrote an " Essay on the Natural History of Chili," ( 1 782,)
and a "Civil History of Chili," (1787,) both in Italian.
Died in 1829.
Molina, mo-lee'ni, (Luis,) a celebrated Spanish
and favoured with
theatre in 1658.
ridicules,") a satire on the affected style and euphuism
which were then in fashion, was performed with great
applause in 1659. "Sganarelle" came out in 1660.
His fame was increased by his " School for Husbands,"
("Ecole des Maris," 1661,) a comedy of manners, char-
acter, and intrigue. He produced in 1666 "The Mis-
anthrope," esteemed one of his master-pieces. "The
dialogue of this," says Hallam, "is uniformly of the
highest style ; the female and indeed all the characters
are excellently conceived and sustained." Still more
popular was the "Hypocrite," ("Tartuffe," 1667,) an
original creation in dramatic poetry, and generally con-
sidered the greatest effort of his genius. He was the
author of about thirty other comedies, in verse or prose,
among which "The Bores," ("Les Facheux," 1661,)
the "School for Wives," ("Ecole des Femmes," 1662,)
" Love (or Cupid) as Physician," (" L'Amour Medecin,"
1665.) "Le Medecin malgre lui," (1666,) "The Miser,"
(" L'A vare," 1667,) " Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme," (1670,)
" Learned (or Pedantic) Ladies," (" Femmes savantes,"
1672,) and "The Imaginary Invalid," (or "Hypochon-
driac,") ("Le Malade imaginaire," 1672,) are greatly
admired. Died in Paris, February 17, 1673.
There is perhaps in the whole history of literature no
more remarkable instance of the triumph of genius than
is presented to us in the career of Moliere. Seldom, if
ever, were the pride and tyranny of rank more predomi-
nant than in France in the latter half of the seventeenth
century. Yet many of the French nobility treated Mo-
liere as a companion and equal. " Come to me at any
hour you please," said the great Prince de Conde1 to oar
author : " you have but to announce your name : your
visit can never be ill-timed." (See Scott's " Miscellanies.")
The success of " Tartuffe" was a signal victory achieved in
the face of an all-prevailing bigotry, which was strongly
entwined in the very spirit of the age and had struck
deep root into the heart of the king himself. But the
castle of prejudice, invincible to every other assault, was
fain to open its reluctant gates to the transcendent ge-
nius of Moliere. He was remarkable not merely for his
wonderful comic talent, but for his admirable delineation
of human nature as it appears in all countries and all ages.
" In the more appropriate merits of comedy," says Hal-
lam, " in just and forcible delineation of character, skilful
contrivance of circumstances, and humorous dialogue,
we must award him the prize." The same eminent critic
thinks "that Shakspeare had the greater genius, but
perhaps Moliere has written the best comedies." He was
not a member of the French Academy. After Moliere's
death, that learned body placed his bust in their hall,
with this beautiful and appropriate inscription :
" Rien DC manque & sa gloire : il manquait a la notre."*
See GRIMAREST, "Vie de J. B. Poquelin de Moliere," . _
VOLTAIRE, " Vie de Moliere," etc.. 1739 : LA HARPB, " Iddes sui
Moliere ;" CAILHAVA, " Etudessur Moliere," 1802; J. TASCH;
" Histoire de la Vieet des Ouvrages de Moliere," 1825 ; JEAN SYLVAIN
BAIU.Y, "Eloge de Moliere,'' 1770; SAINTB-BEUVE, "Portraits
litteraires ;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale :" " Lives of the Most
Eminent French Writers," by MRS. SHELLEY;" Essay on Moliere
view" for July, 1845.
Molieres, de, deh mo'le-aiR', (JOSEPH PRIVAT,) a
French philosopher and mathematician, born at Taras-
con in 1677, was a friend and disciple of Malebranche.
He succeeded Varignon as professor of philosophy in
the College of France in 1723, and was elected aE
associate of the Academy of Sciences in 1729. He was
the author of several scientific works. It is related, as
an instance of his abstraction of mind, that when a
robber one day entered his apartment, Molieres showed
him where his money was kept, but begged him not to
disturb his papers. Died in 1742.
Molin, moHaN', or Dumoulin, dii'moolaN', (JAC-
QUES,) a celebrated French physician, born near Mende
'n 1666, was patronized by Louis XIV. and Louis XV.
He made free use of the lancet in his practice, and is
supposed by some to have been the original of " Dr. San
* " Nothing is wanting to his glory ; but he was wanting to ours.'
fesuit, born in New Castile about 1535, was professor
of theology at Ev'ora, in Portugal, for twenty years. His
principal work is entitled " De Concordia Gratia: et
Liberi Arbitrii," (1588,) in which he attempts to reconcile
the free will of man with predestination. This treatise
was severely assailed by the Calvinists, Dominicans, and
Jansenists, and a bitter controversy ensued, which was
iartially suppressed by Pope Paul V. Died about 1600.
See BOSSUET, " Avertissement aux Protestants;" N. ANTONIO,
Bibliotheca Hispana Nova."
Molina, de. See ARGOTE DE MOLINA.
Molina, de, COUNT. See CARLOS OF BOURBON.
Molinseus, the Latin of DUMOULIN, which see.
Mollnari. See MULI.NARI, (STEFANO.)
Molinari, mo-le-nl'ree, or Mulinari, moo-le-na'ree,
|GiovANNl ANTONIO,) an Italian painter, called also
ARACCINO, born at Savigliano in 1577 ; died in 1640.
Molinari, de, deh mo-le-nj'ree, (GuSTAVE,) a Bel-
gian author, born at Liege. March 3, 1819. He became
a homoeopathic physician, and wrote, besides other works,
"Etudes economiques," (1846,) "Histoire du Tarif,"
(1847,) "Cours d'Economie politique," (1861,) " Lettres
sur les Etats-Unis et le Canada," (1876,) and " L'Evolu-
tion economique," (1880).
Moline de Saint-Yon, mo'len' deh siNt'yftN',
(Ai.EXANDRE PIERRE,) a French general and writer,
born in Lyons in 1786. He was minister of war from
November, 1845, until May, 1847. Among his works
is a " History of the Counts of Toulouse." Died in 1870.
Molinet, mo^'n^', (JEAN,) a French poet and histo-
rian of the fifteenth century. He was appointed librarian
to Margaret of Austria, and historiographer to the house
of Burgundy, and wrote numerous works in prose and
verse. Died in 1507.
See RBimiMBKRG, " Memoire tor J. Molinet," 1835.
Molinet, du, du mole'nj', (CLAUDE,) a French an-
tiquary, born at Chalons in 1620, was the author of a
" History of the Principal Popes, taken from Medals."
Died in 1687.
MoLLnetti,
mo-le-net'tee, (ANTONIO,) an eminent
Italian anatomist and physiologist, born at Venice. He
obtained the chair of anatomy at Padua in 1649. He
wrote " On the Senses and their Organs," (" De Sensibus
et eorum Organis," 1669.) Died in 1675.
Molinier, mo'le'ne-a', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French
ecclesiastic, celebrateoT^s a pulpit orator, was born at
Aries in 1675. He published a translation of the Psalms
into French verse, and "Select Sermons." Died in
•745-
Molinos, mo-lee'n6s, (MIGUEL,) a Spanish theologian,
founder of the sect of Quietists, was born at Saragossa
about 1630. His principal work is entitled "Spiritual
Guide," (1675,) and inculcates, as its leading doctrines,
the abstraction of the mind from external objects, and
the contemplation of the Deity. The book was con-
demned by the Inquisition, and Molinos sentenced to
perpetual imprisonment, from which he was released by
death in 1696.
See HODGSON, " Reformers and Martyrs," Philadelphia, 1867 ;
PLUQUKT, "Dictionnaire des Hire'sies;" SCHARUNG, " Mysukeren
M. Molino's Laere og Skjaebne," 1853.
Molique, mo'leek', (BERNHARD,) a German violinist
and composer, born at Nuremberg in 1803. He went to
England in 1849, after having gained a reputation in his
own country, and settled in London. In 1866 he retired
to Cannstatt, near Stuttgart, and died there in 1869.
Molitor, mo'le'toR', (GABRIEL JEAN JOSEPH,) a
French marshal, born in Lorraine in 1770. He was
appointed Governor-General of Swedish Pomerania in
1807, and took an active part in the subsequent cam-
paigns from 1808 to 1814. He gave in his adhesion to
a, e, t, 6, u, y, long: i, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; not; good; mSon;
MOLLENDORF
1745
MONA
the Bourbons after the restoration, and was made chrva-
lier of Saint Louis. He commanded the second corps
of the army in the Spanish campaign of 1823, and by
nis skill and decision soon put an end to the war. He
was created a marshal by Louis XVIII. Died in 1849.
See DE COURCELLHS, " Dictionnaire des Ge'ne'raux Francais."
M611endorf or Moellendorf, von, fon mb'l'len-
doRf, (RICHARD JOACHIM HEINKICH,) a Prussian com-
mander, born in 1725, served under Frederick the Great
in the principal campaigns of the Seven Years' war.
In 1794 he succeeded the Duke of Brunswick as com-
mander-in-chief of the Prussian army. Died in 1816.
Moller, mol'ler, [Lat. MOLLE'RUS,] (DANIEL WIL-
HELM,) a German scholar, born at Presburg in 1642.
He became professor of history and metaphysics at
Altnrf in 1674, and was made a count palatine by the
emperor Leopold. He wrote numerous Latin works,
in prose and verse. Among them are dissertations on
many Latin classic authors. Died in 1712.
See " Memoria Molleri," 1713.
Moller, (GEORG,) a German architect, born in Hano-
»er in 1784. Among his best works are the opera-house
at Darmstadt and the theatre at Mentz. He published
"Monuments of German Architecture," (3 vols., 1815-
45,) and other architectural treatises. Died in 1852.
Moller or Moeller, mol'ler, (JOHN,) a Danish biog-
rapher, born at Flensborg in 1661. He published "Cim-
bria Literata," containing biographies of authors born
in Sleswick-Holstein, (3 vols., 1744.) Died in 1725.
Moller or Moeller, (PETER LUDWIG,) a Danish poet
and critic, born at Aalborg in 1814. He became a resi-
dent of Paris in 1851. He wrote "Lyric Poems," (1840,)
"The Kail of the Leaves," (1855,) etc. Died in 1865.
Mollerus. See MOLLER.
Mollet, mo'14', (CLAUDE,) a French horticulturist,
was first gardener to Henry IV. and Louis XIII., and
gave the designs for the gardens of the Tuileries, Fon-
tainebleau, and Saint-Germain. Died about 1613.
Mollevaut, mol'vo', (CHARLES Louis,) a French lit-
ttrattur, born at Nancy in 1776. He wrote elegies,
fables, and other original poems, and made successful
translations from the Latin of Virgil's " ^Eneid" and
" Georgics," Horace's "Art of Poetry," and the "Ele-
gies" of Tibullus and of Catullus, (all in verse.) Died
in 1844.
Molleville, de. See BERTRAND DE MOLLEVILLE.
Mollien, de, deh mo'le^N', (NICOLAS FRANC.OIS.)
COMTE, a French statesman, born at Rouen in 1758.
He was created minister of the treasury by Napoleon
in 1806. He published an account of his life, entitled
" Memoires d'un Ministre du Tresor public, (1780-
1845.) Died in 1850.
See PROSPER DE BARANTE, "Notice sur M. le Comte Mollien,"
1850 ; " Nouvelle Biographic Generale ;" " Quarterly Review" for
July. 1852.
Mol-loy', (CHARLES,) an Irish dramatist and political
writer, born in Dublin, became editor of the London
journal called "Common Sense." He wrote comedies
entitled "The Coquette," " Half- Pay Officers," and
"The Perplexed Couple." Died in 1767.
Mo'loeh or Mo'leeh, [Heb. ^D,] a heathen deity
worshipped by the Ammonites and other Oriental tribes,
who offered to him human sacrifices.
Molosse. See MOLOSSUS.
Mo-los'aus, [Gr. Mofooooc; Fr. MOLOSSE, mo'loss',]
a son of Pyrrhus and Andromache, is said to have
reigned in Epirus. Molossia is supposed to have de-
rived its name from him.
Moltke, molt'keh, (ADAM WILHELM,) COUNT, a
Danish statesman, son of Joachim Godske, noticed
below, was born in 1785. He was minister of finance
under Christian VIII. for many years. He resigned
in 1848, and was president of the ministry from 1848
to 1852. Died February 15, 1864.
Moltke, (JOACHIM GODSKE,) COUNT, a Danish s'ates-
man, and a liberal patron of learning, born at Nyegaard
in 1746, became minister of state in 1781. Died in 1818.
Moltke, (MAGNUS,) COUNT, a Danish jurist and
writer, born in 1783. He published a " Journey in Upper
and Middle Italy, "(1833,) and other works. Died in 1864.
Moltke, von, fon molt'keh, (HELMUTH KARL BKR-
NARD,) COUNT, a Prussian general, eminent as a strate-
gist, was born in Mecklenburg in 1800. He became
major-general in 1856, and lieutenant-general in 1859.
He was chief of the royal staff, and planned the campa:.gn
which resulted in the great and decisive victory of Sa-
dowa, July 3, 1866. He directed in person the operations
of the armies which, under the nominal command of the
king, gained in France, in 1870, a series of great and
memorable victories. (See WILLIAM I.) He was created
a count in 1870, and chief marshal of the German Em-
pire in 1871. He received from the Czar the order of
St. George, the highest military decoration of Russia, in
1870, and from his own sovereign the grand cross of the
order of the iron cross in 1871. Died April 24, 1891.
Molyn, (PETER.) See TEMPESTA.
Molyneux, mol'e-nooks', (WILLIAM,) an eminent
mathematician, born in Dublin in 1656. After studying
law in the Middle Temple, London, for three years, he
returned to Ireland in 1678. In 1683 he aided in organ-
izing the Dublin Philosophical Society, of which he
afterwards became president For his attainments in
the exact sciences he was elected in 1685 a Fellow of
the Royal Society, whose "Transactions" contain many
treatises composed by him on various subjects. In 1692
he produced his principal work, "Dioptrica Nova," a
treatise on optics, which was revised by Halley. It was
the first English work on optics that had appeared, and
was for a long time the principal manual of opticians.
He represented the University of Dublin in the Irish
Parliament a few years before his death. Died in 1698.
Molza, mol'zS, or Molsa, (FRANCESCO MARIA,) an
Italian poet, born at M6dena in 1489. He wrote Latin
elegies of great elegance, and a number of poems in
Italian, chiefly of a licentious character. Died in 1544.
Molza, (TARQUINIA,) an Italian lady, distinguished
for her knowledge of mathematics, philosophy, and
languages, was a granddaughter of the preceding. She
made translations from Plato, and wrote poems in Latin
and Italian. The Roman senate conferred upon her the
right of citizenship, and Tasso gave the name of Molza
to his "Dialogue on Love." Died in 1617.
Mombelli, mom-bel'lee, ( DOMENICO, ) an Italian
musician and composer, born near Vercelli in 1751. He
was noted as a tenor singer. Died in 1835.
Momboir. See MAUBURNE.
Mombrisio, mom-bRee'se-o, [Lat. MOMBRI'TIUS,]
(BoMNO,) an Italian scholar and writer, born at Milan
in 1424. He published several editions of the classics,
which are highly esteemed, and " Lives of the Saints,"
(" Sanctuarium.") Died about 1482.
Mombritius. See MOMBRISIO.
Momigny, de, deh mo'men'ye', (JEROME JOSEPH,) a
French composer and musician, born at Philippeville in
1766. He published several works on the theory of
music. Died in 1838.
Mommsen, mom'sen, (JOHANNES TYCHO,) a German
scholar, brother of the following, was born in 1819. He
produced a good translation of Pindar into German
verse, (1846,) and "Essays on Shakspeare," (1855.)
Mommsen, (THEODOR,) a German jurist, historian,
and antiquary, born in Sleswick-Holstein in 1817. He
became professor of Roman law at Breslau in 1854.
Among his principal works may be named "The Mone-
tary System of the Romans," " Collection of Neapolitan
Inscriptions," (1852,) and "Roman History," ("R6-
mische Geschichte," 3 vols., 1857.) He is an associate
of the French Institute, and a member of other foreign
Academies.
Momoro, mo'mo'ro', (ANTOINE FRANC.OIS,) a French
Jacobin, born at Besanjon in 1756. He was guillotined
as a Hebertist in 1794.
Mo'mus, [Gr. M<ip>f,] in classic mythology, was the
god of mockery, ridicule, and irony, and was called the
•ion of Night, (Nox.) He is said to have criticised the
gods with great audacity, and to have censured Vulcan
because, when he (according to one of the ancient myths)
formed a man, he did not place a window or door in his
breast, so that his secret thoughts might be perceived.
Mona, mo'na, Mom, mo'nee, or Monio, mo'ne-o,
(DoMENico,) an Italian painter, born at Ferrarair. 1550;
died in 1602.
€ as k; 9 as /; g hard; g as /'; G. H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
1 10
Explanations, p. 23.)
MONACO 1746 MONDORY
Monaco la Valetta, mon'l-ko la va-let'ti, (RAF-1 gliano, and the grand cordon of the legion of honour.
FAELE,) an Italian cardinal, born at Aquila, February 23, ' He was elected to the Chamber of Peers under Louis
1827, was created a cardinal-priest in 1868, and became XVIII., and was appointed gotrvtrncur des ItcaaUdes in
head of the congregation of episcopal visitation, and of 1834. Died in 1842.
that of episcopal residence. Died July 14, 1896. Monck, mfink, (CHARLES STANLEY,) VISCOUNT, an
Monagas,mo-na'gas, (Don jACiNTO,)a South Amer- English peeri born in ire)and in 1819. He entered the
ican commander, born in Venezuela in 1785, was one House of Commons as a Liberal in 1852, became a lord
of the principal liberators of Colombia. d of the treasury jn ,855, and was appointed Governor-
in battle in 1819. / / General of British America in 1861. He was made a peer
Monantheuil, de, deh mo n6N tul or mo noN tub - of the United Kingdom in 1866. Died Nov. 29, 1894.
je, [Lat. MONANTHO'LIUS,] (HENRI,) a French math( Monclar, de, deh moN'kltR', (JEAN PIERRE FRAN-
matician, born at Rheims about 1536. He became COIS de Ripert_deh re'pais',) MARQUIS, an eminent
professor of mathematics in the Royal College, Pans, French magistrate arid writer, was born at Apt, in Pro-
where he numbered among his pupils Lamoignon and vencej in ,7,, He became procureur-general in 1732.
De Thou. He was the author of several scientific treat- From about ,?49 he distinguished himself by his zealous
ises in Latin. Died in 1606. assertion of the liberty of the Protestants, and in 1762
Monardes, mo-naR'des, (NICOLAS,) a Spanish phy- he exposed the tendencies of the Jesuits, in a work
sician and botanist, was a native of Seville. His prin- which Villemain pronounces a master-piece. Died in
cipal work is a "Treatise on the Medicines of the 1773.
New World." Linnaeus named in his honour the genus Moncreiff or Moncrieff, mon-kreef", (Sir HENRY
Monarda. Died in 1578. WELLWOOD,) a distinguished Scottish divine, bom in
Mon-bod'do, (JAMES BURNET,) LORD, a learned Perthshire in 1750, became minister of Saint Cuthbert's,
Scottish jurist and eccentric writer, born in Kincardine- Edinburgh, in 1775. He was a zealous Whig, and took
shire in 1 7 14. He studied at Aberdeen, and subsequently an active part in the ecclesiastical controversies of the
at the University of Groningen, and was appointed, after time, in relation to which he published several treatises,
his return to Scotland, one of the judges of the court of , He also wrote " Discourses on the Evidence of the
session, (1767.) He published (1774) his "Dissertation Jewish and Christian Revelations," (1815,) and an "Ae-
on the Origin and Progress of Language," in which he count of the Life and Writings of John Erskine," (1818.)
manifests an enthusiastic admiration for the literature Died in 1827.
and philosophy of the ancient Greeks, and advances the Moncrieff, (Sir ALEXANDER,) a British inventor,
theory that the human race was originally a species of : born in Scotland in 1829. He invented the system
•rionkey. In his " Ancient Metaphysics, or the Science • o[ mounting heavy ordnance known as the disappear-
of Universals," (1779,) Lord Monboddo has still further ] ing SyStem, now widely adopted,
developed the same ideas. He was intimate with Dr. Moncrieff, (ASCOTT ROBERT HOPE,) a Scotch
Johnson and other eminent men of the time, by whom ' authOr, born at Edinburgh in 1846. He published,
he was highly esteemed for the excellence of his charac- la el under the name of Ascott R. Hopei more than
ter. Died in 1 799.
"
a hundred books for boys.
Moncrieff, (JAMES,) a Scottish baron, son of the fol-
^Mo^bron, "d'eTd'eh °m6N7bK'oN;,'7N. Fougeret- ! 'owing, was born in Edinburgh, November 29 181 1. He
foozh'ri',) a French IMlratcur, born at Peronne, wrote | was appointed lord advocate for Scotland in ,851. and re-
"S Henriade travestie," (1745,) and " Le Cosmopol," appointed in 1859. From 1859 to 1868 he represented
(i£o.) He was extremely censorious and misanthrop- 1 in Parliament the cityo Edinburgh with the Un.ver-
ical Died in 1761 slties °f Aberdeen and Glasgow. In 1869 he was chosen
TVT^n^a/la Ac. ' Hi mnn W3'ni (Don FRANCISCO) lord rector of the University of Edinburgh.
t the tie e of Goch in 16^1; He was the and lord justiciary. Died in 1851.
author of a valuable " History of the Expedition of the Moncrif; de, deh moN'kRef , (FRANCOIS AUGUSTIN
Catalans againsttheGreeksandTurks,"(l623,) and othei PARADIS,) a French htthateur born m Paris m 1687,
worlts i was a favourite at the court of Louis XV., and became
Moncada, de. written also Moncade, (HUGO,) a secretary &to Count d'Argenson. He was elected to the
. -. . r- u Academy in 1733, and was intimate with vol-
number of operas, songs, and ballads.
Mond, (LuDwic,)
Cassel in 1839. He engaged in manufacture in Eng-
land in 1862, and founded in 1873 what are now the
largest alkali works in the world. He has made
r . i
marched to Rome and liberated the imprisoned pope,
Clement VII., on condition that he should abandon the
French party. He was killed in a sea-fight near Naplet
011528.
.Moncalvo, n. See CACCIA.
Monceaux, de, deh mdN'so', (FRANCOIS,) a French , many valuable inventions in the manufacture of
writer, born at Arras, flourished about 1570-90. He chlorine, nickel, soda, etc. He founded the Davy-
wrote "Bucolica Sacra," (1587.) and other works in i Faraday Research Laboratory of the Royal Institu-
Terse. tion in 1896.
Moncel, du, dii moN'sel', (THEODOSE ACHILLE . .
Louis,) VICOMTF., a French savant, born in Paris in Mondejar, de, di mon-da-HaR', (CASPAR IBANEZ pi
1821. He published, besides other works, "Expose des SEGOVIA, PERSALTA v MENDOZA,) MARQUIS a Spanish
,,f. historian, who wrote, besides other works, Cronica del
Applications de 1'Electnate," (3 vols., 1857.) He gave • A]onzo , 'Sabj „ g , Died after
special attention to electro-magnetism, and invented ^ondejar de (INIGO ^^ de Mendoza-lo'-
electrical apparatus Died February 9, 1884. j(h d4 mSn-do'tha') MARQUIsT a distinguished Spanish
Moncey, de, deh m*N sj', (BoN ADRIEN JEANNOT,) comrnander under the reign of Philip II., was appointed
Due de Conegliano, a French marshal, born at Besan- Captain-General of Granada, and took an active part in
Son in 1754. He served in the campaigns of 1793 ™* The war gainst the Moors.
1794, and attained the rank of general of division. He thes*aprREfCOTT, ..History of Philip „.,.. vol. a. ^ v.
took an active part in the subsequent campaigns in
Spain, Austria, and Italy, and was made a marshal in £Jon<*u10 de £.UZZV ?ee MUNDINUS
1804. He snnn after obtained the title of Duke of Cone- , Mondory or Moudori. m6N do re', a French actor,
S, e, 1, 5, u, y, lung; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; fir, fill, fat; met; n6t; good; moon;
MONDRAGON
1747
MONK
born at Orleans about 1580, is called one of the founders
of the French theatre. Died in 1651.
Mondragon, mon-dRa-gdn', (CRISTOBAL,) a brave
Spanish general, surnamed THE GOOD MONDRAGON,
fought with distinction against the Netherlanders, and
rose to be governor of Antwerp. Died in 1596.
See MOTLEY, "United Netherlands," chap. xxxi.
Mone, mo'neh, (FRANZ JOSEPH,) a German writer,
born near Heidelberg in 1792, became professor of his-
tory in that city in 1819. He published a "History
of Paganism in Northern Europe," (1822,) and other his-
torical works. Died March 12, 1871.
Moneacillo y Viso, mon-Js-sil'yo ee vee'so, (AN-
TONIO,) a Spanish cardinal, born in 1811. He was raised
to a bishopric in 1861, was appointed Archbishop of
Valencia in 1877, and in 1884 was created a cardinal-
priest.
Monet, mo'n|', (PHILIBERT,) a French scholar and
philologist, born at Bonneville, in Savoy, in 1566. He
wrote " Ligatures des Langues Fran£oise et Latine,"
(1629,) and other works. Died in 1643.
Mo-ne'ta, a surname given by the Romans to Juno.
The temple of Juno Moneta at Rome was used as a
mint, which in Latin is called moneta.
Moneti, mo-na'tee, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian poet,
born at Cortona about 1655 ; died in 1712.
Monfalcon, miN'flTkoN', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French
physician and historian, born in Lyons in 1792. He
practised in his native city, and wrote, besides other
works, a "Code moral des Ouvriers," (1835,) and a
"History of Lyons," (2 vols., 1846-47.) Died in 1874.
Mongault, m6N'go', (NICOLAS HUBERT,) a French
litterateur, born in Paris in 1674. He made translations
of the " History" of Herodian and the " Letters of Cicero
to Atticus." The latter is particularly esteemed, and the
notes accompanying it are said to have furnished Mid-
dleton with important matter for his " Life of Cicero."
Mongault was a member of the French Academy and
of the Academy of Inscriptions. Died in 1746.
Monge, moNzh, (GASPARD,) Comte de Peluse, a cele-
brated French savant, and the creator of descriptive
geometry, was born at Beaune in 1746. Soon after he
left the College of Lyons he obtained a place in the col-
lege of military engineers at Mezieres. Having by his
skill in geometry made an important improvement in
the process used in the art of fortification, he became,
about the age of twenty, professor of mathematics and
of natural philosophy at Mezieres. While he filled
these chairs with great credit, he gradually perfected
the application of geometry to the arts of construc-
tion, which is now called descriptive geometry. In
1780 he was chosen a member of the Academy of Sci-
ences, and in 1783 removed to Paris, where he was
employed as examiner of candidates for the marine, for
whose use he wrote an able "Treatise on Statics." His
political affinities in the Revolution were with the re-
publicans, who appointed him minister of the marine in
1792. He resigned in April, 1793, and distinguished
himself by his zealous services in the fabrication of arms,
gunpowder, and other materials, which were urgently re-
quired for the national defence. In 1795 he published
the first edition of his excellent "Descriptive Geometry,"
and assisted in organizing the Polytechnic School, in
which he taught geometry and analysis. Monge, Fou-
rier, and Berthollet were the directors of the scientific
commission which accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt in
1798. Aided by pupils of the Polytechnic School, they
executed the geodesic and monumental description of
that country. Having returned home with Bonaparte,
he presided over the arrangement and publication of the
great work by which French science and art illustrated
Egypt During the Napoleonic regime he became a
senator, Count of Peruse, and grand officer of the legion
of honour. In 1816 he was expelled from the Institute
on account of his political antecedents. He died in 1818.
He left an important work called " Application of Analy-
sis to Geometry." His discoveries in geometry form an
epoch in that science, for which he is said to have done
more than any one since the time of Archimedes.
See D. F. ARACO, "Biographic de G. Monee." 1853; CHARLKS
DU?:N " filoge de Monge," i*>4y; DUPIN AiNtt, " Essai historique
surles Services de Monge, 1819 ; WALCKBNAKB, " Notice histonquo
sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de M. Monge," 1849; " Nouvelle Biogn-
phie Ge'ne'rale."
Mongez, moN'zhi', (ANTOINE,) a French archaeolo-
gist, born at Lyons in 1747. He published a treatise
"On the Names and Attributes of the Infernal Deities,"
and other works. He was a member of the Academy
of Inscriptions. Died in 1835.
Mongez, (MARIE JOSEPHINE ANGltLiQUE LEVOL,) a
French artist of great merit, born near Paris in 1775,
was the wife of the preceding. She studied painting
under Regnault and David. Among her best works are
" The Death of Astyanax," " Orpheus in Hades," and
"Perseus and Andromeda." Died in 1855.
Mongitore, mon-je-to'ri, (ANTONIO,) an Italian biog-
rapher and priest, born at Palermo in 1663. He pub-
lished "Bibliotheca Sicula," (2 vols., 1708-14,) which
contains notices of Sicilian authors, ancient and modern.
Died in 1743.
Monglave, de, deh moN'gltv', (FRANCOIS EUGENK
GARAY,) a French novelist and historian, born at Bayonne
in 1796. Died April 21, 1873.
Monl-ca, [ Fr. MONIQUE, mo'nek',] SAINT, the mother
of Saint Augustine, was born in 332 A.D. She was edu-
cated in the Christian faith, and became eminent for her
virtue and piety. She lived at Tagaste, in Numidia, and
had several children. Died at Ostia in 387 A.D.
See SAINT AUGUSTINE, " Confessions ;" KARL BRAUNK, " Monica
und Augustinus," 1846; PKTIT, " Histoire de Sainte-Monique,"
1848.
Monier, mo'ne-a', (PIERRE,) a French painter, born
at Blois in 1639 ; died in 1703.
Monier- Williams. See WILLIAMS, TMONIER.")
Moiiiglia, mo-nel'ya, (GIOVANNI ANDREA,) an Ital-
ian dramatic poet and physician, born at Florence about
1640; died in 1700.
Moii'i-ma, [Gr. Moviui/,] a beautiful Greek woman,
who became a wife of Mithridates the Great. She was
put to death by order of that king in 72 B.C., to prevent
her from being captured by the victorious Romans.
Monino. See FLORIDA BLANCA.
Monio. See MONA.
Monique. See MONICA.
Monk, munk, (EDWIN GEORGE,) Mus. Doc., an English
musician and composer, born at Frome, Somerset, in 1819.
He has published some sacred compositions, and edited
collections of hymn- and psalm-tunes.
Monk, munk, (GEORGE,) Duke of Albemarle, a suc-
cessful English general, born in 1608, was the son of
Sir Thomas Monk, of Merton, Devonshire. After fight-
ing in the service of Holland, he returned to England
about the age of thirty. In the civil war he bore arms
for Charles I., and had acquired some reputation as an
able officer when he was made prisoner at Nantwich in
1644 by the Roundheads, who confined him in the Tower
of London more than a year. Having accepted a com-
mission from the Parliament, he commanded a repub-
lican army in the north of Ireland between 1646 and
1650. He contributed to the victory of Cromwell at
Dunbar, in 1650, and the next year was left in Scotland
as commander of an army, with which he speedily com-
pleted tne reduction of that country. Hume states that
he put to the sword all the inhabitants of Dundee, which
he had taken by assault ; though he elsewhere says his
temper was humane and his moderation remarkable.
In 1653 the government showed their confidence in his
skill by selecting him to co-operate with Admiral Blake
in a naval war against the Dutch. He commanded in
the sea-fight where Van Tromp was defeated and killed.
In 1654 he was successful in his efforts to enforce the
will and authority of the Protector in Scotland. At the
death of Oliver, in 1658, Monk proclaimed Richard
Cromwell as his successor. When the officers of the
army deposed Richard and restored the Long Par-
liament, he acquiesced, and retained command of the
army in Scotland. The royalists and republicans so-
licited his aid in the impending crisis ; but he kept all
parties in suspense by his dissimulation or irresolu-
tion. About the beginning of 1660 he marched towards
London, ostensibly to support the civil power against
Lambert's army. "Cold-blooded and taciturn," says
Macaulay, " zealous for no polity and for no religion
says
i, he
eas£; <;ass; goard; gas/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th asinMu. (JEjT^See Explanations, p. 23.)
MONK
1748
MONRAD
maintained an impenetrable reserve" when he was im-
plored to restore peace to the nation. Having cautious! y
removed from command those whom he distrusted, and
prepared the way for the restoration, he declared for a
free Parliament, which soon assembled, amidst general
joy and exultation. Charles II. was proclaimed king
in May, 1660, and rewarded the services of Monk by
creating him Duke of Albemarle. In 1666 Monk main-
tained his reputation in a great naval battle against the
Dutch. He died in 1670, leaving a son, at whose death
the family became extinct. Hume, after a eulogy of his
character, says, "I confess, however, that Dr. Douglas
has shown me an original letter of his, containing very
earnest and certainly false protestations of his zeal for
a commonwealth."
don.
See "State Papers of Charles II. ."edited by MRS. GREEN, Lon-
n, 1866; GUIZOT, "Memoirs of Monk;" "The Life of General
Monk," by THOMAS SKELTON: T. SKINNER, "Life of General
k;" GUM
Monk
HBLK, "Life of Genera] Monk," 1671; CLAKHNDON,
" History of the Rebellion;" HALLAM. "Constitutional History;"
MACAULAY, " History of England;" " Retrospective Review," vol.
riii., (1826;) CAMPBKLL, " Lives of the British Admirals."
Monk, (JAMES HENRY,) an English clergyman and
author, born at Huntingford in 1784. He became Bishop
of Gloucester about 1830. He wrote a " Life of Bentley,"
(1831.) Died in 1856.
Monk, (MARY MOLESWORTH,) a distinguished writer,
was a daughter of Robert, Lord Molesworth, and was
married to George Monk, an Irish gentleman. She died
in 1715, leaving a collection entitled "Marinda: Poems
and Translations on Several Occasions," (1716.)
Monk'house, (WILLIAM COSMO,) a British writer,
born in 1840. His works consist of poetry, fiction, and
biography, also "The Early English Water-Colour
Painters," (1890,) " In the National Gallery," (1895,)
etc.
Monmerqu6, m6N'meVka', (Louis JEAN NICOLAS,)
a French littfrattur, born in Paris in 1780. He wrote
many articles for the " Biographic Universelle" of Mi-
chaud, edited the " Letters of Madame de Se'vigne","
(10 vols., 1819,) and published other works. He became
a member of the Academy of Inscriptions in 1833. Died
in 1860.
Monmouth, See GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH.
Monmouth, EARL OF. See MORDAUNT, and CAREY,
(HENRY.)
Monmouth, mon'muth, JAMES SCOTT,) DUKE OF,
born in 1649, was a natural son of Charles II. of Eng-
land. His mother's name was Lucy Walters. He married
about 1665 Anne Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch, said to
have been the richest heiress in the kingdom, and as-
sumed her name. He received the title of Duke of Buc-
cleuch, and was loaded with royal favours. His personal
advantages and agreeable manners rendered him very
popular. "Though a libertine," says Macaulay, " he won
the hearts of the Puritans." A rivalry or jealousy arose
between him and the Duke of York, afterwards James
II., through whose influence Monmouth was discarded
from court. He was in Holland when Charles II. died,
(1684.) A report thatCharles II. had married Lucy Wal-
ters privately was credulously received by the populace,
who regarded Monmouth as the rightful heir to the
throne and the champion of the Protestant cause. With
a party of armed exiles he invaded England in June, 1685,
and raised the standard of rebellion. He was received
with enthusiasm by the people, and gained a victory over
the royal troops at Axminster ; but he was completely
defeated at Sedgemoor, July 6, and captured a few days
later. Having been taken into the presence of King
James, he threw himself at his feet, and, with abject
spirit, begged for life at any price, but in vain. He was
executed in July, 1685.
Monnet, mp'n4', (ANTOINE GRIMOALD,) a French
chemist, born in Auvergne in 1734, was appointed in-
spector-general of mines. He opposed and undervalued
the discoveries of Lavoisier, Berthollet, and others, and
thus injured his own reputation. He published a " Treat-
ise on the Solution of Metals," (1775,) "Historical and
Political Memoir on the Mines of France," (1791,) and
numerous other scientific works. Died in 1817.
Mouiiet, (Louis CLAUDE,) BARON, a French genera!,
born in 1766. He commanded at Flushing when it was
taken by the English in 1809. For this ill success he
was condemned to death ; but he was then a prisoner in
England. Died in 1819.
Monnier, mo'ne-i', (HENRI BONAVENTURE, ) a
French littlrateur, comedian, and caricaturist, born in
Paris in 1799. He represented and caricatured the life
and manners of the common people with the pen, and
published several volumes of "Scenes populaires des-
sine'es a la Plume," (1830-46.) Among his works is
Me'moires de M. Prudhomme." Died in 1877.
Monnier, JEAN CH»\RI.ES,) COMTE, a French gen-
eral, born at Cavaillon in 1758. He led a division at
Marengo in June, 1800. Died in 1816.
Monnier, (Louis GABRIEL,) a French engravei, born
at Besan9on in 1733 ; died at Dijon in 1804.
Monnier, de, deh mo'ne^', (MARIE TKERfcsE Ri-
chard de Ruffey— re'shaV deh rii'fj',) MARQUISE, a
French lady, known under the name of SOPHIE, and
celebrated in consequence of her connection with Mira-
beau, was born at Pontarlier in 1754. Died in 1780.
(See MIRABEAU.)
See " Nouvelle Biographic GeWrale."
Monnier, Le. See LEMONNIER.
Monnier, Le, leh mo'ne-4', (PIERRE,) a French savant,
born in Normandy about 1675, published a work en-
titled "Course of Philosophy." He was a member of
the Academy of Sciences. Died in 1757.
Monnoie or Monnoye, de la, d?h It mo'nwl',
(BERNARD,) a French poet and critic, born at Dijon in
1641. He was the author of a poem entitled "The Duel
Abolished," which obtained the first prize ever awarded
by the French Academy. He was elected a member of
that institution in 1713. He also published poems in
Latin and French, and several critical treatises. Died
in 1728.
See R. DE JUVIGNV, "Me"moire historique sur la Vie, etc. de La
Monnoye."
Monnoyer, mo'nwa'ya', (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a cele-
brated painter of flowers and fruit, born at Lille, in
Flanders, in 1635. Having visited Paris, he was em-
ployed in the decoration of Versailles and the Trianon.
He afterwards repaired to England, where he executed
some of his best works. Among his master-pieces are
the flower-border of a mirror at Kensington, and the
decorations of Montagu House. His flower-pieces have
never been surpassed for brilliancy of colouring and free
and graceful grouping. He died in 1699, leaving a sou,
ANTOINE, who was also a flower-painter.
See R. DUMBSNIL, " Le Peintre-Graveur Francais."
Monod, mo'nod', (ADOLPHE, ) an eminent Swiss
Protestant minister, born about 1800. He lectured on
theology and Hebrew at the College of Montauban from
1836 to 1852, and became minister of the Reformed
Church of Paris in 1853. He acquired a wide reputation
as a preacher and moralist, and wrote numerous religiou?
treatises. He belonged to the most orthodox school ol
French Protestants. Died in 1856.
Monod, (FREDERIC,) a Swiss Protestant minister,
born at Monnaz, in the Canton de Vaud, in 1794, was t
Brother of the preceding. He became in 1832 pastor
of the Protestant sect called " fivange'listes libres," in
Paris. He edited for many years " The Archives of
Christianity," and published a number of sermons.
Died in 1863.
Monod, (JEAN,) a Swiss Protestant divine, born at
Geneva in 1765, was the father of the preceding. He was
pastor of a church in Paris, and in 1830 became presi-
dent of the Consistory of the Reformed Church. He
contributed to the " Biographic Universelle" many
notices of eminent Swiss writers, etc. Died in 1836.
Monpou, mdN'poo', (HlPPOLYTE,) a French com-
poser and singer, born in Paris in 1804. He composed
popular ballads and operas, among which is " Les deux
Reines," (1835.) Died in 1841.
See "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Monrad, mon'Rid, (DlTLEV GOTHARD.) a Danish
bishop, born at Copenhagen, November 24, 1811. In
1849 he was made Bishop of Laaland. He was at various
times minister of worship, of the interior, and of finance.
He was president of the Legislative Chamber during the
a, e, I, 6. u, y, long: i, 4, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y. short: a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fall, lit; met; nflt; good; moon:
MONRO
1749
MONS
war which in 1864 detached Sleswick and Holstein from
Denmark. He lived in New Zealand from 1864 to 1869.
He returned to his diocese in 1871. Died in 1887.
Mpn-ro', (ALEXANDER, distinguished as Primus, i.e.
the " first,") an eminent physician and anatomist, born
in London in 1697. He studied successively in London,
Paris, and at Leyden under Boerhaave, and was ap-
pointed, after his return, demonstrator of anatomy to
the Surgeons' Company at Edinburgh. The lectures he
delivered at this time won for him a high reputation,
and were chiefly instrumental in founding the Medical
School of Edinburgh. Under his direction also was
established the Royal Infirmary of that city, in which
he gave clinical lectures on surgery. He published in
1726 his "Osteology, or Treatise on the Anatomy of the
Bones," which passed through numerous editions and
was translated into French and German. Among his
other works are an " Essay on Comparative Anatomy,"
(1744,) and "Account of the Inoculation of Small-Pox
in Scotland," (1765.) Dr. Monro was a Fellow of the
Royal Society of London, and a member of the Academy
of Surgery in Paris. Died in 1767.
Monro, (ALEXANDER Secundus, or the "second,")
son of the preceding, was born at Edinburgh in 1732.
He succeeded his father in the chair of anatomy and
surgery in the University of Edinburgh in 1759- He
died in 1817, leaving a number of medical treatises of
great merit. Among these we may name " Observations
on the Structure, etc. of the Nervous System," (1783,)
and " Structure and Physiology of Fishes," (1785.)
SeeCHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Monro, (ALEXANDER Ttrtius, or the " third,") a
physician, a son of the preceding, was born in Edin-
burgh about 1774. He was professor of anatomy at
Edinburgh, and published several works on anatomy
and medicine. Died in 1859.
Monro, (DONALD,) brother of Alexander, (1732-1817,)
was born at Edinburgh in 1729. He was appointed chief
physician to the army, which he accompanied to Ger-
many in 1761. He published, among other works, a
treatise " On the Means of Preserving the Health of
Soldiers." Died in 1802.
Monroe, (HARRIET,) an American poet, born at
Chicago in 1860. She was the author of the "Co-
lumbian Ode," sung at the opening of the World's
Columbian Exposition in 1893, and published " Valeria
and Other Poems," etc.
Monroe, mun-r5', (JAMES,) an American statesman,
and the fifth President of the United States, was born
in Westmoreland county, Virginia, April 28, 1758. He
was a son of Spence Monroe, a planter, was educated at
William and Mary College, and entered the army as a
cadet in 1776. He soon became a lieutenant in the army
of Washington, and served at the battles of Harlem
Heights and White Plains. He was wounded in the
battle of Trenton, December, 1776, and for his conduct
there was promoted to the rank of captain. As aide-
de-camp to Lord Stirling, he served with distinction at
the battle of Brandy wine, September, 1777, and at that
of Monmouth, June, 1778. Having lost his rank in the
regular army by becoming an aide to Lord Stirling, he
retired from the service in 1778, and studied law under
Thomas Jefferson. He was elected a member of the
Assembly of Virginia in 1782, and a delegate to the
General Congress in 1783 for three years. He married,
about 1785, a Miss Kortright, of New York.
As a member of the Convention of Virginia, in 1788,
he opposed the adoption of the Constitution of the
United States, which, in his opinion, gave too much
power to the Federal government. He accordingly
united himself with the Anti-Federalists, or Republican
party, and was elected a Senator of the United States
for four years by the legislature of Virginia in 1790. In
1794 he was sent to France as minister-plenipotentiary.
He offended the heads of the home government by the
open expression of sympathy with the French repub-
licans, or by a departure from a neutral policy, and
was recalled about the end of 1796. He was Governor
of Virginia three years, (1799-1802.) In 1802 he was
sent to France as envoy-extraordinary, to unite with
Edward Livingston, then the resident minister at Paris,
in a negotiation for the purchase of Louisiana, — i.e. the
whole valley of the Mississippi. They purchased that
vast territory from Bonaparte for $15,000,000. In 1803
Mr. Monroe was sent as minister-plenipotentiary to
England, and in 1805 performed a diplomatic mission to
Spain in relation to the boundary of Louisiana. He
returned to London in 1806, and, aided by Mr. Pinck-
ney, negotiated a treaty for the protection of maritime
interests and neutral rights ; but the government of
the United States refused to ratify this treaty, because
it did not provide against the impressment of seamen.
He returned home in 1808, and passed about two years
in a private station.
In 1811 he was elected Governor of Virginia. He
was appointed secretary of state by President Madison
in November, 1811. He acted as secretary of war during
the disastrous and gloomy period that followed the cap-
ture of Washington, September, i8i4-March, 1815, and
rendered important services by his energetic measures
to restore the public credit and reinforce the army. He
did not cease to be secretary of state until March, 1817.
He was the Democratic candidate for the Presidency in
1816, and was elected by a large majority, receiving one
hundred and eighty-three electoral votes. His competi-
tor was Rufus King, who received thirty-four votes. Ho
appointed John Q. Adams secretary of state, William
H. Crawford secretary of the treasury, John C. Calhoun
secretary of war, and Smith Thompson secretary of the
navy. The violence of party spirit abated during his
administration, which encountered no strong opposition.
In 1819 Spain ceded Florida to the United States. He
was re-elected President in 1820 without opposition,
receiving every electoral vote except one. During his
second term the independence of the South American
colonies of Spain was recognized by the United States.
In his message of December, 1823, he asserted the im-
portant principle of foreign policy which forms the cele-
brated " Monroe Doctrine," in these terms : " We owe
it, therefore, to candour and to the amicable relation!
existing between the United States and those powers,
[i.e. the European powers,] to declare that we should
consider any attempt on their part to extend their sys-
tem to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to
our peace and safety." He retired from office in March,
1825, after which he resided at Oak Hill, Loudon county,
Virginia. He was elected president of the convention
which met in 1829 to revise the Constitution of Virginia.
A speech which he made in that Convention contains
this incidental remark on slavery : — " No imputation can
be cast on Virginia in this matter. She did all that was
in her power to do, to prevent the extension of slavery
and to mitigate its evils so far as she could."* He died
in the city of New York, at the residence of his son-in-
law, Samuel L. Gouverneur, on the 4th of July, 1831,
leaving the reputation of a discreet and successful states-
man, more distinguished for administrative talents than
for oratorical powers.
See J. Q. ADAMS, "Eulogy on James Monroe;" HILDRHTH,
" History of the United States," vols. v. and yi. ; "National Por-
trait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. iii,
Monroae, moN'roz', the assumed name of CLAUDE
Louis BARRIZAIN, (bt're'zaN',) a French comic actor,
born at Besanjon in 1783 ; died in 1843.
Mons, van, vtn mons or mANss, (JEAN BAPTISTS,) an
eminent Belgian chemist and pomologist, was born at
Brussels in 1765. Having learned the art of pharmacy,
he was chosen in 1797 professor of chemistry, etc. in
Brussels. He founded the "Journal de Chimie et Phy-
sique," which for many years was a central depot of the
progress of science in Europe. Having a ruling passion
for the culture of fruit, he began at an early age to theo-
rize and experiment on the production of new varieties.
About the age of twenty he adopted the theory that
seedlings of new varieties have more tendency to im-
prove than those of old varieties, or, in other worda
while good old varieties mostly produce inferior sorts,
those which are recent and bad tend to change for the
• This remark, doubtless, has reference to the efforts of the English
government to introduce slaves into Virginia against the wishes of
many of the colonists.
eas *; r as s ; g hard g as/; G, H, K.,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. (
Explanations, p. 21.'.
MONS
MONTAGU
better. Having planted a large nursery and devoted
his life chiefly to experiments on the pear, he was suc-
cessful in producing many fine varieties, among which
was the Beurre Diel. Soon after 1815 he was appointed
" -
istry, ,
(1835,) and other works. He was an associate of the
Institute of France. Died in 1842. "The constant
springing up of fine new sorts of fruit in the United
States," says Downing, "is given with much apparent
force as a proof of the accuracy of the Van Mons
theory."
See QUETHLET, " Notice hislorique sur J. B. van Mons," 1843 ;
J. S. STAS, " Notice sur J. B. van Mons," 1843.
Mons, van, (THEODORE,) a jurist, a son of the pre-
ceding, was born at Brussels in 1801. He published
several legal works.
Mon'sell, (JoHN SAMUEL BEWI.EY,) D.D., LL.D., a
poet and clergyman, born at Londonderry, Ireland, March
2, iSn. He graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, in
1832, and became a presbyter of the Church of England.
Died at Guildford, Surrey, April 9, 1875. He published
various works, but is chiefly known for his hymns.
Monselet, m6N'seh-!i', (CHARLES,) a French litttra-
teur, born at Nantes in 1825. He wrote, besides various
other works, " Statues et Statuettes," (1851,) and " Figu-
rines Parisiennes," (1854.) Died May 19, 1888.
Mon'sell, (WILLIAM,) M.P., was born in Limerick
county, Ireland, in 1812. He was appointed a privy
councillor in 1855, president of the board of health in
1857, was vice-president of the board of trade a few
months in 1866, and became under-secretary for the
colonies in 1868. He was postmaster-general, (1871-73,!
and received the title of Baron Emly. Died in 1894.
Monsiau, m6N'se-5', (NICOLAS ANDR*,) a French
historical painter, born in Paris in 1754, worked with
remarkable facility. Died in 1837.
Monaignori, mon-sen-yo'ree, (FRANCESCO,) some-
times called BONSIONORI, a skilful Italian painter, born
at Verona in 1455. He was a pupil of Andrea Man-
tegna, and worked mostly at Mantua. Died in 1519.
Monsigny, mAN'sen'ye', (PIERRE ALEXANDRA) a
French composer, born at Artois in 1729. He produced,
besides other operas, " Le Maitre en Droit," and " Le
Cadi dupe," (1760,) the comic operas of "The King and
the Farmer" and " Rose and Colas," and was elected a
member of the Institute, (1813.) Died in 1817.
Mon'son, (Sir 1 DMUND JOHN,) an English diplo-
matist, born at Chart Lodge, Kent, in 1834. He entered
the public sen-ice in 1856, was attache and secretary
t<> many foreign l>;;.itions, and minister at several
South American courts 1879-84. He was made
minister to Denmark in 1884, to Greece 1888, to
Belgium 1892, ambassador to Austria 1893, and to
France 1898.
Mon'son, (Sir WILLIAM,) an English naval com-
mander, born in Lincolnshire about 1569, served with
distinction against the Spaniards, Dutch, and French,
and attained the rank of vice-admiral. He was the
author of " Naval Tracts," which were published in
Churchill's "Collection of Voyages." Died in 1643.
Monstrelet, de. deh m6N'streh-l|', (ENGUERRAND,;
a French chronicler, born about 1390, wrote an account
of the wars of his time between the factions of Armagnac
and Burgundy. His " Chronicles," beginning in 1400
and brought down to 1444, fill the space between the
histories of Froissart and Comines, and are highl;
esteemed for their accuracy and the perspicuity am
simplicity of their style. Died in 1453.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Montagna, mon-tan'ya, (BARTOLOMMEO,) an Italiai
painter, born at Vicenza, lived about 1460-1500, anc
studied under Andrea Mantegna. Among his master
§ieces we may name the "Madonna on a Throne will
aint Andrew and other Saints," at the Museum
Milan.
Montagna, (BENEDETTO,) an Italian engraver, a
relative of the preceding, was born at Vicenza about 1458
died in 1530.
Montague, m6N'tSn', (JEAN FRANC.OIS CAMILLE,) a
rrench botanist, born at Vaudoy in 1784. Having
tudied medicine, he was appointed in 1815 surgeon-in-
:hief of the army of Murat. He was chosen a member
if the Academy of Sciences in 1852, and in 1858 was
made an officer of the legion of honour. He con-
ributed to the " Archives de Botanique" and to other
cientific journals a number of valuable treatises on
he Cryptogamia, among which we may name " Notice
of the Cryptogamous Plants recently discovered in
rrance." Died in 1866.
See " Nouvelle Biographic G^nerale."
Montagny, mdN'tSn'ye', (fiTiENNE,) a French sculp-
:or, born at Saint-fitienne in 1816. He obtained a medal
of the first class for a statue of Saint Louis, in 1859.
M5n'ta-gu, (BASIL,) an eminent English lawyer and
writer, born in London in 1770, was a natural son of
fohn Montagu, Earl of Sandwich. Having graduated
at Cambridge, he was called to the bar in 1798. He
practised with ability and success, and extended his
•eputation by numerous legal publications, the most im-
portant of which is a " Digest of the Bankrupt Laws,
with a Collection of the Statutes and of the Cases de-
termined upon that Subject," (1805.) He was associated
with Romilly and Wilberforce in successful effort to
abolish hanging for forgery and for certain other crimes.
In 1825 he produced a valuable edition of Lord Bacon's
works, on which he expended the labour of many years ;
also a " Life of Bacon," in reference to which Macaulay
says, " About his merit as a collector of materials there
can be no dispute ; and we are indebted to his minute
and accurate researches for the means of refuting what
we cannot but consider his errors." He published
"Essays and Selections," and various other works.
Died in 1851.
Montagu, (CHARLES.) See HALIFAX, EARL OF.
Montagu, (EDWARD.) See MANCHESTER, EARL OF.
Montagu, (EDWARD WORTLF.Y,) son of Lady Mary
Montagu, noticed below, was born in Yorkshire in 1713.
At an early age he manifested a propensity to low vices,
and great eccentricity of character. When placed at
school he repeatedly ran away, and at length hired him-
self as a cabin-boy in a ship bound for Spain. Being
discovered and sent back to his family, he travelled soon
after on the continent. After his return he was member
of two successive Parliaments. He next went to Italy,
where he was converted to Catholicism, and not long
after visited Egypt, and there professed Mohammedanism.
He was the author of " Reflections on the Rise and Fall
of Ancient Republics." Died in 1776.
See "Memoirs of E. Wortlev Montagu," 2 vols., 1778: "Auto
biography of Edward Wortley Montagu," London, 1869: NICHOLS
"Literary Anecdotes."
Montagu, (HENRY.) See MANCHESTER, EARL OF.
Montagu, (Lady MARY \VORTLEY.) a celebrated
English writer, born in Nottinghamshire about 1690.
She was the daughter of Evelyn Pierrepont, Duke of
Kingston, and Lady Mary Fielding, and cousin to the
novelist Henry Fielding. She was early distinguished
for the brilliancy of her intellect and her rapid acquisition
of knowledge. In 1712 she was married to Edward
Wortley Montagu, Esq., and a few years after, on his
appointment to a place in the treasury, accompanied
him to London. Here she attracted general admiration
by her wit and remarkable beauty, and became intimate
with Addison, Pope, and other celebrated writers of
the time. In 1716 she accompanied her husband, on his
being appointed ambassador, to Constantinople. During
her residence of two years at the Porte, she wrote to
her friends in England a series of Letters containing
shrewd and lively descriptions of Oriental life and man-
ners. On her return to England she became the means
of introducing the Turkish practice of inoculation, having
had the courage to have the experiment first tried on
her own son. The next remarkable event in Lady Mary's
life is her quarrel with Pope, the cause of which is not
with certainty known. In 1739 she left England for
Italy, where she resided upwards of twenty years. She
returned in 1761, and died the following year. Besides
the son mentioned above, she left a daughter Mary, who
was married to the Earl of Bute, minister of George IIL
a, •>, i, 5, u, y, fang; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, Q, obscure; far,' till, fat; met; not; good; moon:
MONTAGU
I751
MONTALEMBER T
Lady Mary wrote a number of poems, of which the
"Town Eclogues" only are entitled to much notice.
Her literary reputation is owing chiefly to her " Let-
ters," which are ranked among the finest specimens of
epistolary composition.
See " Memoirs of Eminent Englishwomen," by L. S. COSTBU.O;
MRS ELWOOD, " Memoirs of the Literary Ladies of England ;
" Edinburgh Review" for July. 1803, and April, 1804, (by JEFFREY :)
" Quarterly Review" for February, 1837 ; " Blackwood's Magazine
,
for July, 1868, (" Historical Sketches of the Reign of George II. ; )
stminster Review" for April, 1837 ; " Monthly Re
.
eview' for May
" West
and June, 1763 et sty.
Montagu, (Lord ROBERT,) an English economist,
was born in 1825, son of the Duke of Manchester.
He was a member of Parliament 1859-80, and the
author of numerous works on economical, political,
and other subjects.
Montague, mon'ta-gu, (Sir EDWARD,) an English
statesman, born in Northamptonshire. He was ap-
pointed chief justice of the court of king's bench in
1539, and chief justice of the common pleas in 1546.
He was one of the counsellors designated in the will of
Henry VIII. to administer the government during the
minority of Edward VI. Died in 1556.
Montague, (EDWARD,) Earl of Sandwich, an English
naval commander, born in 1625. He served for a time
on the side of the Parliament, but subsequently went
over to the royalists, and assisted General Monk in the
restoration of Charles II. For this service he was suc-
cessively created an earl, a knight of the Garter, mem-
ber of the privy council, and admiral of the Narrow
Seas. On the renewal of the war with Holland, in 1672,
Lord Sandwich commanded the squadron under the
Duke of York against De Ruyter, and perished in the
burning of the Royal James.
Montague, (ELIZABETH,) a celebrated English lady,
born in Yorkshire in 1720. Her early studies were
directed by Dr. Conyers Middleton, who was connected
with her femily. In 1742 she was married to Edward
Montague, Esq. After the death of her husband, in
1775, she resided in Portman Square, London, where
she numbered among her visitors the most eminent men
of the day, including Burke, Johnson, Goldsmith, and
Reynolds. She was also intimate with Mrs. Elizabeth
Carter and Hannah More. Mrs. Montague contributed
several " Dialogues of the Dead" to those published by
Lord Lyttelton ; but her principal work is an "Essay on
the Genius and Writings of Shakespeare," which ob-
tained for her a high reputation. In this production
she has ably refuted the false charges of Voltaire against
the great English poet. She is said to have been the
founder of the literary society called the "Blue-Stocking
Club." Her correspondence was published after her
death. Died in 1800.
See MRS. ELWOOD, " Memoirs of the Literary Ladies of England,"
etc. : " Edinburgh Review" for October, r8oo ; " Quarterly Review"
for October, 1813; " Mrs. Montague and her Friends," in " Eraser's
Magazine" for January, 1848 ; " Monthly Review" for October, 1814.
Montague, (GEORGE,) an English naturalist, born in
Wiltshire. In 1802 he published an "Ornithological
Dictionary, or Synopsis of British Birds," and soon after
his "Testacea Britannica," or "Natural History of
British Shells," illustrated. Both of these works are
highly esteemed. Montague was a member of the Lin-
naean Society of London. Died in 1815.
Montague, (JoHN,) Earl of Sandwich, an English
statesman, born in London in 1718. He was first lord
of the admiralty in 1749 and 1750, and obtained the
same office in 1763. lie supported the administration
of Lord North, under whom he served as first lord of
the admiralty from 1771 to 1782. He was more deficient
in principle than in capacity. Died in 1792.
See J. COOKH. " Memoir of the Earl of Sandwich."
Mon'ta-gue, (WILLIAM LEWIS,) an American edu-
catur, born at Belchertown, Massachusetts, April 6, 1831.
He graduated at Amherst College in 1855, and after
1862 held the professorship of modern languages in that
institution. His publications include Spanish and Italian
grammars, " Introduction to Italian Literature," and other
works.
Montaigne, mon-tan', de. [Fr. pron. deh
(MiCHEL Eyquem — aTcoN',) a celebrated French phi-
losopher and essayist, born at the chateau de Mon-
taigne, in Pe'rigord, on the 28th of February, 1533. His
father, who was one of the noblesse, placed him, while
very young, under the tuition of masters who were
ignorant of French, and who conversed with him only in
Latin, which thus became his natural language. At the
age of thirteen he had finished his studies at a college
of Bordeaux. Having studied law, he became a judge
at Bordeaux about 1554. In 1565 or 1566 he married,
par comienanct, Fran9oise de la Chassaigne. In 1580 he
produced his celebrated "Essays," which have enjoyed
an almost unparalleled popularity. Soon after that date
he made a tour in Germany, Italy, etc., of which he
wrote a Journal. He often visited Paris, in order to
perform his duties as gentleman of the king's chamber.
From 1581 to 1585 he was mayor of Bordeaux. During
the civil war of the League his impartial moderation did
not exempt him from danger and persecution. He died
in September, 1592. "The Essays of Montaigne," say*
Hallam, "make in several respects an epoch in litera-
ture, less on account of their real importance than of
their influence on the taste and opinions of Europe. . . .
No prose writer of the sixteenth century has been so
generally read, nor, probably, given so much delight
Whatever may be our estimate of Montaigne as a phi-
losopher,— a name which he was far from arrogating, —
there will be but one opinion of the felicity and bright-
ness of his genius." ("Introduction to the Literature
of Europe.") " The author of these ' Essais,' " says Leo
Joubert, "is certainly the most independent spirit that
ever existed, — independent without revolt, and detached
from the systems of others without having any system
of his own. . . . We recognize in his ' Essays' a nature
well endowed, not heroic, perhaps, but generous, exqui-
sitely sensible, not aspiring to the sublime, capable of
devotion, and incapable of a base act, — in fine, a model
of what we may call average virtue," (la vertu moyenne.)
(" Nouvelle Biographic Gene'rale.") Sprightly humour,
independence, na'ivetl, and originality are the character-
istics of his mind ; and his style is admired for its graceful
simplicity. His works are highly seasoned with his own
individuality, and afford much insight into his character.
" The Essays," says Emerson, " are an entertaining
soliloquy on every random topic that comes into his
head, — treating everything without ceremony, yet with
masculine sense. There have been men with deeper
insight, but, one would say, never a man with such
abundance of thoughts : he is never dull, never insin
cere, and has the genius to make the reader care for all
that he cares for. . . . This book of Montaigne the
world has endorsed by translating it into all tongues
and printing seventy-five editions of it in Europe, — and
that, too, a circulation somewhat chosen, namely, among
courtiers, soldiers, princes, men of the world, and men
of wit and generosity." (See article " Montaigne," in
" Representative Men.")
See J. BOUHIER, " Me"moires sur la Vie de Montaigne;" VILLB-
MAIN, " E*loge de Montaigne," 1812; PAYHN, "Notice sur Mon-
taigne," 1837 ; GR()N, " La Vie publique de M. Montaigne," 1855
BAYLH SAINT JOHN, " Montaigne the Essayist," 1858; DE THOI'.
"Historiasui Temporis ;" SAINTE-BEUVE. "Causeries du Lundij"
VICTORIN FABRH, "filoge de Montaigne," 1813: " NouveHe Bio-
graphic Ge'ne'rale :" MRS. SHELLEY. " Lives of the
French Writers;" " Retrospectivi
terly Review" for October, 1856;
1838.
Montalbani, mon-tal-ba'nee, (OviDio,) an Italian
naturalist, born at Bolog_na about 1602, became succes-
sively professor of physical science, mathematics, and
medicine in the university of his native city. He pub-
lished a number of scientific works under the pseudonym
of BUMALDI. Thunberg gave the name of Bumaldia to
a genus of Japanese plants. Died in 1671.
See GHILINI, "Teatro d'Uomini letterati;" NICE'RON, " Me-
moires. "
Montalembert, (ANDR£.) See ESSE.
Montalembert, de, deh mAN'tS'loN'baiR', (CHARLES
FORBES,) COMTE, a distinguished statesman, orator, and
political writer, of French extraction, born in London
in 1810, was a son of Marc Rene Anne Marie, noticed
below. His mother was Miss Forbes, a Scottish lady.
;he Most Eminent
Review," vol. ii., (1820;) "Quar-
Westminster Review" for July,
€as£: 9asj; gk^ird: gas/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in /
ee Explanations, p.
MONTALEMBER T
i752
MONTAUSIEK
He studied in Paris, and in 1830 became associated with
Lamennais and Lacordaire as editor of " L'Avenir," in
which post he was conspicuous as an eloquent champion
of democracy and the Catholic Church. He entered the
Chamber of Peers in 1831, and married, in 1843, Made-
moiselle de Merode, a Belgian lady. Devoted to the
Liberal Catholic party, of which he was regarded as the
most eminent leader, he was an earnest advocate of re-
ligious toleration, popular rights, and general education.
He was a member of the Constituent Assembly in 1848,
and in 1849 was elected to the Legislative Assembly, in
which he opposed Victor Hugo in several brilliant efforts
of oratory, especially during the debate on the revision
of the constitution, in June, 1851. He was elected to
the French Academy in 1852, and was a member of the
legislative body from 1852 to 1857, during which period
he represented the opposition almost alone. In 1858 he
was condemned to a fine, and imprisonment for six
months, for a political essay entitled "A Debate on India
in the English Parliament ;" but the penalties were not
actually inflicted. He published, among other works, a
"History of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary," (1836,) "On
Vandalism and Catholicism in Art," (1839,) "The Po-
litical Future of England," (1855,) "The Monks of the
West, from Saint Benedict to Saint Bernard," (1860,) and
" The Free Church in the Free State," (" L'Eglise libre
dans 1'Etat libre," 1863.) He sympathized with the
Unionists in the American civil war. In a letter to an
English friend, dated December, 1869, he wrote, "Tem-
poral despotism has faded away in a most unexpected
manner ; and I sincerely hope spiritual despotism will
follow, sooner or later. ... I am more convinced than
ever that freedom in the sphere of religion, still more
than in that of politics, is the vital condition of truth."
A great sensation was produced by his letter dated Feb-
ruary 28, 1870, in which he protested — almost with his
latest breath — against the dogma of papal infallibility,
and those ultramontanes " who have immolated justice
and truth, reason and history, in one great holocaust
to the idol they have raised up for themselves at the
Vatican." Died in March, 1870.
See L. Da LOMBNIB, " M. de Montalembert. par an Homme de
Rien," 1841 : SAINTB-BBUVE, "Causeries du Lundi :" NETTBMENT,
" Histoire de la Litte'rature Francaise :" *' Nouvelle Biographic GeW-
rale ;" " Quarterly Review" for April, 1856, and July, 1861 ; " Edin-
burgh Review" for October. 1861 ; " British Quarterly Review" for
July, 1868 ; " North British Review" for August, 1861 ; " Blackwood's
Magazine" for April, 1870; MRS. OLIPHANT, "Memoirs of Count
Montalembert," 1872.
Montalembert, de, (MARC REN*,) MARQUIS, a
French general and distinguished military engineer,
born at Angouleme in 1714. His family was noble, and
had produced several distinguished captains. He entered
the army in 1732, and was admitted into the Academy
of Sciences in 1747. In the Seven Years' war (1756-63)
he was attached to the staff of the Russian and Swedish
armies, of whose operations he rendered an official ac-
count to the French ministry. He published in 1776 an
extensive and important work, named " Perpendicular
Fortification, or the Defensive Art superior to the Offen-
sive," (ii vols.) He wrote several memoirs inserted in
the "Collection" of the Academy, and other works, in
prose and verse. Died in 1800.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale ;" " £loge historique du
Ge'ne'ral Montalembert," 1801.
Montalembert, de, (MARC REN* ANNE MARIE,)
COMTE, a French nobleman, born in Paris in 1777, emi-
grated in 1792. From 1800 to 1814 he served in the Eng-
lish army, and obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel.
He returned to France in 1814, and in 1819 was created
a peer of France. Soon after that date he was appointed
minister to Denmark, but, having offended the ministers
by a liberal speech in the Chamber, he was deprived of
that post. From 1826 to the revolution of 1830 he was
minister from France to the court of Sweden. Died in
1831. His eldest son, CHARLES FORBES, noticed above,
was an eminent orator.
See DE COI'RCKLLES, " Ge'nealogie de la Maison dc Montalem-
bert."
Montalivet, de, deh m6N'ti"le'v£', (JEAN PIERRE
Bachasson — bt'shS'sAN',) COMTE, a French states-
man, born near Sarreguemines in 1766. He was made
councillor of state in 1805, and minister of the interior in
1809. He entered the Chamber of Peers under the
ministry of Decazes, in 1819. Died in 1823.
Montalivet, de, (MARTHE CAMILLE BACHASSON,)
COMTE, a French minister of state, a son of the pre-
ceding, was born at Valence in 1801. He became min-
ister of the interior in November, 1830, and minister of
public instruction in March, 1831. He served as minister
of the interior from 1837 to 1839. Died Jan. 4, 1880.
Montalto. See DANEDI, (GIOVANNI STEFANO.)
Montalvan, de, da mon-tal-van', (JUAN PSREZ,) an
eminent Spanish dramatist, born at Madrid in 1602, was
a friend and disciple of Lope de Vega. Among his best
works are the comedies entitled " There is no Life like
Honour," (" No hay Vida como la Honra,") " The
Lovers of Teruel," (" Los Amantes de Teru?V') and
" La Lindona de Galicia." Died in 1638.
See TICKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature ;" A. F. va«
SCHACK, " Geschichte der dramatischen Literatur in Spanien."
Montalvo. See GALVEZ, (Luis DE.)
Montan. See MONTANUS.
Montanari, mon-ta-na'ree, (GEMINIANO,) an Italian
astronomer, born at M6dena in 1632, was professor of
mathematics at Bologna, and in 1674 filled the chair ot
astronomy at Padua. He wrote a number of scientific
treatises, and is said to have discovered the method of
determining the height of mountains bjr the barometer.
He was a friend of the celebrated Cassini. Died in 1687.
See FABEONI, " Vifce Italomm doctrina excellentium."
Montanelli, mon-ta-nel'Iee, (GIUSEPPE,) an Italian
jurist and litterateur, born in Tuscany in 1813, became
professor of commercial law at Pisa in 1839. He pub-
lished a number of lyric poems and dramatic works.
Died in 1862.
Montano, mon-tl'no, [Lat. MONTA'NUS,] (GiAM-
BATTISTA,) an Italian physician, of high reputation in his
time, born at Verona in 1488. He was for many yean
professor of medicine at Padua, and published a number
of medical works in Latin. Died in 1551.
See TIRABOSCHI, " Storia della Letteratura Italiana."
Montano, mon-ta'no, (REGINALD GONSALVO,) a
Spanish Protestant of the sixteenth century, was an
intimate friend of the Protestant martyr Juan Ponco
de Leon. He published an account of the Inquisition,
said to be the earliest on record.
Montanus. See ARIAS MONTANUS.
Montanus. See MONTANO, (GIAMBATTISTA.)
Mon-ta'nus, [Fr. MONTAN, moN'toN',] the founder
of the sect of Montanists, was a native of Phrygia, and
flourished in the second century. He pretended to be
divinely inspired, and that he was commissioned to com-
plete the reformation which the Saviour had begun on
earth. Among those who embraced this delusion were
Tertullian and Theodotus.
See EUSBBIUS, "Ecclesiastical History;" PLUQUET, " Diction-
naire des H^risiea."
Montarroyo, de, di mon-tar-ro'yo, (Jozi FREIRE,)
a Portuguese writer, born in Lisbon in 1670. He pub-
lished several historical works, and commenced an annual
compilation, entitled " Historia annual do Mundo das
Gazetas de Lisboa," (1714-58.) Died in 1730.
Montauban, moN'to'bo'N', a famous French captain
of buccaneers, was born about 1650. He inflicted great
damage on the Spaniards on the coasts of America,
Died in 1700.
Montauaier, de, deh mfiN'to'ze-i', (CHARLES de
Sainte-Maure— deh saNt moR,) Ducj a French noble-
man and general, born in Paris in 1610. He was loyal
to the king during the civil war of the Fronde. He was
appointed by Louis XIV. governor to the dauphin, in
1688. In conjunction with Huet, he superintended the
editions of the classics called "adusum Delphini," ("for
the use of the dauphin.") He was distinguished for the
integrity of his character, and is supposed to have been
the original of Moliere's "Alceste" in " Le Misanthrope."
He died in 1690, and his funeral sermon was preached
by Fle'chier.
See PETIT, " Viedu Ducde Momausier," 1729 : PUGBT DE SAIHT-
PIRRRB, " Histoire du Due de Montausier," 1784 ; AMBO^E Rour,
" Montausier, sa Vie et son Temps," 1860 ; " Nouvelle Biographit
Generale."
a, e, T, 6, u, y, long; 4, 4, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 5, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, Q, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; n&t; good; jioon:
MONTA USIER
J753
MONTE MA YOR
Montauaier, de, (JULIE LUCINE d'Angennes —
doN'zhen',) DUCHESSE, the beautiful and accomplished
wife of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1607. She was
a daughter of the celebrated Marquise de Rambouillet,
(see RAMBOUILLET,) and was an ornament of the bril-
liant society of authors and wits who met in the Hotel
Rambouillet. She was married in 1645 to the Duke
of Montausier, who, aided by several poets and artists,
had composed the famous "Garland for Julie," ("Guir-
lande de Julie.") Died in 1671.
See A. Rora, " Montausier, sa Vie et son Temps," 1860 ;" Nou-
relle Biographic Ge'ne'raJe."
Montbarey.de, deh moN'bi'rJ', (ALEXANDRE MARIE
LSoNOR DE SAINT-MAURIS,) PRINCE, a French officer,
born at Besan^on in 1732. He became marechal-de-
camp in 1761, and was minister of war from September,
1777, till December, 1780. Died in 1796.
Montbel, de, deh mdN'bel', (GUILLAUME ISIDORE
BARON,) COMTE, a French politician and royalist, born
at Toulouse in 1787. He became minister of public
instruction under Polignac in August, 1829, minister of
the interior in November of that year, and minister of
finance in May, 1830. Died in 1861.
Moatbeliard or Montbeillard. See GIIENEAU.
Montboissier, de, deh mAN'bwa'se-i', (PIERRE,)
called PIERRE LE VENERABLE, a French Ecclesiastic and
writer, born in Auvergne about 1092. He was chosen
abbe of Cluny in 1 122. A translation of the Koran was
made under his auspices. Died in 1156.
See " Gallia Christiana :" " Nouvelle Biographic GiSnerale."
Montbret, de. See COQUEBERT.
Montbrun, moN'bRuN', (ALEXANDRE DU Puy,) Mar-
quis de Saint-Andre, a French general, born in 1600.
He entered the French army as colonel in 1638. He
declined the biton of marshal, which was offered to him
if he would abjure Protestantism. Died in 1673.
Montbrun, (CHARLES DU PUY,) a French captain
and zealous Protestant, born in the diocese of Gap about
1530. He performed several daring exploits in the civil
wars. He was captured and executed in 1575.
See GUI ALLARD, "Vie du brave Montbrun," 1675 ; J. C. MAR-
TIN, " Histoire de Charles Dupuy," 1816.
Montbrun, (Louis PIERRE,) COMTE, a French gen-
eral, born at Florensac in 1770, served with distinction
at Eckmiihl, April, 1809, and at Raab, June, 1809. He
was killed at the battle of the Moskwa, September, 1812.
Montcalm (mSnt-kam') de Saint- Veran, de, [Fr.
pron. moNTcflm' deh saN vi'roN',] (Louis JOSEPH,)
MARQUIS, a French general, born near Ntmes in 1712.
Having previously served in several campaigns in France
and the Netherlands, he was sent in 1756 to defend the
French colonies in North America. He gained a victory
over the English forces commanded by Lord Aber-
crombie in 1758, but was defeated by General Wolfe
at Quebec, and mortally wounded in the engagement,
(1759.) (See WOLFE.)
See MONTGOMERY MARTIN, " History of the British Colonies:"
GARNEAU, " Histoir* du Canada."
Montchal. See BARENTIN-MONTCHAL.
Montchal, de, deh mAN'shtl', (CHARLES,) a French
prelate, born at Annonay in 1589, was made Archbishop
of Toulouse in 1627. He was an accomplished scholar,
and a generous patron of literary men, and was the
author of "Memoires," (2 vols., 1718.) Died in 1651.
Montchrestien, de, deh m6N'kR&'te^.N', ( ANTOINE,)
a French poet and economist, born at Falaise about 1570.
He wrote several dramas, etc. He joined the Protestants
in revolt against the king, and was killed in 1621.
Monteagle, mont-ee'gel, OF BRANDON, (THOMAS
SPRING RICE,) LORD, a distinguished statesman of the
Whig party, born at Limerick, Ireland, in 1790. He
represented Limerick in Parliament from 1820 to 1832,
having been appointed secretary of the treasury in 1830.
He was a prominent advocate of the Reform and Test
Acts, and other liberal measures. He became chancel-
lor of the exchequer in 1835, retired from that office in
1839, and was raised to the peerage in the same year.
Died in 1866.
Montebello. See LANNES.
Montecatino, mon-ta-ka-tee'no, (ANTONIO,) an Ital-
ian philosopher, born at Ferrara in 1536, published
commentaries on the " Politics" and " Physics" of Aria
totle. Died in 1599.
See TIRABOSCHI, " Storia della Letteratura Italiana."
Montecuccoli, mon-tA-kook'ko-lee, written also
Montecucculi, (RAIMONDO,) COUNT, one of the great-
est military commanders of his time, was born at Modena,
in Italy, in 1608. Having entered the Austrian service,
he distinguished himself in the campaign of 1637 against
the Swedes ; but he was subsequently defeated by the
Swedish general Banner, (1639,) and made prisoner.
He was released after two years' captivity, and in 1664
gained a signal victory over the Turks at Saint Gothard,
for which he was made lieutenant-general. He was sent
in 1673 to oppose the celebrated Turenne ; but, although
consummate skill was displayed by both generals in
their manoeuvres, no decisive battle was fought Mon-
tecucculi regarded this his last campaign as the most
glorious of all, since he had encountered Turenne and
Conde without being defeated. He died in 1681, leaving
a " Treatise on the Art of War," which is highly es-
teemed. He was a liberal patron of learning, and was
one of the founders of the Academy of Naturalists at
Vienna. He had been created by the King of Spain a
knight of the golden fleece, and obtained from him the
principality of Amalfi.
See PAKADISI, " Elogio del Conte Montecucculi," 1776: PBZZL,
" Lebensbeschreibung Montecucculi's," 1792; "R. Montecucculi1!
Leben," Leipsic, 1792.
Montecucculi See MONTECUCCOLI,
Montefalconius. See MONTFAUCON.
Montefeltro, di, de mon-ta-fel'tro, (FEDERIGO,»
COUNT, and first Duke of Urbino, was born about 1410.
He was distinguished as a patron of learning, and was
one of the most learned and eloquent princes of his
time. As an ally of Alfonso, King of Naples, he waged
war against Sigismund Malatesta about 1456-60. In
1467 he was chosen to command the army of Florence,
and fought an indecisive battle with the Venetian general
Coleoni. Died in 1482.
Montefiore, mon-tl-fe-o'ra, (Sir MOSES,) an English
Tew, distinguished for his philanthropy, was born Octo-
ber 24, 1784. He became sheriff of London in 1837,
and was knighted the same year. In 1846 he was made
a baronet. He performed missions to several foreign
countries for the relief of people who were oppressed
on account of religion, and founded a Jewish college at
Ramsgate in 1867. Died July 29, 1885.
Monteggia, mon-ted'ja, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA,) an
Italian surgeon, born at Laveno in 1762, wrote several
treatises, one of which, entitled " Institutes of Surgery,"
is highly commended by Scarpa. Died in 1815.
Montegut, mAN'ta'gii', (EMILE,) a French critic and
journalist of high reputation, born at Limoges in 1826.
He became in 1857 associate editor of the " Revue des
Deux Mondes." Died December n, 1895.
Monteil, m6N't4I' or mo.VtA'ye. (AMANS ALEXIS,) a
French historian, born at Rodez in 1769. His princi-
pal work is a "History of the French," etc., ("His-
toire des Francois des divers Etats," 3d edition, 5 vols.,
1848,) which the French Academy judged worthy to
share the Gobert prize with Augustin Thierry. Died
in 1850.
S*e " Biographic Universelle, "(new edition.)
Monteith, mon-teeth', or Monteth, (ROBERT.) a
Scottish historian, resided in Paris, and was patronized
by Cardinal de Retz. He published, in French, a " His-
tory of the Troubles of Great Britain," which was trans-
lated into English. Died about 1660.
Montelupo. See BACCIO DA MONTE-LUPO.
Montemagno, da, da mon-ta-man'yo, (BuoNAL-
CORSOf) an Italian poet of the fourteenth century, wrote
sonnets which are greatly admired for the elegance and
purity of their style.
Montemayor, de, da mon-ta-ma-yAR', (JORGE,) a
Portuguese poet and novelist, born near Coimbra about
1520, was patronized at the court of Philip II. of Spain.
His principal work is a pastoral romance entitled " Diana
in Love," ("Diana enamorada,") which is written in
Spanish. It is praised by Cervantes in his " Don
Quixote," and has been many times translated. Mon-
temayor is regarded as the founder of the Spanish pat-
« as k; c as i; g hard; g as/; G, H. K. guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled: s as z; th as in this.
see Explanations, p. 23.)
MONTEMOLIN
1754
MONTEZUMA
toral ; and " his prose," says Bouterwek, " has served as
a model to all romance-writers of that kind."
See BOUTKRWEK, "Histoire de la LitteVature Espagnole;"
LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" TICKNOR, "History
of Spanish Literature ;" " Edinburgh Review" for July, 1824.
Montemolin. See CARLOS, or, more fully, CARLOS
Luis MARIA FERNANDO.
Montemont, m6N'ta'mdN', (ALBERT,) a French poet
and writer of books of travel, born at Remiremont in
1788. Among his works is "Letters on Astronomy," in
verse and prose, (4 vols., 1823.) Died about 1862.
Monten, mon'ten, (DIETRICH,) a German battle-
painter, born at Dusseldorf in 1799. Among his prin-
cipal works we may name "The Death of Gustavus
Adolphus." Died in 1843.
Montenault. See MONTHENAULT.
Montepin, de, deh m6N'ta'paN' (XAVIER AYMON,)
a French novelist, b'orn in Haute-Saone in 1824. He
produced numerous successful novels, one of which
was condemned in a court of law as subversive of
good morals. He also wrote a number of plays.
Montereau, (PIERRE.) See PIERRE DE MONTF.REAU.
Montesinos, mon-ta-see'nds, (FERNANDO,) a Spanish
historian, born at Osuna, wrote a " History of Ancient
Peru," which has been translated by Ternaux-Compans
into French, under the title of " Memoires historiques
de 1'ancien Perou," (1849.) Died about 1660.
See PRESCOTT, " History of the Conquest of Peru." vols. i. and ii.
Monteapan, mon'tes-pin', de, [Fr. pron. deh m6x -
tes'pftN', (FRANCHISE ATHENAisde Rochechouart —
deh rosh shoo-iR',) MARQUISE, a French lady, of extra-
ordinary personal beauty, born in 1641, was a daughter
of the Due de MortemarL She was married in 1663 to
the Marquis de Montespan. She afterwards succeeded
Mademoiselle de la Valliere as mistress of Louis XIV.
She bore the king eight children, among whom were the
Due de Maine, Louis Cisar, the Comte de Vexin, and
the Comte de Toulouse, besides two sons who died
young. Died in 1707.
See SAINT-SIMON, " Me'moires :" MADAME DE SEVIGNK, " Let-
ters :" VOLTAIRE, "Slide de Louis XIV;" " Nouvelle Biographic
Generale."
Montesquieu, moN'tes'ke-uh', BARON, a grandson
of the following, was born in 1755. He served as an
officer, with distinction, in the United States, (1779-81.)
In 1792 he became a royalist (migri. He passed many
years in England, where he died about 1824.
Montesquieu, mon'tes-ku', de, [Fr. pron. deh m6N'-
tes'ke-yh',] or, more fully, De la Brede et (deh li bRid
a) de Montesquieu, ('CHARLES de Secondat — deh
seh-koN'dt',) BARON, a brilliant, original, and popular
French author, was born of a noble family near Bor-
deaux on the iSth of January, 1689. In his childhood
he formed habits of intense application to study, and
became an insatiable reader. He has declared that he
never felt a sorrow which an hour's reading would not
dissipate or relieve. Having been educated for the law,
he became a consriller, or judge, in the parliament of
Bordeaux in 1714, and prlsidint <J mortur of the same in
1716. The favourite studies of his mature powers were
historical and moral sciences.
In 1721 he acquired a rather sudden celebrity by his
" Persian Letters," a work which combines the attractions
of romance with the resources of rational philosophy,
and presents profound and luminous views of commerce,
law, and social phenomena. Its prodigious success was
due partly to its spirited, keen, and witty satire on French
manners, and its brilliant, piquant style, full of happy
reticences and unexpected contrasts. In 1726 he sold
his office of president, and in 1728 was admitted into
the French Academy. He then began a journey, in
which he visited nearly all the countries of Europe. He
passed two years in England, and was chosen a Fellow
of the Royal Society. In 1734 he produced an admired
work, "Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur
and Decadence of the Romans," the most complete
essay that had appeared on that subject. He afterwards
devoted fourteen years to the composition of his greatest
work, " The Spirit of Laws," (" L'Esprit des Lois," 1 748,)
which excited almost universal admiration. In eighteen
months it ran through twenty-two editions. In this
arduous enterprise of exploring the labyrinths cf history
and political science he was in advance of his age as an
advocate of liberty and humanity. In reference to this
work, Voltaire said, " The human race had Inst its titles ;
Montesquieu found and restored them." He died in
Paris in February, 1755. He had married Mademoiselle
de Lartigues in 1715. His personal character was in a
high degree amiable and estimable.
See VOLTAIRK, "Siecle de Louis XIV et Louis XV;" D'ALEM-
BERT, " Eloge de Montesquieu ;" VILLHMAIN, " Eloge de Montes-
quieu," 1826; FRANCOIS RIAUX, "Notice sur Montesquieu," 1849;
MAUPERTUIS, " Eloge de Montesquieu," 1755 ; " Nouvelle Bio-
graphie G^n^rale."
Montesquieu, de, deh miN'tesTve-oo', (PIERRE,)
Comte d'Artagnan, a French general, born at the chateau
of Armagnac in 1645. He commanded the right wing
at the battle of Malplaquet, (1709,) soon after which be
became a marshal of France. Died in 172?.
Montesquiou-Fezensac, de, deh moN'tes'ke-oo'
feh'zoN'zfk', (AMBROISE ANATOLE AUGUSTIN,) COUNT,
a French general and poet, born in Paris in 1788, was a
grandson of Anne Pierre, noticed below. Died in 1878.
Montesquieu -Fezensac, de, (ANNE PIERRE,)
MARQUIS, a French general and writer, born in Paris in
1739. He was admitted to the French Academy in 1784,
and supported the popular cause in the Revolution. He
commanded the army which conquered Savoy in 1792.
Died in 1798.
See " Histoire de la Maison Montesquiou," Paris, 1847.
Montesquiou-Fezensac, de, (FRANC.OIS XAVIEB
MARC ANTOINE,) ABBE, a French ecclesiastic, bom near
Audi in 1757. He was a deputy from the clergy of Paris
to the States-General in 1789, and was twice elected
president of the National Assembly. During the reign
of terror he took refuge in England, and, after the second
restoration, was made a duke, and received the title of
minister of state. Died in 1832.
See GUIZOT, " Me'moires."
Montesson, de, deh moN'ti'siN', (CHARLOTTB
JEANNE Beraud — bi'ro',) MARQUISE, born in Paris in
1737, was married in 1773 to Louis Philippe, Duke of
Orleans. She was the author of numerous poems and
dramas. Died in 1806.
Mouteth. See MONTEITH, (ROBERT.)
Monteverde, mon-ta-vfR'da, (CLAUDIO,) a celebrated
Italian composer, born at Cremona about 1565. He
introduced several great improvements into the science
of music, one of which was the employment of double
discords. His works include sacred music, operas, and
madrigals. The last-named are especially admired. In
1613 he was appointed chapel-master of Saint Mark, at
Venice. Died in 1649.
See FBTIS, "Biographic Universelle des Musiciens."
Montez. See LOLA MONTEZ.
Mon-te-zu'ma 1, called also Moctheuzoma, Aztec
emperor of Mexico, ascended the throne about 1437.
Before this event he had been an eminent general. He
extended the boundaries of his dominions by the con-
quest of several adjacent nations. He was a powerful
and despotic monarch, and multiplied human sacrifices.
Died about 1470.
Montezuma II., the last Aztec emperor of Mexico,
was born about 1470. He was elected sovereign in 1503
for his superior merit as a warrior and a priest When
his election was announced to him, he was in the act of
sweeping the stairs of the great temple Teocalli. In the
former part of his reign he waged war with success
against several peoples, and extended the limits of the
empire. He offended his subjects by his haughty deport-
ment, and oppressed them by the imposition of grievous
taxes which were required to support his sumptuous style
of living. In 1519 his empire was invaded by Corter,
against whom he employed a temporizing policy. He
sent him a magnificent present, but forbade him to ap-
proach the capital. "This was to reveal," says Prescott,
" both his wealth and his weakness." Cortez entered the
city of Mexico, without resistance, in November, 1519,
and found a hospitable reception. To secure himself
against contingencies, the audacious Spaniard next seized
Montezuma and held him as a hostage. His captors
tried to convert him to the Roman Catholic religion,
but without success. In compliance with the demand
a, e, I, o, u, y, long, a, e, o, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, j>, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure: tar, fall, fat; mStj not; good; moon-
MONTFAUCON
MONTGOMERY
of Cortez, he formally recognized the supremacy of the j Montgaillard, m6N'ga"yaV, (GuiLLAUME HONOKE
emperor Charles V., to whom he sent an immense quan- ROQUES,) a historian, born near Toulouse in 1772. He
tity of gold as tribute. In May, 1520, Cortez absented wrote a " Chronological Review of the History of France,
himself from the capital to fight his rival Narvaez, and etc., 1787-1818," (1820,) which was once popular. Died
during his absence the Mexicans revolted against the; in 1825.
Spaniards. Montezuma was persuaded or compelled by Montgaillard, (JEAN GABRIEL MAURICE ROQUES,)
a French adventurer and political writer, a brother of
the preceding, was born at Toulouse in 1761. He was
employed as a secret agent by the Bourbons and by
their enemies. He published a "Memoir concerning
concerning
Cortez to address his subjects and try to appease the
tumult He was assailed with missiles by the insur-
gents, was wounded, and died in June, 1520. "Stately
and decorous," says Prescott, "he was careful of his( o
own dignity, and might be said to be as great an 'actor ' the Treason of Picheg'ru," etc., and several other works!
of majesty among the barbarian potentates of the New i Died in 1841.
World as Louis XIV. was among the polished princes i Montgelas, m6N'zheh-la', (MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH,';
of Europe. . . . Montezuma's amiable and inoffensive COUNT, a German statesman, of Savoyard extraction,
manners, together with his liberality, — the most popular , born at Munich in 1759, was appointed minister of
of virtues with the vulgar, — made him generally beloveu \ foreign affairs in 1799, minister of the interior in 1806,
by the Spaniards." [and minister of finance in 1809. Died in 1838.
Montfaucon, de, deh m6N'fo'kAN', [Lat. MONTEFAL- I Montglat, de, deh m6N'gl3', MARQUIS, a French
CO'NIUS,] (BERNARD,) an eminent French antiquary and I author, of whom little is known. He left memoirs of
philologist, born in Languedoc in 1655, was a member tne Thirty Years' War and of the campaigns before the
of the congregation of Benedictines of Saint-Maur. Treaty of the Pyrenees. These memoirs are of much
Having visited Italy in 1698, he published, after his re- 1 historical value.
turn, his " Diarium Italicum," an account of the libra- Montgolfier, mont-g6rfe-er, [Fr. pron. moN'goI'-
ries of Italy, " Palaeographia Graeca," a treatise on the fS^M (J_ACQUEsETiENNE,)an ingenious Frenchman, whn
origin and progress of Greek letters, " Antiquity Ex-
plained and Represented in Figures," (lovols. fol., 1719,
in French and Latin,) and "The
French Monarchy," (5 vols., 1729.)
Mo
He
invented the air-balloon, was born at or near Annonay
(Ardeche) in 1745. After studying mathematics with
tions. Died in 1741.
Montferrat, de, (CONRAD.)
of Ty
excellent editions of Saint Chrysostom and other Greek
writers. He was a member of the Academy of Inscrip
See CONRAD, Marquis
Montferrat, de, deh mAN'fl'rt", (BONIFACE,) MAR-
QUIS, was a brother of Conrad, King of Jerusalem. He
became King of Thessalonica in 1183, and was chosen
the chief of the fifth or fourth crusade in 1202. He
was an able commander, and contributed greatly to the
conquest of Constantinople in 1204. Died in 1207.
Montferrat, de, (GUILLAUME,) MARQUIS, called
THE GREAT, was born in 1243, and began to reign in
1254. He was a turbulent prince and continually en-
gaged in war with the neighbouring states. He married
Beatrix, a daughter of Alfonso X. of Castile, in 1271.
numents of the success at Paris, he became an architect. At the request
! also published ' °f nis father, he quitted that profession in order to take
charge of the paper-manufactory at Annonay. He in-
vented new machines and more simple processes in this
art. On reading Priestley's treatise " On Different Kinds
of Air," he conceived the possibility of aerial navigation,
and imparted the idea to his brother Joseph, who was as
another self. Acting in concert and community, they
contrived the means of realizing this project. After
trying hydrogen gas and other fluids, they made the first
public experiment at Annonay in June, 1783, and sent
up a balloon about thirty-seven French feet in diameter,
inflated with air rarefied by heat. This successful ex-
periment made a great sensation, and was soon repeated
at Paris. The brothers were admitted into the Acad-
emy of Sciences. Their balloons were called Montgol-
fores. The first who successfully used hydrogen gas in
balloons was M. Charles. Montgolfier died in 1799. (See
Having been taken prisoner in 1290, he was confined in CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRA)
an iron cage, and died in 1292.
Montferrier, de, deh m6N'f^'re-i', (ALEXANDRE
ANDRE VICTOR SARRAZIN,) a French mathematician,
born in Paris in 1792. He published, besides other
works, a " Dictionary of Mathematical Sciences, Pure
and Applied," (3 vols., 1834-40.) Died March 13, 1863.
Moutfleury, mAN'fluh Re', the literary name of AN-
Montgolfier, (JOSEPH MICHEL,) an ingenious French
mechanician, born at Annonay in 1740, was one of the
inventors of the air-balloon. In his youth he assisted
his father, who was a successful manufacturer of paper.
In partnership witii a brother, he carried on the same
business at Voiron and Beaujeu. He had made several
improvements in the fabrication of paper before his
TOINF. Jacob, a French actor and dramatist, born in aerostatic experiments blazoned his name throughout
1640. He was an active rival of Moliere, and left sixteen I Europe. (See the preceding article.) About 1792 he
rather coarse, but very effective, comedies. | made a valuable improvement in the hydraulic ram.
Montfleury, de, deh moN'fluh're', QEAN LE PETIT,) He also invented a hydraulic press and other mechanical
a French poet, born at Caen in 1698 ; died in 1777. instruments. He was a member of the Institute ot
Montfort, COUNT DE. See JOHN, Duke of Brittany. France. Died in 1810.
Montfort, mont'fort, de, [Fr. pron. deh mdN'fol/,] Montgomerie, (ARCHIBALD WILLIAM.) See EGLIN-
(SiMON,) COUNT, a French nobleman and military com- TON.
mander.born about 1150, was conspicuous for his courage Montgomery, mpnt-gum'e-re, (ALEXANDER,) a Scot-
and for his cruelty in the wars against the Albigenses, i tish poet under the reign of James VI., was the author
(1208.) He was killed while besieging Toulouse, in 1218. ! °f an allegorical piece entitled "The Cherry and the
Montfort, de, (SiMON,) a son of the preceding, ob- !Slae." Died about 1610.
tained at an early age the patronage of Henry III. of Montgomery, (FLORENCE SOPHIA,) a novelist,
England, who made him Earl of Leicester and gave to born ln Donegal, Ireland, in 1847. Among her books
him in marriage his sister, the Countess of Perrrbroke. are "A Very Simple Story," (1867,) "The Blue
He was afterwards appointed lieutenant-general in | Veil," 0883,) "Colonel Norton," (1895,) etc
Gascony. In 1258, a rupture having occurred between ; Montgomery, mpnt-gum'e-re, (GEORGE WASHING-
Henry and his barons, the latter, headed by Montfort, j TON,) a native of Spain, settled in America, where he
compelled the king to consent to the regulations called j published "Bernardo del Carpio," a historical romance,
the Provisions of Oxford, which threw the legislative and I and translated into Spanish Irving's "Conquest of
executive power into the hands of twenty-four barons. Granada." Died in 1841.
In 1264 a battle took place at Lewes, in Sussex, in which Montgomery, (Sir JAMES,) a Scottish politician, and
the royalists were defeated and the king taken prisoner, a chief of the Covenanters. He was appointed lord
Montfort summoned a Parliament in 1265, in which, in justice clerk in 1689. "In parliamentary ability and
addition to the two knights returned from every shire, eloquence," says Macaulay, " he had no superior among
representatives were sent from the boroughs ; and in this .his countrymen except Sir John Dalrymple." He was
way was founded the English House of Commons. In : turbulent and perfidious. In 1690 he joined the Jacob-
the battle of Evesham, the same year, Montfort was de- ites in plotting against William III.
feated and slain by the royal troops under Prince Edward. | See MACAULAY, " History of England," vol. iii.
•eas*/ 9 as*; ^.hard; gas/;G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sass; thasinM/j. (23f=See Explanations, p. 23.)
MONTG OMER Y
1756
MONTIGNY
Montgomery, (JAMES,) a distinguished poet, born in
Ayrshire, Scotland, in 1771, was the son of a Moravian
preacher. He was sent at an early age to the Moravian
school at Fulneck, in Yorkshire, where his progress was
not very satisfactory to his teachers, as he spent the
greater part of his time in reading and writing poetry,
which was prohibited by the rules of the school. After
leaving Fulneck, he resided for a time, as shopman in a
book -store, in London, and in 1792 began to contribute
political articles to the "Sheffield Register," edited by
Mr. Joseph Gales. He founded in 17943 reform jour-
nal, called the " Sheffield Iris," of which he was editor
about thirty years. Several of his articles having been
denounced as revolutionary, he was twice fined and
imprisoned. He published in 1806 his "Wanderer of
Switzerland," which was followed by " The West Indies,"
(1809,) "The World before the Flood," (1812,) and "The
Pelican Island, "(1827.) These poems are distinguished
for depth and tenderness of feeling, elevated moral
sentiment, and graceful description. He also wrote a
number of hymns of great beauty, which enjoy exten-
sive popularity. One of Mr. Montgomery's last works
was a " History of Missionary Enterprise in the South
Seas," (1830.) Died in 1854.
See " Memoirs of the Life, etc. of James Montgomery," by J.
HOLLAND and JAMES EVBRETT ; " Lire of Montgomery," by MRS,
H. C. KNIGHT; CHAMBERS, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent
Scotsmen," (Supplement ;) "Quarterly Review" for December, 1811 ;
" Blackwood's Magazine" for October, 1827; " Fraser's Magazine"
for July, 1833, and October, 185$.
Montgomery, (RICHARD,) a distinguished general,
born in Ireland in 1737, served in Canada under Wolfe,
and subsequently entered the American army. Being
appointed commander of the forces in the Northern
department, he took Fort Chambly and Montreal. He
was killed in December, 1775, in an assault upon Quebec.
See " Life of Richard Montgomery," by JOHN ARMSTRONG, in
SPARKS'S " American Biography," vol. i., first series ; " National
Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. iv.
Montgomery, mpnt-gum'e-re, (ROBERT,) an English
divine and poet, born at Bath in 1807. He was the
author of a poem entitled "The Omnipresence of the
Deity," (1828,) which had great temporary success, eight
editions being sold in as many months. He became in
1843 pastor of Percy Street Chapel, London. The extra-
ordinary success of his poetry was chiefly to be ascribed
to the nature of his subject and the favour of a large
portion of the religious community. Died in 1855.
See MACAULAY, in the " Edinburgh Review" for April, 1830:
"Autobiography of William Jerdan," vol. iv. chap. xvii. :
Montgomery, (WILLIAM R.,) an American officer,
born in New Jersey, July 10, 1801, served in the Mexican
war, became brigadier-general of volunteers in the Union
army in 1861, and military commandant of Philadelphia
in 1862. Died at Bristol, Pennsylvania, May 31, 1871.
Montgomery, mont-gum'e-re, de, [ Fr. pron. den
m6N'gom're',] (GABRIEL,) a French nobleman, of Scot-
tish extraction, born about 1530. Being present at a
tournament given by Henry II. on the occasion of his
daughter's marriage with the King of Spain, Montgomery
was summoned by the French king to break a lance with
him. He complied reluctantly, and had the misfortune
to inflict a mortal wound on his antagonist. He subse-
quently went to England, where he became a Protestant,
and, after his return to France in 1562, distinguished
himself as a leader of the Huguenots in the civil war of
the time. Being made prisoner by Marshal Matignon
at the siege of Saint-Lo, in 1574, he was condemned to
death and executed, by order of Catherine de Medicis.
"The queen," says Sismondi, "had no great affection
for Henry II., or cause to regret him ; but she wished
that a man should not be considered innocent after
having, even by accident, caused the death of a king."
See SrsMONDr, " Histoire des Frangais ;" BRANT&ME, "Capi-
taines illustres. "
Montgon, de, deh m6N'g6.N', (CHARLES AI.EXANDRE,)
a French priest, born at Versailles in 1690. He entered
the service of Philip V. of Spain, who sent him on a
secret mission to the court of Paris. He published
"Diplomatic Memoirs," (5 vols., 1742.) Died in 1770.
Monthenault or Montenault d'figly, mdN'teh'no'
la'gle', (CHARLES PHILIPPE,) a French writer, born in
Paris in 1696. His chief work is a "History of the
French Kings of the Two Sicilies," (4 vols., 1741.) Died
in 1749.
Monthion, de, deh mdN'te'oN', (FRANCOIS G£D£ON
BAILLY,) COMTE, a French general, born in the Isle of
Bourbon in 1776; died in 1850.
Montholon, de, deh m6N'to'16N', (CHARLES TRIS-
TAN,) MARQUIS, a French general, born in Paris in 1782.
He entered the army in 1798, and accompanied Napo-
leon in the subsequent campaigns in Italy, Austria, and
Prussia. He was sent in 1811 on an important embassy
to the archduke Ferdinand at Wiirzburg, and in 1814
was made general of brigade. He shared the emperor's
exile at Saint Helena, and served him with unwearied
fidelity till his death, being appointed by him executor
of his will and keeper of part of his manuscripts. After
his return to France, Montholon published, in conjunc-
tion with General Gourgaud, "Memoirs towards the
History of France under Napoleon, dictated by Himself
at Saint Helena," (1823.) He also wrote an "Account
of the Captivity of Napoleon at Saint Helena," (1847.)
Died in 1853.
Monti, mon'tee, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA,) an Italian
poet, born at Bologna in 1688; died in 17615.
Monti, (GIUSEPPE,) an Italian botanist, born at Bo-
logna in 1682. He published several botanical works.
Died at Bologna in 1760.
Monti, (Luici,) an Italian author, born at
Palermo, Sicily, in 1830. He was exiled in 1849 as a
revolutionist, and afterwards spent much of his time in
Boston. He was United States consul at Palermo
1861-73, and wrote " The Adventures of a Consul
Abroad," (1878; ) also wrote " Leone," a novel, and
translated several Italian works.
Monti, (RAFAELLE,) an Italian sculptor, born at
Milan in 1818. Among his master-pieces may be named
the " Veiled Vestal," the " Boy catching a Grasshopper,"
and the " Circassian Slave." He was an active sup-
porter of the popular cause in 1847-48, after which he
lived as an exile in London. Died October 16, 1881.
Monti, (ViNCENZO,) a celebrated Italian poet, born
near Ferrara in 1753. He studied in the university of
that city, and began at an early age to write Latin and
Italian poems. These compositions obtained for him
the notice and patronage of Cardinal Borghese, who took
Monti with him to Rome in 1778. He published in 1785
his tragedy of " Aristodemo," which was received with
great favour. His poem entitled " Bassvilliana," (1793,)
suggested by the murder of Hugo de Bassville, envoy of
the French republic at Rome, had also great popularity,
and passed through eighteen editions in six months.
Upon the French invasion in 1796, Monti repaired to
Milan, where, accommodating himself to the new order
of things, he wrote in favour of the Revolution. Some
of his writings, which originally contained bitter in-
vectives against Napoleon, were now altered so as
to transfer the abuse to the allied sovereigns. On the
Russian invasion in 1799 he took refuge for a time in
France, and, soon after his return, published his tragedy
of "Caio Gracco," "La Mascheroniana," a poem on
the death of his friend Mascheroni, and his beautiful
and popular hymn beginning " Bell' Italia," etc. Monti
became in 1803 professor of eloquence at Pavfa, and on
the coronation of Napoleon, in 1805, was appointed his
historiographer. He filled this office rather as court
poet than historian , and lavished a profusion of eulogistic
verses on the emperor and his family. He was created
by him a chevalier of the legion of honour and of the
; iron crown, and was chosen a member of the Institute
of the kingdom of Italy. Died in 1828.
Montiano y Luyando, de, da mon-te-i'no e loo-
yan'do, (AucusTlN,) a Spanish dramatist, born in 1697 ;
died in 1759.
Monticelli, mon-te-chel'lee, (ANDREA,) a skilful
Italian painter, born at Bologna in 1640, painted land-
scapes, flowers, fruits, etc. Died in 1716.
Montigny, m6N'ten've', (FLORENCE de Montmo-
rency — deh moN'mo'roN'se',) LORD OF, a Flemish
nobleman, was ambassador to Spain in 1562. Being
sent on a second mission in 1566, he was arrested b»
\. e, 1, o, u, y, long; A, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short;*, e, i. o, obscure: far, fill, fit;m?t; nftt;good: moon;
MONTIGNY
1757
MONTMORENCY
order of Philip II., accused of high treason, and exe-
cuted in 1570.
Montigny, moN'ten'ye', (RosE MARIE Cizos,) a
popular French actress of comedy, known as ROSE
CHERIE, was born at Etampes in 1824. Died in 1861.
Montigny, de, de.h mdN'ten'ye', (JEAN,) a French
poet, born in Bretagne in 1637, was a member of the
Fiench Academy, and Bishop of Le'on. Died in 1671.
Montjoie, mdN'zhwa', (CHRISTOPHE Fiux Louis
VENTRE DE LA TOULOUBRE,) a French political writer,
born at Aix in 1746. He was a royalist in the Revo-
lution of 1789-95. He wrote, besides other works, a
"History of the Conspiracy of Robespierre," (1796.)
Died in 1816.
Montjosieu, de, d?h moN'zho'zg-uh', (Louis,) a
French scholar and writer, born in Rouergue. He visited
Rome in 1583. Among his works is "The Frenchman
a Guest at Rome," ("Callus Romae Hospes," 1585.)
Montlosier, de, deh m6N'lo'ze-i', (FRANC.OIS DO-
MINIQUE Reyuaud — rj'no',) COMTE, a French journal-
ist, born at Clermont-Ferrand in 1755. He was a deputy
to the States-General in 1789, and was a prominent ad-
vocate of the aristocratic party. He repaired to London,
where he edited an anti-revolutionary journal called the
"Courrier de Londres." On his return to France,
during the consulate, he modified or abandoned his roy-
alist views. He was also for a time one of the editors
of the "Constitutionnel." Having attached himself to
the new dynasty on the revolution of July, he was
made a peer in 1832. He wrote a work " On the French
Monarchy from its Establishment to the Present Time."
Died in 1838.
Montluc, de, deh mdN'liik', (BLAISE de Lasseran-
Maaaenoome — deh las'rdN' mi'sftN'kom',) SEIGNEUR,
a French marshal, born in Gascony in 1501. He fought
against the Imperialists commanded by the emperor
Charles V., and assisted at the sieges of La Rochelle
and Calais. In 1573 he was made a marshal by Henry
III. He died in 1577, leaving "Memoirs of his Military
Life," (1592,) which were praised by Henry IV. and
often reprinted.
Montluc, de, (JEAN,) a bishop, the brother of the
preceding, was born about 1508, and was distinguished
by the favour of Francis I. and Henry II., who employed
him in various embassies. He became Bishop of Valence
in 1553 He is said to have been secretly attached to
the Reformed religion ; but he retained the favour of
Catherine de Medicis. Died in 1579.
Montluc, de, (JEAN,) Seigneur de Balagni, and mar-
shal of France, a natural son of the preceding, was
born about 1545. After he had fought for the League
against Henry IV., he entered the service of the latter,
who made him a marshal of France in 1594. Died
in 1603.
Montluca, niAN'lu'ka', (JEAN ETIENNE,) a French
mathematician, born at Lyons in 1725. He became a
lawyer of Paris, and a noted linguist, was the friend of
Lalande and D'Alembert, and filled important civil offices.
He wrote a very important " History of Mathematics,"
(1758 et seq.,} and died in December, 1799.
Montmaur, de, deh mdN'moR', (PIERRE,) a pedantic
and witty Frenchman, born in Limousin or Le Quercy
about 1564. He was professor of Greek in the College
de France, and was notorious as a parasite. Died in 1648.
Montmorency. See LUXEMBOURG.
Montmorency or Montmorenci, mflnt-mo-rSn'se,
[Fr. pron. m6N'mo'r6N'se',] the name of a noble French
family, whose celebrity dates as far back as the eleventh
century, and which has produced many famous princes,
peers, and generals. Among them were six constables
and eleven marshals of France.
Montmorency, de, deh moN'mo'r&N'se', (ANNE,)
Due, Constable of France, born at Chantilly in 1493,
was the first of his family that received the title of duke.
He was made a marshal in 1522, and was taken prisoner
at Pavia in 1525. In 1536, by skilful manoeuvres, he
defended Provence, which was invaded by Charles V. in
person. He was appointed constable in 1538, and was
chief minister of Francis I. from that date until 1541,
when he fell into disgrace. Henry II. restored him to
favour and power in 1547. Montmorency was defeated
and made prisoner at the battle of Saint-Quentin, in 1557.
The death of Henry II., in 1559, was fatal to his am-
bitious prospects, and opened the way for the accession
to power of his rival the Due de Guise. He fought for
the Catholic party in the civil war, and in 1562 com-
manded at Dreux, where he gained the victory, but
was made prisoner. He was mortally wounded at the
battle of Saint-Denis, in 1567. He has been censured
for austerity and excessive rigour, but had several great
qualities.
See DB THOU, " Historia sui Temporis ;" BRANTQME, " Vies de*
Hommes illustres;" LESCONVEL, "Anne de Montmorency," 1696,
DAVILA, " History of the Civil Wars of France :" " Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Generate ;" TAVANNES, "Me'moires;" ROBERTSON, " His-
tory of Charles V.," vols. ii. and iii.
Montmorency, de, (CHARLES,) a French general,
who became a marshal of France in 1343. He fought
against the English at Crecy in 1346. Died in 1381.
Montmoreiicy, de, (CHARLOTTE MARGUERITE,) a
French lady, born in 1594, was the sister of Duke Henri
II. de Montmorency. She was married to Henri, Prince
de Conde, about 1609. Her beauty made such an im-
pression on the king, Henry IV., that her husband was
alarmed, and conducted her to a foreign country. She
was the mother of the great Condd, of the Prince of
Conti, and of the Duchess of Longueville. Died in 1650.
See BAZIH, "Histoirede LouisXIII ;" L'EsTOiLE, "Me'moires,"
etc.
Montmorency, de, (HENRY I.,) Due, the second
son of Anne, noticed above, was styled COMTE DE
DAMVILLE in his youth. He was a cousin of Admiral
Coligni. At the battle of Dreux, in 1562, he took the
Prince of Conde prisoner, and in 1566 obtained a mar-
shal's baton. He rendered important services to Henry
IV., who appointed him Constable of France in 1593.
Died in 1614. It is stated that a mutual passion was
felt by him and Mary Queen of Scots, whom he fol-
lowed to Scotland in 1561.
Montmorency, de, (HENRI II.,) Due, a son of the
preceding, was born at Chantilly in 1595. His valour,
generosity, and name rendered him a great favourite with
the court, the army, and the people. He commanded
for Louis XIII. in the civil war against the Huguenots
which began about 1620, and defeated the Due de
Rohan in 1628. For his victory over the Imperialists at
Veillane, in 1629, he was made a marshal. Seduced by
Gaston, a brother of Louis XIII. and heir-presumptive
to the throne, and incited by enmity to Richelieu, he took
arms against the government, and encountered the royal
army at Castelnaudary in 1632. With too impetuous
valour, he exposed himself at the head of his army, was
wounded, and made prisoner. He was tried for treason,
and beheaded in October, 1632. He left no issue, and
the first ducal branch of the Montmorencies then became
extinct. His sister was the mother of the great Prince
de Conde and of the Duchesse de Longueville.
See DESORMEAUX, " Histoire de la Maison de Montmorency."
Montmorency, de, (MATHIEU I.,) was appointed
Constable of France about 1 130, and was the most pow-
erful French seigneur of his time. He married first
Aline, daughter of Henry I. of England, and secondly
Alix or Adelaide, the widow of Louis !e Gros and
mother of Louis VII. of France. He died in 1160,
leaving several children by his first wife.
See DESORMHAUX, " Histoire de la Maison de Montmorency."
Montmorency, de, (MATHIEU II.,) surnamed LE
GRAND, a grandson of the preceding, was born about
1174. He contributed greatly to the victory of the
French at Bouvines, in 1214. In 1218 he obtained the
office of constable, which his talents and merits raised
to be the highest office of the kingdom. The Constable
of France was thenceforth ex officio commander-in-chief
of the army. He had great influence in the reign of
Louis VIII. and in that of his successor. He was nearly
related to two emperors and six kings. His grand
daughter married Louis de Bourbon, a great-great
grandfather of Henry IV. Died in 1230.
See DHSORMEAUX, " Histoire de la Maison de Montmorency."
Montmorency, de, (MATHIEU JEAN FELICIT*
de Montmorency-Laval — deh m6N'mo'roN'se' \¥-
eas£; rass; gStard: g as/,' G, H, K, guttural; K,>imal; R, trilled; sass; th as mthis.
Explanations, p. 23.)
MONTMORIN
1758
MONTYON
vll',) Due, a French statesman, born in Paris in 1766,
was a friend of La Fayette, in company with whom he
served in the war of American Independence. He was
a deputy to the States-Genera) in 1789, and was an ad-
vocate of liberal reform. On the restoration he became
a zealous royalist, and was made a peer by Louis XVIII.
He was appointed minister of foreign affairs in 1821,
president of the cabinet, and governor to the Duke of
Bordeaux in 1823. He was also a member of the French
Academy. Died in 1826.
See DB GSRANDO, "£loge de M. de Monunorency," 1826: CHA-
TEAUBKLAND, "Me"moires d'Outre-Tombe;" VBTILLARD, "Notice
sur la Vie de M. le Due de Montmoreocy," 1826.
Montmorin Saint-Herem, de, deh m6N'mo'raN'
sa.v-Ai'rSN', (ARMAND MARC,) COMTE, a French states-
man, born about 1745. He succeeded Count Vergennes
as minister of foreign affairs in 1787, and became min-
ister of the interior in 1791. He was condemned to
death by the Revolutionary Tribunal, and executed in
September, 1792.
See DROZ, " Histoire de Louis XVI ;" LAMARTINE, " History
of the Girondists."
Montmort, de, deh moN'moR', (PIERRE RKMOND,)
a French mathematician, born in Paris in 1678, was a
pupil of Malebranche. He was the author of a popular
work entitled "Analytical Essay on Games of Chance."
He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences,
and a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He con-
tributed to the " Philosophical Transactions" of that
institution a valuable essay "On Infinite Series." Died
in 1719.
See FONTKNBLLE, " filoges des Acade'micieni."
Montolieu.de, deh mdN'toHe-uh', (JEANNE ISABELLE
HAULINE Polier de Bottens^po'le-4' deh bo'toN',)
Dame de Crousaz and Baronne, a Swiss novelist, born
at Lausanne in 1751 ; died in 1832.
Montorfano, mon-toR'fa-no, (GIOVANNI DONATO,)
an Italian painter of the latter part of the fifteenth
century.
See LANZI, " History of Painting in Italy."
Montorsoli, mon-toR'so-lee, (Fra GIOVANNI AN-
GELO,) a celebrated Italian sculptor and architect, born
at Montorsoli, near Florence, about 1500. He was
employed in several works by Michael Angelo, whose
lasting friendship he acquired. He was selected by
Pope Clement VII. to restore the famous group of
Laocoon and the Apollo Belvedere. Among his master-
pieces we may name the fountain in front of the cathe-
dral at Messina, and the grand altar of the Church del
Servi della Nunziata at Bologna. Died in 1563.
See CICOGNARA, "Storia della Scultura ;" VASARI, " Lives of the
Painters, Sculptors," etc ; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Montpensier, de, deh m6N/p6N'se-i', (ANNE MA-
RIE LOUISE D'ORLEANS,) DucHESSE,^commonly called
MADEMOISELLE, was born in Paris in 1627. She was
the daughter of Gaston, Duke of Orleans, and cousin of
Louis XIV. Of a bold and energetic character, she
became a zealous adherent of the party of Conde in the
wars of the Fronde. She rendered several important
services to that faction, among which was the capture
of the town of Orleans. About 1670 she was married
to Count Lauzun. She died in 1693, leaving Memoirs
which possess much interest
See VOLTAIRE, " Siecle de Louis XIV;" SAINT-SIMON, " M<-
moires;" "Mademoiselle's Campaigns," in the "Atlantic Monthly"
for July, 1858.
Montpensier, de, ( ANTOINE MARIE PHILIPPE Louis
D'ORLEANS,) Due, a younger son of King Louis Philippe
of France, was born at Neuilly in 1824. He served with
distinction in Algeria in 1844 and 1845, obtained the
rank of marechal de camp in 1846, and married in that
year Maria Luisa Fernanda de Bourbon, a sister of Isa-
bella, Queen of Spain. In 1858 Queen Isabella gave
him the rank of captain-general. He aspired to tlic va-
cant throne of Spain in 1869, and in 1870 he killed Prince
Henry of Bourbon in a duel. Died February 4, 1890.
Montpensier, de, (ANTOINE PHILIPPE D'ORLEANS,)
Due, a younger brother of King Louis Philippe of
France, was born in 1775. He was arrested in April,
1793, and imprisoned until 1796. Died near London
in 1807.
Montpensier, de, (CATHERINE MARIE de Lorrain*
— deh lo'r&n',) DUCHESSE, a French lady, born in 1552,
was a sister of Henri, Due de Guise. She acted with
the League, and fomented rebellion against Henry IIL
of France. Died in 1596.
Montpetit, de, deh moN'peh-te', (ARMAND VIN-
CENT,) a French painter, born at Macon in 1713. He
was the inventor of a method of painting which he called
tludoriqut, (elydoric.) He published an account of his
invention in a work entitled "Note interessante sur les
Moyens de conserver les Portraits peints a 1'Huile,"
etc., (1776.) Died in 1800.
Montreuil, de, deh mAN'tRuV or m6N'tRuh'ye,
(BERNAHDIN.) a French Jesuit and theologian, born
in Paris in 1596, wrote a "Life of Christ taken from
the Four Gospels," (1637,) and other religious works.
Died in 1646.
Montreuil, de, sometimes written MontereuL, (MA-
THIEU,) a French poet, born in Paris in 1611 ; died in
1691.
Montrichard, mAN're'shSR', (JOSEPH ELIE DESIRJ
PERRUQUET,) a French general, born in 1760. He com-
manded the right wing at the battle of Trebbia, June,
1799. Died in 1828.
Moutrond, de, deh moN'triN', (CLEMENT MELCHIOR
JUSTIN MAXIME FOURCHEUX,) a French writer, born in
Gard in 1805. He wrote, besides other works, a " His-
tory of the Crusades," (2 vols., 1841.) Died in 1879.
Montrose, mont-roz', (JAMES GRAHAME,) MARQUIS
OF, a celebrated Scottish general, born at Edinburgh in
1612. Having finished his studies in France, after his
return to Scotland he served for a time in the Pres-
byterian army ; but he subsequently went over to the
royalists. He was appointed by Charles I., in 1644,
Marquis of Montrose, and commander-in-chief of the
Scottish forces. He signally defeated the Covenanters at
Tippermuir in 1644, also at Inverlochy and at Kilsyth
in 1645 ; but his army was surprised and totally defeated
by General Leslie at Philiphaugh in September, 1645.
Montrose soon after went to Germany, where he was
received with great distinction by the Austrian emperor
and made a marshal of the empire. Having collected
a small but ill-organized force, he returned to Scotland
in 1650, but was soon after defeated and taken pris-
oner. He was executed, without a trial, at Edinburgh,
in May, 1650.
See CLARENDON, " History of the Rebellion;" MARK NAPIER,
" Montrose and the Covenanters," 1838 ; GRANT, " Lite of Grahame,
Marquis of Montrose," 1859: GEORGE WISHART, "Memoirs of
Grahame, Marquis of Montrose ;" SIR EDWARD CUST, " Lives of
the Warriors of the Civil Wars," 1867; "Quarterly Review" f»r
December. 1846: " Fraser's Magazine" for June, 1841.
Montucci, mon-toot'chee, ( ANTONIO,) an Italian
philologist, born at Sienna in 1762, became in 1785
professor of the English language in the Tolomei Col-
lege, and subsequently of Italian at Berlin and Dresden.
He died in 1829, leaving unfinished a Chinese Dictionary.
Montucla, m6N'tu'kla", (JEAN ETIENNE,) a French
mathematician, born at Lyons in 1725. Having studied
philology and natural science at the Jesuits' College at
Lyons, he visited Paris, where he became associate editor
of the " Gazette de France" and formed an intimacy with
Diderot, D'Alembert, and other savants of the time. In
1764 he accompanied Turgot to Cayenne, as first secre-
tary and astronomer to the expedition. After his return
he was appointed roval censor of mathematical books
and commissioner ol the royal buildings. He was a
member of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin, and of
the Institute of France. His most important work is
his "History of Mathematics," (1758,) which was com-
pleted by Lalande. He also wrote a " History of the
Researches for Determining the Quadrature of the
Circle," and several other treatises. Died in 1799.
See A. SAVINIEN-LEBLOND, " Notice historique sur la Vie de J.
£- Montucla," iSco.
Montureux. See BOURCIER.
Monty on orMonthyon, de, deh m&n'te-6n', (JEAN
BAPTISTE ROBERT Auget — 5'zh4',) BARON, a wealthy
and philanthropic French nobleman, born in Paris in
1733. He bequeathed the greater part of his large
fortune to benevolent and learned institutions, and was
the founder of the " Montyon Prize of Virtue" given
« e. I. 6, u, y, long; a, e. 6, sanw. less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, j?, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; tar, (all, fit; met; n&t; gSod; moon
MONVEL
'759
MOORE
by the French Academy. He published " Researches
and Considerations on the Population of France," and
other works. " His name," says Lamartine, " was the
foremost on the roll of the national nobility."
in 1820.
Died
d
Tale."
Monvel, m6N/v?l', (JACQUES MARIE BOUTET,) a
French actor and dramatist, born at Luneville in 1745,
was the author of numerous comedies and comic operas.
Died in 1812.
Monvoiain, m6N'vwa'zaN', ( RAYMOND AUGUSTE
QUINSAC,) a French historical painter, born at Bordeaux
in 1795, studied in Paris under P. Guerin. Died in 1870
Moo'dy, (DwiGHT LYMAN,) an American lay-
preacher, born at Northfield, Massachusetts, February
5, 1837. His youth was passed on a farm until, when
seventeen years old, he became a clerk in a store in
Boston. He went to Chicago in 1856, and engaged in
business, at the same time carrying on an active mission-
ary work. In this work he associated Mr. Ira D. Sankey,
an effective singer. They held religious services in
various towns in Great Britain, as well as in America.
In both countries he had a wonderful success and
exerted a powerful influence for good on different
classes. Besides his church and school at Chicago,
Mr. Moody established a school or college at North-
dynasty, was born at Ispahan about 1746. He defended
himself for a time successfully against several rivals ; but
he was at length defeated by Jaafar Khan in 1784. Died
in 1785.
See MALCOLM, " History of Persia."
Moorad (Mourad or Murad) Bey, moo-rid ba, a
celebrated Mameluke chief, born in Circassia in 1750.
On the invasion of Egypt by the French, in 1798, he
opposed them with great bravery, but was at length
compelled to retreat. He subsequently made a treaty
with General Kleber, by which he became Prince of
Assouan and Djirdjeh, under the protection of France.
Died in 1801.
Mooravief or Mooraviev, moo-ra-ve-eT, written
in German Murawiew or Murawjew, but pro-
nounced exactly like the preceding spellings, (ANDREW,)
a Russian writer and traveller, was a younger brother
of General Nicholas Mooravief. He published, in Ger-
man, a "History of the Russian Church," (1845,) a
" Description of Armenia," (3 vols., 1848,) and other
works. Died at Kiev. August 30, 1874.
Mooravief or Murawiew, (MICHAEL,) COUNT,
a Russian diplomatist, born in 1845, and entered the
diplomatic service in 1864 as secretary of legation. He
was appointed minister to Denmark in 1893, and in
1897 became minister of foreign affairs. In this
office he displayed hostility to Germany and friend-
ship to France, and was the agent of the Czar in his
field, Massachusetts. He published "Arrows and peace proposition to the Powers. Died in 1900.
Anecdotes," (1877,) " Heaven," (1880,) etc. Died Mooravief or Murawiew, (MICHAEL NIKITICH,) a
in 1899.
Moojaert, mo'ySRt, written also Mooyaert, (CLAS,)
a Dutch landscape-painter and engraver, born at Am
sterdam about 1590.
and Jan Weeninx.
He was the master of Berghem
Moollah-Pirooz (or Moullah-Firouz) Ben-Ka-
WOOB, a Persian poet, born at Bombay in 1759. He
wrote an epic poem, entitled " George-Nameh," on the
conquest of India by the British. Died in 1831.
Moonen, mo'nen, (ARNOLD,) a Dutch theologian,
distinguished as a poet and grammarian, was born at
Zwolle in 1644. He became minister of a Protestant
church at Deventer. His poems were published in 2
vols., 1720. Died in 1711.
Moor, moor,? (EDWARD,) F.R.S., an English writer,
born about 1770. He served several campaigns in India,
and obtained the rank of major. He published, besides
other works, "The Hindu Pantheon," (410, 1810.) Died
in 1848.
Moor, van, vtn moR, Moro, or More, (ANTON is or
ANTONIO,) a celebrated Dutch portrait-painter, born at
Utrecht in 1519, was a pupil of Jan Schooreel. He was
patronized by Cardinal Granvelle, the emperor Charles
V., and Philip II., and painted the portraits of the prin-
cipal sovereigns of Europe. His works in this depart-
ment are of the highest order. He also executed several
historical pictures of great merit. Died in 1568.
See DESCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc.
" Nouvclle Bioeraphie Ge'ne'rale."
Moor, van, (KAREL,) a Dutch portrait-painter, of high
reputation, born at Leyden in 1656, studied under Ge-
rard Douw and Mieris. Among his best works are por-
traits of Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough
' J •—«-•-:. -<• -•--
on horseback. He was en
mVht nf thf pmnfr
niEDi or cnc empir
by the Austrian emperor Joseph I. His "Assembly
of Notables," in the Hotel de Ville at the Hague, is also
Russian littfratfur, born at Smolensk in 1757, was ap-
pointed preceptor to the grand dukes Alexander and
Constantine. He was the author of" Historical Pieces,"
" Letters of Emilius," and several moral and literary
essays, which are ranked among Russian classics. Died
in 1807.
Mooravief, Mouraviev, Muraview, or Mura
vieff, (NICHOLAS,) an able Russian general, born at
Moscow in 1793. He served as general in the war
against the Poles, (1830.) In 1854 he obtained com-
mand of an army in Asia. He took Kars from the
British, after a long siege, in November, 1855. He
afterwards commanded with success against Schamyl,
the Circassian chief. Died in 1866.
Moorcroft, moor'kroft, ? (WILLIAM,) an English trav-
eller, born in Lancaster about 1780, spent several years
in Hindostan, and explored parts of the country hitherto
unknown to Europeans. He was the author of " Travels
in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindostan," etc., (1841,)
" On the Punk Sheep of Ladakh," and other works.
Died in 1825.
Moore, mor, (ALFRED,) an American jurist, son of
Maurice, noticed below, was born in Brunswick county,
North Carolina, in 1755. He was appointed associate
justice of the supreme court of the United States in 1799.
Died in 1810.
Moore, (CHARLES LEONARD,) an American poet,
born at Philadelphia in 1854. He published " Poems
Antique and Modern," "Day-Dreams," "Odes,"
etc.
Moore, (CLEMENT C.,) LL_D.,son of the preceding,
was born in New York in 1779. He was appointed
m !82I professor of Hebrew and Greek literature in
_, . _ . . .- .» • T/
,n New York. He
esteemed a master-piece.
Sei
See PILKINGTON, " Dictionary of Painters :"
des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc : CHAR
toire des Peintres."
Died about 1738.
DESCAMPS, " Vies
:LKS BLANC, " His-
Moorad (moo-rSd) V., Sultan of Turkey, was a son
of Abd-ool Mejeed, and was born September 21, 1840.
He was the successor of his uncle, Abd-ool Azeez, and
the Protestant Episcopal
published a " Hebrew-and-English Lexicon," and othei
works. Died July 10, 1863.
Moore, mor, (EDWARD,) an English litterateur, born in
Berkshire in 1712. He was the author of "Fables for
the Female Sex," which had great popularity, and " The
Gamester," a tragedy, which was also very successful.
He was one of the editors of " The World," a literary
journal having among its contributors Horace Walpole,
came to the throne on the enforced abdication of the I Soame Jenyns, and Lord Chesterfield. Died in 1757.
latter, May 30, 1876. Moorad was a dissipated man, and ' Moore, (EnWARD M.,) M.D., an American surgeon,
his reason was undoubtedly affected by his great ex- born at Rahway, New Jersey, July 15, 1814, graduated
cesses. He was deposed by the Sheikh-Sol-Islam August at the University of Pennsylvania in 1838. In 1838, in
31, 1876, and was succeeded by his brother Abd-ool conjunction with Dr. C. L. Pennock, of Philadelphia,
Hameed. he performed a series of original experiments on the
Moorad- Alee or Mourad- All, moo-rSd a'lee, called physiological action of the heart, which excited much
tiro Moorad Khan, (Kin,) King of Persia, of the Zend attention among physiologists. About 1840 he I
•eas/S; 5 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H,K, guttural; N, nasal; girdled; sasz; th as in M«. (2^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
MOORE
1760
MOORSOM
to Rochester, New York, where he acquired a high repu-
tation in his profession, and subsequently for more than
twenty years he filled the chairs of surgical pathology
and surgery in the medical college at Buffalo.
Moore, (FRANK,) son of Jacob Bailey, noticed
below, has published " Songs and Ballads of the Amer-
ican Revolution," the " Rebellion Record, a Diary
of American Events," (II vols., 1861-68,) and several
other works.
Moore, (FRANK FRANKFORT,) a British novelist
and dramatist, born at Limerick, Ireland, in 1855.
He wrote many novels and several successful plays.
Moore, (GEORGE,) a novelist and art critic, born
in county Mayo, Ireland, in 1857. He published
"A Mummer's Wife," (1884,) "Esther Waters,"
(1894,) and other volumes of fiction, verse, and criti-
cism.
Moore, (HENRY,) an English artist, born at York
in 1831. He gained a high reputation as a painter of
English scenery, and afterwards of ocean scenes, in
which he produced striking effects. He was made a.
Royal Academician in 1893, and died in 1895.
Moore, (JACOB BAILEY,) an American political writer
and editor, born at Andover, New Hampshire, in 1797.
He edited the " New Hampshire Statesman," a Whig
paper, and became librarian to the New York Historical
Society. Among his works is "The Laws of Trade in
the United States." Died in 1853.
Moore or More, (JAMES,) an English writer, was the
author of a comedy entitled "The Rival Modes," and
was associated with the Duke of Wharton as editor of
" The Inquisitor." Moore is satirized by Pope in hi°
"Dunciad." Died in 1734.
Moore, (JOHN,) an English prelate, born in 1644, be-
came successively Bishop of Norwich and of Ely. He
dice ii 1714, leaving a library of thirty thousand volumes,
which was purchased by George II. and presented to
the University of Cambridge.
Moore, raor, (JOHN,) a Scottish physician and distin-
guished writer, born at Stirling about 1730. He studied
under Hamilton and Cullen at Glasgow, and afterwards
spent several years on the continent He published,
after his return, " A View of Society and Manners in
France, Switzerland, and Germanv," (1778,) which was
followed in 1781 by a similar work on Italy. They are
written in a lively and attractive style, and had great
popularity at the time. His principal work is his novel
of "Zeluco," (4 vols., 1789,) which was received with
great favour and still enjoys a high reputation. Died
in 1802.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Moore, (JoHN,) an English prelate, born at Gloucester
In 1733. He became Bishop of Bangor in 1776, and
Archbishop of Canterbury in 1783. Died in 1805.
Moore, (Sir JOHN,) a celebrated British general, born
at Glasgow in 1761, was the eldest son of Dr. John
Moore, noticed above. He entered the army at the age
of fifteen, and was sent in 1794 to Corsica, where he
acted in conjunction with Paoli, and was conspicuous
for his courage in the attack on Fort Morello and at the
siege of Calvi. As general of brigade, he served under
Sir Ralph Abercrombie in the West Indies in 1796, and
in 1798 assisted in quelling the Irish rebellion. He
accompanied General Abercrombie to Egypt in 1801,
and was severely wounded at the battle of Alexandria.
He was made a knight of the Bath on his return to
England, and, after various services in Sicily and Sweden,
was created lieutenant-general, and sent in 1808 to Spain
to unite with the forces in the north against the French.
On the news of the defeat of the Spanish troops along
the northern frontier, and of the numerous French armies
approaching, he made a rapid retreat to Coruna which,
being performed in the depth of winter, was attended
with great suffering. On the l6th of January, 1809, an
engagement took place at Corunna, in which the English
claimed the victory but lost their brave commander.
His death has been commemorated by the poet Wolfe
in a beautiful and popular ode, which Byron pronounced
the most perfect in the English language.
Moore, (JOHN BASSETT, ) a political author, born
at Smyrna, Delaware, in 1860. He studied law, in
1885 became third assistant secretary of state, in 1891
professor of international law at Columbia College, in
1898 assistant secretary of state, and in the same year
secretary and counsel to the Peace Commission at
Paris. He is the author of " History of International
Arbitrations" and other works.
Moore. (Sir JONAS,) an English mathematician, born
in Lancashire in 1617, was appointed tutor to Prince
James, son ot Charles 1., and subsequently became in-
spector-general of artillery. He was a Fellow of the
Royal Society, and the author of several scientific works.
He was instrumental in founding a mathematical school
for sailors at Christ's Hospital, and in the construction
of an observatory at Flamstead House. Died in 1679.
Moore, (MAURICE,) an American jurist and patriot
of the Revolution, born in Brunswick county, North
Carolina; died in 1777. His son ALFRED served with
distinction in the Revolutionary war, and became asso-
ciate justice of the United States supreme court in 1799.
Died in 1810.
Moore, mor, (THOMAS,) a celebrated Irish poet, born
in Dublin in 1779. He entered Trinity College at an
early age, but, being a Catholic, he was unable to obtain
any of the university honours or offices. He afterwards
studied law at the Middle Temple, London. He pub-
lished in 1801 his translation of the " Odes of Anacreon,"
which was very successful, and was followed by "The
Poetical Works of the Late Thomas Little," (1802.) In
1804 he visited the United States of America, on the
society and institutions of which he made many satirical
comments in his "Odes and Epistles," (1806.) His
other principal works are " Lalla Rookh," (1817,) an
Oriental poem, "The Twopenny Post-Bag, by Thomas
Brown, Jun.," (1813,) a witty satire directed against the
Tories, which had great popularity, "The Fudge Family
in Paris," (1818,) "Loves of the Angels," (1823,) and
I" Irish Melodies," (1834.) In 1830 he published a "Life
of Lord Byron," his most important prose work, which,
although written entirely from the stand-point of friend-
I ship, has been highly commended by the critics. He
; also wrote a "Life of Sheridan," (1825,) "The Epicu-
rean," (1827,) a prose romance, and a " History of Ire-
land," (1835.) Of his poems, his "Lalla Rookh" and
"Irish Melodies" enjoy the highest reputation. The
former, though deficient in the higher qualities of
poetry, is characterized by exquisite melody of versifica-
tion and splendid imagery, and in its moral tone affords
a striking contrast to the frivolity and licentiousness
of his earlier productions. It obtained extraordinary
popularity, and was translated into many languages,
including Persian. Died February 26, 1852.
Moore, (THOMAS, ) an English botanist, born at
Stoke-next-Guildford, May 29, 1821. He published
" Hand-Book of British Ferns," (1848,) " Elements
of Botany," (1865,) "Epitome of Gardening,"
(1881,) and other works, chiefly on ferns and orchids.
Died January I, 1887.
Moore, (WILLIS LUTHER,) an American meteor-
ologist, born at Binghamton, New York, in 1856.
He was at first a journalist, then entered the signal
service (now the weather bureau). In 1895 he was
made chief of the United States Weather Bureau.
Moore, (/.KTHAMAH SWIFT,) D.D., an American
divine and scholar, born at Palmer, Massachusetts,
in 1770, became president of Williams College in
1815, and in 1821 of Amherst College. Died in 1823.
Moore'head, (\\ARREN KING,) an American ar-
chaeologist, born at Siena, Italy, of American parents,
in 1866. He spent years in exploring the prehistoric
mounds of Ohio, and subsequently made explorations
for the World's Columbian Exposition. He published
" Primitive Man in Ohio," " Fort Ancient," " Wan-
neta, the Sioux," etc.
Moor'spm, (Sir ROBERT,) a brave English admiral,
born in Yorkshire in 1760. Being appointed in 1805
commander of the Revenge, he had a prominent part
a, e, 1, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, ti, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; not; good; moon;
MO OS A
1761
MORAN
in the battle of Trafalgar. He afterwards represented
Queensborough in Parliament, and was made an admiral
in 1830. Died in 1835.
Moosa. See MOSES.
Moosa, Mousa, or Muaa, moo'sa, third son of
Bayazeed I., was born at Brusa about 1376. He was
made prisoner with his father by Tamerlane after the
battle of Angora. Being afterwards appointed by the
latter governor of the Ottoman provinces of Asia Minor,
he carried on a war against his elder brother Solyman,
whose capital Adrianople he took in 1404, thus becoming
master of the European part of the Ottoman empire. In
1412 he besieged Constantinople, but, having been forced
to retire, he was taken prisoner, and strangled by order
of Mahomet I.
See VON HAMMER, " Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs."
Moosa, Mousa, or Musa, Ibn, ibn moo'sa, ( Aboo-
AbdaUah-Mohammed, a'boo ab-dal'lah mo-ham'-
med,) an Arabian mathematician, was the author of a
treatise on algebra entitled " Al Jebr e al Mokabalah."
He is said to have been the first of his countrymen who
wrote on that science ; and Europe is indebted to him
for its introduction and its name.
Moosa-Ibn-Noseyr, moo'sa Tb'n no-sar', (or no-
sir',) (Aboo-Abd-er-Rahman, a'boo ab'der rah'man,)
a celebrated Arab conqueror, was born at Mecca about
660 A.D. He was appointed in 703 Viceroy of Africa,
and, having subjected the northern part of that country,
from Tripoli to Morocco, he turned his arms against
Spain. In conjunction with his lieutenant Tarik, he took
Seville, Merida, Saragossa, and other cities of Southern
and Central Spain, to which he subsequently added the
most important towns of Catalonia. Among other ar-
ticles of great value of which he had possessed himself
was the emerald table called the table of Solomon, taken
at Medina-Celi. Moosa, having been summoned to Da-
mascus by the caliph, presented to him this table, and,
on his expressing his surprise that it should have three
legs of emerald and one of gold, Moosa replied that he
had found it in this condition. Tarik, however, imme-
diately exposed the falsehood of his rival by producing
the fourth leg of the table. For this offence he was
condemned to a heavy fine by Solyman, who afterwards
caused his son Abd-el-azeez to be assassinated. Moosa
died in obscurity in 718.
See ABOOLFEDA, " Annales Moslemiti :" MAKKARI, " History of
the Mohammedan Empire in Spain."
Moosa- (Mousa- or Musa-) Ibn-Shakir, moo'sa
Ib'n sh a'kir, an Arab writer of the early part of the ninth
century, wrote a work entitled "Sources of History."
He left three sons, the eldest of whom was eminent as
an astronomer and was the author of several Valuable
works.
Mooyaert. See MOOJAERT.
Mop'sus, [Gr. Mo^iof,] a famous soothsayer of classic
mythology, was called a son of Apollo and Manto.
According to tradition, he gained celebrity by the truth
of his prophecies at the siege of Thebes and at the
temple of Claros, and he triumphed over Calchas in a
trial of skill in divination.
Moquin-Tandon, mo'kaN' t5N'd6N', (HORACE BENE-
DICT ALFRED,) a French physician and botanist, born at
Montpellier in 1804. He was appointed in 1853 pro-
fessor of natural history in the Medical Faculty of Paris,
and in 1854 became a member of the Academy of Sci-
ences. He published a " History of the Anomalies of
Vegetable Organization," (1841,) and "Essay on the
Multiplication of Organs in Vegetables." Died in 1863.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Mora, de, da mo'ra, (JosE JOAQUIN,) a Spanish lit-
ttrateur, born at Cadiz in 1784. Having previously edited
a literary journal at Madrid, he repaired to South Amer-
ica, ana became editor of the "Cronica Politica" at
Buenos Ayres. He was appointed in 1838 consul-general
of Bolivia to London. He published a " History of
the Arabs," (1826,) "Spanish Legends," (1840,) and a
number of lyric poems and satires. He also trans-
lated into Spanish Sir Walter Scott's romances of
" Ivanhoe" and "The Talisman." Died in 1863.
See F. WOLF. " Floresta de Rimas modemas Castellanas."
Morabin, mo'rfbaN', (JACQUES,) a French scholar,
born at La Fleche in 1687. He was the author of a
" History of Cicero," and translated into French Cicero's
" Treatise on Laws" and " Treatise on Consolation."
Died in 1762.
Moraes, de, da mo-ra'Ss, (CRISTOVAM Alao —
a-16wN',) a Portuguese writer, born in 1632, was the
author of a "Genealogy of the Families of Portugal,"
and a number of sonnets and other poems. Died in 1693.
Moraes, de, (FRANCISCO,) a Portuguese writer, born
at Braganza. He went to Paris as secretary of legation
in the reign of Francis I. His chief work is " Libro
del muy esfor£ado Cauallero Palmerin de Inglaterra,''
which was translated into English by Southey. Moraet
was assassinated at Evora in 1572.
Moraes Sarmento, mo-ra'Ss saR-mfn'to, (JoAO
EVANGELISTA,) a Portuguese poet of the present time.
Among his works is an " Ode on War."
See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Morals, mo-ris', (SABATO,) a Jewish rabbi and author,
born at Leghorn, Italy, in April, 1824, graduated in 1845
at the Hebrew University of Leghorn, became in 1846 a
teacher in the Hebrew Orphan School of London, and
in 1851 removed to Philadelphia and became preacher
of the Congregation Mikveh- Israel. His works are
chiefly polemical, or on subjects connected with Hebrew
literature. Died November II, 1897.
Morales, mo-ra'les, (CRISTOVAL,) a Spanish musician,
and one of the greatest composers of his time, was a
native of Seville. He was appointed by Pope Paul III.
composer in the pontifical chapel. He lived about 1550.
Morales, (JUAN BAUTISTA,) a Spanish missionary,
born in Andalusia about 1598. He went to China in
1633, but was compelled to quit that country in 1638
through the influence of the Jesuits, whom he censured
for permitting their converts to sacrifice to idols. He
returned to China, where he died in 1664.
Morales, de, da mo-ra'ISs, (AMHROSIO,) an eminent
Spanish historian, born at C6rdova in 1513. He studied
at Alcala, where he subsequently became professor, and
numbered among his pupils Don John of Austria. In
1570 he succeeded Ocampo as historiographer to Philip
II. His principal work is a continuation of Ocampo's
"Cronica general de Espana," (3 vols., 1577,) bringing
the history of Spain down to 1037. Morales also pub-
lished a valuable treatise " On the
Spanish Cities." Died in 1591.
See TICKNOR, "History of Spanish Literature;" BOUTKRWKK.
"Histoire de la Litte"rature Espagnole."
Morales, de, (JUAN,) a Spanish poet, born in Anda-
lusia, lived in the sixteenth century. He made admirable
translations of some odes of Horace, and wrote original
poems of much merit.
Morales, de, (Luis,) an eminent Spanish painter,
surnamed EL DIVINO, ("the Divine,") born at Badajoz
in 1509. He was employed by Philip II. to decorate
the Escurial ; but he subsequently lost the king's patron-
age and was reduced to great poverty. He was relieved
a few years before his death by a pension bestowed upon
him by Philip. His " Via Dolorosa," in the church of the
Hieronytnites, at Madrid, is esteemed one of his master-
pieces. Died in 1586.
See QUILLIET, " Dictionnaire des Peintres Espagl Dls ;" VIARDOT,
" Etudes sur 1' Histoire des Beaux- Arts en Espagne," 1835.
Morali, mo-ra'lee, (OTTAVIO,) ABB£, an Italian phi-
lologist, born near Bergamo in 1763, became professor
of Greek at the College of Brera, in Milan. He pub-
lished a good edition of Ariosto, (1818.) Died in 1826.
Mo-ran', (EDWARD,) an American painter of marine
views and landscapes, born about 1845. Among his best
works are "The Swallows' Cave, Nahant," and "Pulpit
Rock."
See TUCKERMAN, " Book of the Artists."
Moran, (PETER,) a successful painter, a brother of
Edward Moran. He was born at Bolton, March 4, 1842.
He studied under his brother Thomas, and in London,
and became a resident of Philadelphia. His chief suc-
cesses have been in pastoral landscapes and cattle-pieces.
Moran, (THOMAS,) a distinguished artist, born at
liolton. England, January 12, 1837. He came to the
United States in 1844. He learned wood-engraving in
he Antiquities of the
e as k; c as s ; g hard; g as^'; G, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; K, trilled; s as z; th as in this.
Ill
Explanations, p, 23. >
MORAND
1762
MORDAUNT
Philadelphia. He learned the art of painting under no
master, though he studied in most of the great galleries
of Europe. He also accompanied many of the United
States exploring expeditions in the mountains of the far
West. Among his works are "The Grand Canon of
the Yellowstone," (1872,) now in the United States Cap-
itol at Washington, " The Chasm of the Colorado," also
in the Capitol, "The Mountain of the Holy Cross,"
(1875,) "Childe Roland," "Ponce de Leon in Florida,"
" Dreamland," etc. He also hss been an industrious
illustrator of books.
Morand, mo'r&N', (CHARLES ANTOINE Louis ALE-
XIS,) COMTE, a French general, born at Pontarlier in 1 77 1.
He served as general at Austerlitz, Jena, Eylau, Essling,
and Wagram, (1805-09.) Died in 1835.
Morand, (JEAN ANTOINE,) a French architect, born
at Brianfon about 1727. He executed several important
works at Lyons, one of which is a wooden bridge over
the Rhone, which bears his name. He was condemned
by the Revolutionary Tribunal and put to death in 1794.
Morand, (JEAN FRANCOIS CLEMENT,) a French phy-
sician, son of Sauveur Franjois, noticed below, was born
in Paris in 1726. He became librarian to the Academy
of Sciences, and was a member of several other learned
societies in Europe. Died in 1784.
Morand,(SAUVEUR FRANC.ois,)a distinguished French
surgeon, born in Paris in 1697, was the first who intro-
duced into France Cheselden's method of lithotomy,
having previously learned it in London. He was a Fel-
low of the Royal Society of London, and a member of
the French Academy of Sciences, and was appointed in
1730 royal censor and surgeon-in-chief of the hospital
of La Charite\ He published a number of surgical
treatises. Died in 1773.
See ILLOY, "Dictionnaire histonque de la M^decine."
Morand, de, deh mo'roN', (PIERRE,) a French drama-
tist, born at Aries in 1701, was the author of a comedy
entitled "The Spirit of Divorce," and several tragedies.
Died in 1757.
Morande, de, deh mo'roNd', (CHARLES Thevenot
or Theveneau — tav'no',) a French adventurer and
political writer, born at Arnay-le-Duc in 1748, was the
author of " The Cynic Philosopher," and other works
of a libellous character. Died about 1803.
Morandi-Manzolini. mo-ran'dee min-zo-Iee'nee,
(ANNA,) a celebrated Italian anatomist, born at Bologna
in 1716, was the wife of G. Manzolini, a physician, from
whom she learned anatomy and the art of modelling in
wax. Her works in this department were regarded as
the most perfect of the kind, and obtained for her a
European reputation. She was a member of the Insti-
tute of Bologna, and in 1 758 became professor of anatomy
in that city. Died in 1774.
Morandini, mo-ran-dee'nee, (FRANCESCO,) called IL
POPPI, an able Italian painter, born at Poppi in 1544,
was a pupil of Vasari. He worked with great facility.
Died about 1584.
Morando, mo-rjn'do, (FILIPPO ROSA,) an Italian
poet, born at Verona in 1732 ; died in 1757.
Mo-rant', ? (PHILIP,) an English antiquary, bom in the
isle of Jersey in 1700, published, among other works,
" History and Antiquities of Colchester," and " History
of Essex," Died in 1770.
Morard de Galle, mo'riR' deh gjl, (JUSTIN BONA-
TINTURE,) a French admiral, bom in Dauphin^ in 1741 ;
died in 1809.
Morata, mo-ri'ti, (OLYMPIA FULVIA,) an Italian lady,
esteemed one of the most learned women of her time,
was born at Ferrara in 1526. She was married about
1550 to Andrew Gundler, a German physician, whom
she accompanied to Germany. She died at Heidelberg
in 1555, leaving a number of works, including Latin
orations and Greek poems.
See TCRNBULL, "Olympia Morata, her Life and Times," 1846;
NOLTKN, " Vita Olympia; MoraUe," 1773 : J. BONNET, " Vie d'plym-
pia Morata," 1856; WILDERMUTH, "O. Morata; ein chnstliches
Lebensbild," 1854; " Nouvelle Biographic G^ne^rale."
Moratin, de, da mo-ri-teen', (LEANDRO FERNANDEZ,)
an eminent dramatist, sometimes called " the Spanish
Moliere," was born at Madrid in 1760. He was ap-
pointed in 1787, through the influence of Jovellanos,
was very successful. Among the most popular of his
other works are "The Impostor," ("El Baron,") "Yes
of the Maidens," ("Si de las Ninas,") "The Young
Hypocrite," (" La Mogigata,") and "The New Comedy,"
("La Comedia nueva.") His "Origines del Teatro
Espano!," (1838,) a critical treatise, is also highly es-
teemed. Moratin became first librarian to Joseph Bona-
parte in 1811, and during the subsequent troubles in
Spain took refuge in France, where he died in 1828.
Moratin, de, (NICOLAS FERNANDEZ,) a Spanish poet
and dramatist, the father of the preceding, was born at
Madrid in 1737. He was the author of "Hormesinda,"
and several other dramas in the French style, also of an
epic poem entitled "The Ships of Cortez Destroyed,"
(" Las Naves de Cortes destruidas,") which has a high
reputation. Died in 1780.
See TICKNOR, " History of Spanish Literature ;" LONGFELLOW,
"Poets and Poetry of Europe ;" "Foreign Quarterly Review" for
July, 1827.
Moray, EARL OF. See MURRAY, (JAMES STUART.)
Moray or Murray, mur're, (Sir ROBERT,) one of
the founders of the Royal Society of London, was a
native of Scotland. Having resided for a time in France,
where he was patronized by Louis XIII. and Cardinal
Richelieu, he was appointed, after the restoration, to
several important offices. He was the first president of
the Royal Society, which he assisted to found in 1661.
Died in 1673.
See BIRCH, " History of the Royal Society;" CHAMBERS, " Bio-
graphical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Morazan, mo-rJ-saV, (FRANCISCO,) a Central Amer-
ican general, born in Honduras in 1799. He became
president or general-in-chief of the republic of Central
America about 1830, was driven into exile in 1840, and
put to death in 1842.
Morazzone. See MAZZUCHEI.LI.
Morcelli, moR-chel'lee, ( STEFANO ANTONIO,) a
learned Italian antiquary and Jesuit, born near Brescia
in 1737. Among his principal works (which are mostly
wT-tten in Latin) we may name "Africa Christiana,
(3 vols., 1816-17,) illustrating the history of the Church
in Africa, "Opera Epigraphica," (5 vols., 1818,) "Opus-
coli ascetici," (3 vols., 1820,) and a treatise "On the
Style of Latin Inscriptions," (3 vols., 1819-22.) He
founded an academy of archeology at Rome, where he
passed many years. Died in 1821.
See P. LOTTIERI, " Elodp storico di S. A. Morcelli," 1821
BAHALUI, " Notizia di Morcelli," 1825.
Mordaunt, mor'dant, (CHARLES,) Earl of Peter-
borough, a famous English general, of chivalrous and
eccentric character, born in 1658, was the son and heir
of John, Lord Mordaunt. He first appears prominently
in history as a staunch Whig and opponent of James II.
In 1689 he was created Earl of Monmouth and placed
at the head of the treasury, but the next year he retired
from that office, which was ill suited to his volatile and
generous character. He afterwards inherited the title
of his uncle, the Earl of Peterborough. During the
war of the Spanish succession he commanded an Eng-
lish army of 5000 men which arrived in Spain in 1705
and performed a series of brilliant exploits, among which
was the capture of Barcelona and Valencia, (1706.)
Thwarted in his plans by the archduke Charles of
Austria, he obtained leave to retire from the army, and
was recalled to England in 1707. Through hostility to
Marlborough, he supported the Tories in the political
contests which ensued, and after the accession of George
I. was consequently excluded from office. He died in
1735. His second wife was Anastasia Robinson, a cele-
brated singer and actress. In the opinion of Macaulay,
he was "the most extraordinary character of that age,
the King of Sweden not excepted. His fertility and
activity of mind were almost beyond belief. He loved
to dictate six or seven letters at once. He was a kind
a, e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, \\, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fall, fit; m?t; nftt; good; mSon:
MORDEN
1763
MORE
friend, a generous enemy, and a thorough gentleman.
But his splendid talents and virtues were rendered
almost useless to his country by his levity, his restless-
ness, his irritability, his morbid craving for novelty anrl
excitement." ("Essays.")
See MACAULAY, "History of England," vol. iii. chap, xi., and
his Review of LORD MAHON'S " History of the War of the Succes-
BKLL, 1866.
Morden, LORD. See YORKE, (CHARLES.)
More, moR, [Lat. MO'RUS,] (ALEXANDER,) a French
Protestant divine, of Scottish extraction, born at Castres
in 1616. He became professor of Greek at Geneva in
1639, and of history at Amsterdam in 1651. He was the
author of Latin poems and other works. Died in 1670.
See SVMMONS, "Life of Milton;" S^NKBIER, "Histoire litte1-
*aire de Geneve."
More, (ANTONIO.) See MOOR.
More, (HANNAH,) an English writer, whose moral
and religious works enjoyed great popularity in her time,
was born at Stapleton, near Bristol, in 1745. She pub-
lished in 1773 a pastoral drama, entitled "The Search
after Happiness," and in 1774 "The Inflexible Cap-
tive," a tragedy, which introduced her to the notice of
Garrick, Dr. Johnson, and other eminent men of that
period, by whom she was greatly esteemed for the excel-
lence of her character. She was the author of several
other dramas, which were very favourably received ; but,
owing to her convictions of the immoral tendency of
the stage, she abandoned dramatic writing, and, while
her popularity was still at its height, devoted herself to
compositions of a moral and religious character. Among
the principal of these we may name "Thoughts on
the Manners of the Great," (1788,) "Strictures on the
Modern System of Female Education," (1799,) "Hints
towards Forming the Character of a Young Princess,"
(1805,) written for Charlotte, Princess of Wales, " Coelebs
in Search of a Wife," (1809,) and several contributions
to the "Cheap Repository Tracts," one of which is
entitled "The Shepherd of Salisbury Plain." Died
in 1833.
See WILLIAM ROBERTS, "Memoirs of the Life, etc. of Hannah
More ;" MRS. H. C. KNIGHT, " A New Memoir of Hannah More ;"
H. THOMPSON, "Life of Hannah More," etc., 1838; MRS. ELWOOD,
•"Memoirs of the Literary Ladies of England," etc.; "Monthly
Review" for February, 1800, April, 1813, and February, 1820.
More, [Lat MO'RUS,] (HENRY,) an English divine
and philosophical writer, born in Lincolnshire in 1614.
He studied at Christ's College, Cambridge, of which he
was chosen a Fellow. He refused several high prefer-
ments in the church, and passed his life in retirement,
devoted chiefly to the study of philosophy. He was the
author of " Psychozoia, or the Life of the Soul," (1640,)
" Enchiridium Metaphysicum," "Conjectura Cabalis
tica," "The Mystery of Godliness," "Discourse on tht
Immortality of the Soul," and other works, in which he
favours the Platonic system. He was a man of fine
genius, profound learning, and rare excellence of char-
acter. He was one of the first Fellows of the Royal
Society, and was a friend and correspondent of Des-
cartes. Died in 1687.
See R. WARD, "Life of Henry More," 1710; BURNHT, "His-
tory of his Own Times ;" " Retrospective Review," voL v., (1822.)
More, (JAMES.) See MOORE.
More, [Lat. MO'RUS; It. and Sp. MO'RO,] (Sir
THOMAS,) an eminent English wit, philosopher, and
statesman, born in London in 1480, was a son of Sir
John More, a judge of the court of king's bench. He
received the first rudiments of his education at Saint
Anthony's School, London, where he learned Latin.
At the age of fifteen he became a page in the house of
Cardinal Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury and prime
minister, who was much pleased with the wit of young
More and predicted that he would prove "a marvellous
man." In 1497 he entered the University of Oxford,
where he studied Greek as a pupil of Grocyn and formed
an intimate and lasting friendship with Erasmus. He
gained distinction at Oxford as a writer of English and
of Latin verses. Having left college, he studied law at
Lincoln's Inn. " He manifested," says Mackintosh, "a
predilection for monastic life, and is said to have prac-
tised some of those austerities and self-inflictions which
prevail among the gloomier and more stern orders."
He resolved, indeed, at one time to turn monk, and act-
ually became a lay brother of the Carthusian convent
(the Charter-House) in London, where he is said to have
passed several years, devoting himself at the same time
to the study of the classics, the French language, and
music. He afterwards entertained thoughts of becoming
a priest ; but on further reflection, and influenced per-
haps by the general corruption of the priestly orders, he
abandoned his design. In the words of Erasmus, " Ma-
luit maritus esse castus quam sacerdos impurus," ("he
preferred to be a chaste husband rather than an impure
priest") About 1502 he married Jane Colt, the eldest
daughter of a gentleman of Essex. He had a slight
preference for her younger sister, but was so good-
natured that he sacrificed his inclination, that he might
not wound the feelings of the eldest This union proved
very happy, but his wife died a few years after her mar
riage, leaving him a son and three daughters, of whom
Margaret, the eldest, inherited the features, goodness,
and genius of her father. His graceful and varied learn-
ing was only surpassed by his sprightly, inexhaustible
wit. " With him," says Erasmus, "you might imagine
yourself in the Academy of Plato." He attained great
eminence at the bar, and about 1502 became an under-
sheriff of London, — i.e. a judge of the sheriffs court. He
appears to have been the first Englishman that cultivated
oratory with any great success. " He is," says Mackin-
tosh, " the first person in our history distinguished by
the faculty of public speaking, and remarkable for the
successful employment of it in Parliament against a
lavish grant of money to the crown." He was elected
to Parliament about 1504, and, by persuading the Com-
mons not to grant a supply to Henry VII. on the occa-
sion of the marriage of his daughter, deeply offended
that king. More had in consequence resolved to leave
the country ; but the death of Henry relieved him from
all apprehensions.
Having lost his first wife, he married a widow named
Alice Middleton. In 1513 he wrote a "History of
Richard III.," which, says Hallam, "appears to me the
first example of good English language, pure and per-
spicuous, well chosen, without vulgarisms or pedantry."
(" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") He was
sent on a mission to Flanders in 1514, and about that
date became a favourite of Henry VIII., who not only
consulted him in affairs of state, but preferred him as
the companion of his amusements and convivial hours.
In 1516 he produced his famous Platonic fiction of
" Utopia," (in Latin,) describing an imaginary common-
wealth in the island of Utopia, the citizens of which
had all things in common. He resigned the office of
under-sheriff in 1519, was appointed treasurer of the
exchequer in 1521, and chosen Speaker of the House
of Commons in 1523. He gave proof of his firmness
and independence by his answer to Cardinal Wolsey,
who demanded a very great subsidy for the king. About
1523 More began to write tracts against Luther.
In October, 1529, he was appointed lord chancelloi
in place of Cardinal Wolsey. Although the Protestants
were persecuted while he held that office, it would appear
that he was not responsible for the persecution. " It is
a sufficient proof of his clemency," says Erasmus, " that
while he was chancellor no man was put to death for
these pestilent dogmas."*
* This statement is contradicted by Froude, who says, " Soon after
the seals changed hands, the Smithfield fires recommenced ; and, the
chancellor acting in concert with them, the bishops resolved to ob-
literate, in these edifying spectacles, the recollection of their general
infirmities." He afterwards cites the case of Bainham, who was
burned in April, 1532, a short time before More resigned the office
of chancellor. The account of Bainham's execution appears to rest
upon the single testimony of Foxe, who, though generally trust-
worthy, might possibly be mistaken, especially when he was obliged
to depend wholly on the statements of others. He was but a boy
when Bainham's death took place. More, whose word is not to be
lightly set aside, expressly denies in his "Apology" (published the
next year) that he was guilty of any cruel treatment of the heretic^.
If the denial was false, there were doubtless many then living who
could prove it to be so. It appears, however, never to have been
contradicted. How far he was responsible for the acts of the bishop*
it is difficult to say.
as k; >, as s; g hard; g as/,- G, H, m,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in Ms.
Explanations, p. 23.)
MO RE A U
1764
MORE A U
Suitors were astonished at the contrast between the
affable More and the haughty Cardinal Wolsey. Sir
Thomas resigned the great seal in May, 1532, because
his conscience refused to sanction the divorce of Queen
Catherine and the second marriage of the king. " Henry
nad tried every possible means to obtain at least the
appearance of his spontaneous approbation." (Mackin-
tosh.) In 1533 he wrote a work called "The Apology
of Sir Thomas More."
Having declined to take the oath by which he was re-
quired to acknowledge the validity of the king's marriage
with Anne Boleyn, he was committed to the Tower in
April, 1534. After he had been in prison more than a
year, he was charged with denying the king's supremacy
as the head of the Church; and, his answers not having
been found satisfactory, he was pronounced guilty of
treason, and was beheaded on the 6th of July, 1535.
" The scaffold had been awkwardly erected, and shook
as he placed his foot upon the ladder. ' See me safe up,'
he said to Kingston ; ' for my coming down I can shift
for myself.' . . . The executioner offered to tie his eyes.
' I will cover them myself,' he said ; and, binding them in
a cloth which he had brought with him, he knelt, and
laid his head upon the block. The fatal stroke was
about to fall, when he signed for a moment's delay, while
he moved aside his beard. ' Pity that should be cut,'
he murmured : ' that hzs not committed treason.' With
which strange words, — the strangest, perhaps, ever ut-
tered at such a time, — the lips most famous through
Europe for eloquence and wisdom closed forever."
(Froude's " History of England," chap, ix.) Alluding
to his behaviour on the scaffold, Addison remarks,
" The innocent mirth which had been so conspicuous in
his life did not forsake him at the last. His death was
of a piece with his life ; there was nothing in it new,
forced, or affected. He cid not look upon the severing
his head from his body as a circumstance which ought
to produce any change in the disposition of his mind ;
and, as he died in a fixed and settled hope of immor-
tality, he thought any unusual degree of sorrow and
concern improper." (" Spectator," No. 349.) According
to the account of his great-grandson, More " was of a
middle stature, well proportioned, of a pale complexion,
his hair of chestnut colour, his eyes gray, his counte-
nance mild and cheerful."
See "The Life and Death of Sir Thomas More," by his great-
grandson, C. MORE, 1626 : WILLIAM ROPER, "Vita T. Mori," 1626.
SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH, " Life of Sir Thomas More," 1830: FER-
NANDO DK HERKRRA, "T. Moro," 1592; F. WARNER, "Memoirs
of the Life of Sir T. More," 1758: C. MORE, " Life of Sir T. More,"
iS28 : DOMENICO RECGI. "Vita di T. More," 1675: ARTHUR CAY-
LHY, "Memoirs of Sir T. More," 2 vols., 1808.
Moreau, (FRANCOIS JOSEPH,) a French physician,
born at Auxonne in 1789, practised in Paris. He pub-
lished a "Traite' des Accouchements," (2 vols., 1838-41.)
Died in 1862.
Moreau, (GUSTAVE,) a French painter, born at
Paris in 1836. His " CEdipus and the Sphinx" ( 1864)
gave rise to a violent controversy between the admirers
and opponents of his ideal style. He was made pro-
fessor at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in 1892. Died in
1898.
Moreau, (HgcSsiPPE,) a French poet, born in Paris
in 1810, was the author of songs, elegies, and satires, of
considerable merit, and a prose work entitled "The
Mistletoe of the Oak," (" Le Gui de ChSne.") He died,
in great poverty, in 1838.
Moreau, (JACOB NICOLAS,) a French writer, born at
Saint -Florentin in 1717, was appointed historiographer
of France under Louis XVI. He wrote a " Discourse
on the History of France," "Duties of a Prince," and
other works. Died in 1803.
Moreau, (JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French musician and
composer, born at Angers in 1656, was patronized at the
court of Louis XIV., and was employed by Racine to
compose the choruses for his "Athalie" and "Esther."
Died in 1733.
Moreau,^ (J RAN MICHEL,) a French engraver and
designer, born in Paris in 1741, became draughtsman of
the royal cabinet, and a member of the Academy ot
Painting. He executed one hundred and sixty plates
fur the " History of France," and upwards of one hun-
dred for editions of Voltaire and Moliere. Died in 1814
Moreau. (JEAN VICTOR,) one of the most eminent
generals of France, was born at Morlaix, in Brittany,
August n, 1763. He studied law, and was provost of
law at Rennes just before the Revolution. In 1792 he
enlisted in the republican army, and, as chef de kataillon,
served under Dumouriez. He became a general of
brigade in 1793, and a general of division in 1794. In
the latter year he commanded with Mat the right wing
of Pichegru's army, which conquered Holland. In the
spring of 1796 he succeeded Pichegru as commander -in-
chief of the army of the Rhine and Moselle, ana opened
the campaign which was the foundation of his military
fame. His passage of the Rhine at Strasbourg was greatly
applauded. He drove the Austrians back to the Danube,
and then, finding his army outnumbered, after several
indecisive actions he performed the famous and masterly
retreat through the Black Forest, which was one of his
chief exploits. He was suspended from the command
in 1797 by the Directory, who probably suspected hirr
of complicity in the defection of his friend Pichegru.
The reverses of the French having rendered his ser-
vices necessary, he was appointed general-in-chief of the
army of Italy in the spring of 1799. At the battle of
Novi he had three horses killed under him, and made a
skilful retreat, soon after which he was transferred to
the command of the army of the Rhine. In the political
crisis of 1 8th Brumaire, (November 9, 1799,) Moreau
was in Paris, and consented to support Bonaparte in
subverting the power of the Directory. Some suppose
that if he had been less modest, or more ambitious, he
might have acted the principal role in that great drama.
The First Consul intrusted to Moreau the command of
the army of Germany, and dictated to him a plan of the
campaign, which the latter refused to adopt "Moreau
would not submit," says Alison, " to the indignity of
acting as second in command to his former rival, and
said, ^1 have no notion of seeing a little Louis XIV. at
the head of my army.'" ("History of Europe.")
After an angry discussion, he persisted in his own plan,
and, while Bonaparte marched to the conquest of Italy,
he invaded the valley of the Danube in May, 1800, with
about 100,000 men. Between the 1st and loth of May
he defeated the Austrians under Kray at Engen and
Biberach. In the next month he gained a decisive vic-
tory at Hochstadt, near Blenheim. After an armistice
of a few months, the two armies met on December 3,
iSoo, at Hohenlinden, where Moreau won a very im-
portant victory, which induced the Austrians to sue for
peace. The war being thus ended, he went to Paris,
and became the chief of a party composed of royalists
and republicans united by their enmity to Napoleon.
In 1804 he was arrested as an accomplice in Pichegru's
conspiracy, and, although they failed to prove that he
had any active part in it, he was sentenced to two years'
imprisonment, which was commuted to exile in the
United States. He resided with his wife at Morrisville,
Pennsylvania, and in the city of New York, until over-
tures from the Czar o( Russia induced him to return to
Europe in July, 1813. He was caressed by the allied
sovereigns and received with triumphal demonstrations
by the people of Germany. The Czar said to Moreau,
(who, it appears, was still a republican,) "I know youi
opinions; I will do nothing which can thwart them, and
will leave France perfectly free." With these views, he
co-operated with the allies against the French, and was
mortally wounded at Dresden, August 27, 1813. He
announced the fact by letter to his wife in these terms :
" At the battle of Dresden, three days ago, I had both
legs carried off by a cannon-ball. That rascal Bonaparte
is always fortunate. Excuse my scrawl," etc.
See LEMAIRE, " Vie impartiale du Ge^ral Moreau," 1814 ; " Me-
moirs of General Moreau," by J. PHILIPPART; GARAT, " Eloge de
Moreau," 1814 ; "Life and Campaigns of Victor Moreau," (translated
from the French ;) A. DE BEAUCHAMP, "Vie politique, militaire et
privee du Ge^ral Moreau," 1814: CHATEACNSUP, " Histoire du
G^n^ral Moreau," etc., 1814; FAUCHB-BOREL, "Notices sur le»
G£ne"raux Pichegru et Moreau," 1807; HASSK, "Moreau, sein
Leben," etc, 1814 : COUSIN D'AVALLON, " Histoire du Gece>a-
Moreau," 1814; " Nouvelle Biographic Gene'rale;" THIERS, " Hi»-
tory of the French Revolution ;" " Edinburgh Review" for January,
1814.
i, e, 1, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; m8t; ndt; good; moon
MOREAU
1765
MORERI
Moreau-Christophe, mo'ro' kRes'tof, (Louis MA-
fHURlN,) a French economist, born near Tours in 1799.
He was sent to fore'pn countries to examine prisons,
and wrote several works on the discipline and reform
of prisons. Died April 21, 1881.
Moreau de la Rochette, mo'ro' deh li ro'sheV,
(FRANCOIS THOMAS,) a French horticulturist, born in
Champagne in 1720, founded near La Rochette an agri-
cultural school. Died in 1791.
Moreau de Jonnes, mo'ro' deh zho'neV, (ALEXAN-
DRE,) a French writer, born near Rennes in 1778, was
the author of a number of treatises on mineralogy,
statistics, and other scientific subjects. Died in 1870.
Moreau de la Sarthe, mo'ro' deh li siRt, (JACQUES
Louis,) a French physician and able writer, born near
Le Mans in 1771. He published several professional
works. Died in Paris in 1826.
Moreau de 1'Yonne, mo'ro' deh le^on', a French
politician, born near Tonnerre in 1750, was elected in
1798 to the Council of Ancients. Died in 1806.
Moreau de Saint-Mery, mo'ro' deh saN mi're',
(MEDERIC Louis ELIE,) born, of French parentage, in
the isle of Martinique in 1750, was administrator-general
of the duchies of Parma and Piacenza from 1802 to 1806.
He wrote several descriptive and scientific works. Died
in 1819.
Moreaux, mo'ro', (JEAN RENE,) a French general,
born at Rocroi in 1758. He commanded the army of
the Moselle in 1794, and took Treves and Coblentz.
Died in February, 1795.
Moreelze, mo-ral'zeh, (PAUL,) a Dutch painter, born
at Utrecht in 1571, was a pupil of M. Mirevelt. He
enjoyed a high reputation as a portrait-painter, and was
extensively patronized by the nobility. Died in 1638.
Morel, mo'rSK, (CLAUDE,) a French printer, born in
1574, was a son of Federic the Elder, noticed below.
Died in 1626.
Morel, (FEDERIC,) called THE ELDER, a celebrated
French printer, born in Champagne in 1523, was ap-
pointed printer to the king in 1571. Died in 1583.
Morel, (FEDERIC,) THE YOUNGER, son of the pre-
ceding, was born in Paris in 1558. He was distinguished
as a Greek scholar, and the editions of the classics
issued from his press were conspicuous for their accu-
racy and the beauty of the typography. He succeeded
his father as royal printer in 1583. Died in 1630.
Morel, (GuiLLAUME,) a French printer, born at Til-
leu] in 1505, was noted for the beauty and accuracy of
his editions of the classics. He became printer to the
king in 1555. Died in 1564,
Morel, (JEAN,) a French poet, born in Champagne in
1539; died in 1633.
Morel. (JE\N MARIE,) a French architect and gar-
dener, born in Lyons in 1728. He had a high reputation
*s a designer of gardens. Died in 1810.
See J. B. DUMAS, " Notice sur J. M. Morel," 1825.
Morel de Vinde, mo'reT deh vaN'di', (CHARLES
GILBERT,) VICOMTE, a French writer and agriculturist,
born in Paris in 1759; died in 1842.
Morel-Fatio, mo'rel' fi'te'o', (ANTOINE LEON,) a
French landscape and marine painter, born at Rouer
in 1810. Died at Paris, March 4, 1871.
Morelius. See MORELY.
Morell, mo'rSl', (ANDRE,) a Swiss antiquary, distin-
guished for his profound knowledge of numismatics,
born at Berne in 1646. His principal work is entitled
"Thesaurus Morellianus," being a description of the
coins of the Roman families. It was left unfinished.
Died in 1703.
Mo-relT, (GEORGE W.,) an American general, born
at Cooperstown, New York, graduated at West Point in
1835. He was appointed a brigadier-general of Union
volunteers in 1861. He commanded a division at the
battles of Gaines's Mill and Malvern Hill. Died in 1883.
Mo-rell', (J. D.,) an English contemporary writer,
published " An Historical and Critical View of the Specu-
lative Philosophy of Europe in the Nineteenth Century,"
(2 vois. 8vo, London, 1846,) " The Philosophy of Re-
ligion," (1849,) and other works. He contributed to the
"Encyclopaedia Britannica" the article on "National
Education." Died in 1891.
Morell, (THOMAS,) an English scholar and critic,
born at Eton in 1703. He published an edition of Hede-
rich's "Greek Lexicon," (1762,) and was a contributor
to Hogarth's "Analysis of Beauty." He also edited
Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales," and several Greek and
Latin classics. Died in 1784.
Morellet, mo'ri'1^', (ANDRE,) ABBE, an eminent
French litterateur, born in Lyons in 1727, was educated in
the Sorbonne, at Paris. He became a friend of Voltaire,
Rousseau, Diderot, and D'Alembert, to whose " Ency-
clopedic" he contributed. He translated into French
Beccaria's treatise "On Crimes and Penalties," (1766,)
and wrote several treatises on political economy, and
many other works, among which is "Melanges of Lite-
rature and Philosophy of the Eighteenth Century," (4
vois., 1818.) In 1785 he was admitted into the French
Academy, the archives of which he concealed at the risk
of his life in the reign of terror. Died in 1819.
Morelli, mo-rel'lee, (CosiMO,) a distinguished Italian
architect, born at Imola in 1732. He was employed by
Pope Pius VI. to construct the cathedrals of Macerata
and Imola, and other edifices in the Pontifical States.
Died in 1813.
Morelli, (GlACOMO,) an eminent Italian critic and
bibliographer, born at Venice in 1745, became a priest,
and was appointed librarian at Saint Mark's, Venice, in
1778. He published, among other valuable works, a
"Historical Dissertation on the Library of Saint Mark,"
(1774,) and "Library of Greek and Latin Manuscripts,"
(1802.) Many of his minor works were published in
1820, under the title of "Operette," (3 vois. 8vo.) Died
in 1819.
Morelli, (GIOVANNI,) an Italian art critic, born at
Verona in 1816. He took an active part in the revo-
lutionary movement in Italy, subsequently entered the
Italian Parliament, and in 1873 was made Senator.
He became famous as an art critic, his opinion being
widely sought. His critical works were written in
German and published in Germany, the latest two
being on the Roman galleries (1890) and the German
galleries (1891.) Died in 1891.
Morelli, (MARIA MADDALENA,) an Italian poetess
and improvisatrice, born at Pistoiain 1740; died in 1800.
Morelly, mo'r^'le', a French writer on socialism,
born about 1750. He published an able work entitled
' The Code of Nature," which was attributed to Diderot,
' The Basiliade," a political romance, and a number of
treatises on various subjects.
Morelos mo-ra'los, (Don JOSE MARIA,) a Mexicai
patriot and general, born in New Mexico in 1780. He
joined the insurgent army under Hidalgo in 1810, and
subsequently became leader of a band composed chiefly
of negro slaves, with whom he carried on a successful
guerilla warfare for a time against the Spaniards. He
was made prisoner in 1815, and soon after executed al
Mexico.
See DON Josi GUERRA, " Historia de la Revolution de Nuev»
Espana," 1813.
Morely or Morelly, mo'rl'le', [Lat. MORE'LIUS,]
(JEAN BAPTISTE,) a French Protestant, noted for his
efforts to organize the Church on democratic principles,
was born in Paris about 1510. His "Treatise on Chris-
tian Discipline" (1561) was condemned by several Prot-
estant synods.
See BAYLR, "Historical and Critical Dictionary;" NIC^ROH,
" Me"moires."
Morenas, mo'reh-nis', (JOSEPH ELZEAR,) a Frencn
Orientalist, born near Carpentras in 1778. He wrote
"On the Castes of India," (1822,) and other works.
Died in Mingrelia in 1830.
Moreno, (JUAN,) a Spanish admiral, born at Cadiz
in 1743 ; died in 1817.
Moreno, (JUAN IGNACIO,) a Spanish cardinal, born
at Guatemala, November 24, 1817, was made a bishop in
1857, and became Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of
Spain in 1875, having been created a cardinal-priest in
1868. Died August 28, 1884.
Moreri, mo'ra're', (Louis,) a learned French eccle-
siastic, born in Provence in 1643. He published in 1674
eas£; 9asj; gkard: g as/; G, H. K, guttural; N, nasal: R, trilled: sasz.- thasinM/V.
Explanations, p. 23.)
MORES
1766
MORGAN
his " Historical Dictionary," (" Grand Dictionnaire His
torique," I vol. fol.,) a work of rare merit. He died in
1680, leaving unfinished his great work, which has been
extended by subsequent writers to ten volumes, (Paris,
"7S9-)
See NICE>ON, "Memoires;" "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Mores, morz, (EDWARD ROWE,) an English antiquary,
born in 1730. He published several works on English
antiquities. Died in 1778.
Moret, mo-reV, (JosE,) a Spanish historian, born al
Pampeluna in 1615. Among his works is a History of
Navarre, ("Annales del Regno de Navarra," 5 vols.,
1715.) Died in 1705.
Moreto y Cabana, mo-ra'to e ki-Ban'ya, (Don Au-
GUSTIN,) a celebrated Spanish dramatist, born about
1600. Among his best works we may name " The Brave
Justiciary," (" El valiente Justiciero,") " El Lindo Don
Diego," and " Disdain for Disdain," (" Desden con el
Desden." The last is said to have been the original
of Moliere's " Princesse d'Elide." Died in 1669.
See TICKKOR, " Historyof Spanish Literature ;" OCHOA, " Tea-
tro Espanpl ;" A. F. VON SCHACK, " Geschichte der dramatischea
Literatur in Spanien."
Moretti, mo-ret'tee, (GAETANO,) an Italian astrono-
mer, born at Bologna, was author of several scientific
treatises. Died in 1697.
Moretti, (GIUSEPPE,) an Italian savant, born at Pavia
in 1783, became professor of botany at that city in 1832.
Among his works is " Biblioteca Agraria." Died in 1853.
Moretto da Brescia. See BONVICINO.
Mor'fit, (CAMPBELL,) an American chemist, born at
Herculaneum, Missouri, in 1820. He was an editor
on the " Encyclopedia of Chemistry," and published
several works on subjects of applied chemistry.
Morgagni, moR-gan'yee, (GIAMBATTISTA,) an eminent
Italian physician and anatomist, born at Forll in 1682.
He studied at Bologna, where he became the favourite
pupil of Valsalva, and in 1715 he was appointed pro-
fessor of anatomy at Padua. His principal work is
entitled " On the Seat and Causes of Diseases discovered
by Anatomy," (" De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per
Anatomen indagatis," 2 vols., 1762.) It was translated
into French, Italian, English, and German, and still en-
joys a very high reputation. His " Adversaria Anato-
mica" is also highly esteemed. Morgagni made several
valuable discoveries, and he has been called the founder
of pathological anatomy. He was a Fellow of the Royal
Society of London, and a member of the principal
Academies of Europe. Died in 1771.
Mor'gan, (AITI.ETON,) a Shakspearian critic, born
at Portland, Maine, in 1850. Becoming a lawyer in
New Vurk, he devoted himself to the study ol Shak-
speare, and founded and became president of the New
York Shakspeare Society in 1885. He wrote several
critical works on Shakspeare, and published the Banks
edition in support of his theory that the 1623 edition
of the plays ciwrcl much to additions made by actors
and stage-censors to Shakspeare's originals.
Morgan, (CHARLES \V.,) an American commodore,
born in Virginia in 1790 ; died in 1853.
Morgan, (('HN\VAY I.i.oyn,) an English zoologist,
born at London in 1852. He became principal of the
University College of Bristol, and published " Animal
Biology," (1887,) " Introduction to Comparative Psy-
chology," (1895,) " Habit and Instinct," (1896,) etc.
Morgan, (DANIEL,) an American officer, born in
New Jersey in 1736, served with distinction in the war
of the Revolution. He was present at the capture of
Burgoyr.e, and commanded a brigade at the battle of
Cowpens, (1781,) where he gained a signal victory, for
which a gold medal was awarded him by Congress.
Died in 1802.
See the " Life of Daniel Morgan," by JAMES GRAHAM, 1856, and
the "National Portrait-Gallery of Distinguished Americans," vol. iii.
Morgan, (EDWIN D.,) an American Senator, born in
Berkshire county, Massachusetts, in 1811. He became
at an early age a merchant in the city of New York.
He was elected Governor of New York by the Repub-
licans in 1858, and again in 1860. He was elected to
the United States Senate from New York in 1863. Died
February 14, 1883.
Mor'gan, (GEORGE CADOOAN,) born in Wales in
7^4, became pastor of a dissenting church at Norwich,
England, in 1776, and subsequently professor of physics
at Hackney. He published " Lectures on Electricity,"
and other scientific works. Died in 1798.
Morgan, (GEORGE W.,) an American general, born
in Washington, Pa., in 1820. He served in the Texan
and Mexican wars, and on the breaking out of the re-
bellion entered the Union service as brigadier-general.
He took Cumberland Gap in 1862, and served actively
until ill health compelled him to retire in 1863. He was
in Congress, 1868-72. Died July 26, 1893.
Morgan, (SiR HENRY,) a Welsh buccaneer, born
about 1637, commanded several expeditions against the
Spaniards, and captured Porto Bello and Panama. He
was afterwards made a knight, and appointed Governor
of Jamaica by Charles II. Died in 1690.
Morgan, (JAMES D.,) an American officer, born in
Boston in 1810, removed in 1834 to Illinois, and in 1862
became brigadier-general of volunteers. Died in 1896.
Morgan, (JOHN H.,) an American guerilla chief,
born near Lexington, Kentucky, or, according to some
authorities, at Huntsville, Alabama, in 1826. He took
command of a troop of cavalry in 1861, and distinguished
himself by his audacity in several raids against the rail-
roads and other public works in Kentucky and Ten
nessee. He was appointed a major-general in 1862. In
July, 1863, he crossed the Ohio River with about 4000
men, and made a raid into Indiana and Ohio, where h«
destroyed railroads, bridges, etc. He was captured in
Ohio and confined in the penitentiary, from which he
escaped, by digging, about the end of November, 1863.
In September, 1864, he was surprised in the night at
Greenville, Tennessee, by the troops of General Gillem.
and was killed.
See a Ske'cb of his Life in " Southern Generals," 1865.
Morgan, ^EWIS HENRY,) an American author, born
in Ledyard, New York, November 21, 1818. He grad-
uated at Union College in 1840, and practised law at
Rochester, 1844-64. He acquired great reputation by
his "League of the Iroquois," (1851,) and especially by
his "Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity," (1870.)
He is regarded as one of the founders of the modern
school of ethnological science, which regards the com-
parison of rude and inchoate civilizations as an important
subject of study, since they are believed to afford ex-
tremely valuable hints as to the development or evolution
of the higher civilizations. He also published "The
American Beaver," (1868.) Died December 17. 1881.
Morgan, (Lady SYDNEY,) a distinguished authoress,
born at Dublin in 1789, was the daughter of an actor
named Owenson. At an early age she published several
romances, one of which, "The Wild Irish Girl," (1806,)
was very popular. In 1812 she was married to Sir Charles
Morgan, whom in 1816 she accompanied to France and
Italy, and the result of her travels appeared soon after,
in her two works entitled " France," (1817,) and " Italy,"
(1821.) Among her other productions we may name
"Florence Macarthy," (1816.) "Absenteeism," (1825.)
"The O'Briens and O'Flaherrys," (1827,) "The Book
of the Boudoir," (1829,) and "Woman and her Master,"
(1855.) In 1851 she published a "Letter to Cardinal
Wiseman." Died in 1859.
for February, 1863 : Westminster Ki fievr tor Apm, 1303 . r IA-
ser's Maganre" for February, 1831, and November, 1833: " Monthly
Rev-lew" for December, iSoS, and October and November, 1817.
Mor'gan, (Sir THOMAS CHARLES,) M.D., an English
physician,' born in London about 1783. In 1811 he was
made a baronet, and the next year married Miss Owen-
son, who was already known as an authoress. He soon
after settled in Ireland, where he advocated Catholic
i, e, 1,6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, fall, fitjme't; n&t; good; moon;
MORGAN
1767
MORISON
Morgan, (WILLIAM,) a learned divine, born in Wales,
was appointed in 1601 Bishop of Saint Asaph. He
assisted in translating into Welsh the Bible published
in 1588. Died in 1604.
Morgan, (WILLIAM,) a Welsh mathematician, born
in Glamorganshire, held the office of actuary to the
Equitable Assurance Company, London. He published
a "Review of Dr. Crawford's Theory of Heat," and
other works. Died in 1833.
Morgan, (WILLIAM,) an American mechanic, born
in Virginia about 1775, removed subsequently to Batavia,
New York. In 1826 he was abducted from his home and
murdered by a band of Freemasons for having written a
work professing to disclose the secrets of their society.
See ALLEN, '* American Biographical Dictionary :" " New Amer-
ican Cydopzdia;" "Gazetteer of the State of New York," by J.
H. FRENCH, p. 323.
Morgan, (WILLIAM F.,) D.D., an American clergy-
man, born at Hartford, Connecticut, December 21, 1816.
He graduated at Union College in 1837, and at the Gen-
eral Theological Seminary, New York, in 1840. In 1841
and 1842 he took orders in the Episcopal Church. His
principal pastorates were in Norwich, Connecticut, and at
Saint Thomas's Church, New York. Died May 19, 1888.
Morgan, De. See DE MORGAN.
Morghen, moR'gen, (RAFAELLE SANZIO,) an eminent
Italian engraver, of Dutch extraction, born at Florence
in 1758, became professor of engraving in the Academy
of Arts in his native city. His prints are numerous and
of great excellence. Among his master-pieces are his
" Transfiguration," after Raphael, " The Last Supper,"
after Leonardo da Vinci, and Guido's " Aurora." He
was a member of the French Institute. Died in 1833.
See NAGLER, "Allgemeines Kunstler-Lexikon ;" PALMEKINI,
" Notice of R. Morghen," (in Italian,) 1824.
Morgues, de. See MOURGUES, DE.
Morhof, moR'hof, [ Lat MORHO'FIUS,] (DANIEI,
GEORG,) a German scholar, born at Wismar in 1639,
became professor of poetry and eloquence at Kiel in
1665, and obtained the chair of history at that place in
1673. He published, besides many other works in prose
and verse, a valuable contribution to literary history,
entitled " Polyhistor, sive de Notitia Auctorum et Rerum
Commentarii," (3 vols., 1688-92.) Died in 1691.
See his Autobiography, "Vita propria ab Anno 1639 ad 1671,"
1699; J. MOLLER, "" De Vita, Meritis Scriptisque D. G. Morhofii,"
1710; NICERON, "Me'moires."
Morhofius. See MORHOF.
Morice de Beaubois, mo'rtss'dehbS'bwa', (PIERRE
HYACINTHE,) a French Benedictine monk and writer,
born at Quimperle in 1693. He wrote a " History of
Bretagne," (2 vols., 1750-56.) Died in 1750.
Morier, mo'ri-er, (JAMES,) a popular English novelist,
born about 1780. Having been appointed secretary tr>
the English embassy in Persia, he became versed in
the Oriental tongues. He published, after his return, a
"Journey through Persia, Armenia," etc., (1812,) "Ad-
ventures of Haji Baba of Ispahan," (5 vols., 1824,) a
brilliant and entertaining romance, giving the experi-
ences of a Persian in England, which had a wide popu-
larity, "Zohrab the Hostage," (1832,) and " Ayesha, the
Maid of Kars," (1834.) Died in 1849.
See the " Quarterly Review" for December, 1832, and June, 1834 ;
" Fraser's Magazine" for November, 1832 ; " Monthly Review" foi
April. 1824.
Morigia, mo-ree'ja, (GiACOMO ANTONIO,) an Italian
cardinal, born at Milan in 1632. He became Archbishop
of Florence about 1683. Died in 1708.
Morigia, (PAOLO,) an Italian historian, born at Milan
In 1525, wrote on the antiquities of Milan, etc. Died
in 1604.
Morike or Moerike, mb're-keh, (£DUARD,) a Ger-
man poet, born at Ludwigsburg in 1804. He was the
author of the "Idyl of Lake Constance," (1846,) and
several novels and dramatic tales. Died June 3, 1875.
MoriLlo, mo-rel'yo, (Don PABLO,) a Spanish general,
born in the province of Toro in 1777. Having carried
on a guerilla warfare against the French for several
years, he was sent in 1815 to subdue the revolted prov-
inces of South America. He fought with varying suc-
cess against Bolivar, with whom he concluded a truce in
1820. After Morillo's return to Spain he served for a
time in the royalist army. He died in 1838, leaving
Memoirs of his campaigns in America, which wer«
translated into French.
See MORILLO'S " Memoirs, relating the Principal Events of bu
Campaigns," translated into French by E. D. BLOSSKVILLK.
Morin, mo'raN', (ARTHUR JULES,) a French mathe-
matician and general, born in Paris in I795> was aP"
pointed in 1852 director of the Conservatory of Arts and
Trades. He published numerous important treatises on
mechanics, hydraulics, mathematics, etc. He became a
member of the Institute, and president of the Society
of Civil Engineers. Died February 7, 1880.
Morin, (£TIENNE,) a French Protestant divine, bora
at Caen in 1625. He studied at Leyden, and became in
1686 professor of Oriental languages at Amsterdam.
He published, among other works, "Exercises on the
Primitive Language," (in Latin, 1694,) in which he at-
tempts to prove that the Hebrew was the language of
Paradise. Died in 1700.
See NICERON, " Me'moires."
Morin, (FREDERIC,) a French writer, born at Lyons
in 1823, published a "Dictionary of Philosophy and
Scholastic Theology," (2 vols., 1857,) and other works.
He also contributed to the "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'-
rale." Died August 23, 1874.
Moriii, (JEAN,) a French ecclesiastic, born at Blois
in 1591. He was distinguished for his knowledge of the
Oriental tongues and biblical literature. Among his
principal works we may name " Biblical Exercises,"
("Exercitationes Biblicae,") and an edition of the "Sa-
maritan Pentateuch," with a Latin version. Died in 1659.
See PERRAULT, " Hommes illustres ;" NICERON, "Me'moires."
Morin, (JEAN,) a French natural philosopher, born
at Meung-sur-Loire in 1705. He published, besides
other works, "Le Me'canisme universe!," (1735.) Died
in 1764.
Morin, (JEAN,) a French painter and engraver, born
in Paris about 1609. Among his best works are prints
of the " Madonna," after Raphael, and portraits of De
Thou and Marie de Me'dicis. Died about 1666.
Morin, (JEAN BAPTISTS,) a French savant, born at
Villefranche in 1583, was appointed in 1630 professor of
mathematics in the Royal College. He was devoted to
astrology, and he is said to have been consulted by Car-
dinal Richelieu and other distinguished men. He wrote
" Astrologia Gallica," and a number of treatises on
mathematics and astronomy. Died in 1656.
See DELAMBRE, " Histoire de 1'Astronomie modeme ;" NICK-
RON, "Me'moires."
Morin, (Louis,) a French physician and botanist of
high reputation, born at Mans in 1636. He was the
author of several medical and scientific treatises. In
1707 he succeeded Dodart as botanist to the French
Academy of Sciences. Died in 1715.
Morin, (PIERRE,) a French philologist, born in Paris
in 1531, was employed by Gregory XIII. and Sixtus V.
on editions of the Bible called Septuagint and Vulgate,
(1590.) Died at Rome in 1608.
Morin, (SiMON.) a French fanatic, born near Aumale,
in Normandy, published works of a visionary and pro-
fane nature. He was condemned in 1663 to be burned
alive for having prophesied the death of the king.
See NICERON, "Me'moires."
Mor'i-spn, (JAMES COTTER,) an English author, born
in London, April 20, 1831, and educated at Lincoln Col-
lege, Oxford. He published Lives of Saint Bernard,
(1863,) Gibbon, (1878,) Macaulay, (1882,) and other
works. Died February 25, 1888.
Morl-spn, (JOHN,) D.D., a Scottish Presbyterian
divine, born in Aberdeenshire in 1791. He became in
1816 minister of Trevor Chapel, London, and in 1824
was appointed editor of the " Evangelical Magazine,"
which post he occupied for thirty-two years. He was
the author of several popular works, among which we
may name " Lectures on the Reciprocal Obligations of
Life," etc., (1822,) " Book of Family Worship," (1836,)
and " Counsels to a Newly- Wedded Pair." Died in 1859.
See REV. ROBERT STEEL, "Burning and Shining Lights," 1864.
Morison, (ROBERT,) a Scottish physician and emi
nent botanist, born at Aberdeen in 1620, was patronized
€ as k; 9 as s; g hard: g as/: G, H, K, guttural '; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as z; th as in this. ( J^="See Explanations, p. 23.)
MORISOT
1768
MORNINGTON
by Charles II., who made him his physician and be-
•towed on him a pension. He became professor of
botany at Oxford in 1669. He was the author of a
"Universal History of Plants," "New Distribution of
Umbelliferous Plants," (1672,) and other works, (in
Latin.) Plumier named in his honour the genus Mori-
sonia. Died in 1683.
See WOOD, " Athena; Oxonienses ;" CUVIER, " Histoire des Sci-
ences naturelles ;" CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent
Scotsmen."
Morisot, mo're'zo', (CLAUDE BARTH£LEMI.) a French
writer, born at Dijon in 1592, wrote a historical romance
entitled " Peruviana," or the secret history of Cardinal
Richelieu, Marie de Medicis, and Gaston, Duke of Or-
Wans. Died in 1661.
Moritz, ino'rlts, (KARL PHILIPP,) known also by his
pseudonym of ANTON REISER, a German writer of
considerable genius but eccentric and unsteady char-
acter, was born at Hameln in 1757. Having visited
England and Italy, he was appointed, after his return,
professor of archaeology and aesthetics at the Academy
of Fine Arts, Berlin, (1789.) Among his principal works
we may name " Anton Reiser," a psychological romance,
(1785,) said to be an autobiography somewhat idealized,
" Essay on German Prosody," (1786,) and "Fragments
from the Journal of a Visionary," (1787.) Moritz was a
friend of Goethe, and was the first, it is said, to recognize
and encourage the genius of Jean Paul Richter. Died
in 1793.
See KLISCHNIG, " Erinnerangen aus den rehn letien Lebensjah
ren meines Freundes A- Reiser," 1794.
Mork, Moerk, moRk, or Moerku, moRks, (JACOB
HENRIK,) a Swedish author and minister, born at Stock-
holm in 1714; died in 1763.
Morla, rnoR'lJ, (Don TOMAS,) a Spanish general,
born in 1752. He surrendered Madrid to Napoleon in
1808, and entered the service of King Joseph. Died
In 1820.
Morlacchi, mor-lak'kee, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian
composer of sacred music and operas, born at Perugia
in 1784. He lived many years at Dresden. Died in 1841.
Morland, (GEORGE,) an English painter, born in
London in 1764, excelled in delineations of rural land-
scapes, scenes in low life, and domestic animals, par-
ticularly pigs. He spent his leisure time chiefly in
lie-houses, and died in 1804, a victim of intemperance.
His works are numerous, and command high prices.
See CUNNINGHAM, " Lives of Painters and Sculptors;" G. DAWH,
"Life of Morland;" J. HASSHL, "Memoirs of George Morland;"
W. COLLINS. "Memoirs of the Life of George Morland," 1806;
"Monthly Review" for August, 1808.
Morland, (Sir SAMUEL,) an English mechanician and
inventor, born in Berkshire about 1625. He was sent in
1653 on an embassy to Sweden, and was subsequently
employed by Cromwell to intercede with the Duke of
Savoy on behalf of the persecuted Vaudois. After the
restoration he was made a baronf ' by Charles II., and
obtained other distinctions. He was the inventor of
the Tuba Stentorphonica, or speaking-trumpet, and an
arithmetical machine, and effected great improvements
in the fire-engine, steam-engine, etc. He published a
"Description of the Tuba Stentorphonica," (1671,) and
other scientific works ; also a " History of the Evan
gelical Churches of Piedmont." (1658.) Died in 1695.
See RHHS, " Cyclopaedia ;" CLARENDON, "History of the Re-
bellion."
Mor'ley, (GEORGE,) born in London in 1597, became
chaplain to Charles I. After the restoration he was
created Bishop of Worcester by Charles II. in 1660,
and of Winchester in 1662. He was a liberal patron
of learning, and bequeathed large sums for charitable
purposes. Died in 1684.
Morley, (HENRY,) an English author and journalist,
born in London in 1822. He published a "Life of
Palissy the Potter," (1852,) a "Life of Jerome Cardan,"
(1854,) "Life of Cornelius Agrippa," (1856,) "Memoirs
of Bartholomew Fair," (1857,) " Fairy Tales," (2 vols.,
1859-60,) "English Writers before Chaucer," (1864-67,)
"Journal of a Playgoer from 1857 to 1866," (1866.) and
"Life of Clement Marot," (1870.) In 1868 he published
Steele and Addison's " Spectator," with notes, and
"Tables of English Literature" in 1870. He was lecturo
at King's College from 1857 to 1865, professor of English
language, etc., at University College from 1865 to 1889,
and examiner in English language, etc., to the University
of London from 1870 to 1883. Died May 14, 1894.
Morley, LORD. See PARKER.
Morley, (JOHN,) a popular English author, distin-
guished as a critic and as a radical thinker, born at Blade-
burn, Lancashire, December 24, 1838. He was educated
in Cheltenham, and at Lincoln College, Oxford, where
he graduated in 1859. He was called to the bar at Lin-
coln's Inn in 1859. He edited the "Literary Gazette,"
the " Fortnightly Review," (1867-82,) and the " Pall Mall
Gazette," (1880-83,) a"d has sat in Parliament as an
advanced Liberal. Among his works are " Edmund
Burke," (1867,) "Critical Miscellanies," (1871-77,) "Vol-
taire," (1872,) "On Compromise," (1874,) " Rousseau,"
(1876,) "Diderot and the Encyclopaedists," (1878,)
Studies in Literature," (1891,) etc.
Morley, (THOMAS,) an English musician and com-
poser, born about the middle of the sixteenth century.
He published a number of canzonets, madrigals, etc.,
edited the "Triumphs of Oriana," and other collections
of music, and was the author of the first regular treatise
on music published in England, " A Plaine and Easie
Introduction to Practicall Musicke," (1597.) Died about
1604.
Morley, (WILLIAM,) an English musical composer,
born towards the close of the seventeenth century. Died
in 1731.
Morliere, de la, deh \i moR'le_-aiR', (CHARLES JAC-
QUES LOUIS AUGUSTE DE LA RoCHETTE,) CHEVALIER,
a French writer of romances, was born at Grenoble in
1701. Among his works is "Angola," (1746.) Died
in 1785.
Morlot, moRlo', (FRANCOIS NICOLAS MADELEINE,,
a French prelate and writer, born at Langres in 1795.
He became Archbishop of Tours in 1842, a cardinal in
1853, and Archbishop of Paris in 1857. Died in 1862.
Mormando, moR-man'do, (GIOVANNI FRANCESCO,)
an Italian architect, born at Florence about I455i wa9
patronized by Ferdinand the Catholic of Spain. He
designed the beautiful church of San Severino, and other
buildings, in Naples. Died in 1522.
Mornac, moR'ntk', (ANTOINE,) a French jurist, born
in 1554, enjoyed a high reputation in his time, and pub-
lished several legal works. Died in 1619.
Moinand, moR'noN', (FELIX,) a French writer and
journalist, born at Macon in 1815. He became chief
editor of the "Courrier de Paris" in 1857. Died 1867.
Mornay, de, deh moR'ni', (PHILIPPE,) Seigneur du
Plessis-Marly, often called Du PLESSis-MoRNAY, a noble
French Protestant, eminent for virtue and talents, was
born at Buhy, in Vexin, in 1549. He studied law, the-
ology, and other sciences in Paris, Germany, and Italy.
In 1572 he narrowly escaped from the Massacre of Saint
Bartholomew, and in 1575 took arms for the Huguenots,
of whom he became one of the chiefs. He married in
1576. About this time he entered the service of Henry
of Navarre, who employed him in important negotiations
and reposed in him entire confidence. He took part in
the battle of Ivry in 1590, and then became a member
of Henry IV.'s council. Mornay retained the favour of
Henry after the latter had abjured his religion. In 1598
he published a "Treatise on the Institution of the Eu-
charist," which provoked the Catholics to challenge him
to a dispute. At a public conference before the king, in
1600, he was foiled by Duperron. It appears that one of
his own party had as unwisely as dishonourably furnished
him with forged quotations from the Fathers, which his
antagonist easily exposed. He was for many years the
virtual chief or oracle of the French Reformed Church,
and was styled "the Pope of the Huguenots." He left
many able religious works. Died in 1623.
M CRO-
Tem-
See "M^moires de Plessis-Mornay," 4 vols., 1624-52; M
sius, "Singularia Plessica." 1724: DK THOI', "Historia sui Tem-
poris;" J. IMBBRT, " Duplessis-Momay," 1847; SISMONDI, " His-
loire des Francais ;" L'EsTOlLE, "Journal ;" " Nouvelle Biographic
Ge'nerale ;" " Foreign Quarterly Review" for May. 1834.
Mor'niug-tpn, (GARRET WEI.LESLF.Y,) EARL OF, an
Irish nobleman, distinguished for his musical talent, born
a, e, i, 6. u, y, long: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; n&t; good; moon:
MORNY
1769
MORRIS
about 1720, was father of the Duke of Wellington. He
became professor of music in the University of Dublin,
and composed a number of glees which are greatly ad-
mired. Died in 1781.
Moray, de, deh moR'ne', (CHARLES AUGUSTE Louis
JOSEPH,) COMTE, a French statesman, born in Paris in
1811, was the reputed son of Hortense de Beauharnois
and Count Flahaut. He served for a time in Algeria,
and subsequently devoted himself to industrial and
financial speculations. He took an active part in the
coup cTltat of December, 1851, by which his half-brother,
Louis Napoleon, was made president, and was soon after
appointed minister of the interior. He resigned in 1852,
anj became president of the legislative body in 1854.
Died in 1865.
Morogues, de, deh mo'rog', (S4BASTIEN FRANCOIS
Bigot — be'go',) VICOMTE, a French naval officer, born
at Brest in 1705. He wrote a good work on naval tac-
tics, " Tactique navale, ou Traite' des Evolutions," etc.,
(1763.) Died in 1781.
His grandson, PIERRE MARIE SEBASTIEN, Baron de
Morogues, (1776-1840,) wrote numerous works on rural
and political economy.
Morone, mo-ro'na, (GIOVANNI,) an Italian cardinal,
horn at Milan in 1509, was patronized by the popes
Clement VII., Paul III., and Julius III., who employed
him in several important missions. Suspected of favour-
ing the Reformation, he was imprisoned by Paul IV. in
1557. Pius IV. sent him as his legate to the Council of
Trent, over which Morone presided when it closed, in
1563. He had been appointed Bishop of Novara about
1554. Died in 1580.
Morone, (GlROLAMO,) a celebrated and adroit Italian
diplomatist, born in the Milanese about 1450, was the
father of Giovanni, noticed above. He was employed
by the Dukes of Milan. In 1526 he became secretary
and chief counsellor of Constable Bourbon. He was one
of the negotiators of the treaty between Charles V. and
Pope Clement VII. in 1527. Died in 1529.
See ROBERTSON, " History of Charles V.," vol. ii. books ii. and iv.
Moiosi, mo-ro'see, (GIUSEPPE,) a skilful Italian me-
rhanician, was born in Tuscany in 1772. He invented
nn automaton chess-player, and constructed, at Milan,
hydraulic machines for spinning cottcn. Died in 1840.
Morosini, mo-ro-see'nee, [Lat. MAUROCE'NUS,] (AN-
DREA,) a Venetian senator, born in 1558, became a mem-
ber of the Council of Ten, and was appointed in 1598
historiographer of the republic. His principal work is
entitled " Historia Veneta," being a history of Venice
from 1521 to 1615. It is distinguished for its accuracy
and the elegance of its style. Died in 1618.
Morosini, (DOMENico,) a Venetian admiral, born in
1080. He took part in the crusade in 1 122, and captured
Tyre. He was elected doge in 1148. Died in 1156.
Morosini, (FRANCESCO,) Doge of Venice, born in 1618,
was one of the first military commanders of his time.
Having defeated the Turks in several actions, he was
tppointed in 1656 Governor of Candia. He afterwards
aefended that island for nearly two years against the
grand vizier Mehemet Koprili, to whom he made an
honourable capitulation in 1669. For his subsequent
victories in the Morea he obtained the title of the Pelo-
pcnnesiac. He was elected Doge of Venice in 1688,
having been previously appointed procurator of Saint
M:irk. Died in 1694.
See DARU, " Histoire de Venise ;" MARINO SANUTO, " Vite de'
Du:hi di Venezia:" NAVAGIERO, "StoriaVeneziana;" A. ARRIGHI.
"Vita di F. Morosini," 1749: G. GRAZIANI, " F. Mauroceni Gesta,"
MC., 1698.
Morosini, (PAOLO,) a Venetian linguist and able
diplomatist, born in 1406 ; died in 1483.
Morozzo, mo-rot'so, (CARLO LUIGI,) COUNT, an
Italian savant and writer on physical science, was born
at Turin in 1744; died in 1804.
Morpeth, LORD. See HOWARD, (GEORGE WILLIAM
FREDERICK.)
Morphee. See MORPHEUS.
Mor'pheus, [Or. Mop0ri>r ,• Fr. MORPHEE, moR'fa'.j
an inferior deity of the Greek and Roman mythology,
regarded as the son of Sleep and the god of dreams
and also of sleep. The name is derived from
("form,") because he was supposed to give foim to
the visions of the sleeper.
Mor'phy, (PAUL CHARLES,) a celebrated American
chess-player, born at New Orleans in 1837. At the
Chess Congress in New York in 1857 he defeated many
of the best American players, and in 1858 visited Lon-
don and Paris, where the same success attended him
in his contests with the most distinguished players of
Europe. Died in New Orleans, July 10, 1884.
Morrealese, H. See NOVELLI, (PiETRo.)
Mor'rell, (BENJAMIN,) an American navigator, born
in Worcester county, Massachusetts, in 1795. He be-
came captain of a whaling-ship, and published " Narra-
tives of Four Voyages round the World," (1832.) Died
in 1839.
Mbrren, mor'ren or mo'rdN', (CHARLES FRANC.OIS
ANTOINE,) a Belgian naturalist, born at Ghent in 1807.
He became professor of physics in that city in 1833, and
obtained the chair of botany at Liege in 1837. Among
his principal works we may name " Studies on Anatomy
and Vegetable Physiology," (1841,) and "Researches on
the Rubefaction of Waters and their Oxygenation by
Animalcules and Algae." He also published valuable
treatises on palaeontology and zoology, and was a liberal
contributor to the scientific journals of his own and other
countries. Died in December, 1858.
See ED. MORREN, " Notice sur C. Morren," 1860.
Morres, mor'riss ? (HARVEY REDMOND,) Viscoum
Mountmorres, an English publicist. He was the author
of several political and historical works, among which we
may name " History of the Principal Acts of the Irish
Parliament from 1634 to 1666," etc., (1792,) and "The
Crisis : a- Collection of Essays on Toleration, Public
Credit," etc., (1795.) He died by suicide in 1797.
See COLLINS, " Peerage of Ireland."
Mor'rill, (JUSTIN S.,) an American legislator, born
in Strafford, Vermont, in 1810. He represented the
second district of Vermont, from 1855 to 1865, in the
National House of Representatives, in which he served
(1864-65) as chairman of the committee of ways and
means. He was elected United States Senator for Ver-
mont for six consecutive terms as a member of the
Republican party 1867-96. Died in 1898.
Morrill, (LOT M.,) an American Senator, born iii
Kennebec county, Maine, in 1815, became a lawyer.
He was Republican Governor of Maine three years,
(1858-60,) and was chosen Senator of the United States
in 1861. He was re-elected Senator in 1863 for six
years, and again in 1869. Died January 10, 1883.
Mor'ria, (BENJAMIN WISTAR,) D.D., an American
bishop, born at Wellsboro', Pennsylvania, May 30, 1819,
graduated at the General Theological Seminary in 1846,
was made a priest of the Episcopal Church in 1847, and
in 1868 was consecrated Bishop of Oregon.
Mor'ris, (CHARLES,) an American commodore, born
in Connecticut in 1784. He was first lieutenant of the
Constitution when that ship captured the British frigate
Guerriere, in August, 1812. He had a high reputation
as a naval commander, commanded squadrons at several
foreign stations, and became chief of the ordnance
bureau. Died in 1856.
Morris, (CHARLES,) an American author, born at
Chester, Pennsylvania, October I, 1833. Among his
works are " A Manual of Classical Literature," (1 880,)
"The Aryan Race," (1888,) "Civilization, an His-
torical Review of its Elements," (1890,) " Historical
Tales," (9 vols., 1893-98,) "Our Island Empire,"
(1899,) " Man and His Ancestor," (1900,) etc.; also
a series of school histories of the United States. He
compiled " Half-Hours with the Best American Au-
thors" and other works, did editorial work on several
cyclopaedias, etc.
Morris, (CLARA,) an American actress, born at Cleve-
land, Ohio, in 1850. She went upon the stage when
fifteen years old, and won favourable recognition, first in
Cleveland, and later in Cincinnati. Her success in New
York in 1870 was very great. In 1874 she was married
to Mr. F. C. Harriott. Her greatest success has been
in the representation of strongly emotional scenes.
«as/t; 9 as*; gharj; gas/;G, H, Y., guttural; N, nasal; K,trilled: sasz; thasinMw.
anations, p. 23 J
MORRIS
1770
MORRIS
Morris, (EDWARD JOY,) an American writer, born in
Philadelphia in 1817. He represented the second dis-
trict of Pennsylvania in Congress from 1857 to 1861,
and acted with the People's party, which was afterwards
merged in the Republican party. In 1861 he was ap-
pointed minister to Turkey. Among his works is a " Tour
through Turkey, Greece, and Egypt." Died Dec. 31, 1881.
Morris, (FRANCIS ORPEN,) an English naturalist and
clergyman, born about 1810. He published a " History
of British Birds," (6 vols.,) " Anecdotes of Natural His-
tory," and other works. Died February 10, 1893.
Morris, (GEORGE P.,) an American lyric poet and
journalist, born at Philadelphia in 1802. He became
associate editor of the " New York Mirror" in 1823, and
in 1844 one of the editors of the "Evening Mirror," a
literary journal. He founded, conjointly with N. P.
Willis, the "Home Journal," (1846.) He published
a number of beautiful and popular songs, among which
we may name "My Mother's Bible," " Woodman, Spare
that free," and "Long Time Ago." He also wrote
"The Deserted Bride," and other poems, and a drama
entitled " Briercliff," and edited, conjointly with Mr.
Willis, " The Prose and Poetry of Europe and America."
Died in 1864.
Morris, (GEORGE SYLVESTER,) an American meta-
physician, born at Norwich, Vermont, in 1840. He
was a lecturer in Johns Hopkins University 1878-83,
and professor of modern languages in the University
of Michigan 1870-79, and subsequently of ethics and
the history of philosophy. He published "British
Thought and Thinkers," (1880,) " Philosophy and
Christianity," (1883,) etc. Died in 1889. .
Morris, (GOUVF.RNEUR,) an able American statesman,
born at Morrisiana, in Westchester county, New York,
in January, 1752, was a half-brother of Lewis Morris,
notice .1 below. He studied law, and was chosen a mem-
ber of the Provincial Congress of New York in 1775.
He became a delegate to the Continental Congress in
1777, and acquired distinction as an eloquent public
speaker. About 1780 he removed to Philadelphia. He
was appointed assistant superintendent of finance by
Robert Morris in 1781, and served in that capacity for
three years or more. He was one of the Pennsylvania
delegates to the National Convention which framed the
Constitution of the United States in 1787. His services
in that convention were highly estimated by James
Madison. In December, 1788, he went on private busi-
ness to Paris, where he passed several years and kept a
diary which possesses much historical interest. He was
appointed minister from the United States to France early
in 1792, and was recalled in October, 1794. He acted
with the Federalist party, and was a friend of Genera
Washington, whom he is said 10 have resembled in per
sonal appearance. In 1800 he was elected a Senator ot
the United States by the legislature of New York. His
term in the Senate expired in March, 1803, after which
he returned to private life. He married Anne C. Ran
dolph, of Virginia, in 1809. He was one of the origin
ators or promoters of the Erie Canal. Among his
writings are a " Eulogy on General Hamilton," and a
"Discourse on the Liberation of Europe from Militar
Despotism," (1814.) Died at Morrisiana in November
1816. "Morris was endued by nature," says James
Renwick, "with all the attributes necessary to the ac
complished orator, — a fine and commanding person,
most graceful demeanour, which was rather heightene>
than impaired by the loss of one of his legs, and a voic
of much compass, strength, and richness." ("Life of
Clinton.")
See TARED SPARKS," Life of Gouverneur Morris, with Selection
from his Correspondence," 3 vols., 1832 ; " Encyclopedia Amer
cana ;" " Nouvelle Biographic Gi'ne'rale ;" DUYCKINCK. " Cyclope-
dia of American Literature," vol. i. ; " Foreign Quarterly Review
for October, 1832, and " North American Review" for April, 1832.
Morris, (HARRISON SMITH,) an American edito
and author, born at Philadelphia, October 4, 1856
He became managing director of the Pennsylvania
Academy of the Fine Arts in 1893 and editor of " Lip
pincott's Magazine" in 1899. He edited " In th
Yule-Log Glow," "Tales from Ti.-n Poets," etc., an
as the author of " Madonna and Other Poems" and
a continuation of Lamb's "Tales from Shakspeare."
Morris, (HENRY W.,) COMMODORE, an American
;aval officer, born in 1805, was a son of Thomas Morris,
member of the New York bar. He is said to have been
grandson of Gouverneur Morris. He obtained the rank
i( captain in 1856, and took command in January, 1862,
•>{ the new steamer Pensacola, with which he contributed
o the victory gained by Captain Farragut below New
Orleans in April of that year. Died in New York in
August, 1863.
Morris, (JACOB,) an American officer, born in West-
.hestei county, New York, in 1755, was a son of Lewis
iforris, (1720-98.) He was aide-de-camp to General
Charles Lee, and distinguished himself at the defence
>l Fort Moultrie. Died in 1844.
Morris, (JOHN G.,) a Lutheran divine, born at
York, Pennsylvania, in 1803. He was prominent as an
editor and educator, and was the author of " Popular
Exposition of the Gospels," (1840,) etc., also various
works on entomology for the Smithsonian Institution.
Died in 1895.
Morris, (JOHN THOMAS,) an English Roman Catholic
livine, born at Ootacamund, India, July 4, 1826. He
entered Trinity College, Cambridge, but abandoned the
English Church, and finished his education at Rome,
ie was secretary to Cardinals Wiseman and Manning,
n 1867 he became a Jesuit, and was afterwards professor
of canon law at Saint Beuno's College. Among his
woks are " Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers," (3
series,) " Life of Saint Thomas of Canterbury," " Con-
dition of Catholics under James I.," etc. Died in 1893.
Morris, (LEWIS,) an American jurist, born in West-
Chester county, New York, became chief justice of that
State, and was elected in 1738 first Governor of New
ersey. Died in 1746.
Morris, (LEWIS,) a Welsh poet and antiquary, born
n 1702, made a valuable collection of ancient manu-
scripts, and published a number of poems in the Welsh
anguage. Died in 1765.
Morris, (LEWIS,) an American patriot and signer of
.he Declaration of Independence, born in Westchester
county, New York, in 1726, was a grandson of Lewis
VIorris, (the first of the name,) and half-brother of Gou-
verneur Morris, noticed above. He was elected to the
Congress of 1775, and resumed his seat the following
rear. Died in 1798.
Morris, (LEWIS,) a British poet, a great-grandson of
Lewis Morris (1702-65) the poet, already noticed. He
was born at Carmarthen, Wales, about 1835, graduated
at Jesus College, Oxford, in 1855, with honours, was
called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1861, and practised
law until 1880. His principal works are " Songs of Two
Worlds," (3 vols., 1871-75,) "The Epic of Hades,"
(1876-77,) "Gwin, a Drama," (1878,) "The Ode of
Life," (1880,) " A Vision of Saints," ( 1890,) " Idylls
and Lyrics," (1896,) etc. He was knighted in 1895.
Morris, (PHILIP RICHARD,) an English painter, bom
at Devonport, December 4, 1838. He was a pupil of
Holman Hunt, and studied at the Royal Academy, of
which he was made an associate in 1877. Among the
best-known of his pictures are "The Shadow of the
Cross," " Prison Fare," and " A Procession at Dieppe."
His best works depict scenes of humble life, and are
marked by tenderness and poetic treatment.
Morris, (RICHARD,) LL.D., an English philologist,
born in Southwark, September 8, 1833. He was edu-
cated at Saint John's College, Battersea, and took orders
in the English Church. His principal distinction was
won as the editor of old English texts. He also pub-
lished " Etymology of Local Names," (1857,) and various
books for schools. Died May 12, 1894.
Morris, (ROBERT,) a distinguished statesman and
financier, born in Lancashire, England, in 1734. At an
early age he removed to America and entered into
mercantile business in Philadelphia. He was a delegate
to Congress in 1775, and the following year signed
the Declaration of Independence. He was appointed
superintendent of finance in 1781, being the first who
5. e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure: flr, fall, fat; met; n5t; good; moon-
MORRIS
1771
MORTIER
had filled that office in the United States, and by his
judicious and energetic measures rendered the most
important services to the cause of the patriots. " The
Americans," says a distinguished historian, "owe as
much acknowledgment to the financial operations of
Robert Morris as to the negotiations of Benjamin
Franklin, or even the arms of George Washington."
He pledged his private fortune to obtain supplies foi
the army, and originated the Bank of North America in
1781. He resigned his office in 1784, was a member of
the Convention which framed the Constitution of the
United States in 1787, and was elected a Senator of the
United States in 1788. He was imprisoned for debt in
his old age. Died in Philadelphia in 1806.
Morris, (THOMAS,) an American lawyer and states-
man, noted for his opposition to slavery, was born in
Virginia in 1776. He was elected in 1830 a judge of the
supreme court of Ohio, and in 1832 a United States
Senator. Died in 1844.
Morris, (THOMAS A.,) D.D.,an American Methodist
divine, born in Kanawha county, Virginia, in 1794, was
for a time editor of the " Western Christian Advocate,"
and in 1836 became Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal
Church. Died September 2, 1874.
Morris, (WILLIAM,) English poet and worker in art,
was born near London in 1834 ; was educated at Marl-
borough and at Exeter College, Oxford, and with D. G.
Rossetti, Ford Madox Brown, and Burne Jones carried
on the manufacture of household decorations. Among
other works he published " The Defence of Guenevere,"
(1858,) "Life and Death of Jason," (1867,) "The Earthly
Paradise," (1868-70), "The Story of Grettirthe Strong,"
(1869,) "Love is Enough; or the Freeing of Phara-
mond," (1873,) "The ^Lneids of Virgil done into Eng-
lish Verse," (1876,) " The Story of Sigurd the Volsung
and the Fall of the Niblungs," (a poem in 14 books,
1877,) a translation of the "Odyssey," (1887,) "The
House of the Wolfings," (1889,) "The Roots of the
Mountains," (1890,) " Poems by the Way," (1892,) " So-
cialism : its Growth and Outcome," (1893.) and "The
Wood beyond the World," (1894.) Died October3,
1896.
Morrison, (ARTHUR,) a British novelist, born in
1863. His works, which are strongly realistic in char-
acter, include "Tales of Mean Streets," (1894,) "A
Child of the Jago," (1896,) etc.
Morrison, (LEWIS,) an American actor, born in
Jamaica, West Indies, in 1845. He served in the
American civil war, and became an actor in 1865,
playing as support to Salvini, Forrest, Boolh, and
Cushman. He subsequently entered upon a starring
career, his chief part in later years being Mephisto,
in " Faust."
Morrison, (Rev. ROBERT,) D.D., an eminent English
Orientalist and missionary, born in Northumberland in
1782. Having previously studied the Chinese language,
he was sent by the London Missionary Society in 1807
to China, where he became translator to the East India
Company's Factory at Canton. His translation of the
New Testament came out in 1814, and was followed in
1815 by his "Chinese Grammar." In conjunction with
Rev. Mr. Milne, he next translated the Old Testament
into Chinese. It was completed in 1818, (in 21 vols.
I2mo.) His great "Chinese Dictionary," printed at the
expense of the East India Company, appeared in 1821.
He visited England in 1824, and, having remained there
two years, returned to his missionary labours in China,
where he had founded in 1818 an Anglo-Chinese Col-
lege. Among Dr. Morrison's other works we may name
"Horae Sinicas," (1812,) a "View of China for Philo-
logical Purposes," etc., (1817,) and "Chinese Miscel-
lany," (1825.) He was the first Protestant missionary
to China, and as a Chinese scholar he occupies the
highest rank. Died in 1834.
Mora, [Fr. LA MORT, \i moR,] the Latin name of the
personification of Death, [Gr. Quvarof,] said to be the
offspring of Night. According to Homer, Death was
the brother of Sleep.
Morse, (EDWARD SYLVESTER,) an American natural-
ist, born at Portland, Maine. June 18, 1838. He studied
at the Scientific School of Harvard University, and
became professor of zoology and comparative anatomy
in Bowdoin College. He has published many papers
on the molluscoids, worms, lower arthropods, and other
groups of the animal kingdom.
Morse, (JEDEDIAH,) D.D., an American geographer
and divine, born at Woodstock, Connecticut, in 1761.
He graduated at Yale College, and in 1789 became pas-
tor of the First Congregational Church at Charlestown,
Massachusetts. He is principally known by his geo-
graphical works, which were the first of the kind pub-
lished in America, and which also obtained a European
reputation. He likewise published several historical
works, and a number of sermons. Died in 1826.
Morse, (JOHN TORREY,) JR., an American lawyer and
author, born in Boston, January 9, 1840. He graduated
at Harvard College in 1860. His principal works are
" A Treatise on Banks," " Law of Arbitration and
Awards," " Famous Trials," " Life of Alexander Ham-
ilton," " Life of John Quincy Adams," and " Life of
Thomas Jefferson." He edited the "American States-
men" series of biographies.
Morse, (SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE,) an American in-
ventor and artist, born at Charlestown, Mass., April 27,
1791, was a son of Rev. Jedediah Morse. He gradu-
ated at Yale College in 1810, and went to England,
where he studied painting under Benjamin West. He
returned home in 1815, and painted portraits at various
places. He visited Europe in 1829, and returned in
1832. During the passage homeward he suggested the
idea of an electric telegraph, in conversation with his
fellow-passengers. He constructed the apparatus of a
recording electric telegraph, by which he conveyed de-
spatches through a small distance, in 1835. About the end
of 1837 he applied to Congress for aid, without success.
He went to England in 1838 to obtain a patent, which
was refused. Wheatstone, an Englishman, had invented
a different apparatus, for the same purpose, about 1837.
In the spring of 1843, Congress voted thirty thousand
dollars to enable him to construct a line between Wash-
ington and Baltimore. His invention was brought into
successful operation on that route in 1844, since which
it has been rapidly introduced into nearly all countries
of the civilized world. This result has been called the
greatest triumph which human genius has obtained over
space and time. Mr. Morse received gold medals and
insignia of honour from several European sovereigns.
The representatives of the principal European powers,
assembled in Paris about 1857, presented to him the
sum of 400,000 francs as a recompense for his invention.
Morse's system is generally preferred to that invented
in England, on account of its greater simplicity. Died
April 2, 1872.
See DUNLAP, " History of the Arts of Design in America," TO!
ii. chap, xxiii. ; " North American Review" for January, 1828.
Morse, (SIDNEY EDWARDS,) brother of the preced-
ing, was born at Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1794.
He graduated at Yale College in iSn, and about 1815
became editor of the " Boston Recorder," a religious
journal. In 1823 he founded, conjointly with his
brother, R. C. Morse, the " New York Observer." He
was the author of several popular school geographies,
and invented a new method of engraving maps, called
cerography. Died in 1871.
Mortemart, de, deh moRt'mtR', (CASIMIR Louis
VICTURNIEN de Roctiechouart— deh rosh'shoo-ta',)
Due, a French general and diplomatist, born in Paris
in 1787. During the revolution of July, 1830, Charles
X. requested him to form a new cabinet, of which he
was nominated president; but it was too late. He was
afterwards, in 1831, ambassador to St. Petersburg, and
was made a senator in 1852. Died January I, 1875.
Mortier, moR'te-V, (fioouARD ADOLPHE CASIMIF
JOSEPH,) afterwards Duke of Treviso, a celebrated marshaf
of France, born at Cateau-Cambre'sis in 1 768. He served
with great distinction in the principal campaigns from
1792 to 1799, when he was made general of division.
In 1803 he was sent by Napoleon to Hanover, of which
he soon took possession. He was created a marshal in
1804, and the year following received the grand cordon
of the legion of honour. Being appointed in 1805 to
^.- casj; gkard; gas ;'; G, H, K,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz,- th as in this. (Jf^'See Explanations, p. 23.)
MORTIMER
1772
MORTON
command a corps of the grand army in Germany, he
was attacked in November by the Russian genera] Koo-
toosof with 30,000 men, against whom he made a most
gallant defence with greatly inferior numbers until rein-
forcements came up. For the signal bravery he displayed
at the battle of Friedland, June, 1807, he was made
Duke of Treviso. In the Spanish campaign of iSo8 he
assisted at the siege of Saragossa, and defeated the
Spaniards at Ocafia and Gebora. He accompanied
Bonaparte to Russia in 1812, and was commissioned by
him to blow up the Kremlin. In 1814, in conjunction
with Marshal Marmont, he exerted himself to the utmost
to defend Paris from the allies, but, not succeeding in
this, gave in his adhesion to Louis XVIII. After the
revolution of 1830 he entered the service of Louis
Philippe, and in 1835, while accompanying that mon
arch to a review, was one of the victims of Fieschi's
"infernal machine."
See H. Bis, "Notice sur le Mar^chal Mortier;" " Nouvelle
Biographic Gdn^rale."
Mor'tl-mer, (EDMUND,) Earl of March, an English
nobleman, who married Philippa, only child of Lionel,
Duke of Clarence. They had a son Roger, and were
ancestors of Edward IV. Died in 1381.
Mortimer, (EDMUND,) fifth Earl of March, born about
1390, was the son of Roger, and grandson of the pre-
ceding. He was the lawful heir to the crown after the
death of Richard II. Died in 1424.
Mortimer, (JOHN HAMILTON,) an English painter of
history, born at Eastbourne, Sussex, in 1739. Among
his works are "Saint Paul preaching to the Britons,"
and "King John signing Magna Charta." He was an
inferior colorist, but his design was admired by his
contemporaries. Died in 1779.
Mortimer, ( ROGER,) Earl of March, the paramour
of Isabella, Queen of England, born about 1287. Having
been twice convicted of treason and pardoned by Ed-
ward II., he conspired with the queen against the life of
the king, who was barbarously murdered. The guilty
pair reigned for several years in the name of the young
prince Edward III. ; but Mortimer was at length made
prisoner by order of the prince, and executed in 1330.
See HUME, " History of England ;" FROISSART, "Chronicles."
Mortimer, (ROGER,) fourth Earl of March, was a
son of the third earl. He died in 1398, leaving a son
Edmund and a daughter Anne, who was married to
Richard, Earl of Cambridge, and was a grandmother of
Edward IV.
Mortimer, (THOMAS,) an English ,':fi^rj^ur, bom in
London in 1730. He published "The British Plutarch,"
(6 vols., 1762,) "Elements of Commerce," etc., (1772,)
"Compendium of History, Chronology, and Biography,"
(1777.) and other valuable works.
Morto da Peltre. See FELTRE, DA.
Mor't9n, (CHARLES,) a learned English Puritan min-
ister, born about 1626. He was ejected for noncon-
formity in 1662, after which he taught school in London
about twenty years. He emigrated to New England in
1686, and became minister at Charlestown, Massachu-
setts. He wrote several religious works. Died in 1698.
Morton, (CHARLES,) an English physician and anti-
quary, born in Westmoreland in 1716. Elected a Fellow
of the Royal Society in 1752, he became one of its secre-
taries in 1760, and in 1776 succeeded Dr. Maty as libra-
rian of the British Museum. He was also a member of
the Imperial Academy of Saint Petersburg. He made
several valuable contributions to the " Transactions" of
the Royal Society. Died in 1799.
Mor'tpn, (HENRY,) an American physicist, born in
New York city, December n, 1836. He graduated in
1857 at the University of Pennsylvania, where he became
professor of chemistry in 1869. In 1870 he was chosen
president of the Stevens Institute of Technology, at Ho-
boken. He has published many papers on chemistry
and physics, and won a high reputation as an original
investigator and as a teacher.
Mor'ton, (JAMES DOUGLAS,) EARL OF, Regent of
Scotland, born in 1530, was a nephew of the Earl of
Angus. He married Elizabeth, a daughter of James
Douglas, third Earl of Morton, and inherited the earl-
dom in 1553, at the death of the third earl, who left no
male issue. He joined the Protestant party, and became
one of the lords of the congregation about 1558. In
1563 he was appointed lord high chancellor of Scotland.
He lost that office by his complicity in the assassination
of Rizzio. He was invited by Bothwell to join him in
the plot for the murder of Darnley. He declined to act
in that affair, but failed to inform against Bothwell. For
this course he afterwards offered the excuse that the
queen was already aware of the plot, so that it would be
useless to reveal the secret to her. He fought against
Bothwell and the queen at Caibery Hill. In 1567 he
was restored to the office of lord chancellor by Regent
Murray. He was appointed regent of the kingdom in
1572, and rendered himself odious by his rapacity and
oppressive acts, but was supported by Queen Elizabeth,
Having been accused as an accessory to the murder of
Darnley, he was convicted and beheaded in June, 1581.
See ROBERTSON, " History of Scotland ;" BURTON, " History of
Scotland."
Morton, (JAMES DOUGLAS,) EARL OF, a Scottish
astronomer, born in Edinburgh in 1707, was a Fellow of
the Royal Society of London, and an associate of the
Academy of Sciences, Paris. Died in 1768.
Mor'ton, (JAMES SAINT CLAIR,) an American general,
born in Philadelphia in 1829, was a son of Dr. Samuel
George Morton, noticed below. He was educated at
West Point, where he graduated as second of his class in
1851, after which he was employed as engineer at various
places. He was appointed chief engineer of the army
of the Ohio in May, 1862, and commanded the Pioneer
Brigade at the battle of Stone River, January 1-2, 1863.
For his services in this action he obtained the rank of
brigadier-general. He was killed in an assault on
Petersburg in June, 1864.
Morton, (JoHN,) an English prelate and statesman,
born in Dorsetshire in 1410. He held several high
offices under Henry VI., and, soon after the accession
of Edwaid IV., was appointed Bishop of Ely, and lord
chancellor of England. He was imprisoned by Richard
III., but, having effected his escape, repaired to the con-
tinent, where he is said to have formed the plan, in con-
junction with Henry, Earl of Richmond, of uniting the
parties of York and Lancaster by the marriage of Henry
to the daughter of Edward IV. Under Henry VII.,
Morton was created Archbishop of Canterbury, (1486,)
and a cardinal, (1493.) He was the patron of Sir Thomas
More, who eulogized him in his " Utopia." Died in 1500.
Morton, (LEVi PARSONS,) an American merchant and
banker, the son of a Congregational clergyman, was born
at ShoreViam, Vermont, May 16, 1824. In 1849 he en-
gaged in mercantile business in Boston, but subsequently
removed to New York, where, in 1863, he established
the banking-house of L. P. Morton & Co. He was
twice elected to Congress, (1878 and 1880,) and in 1881
was appointed by President Garfield minister to France.
In 1888 he became the successful candidate for Vice-
President on the Republican ticket with Harrison.
Morton, (MARCUS,) an American jurist and Governor,
born at Freetown, Massachusetts, in 1784. He was a
judge of the supreme court of Massachusetts from 1825
to 1840, and was elected Governor of that State by the
Democrats in 1840 and 1843. Died in 1864.
Morton, (NATHANIEL,) one of the early settlers of
Plymouth, born in England in 1612, was the author
of "New England's Memorial," and a "History of the
Church at Plymouth." Died in 1685.
Morton, (OLIVER P.,) an American Senator, born in
Wayne county, Indiana, in 1823. He studied law, and
was admitted to the bar in 1847. He was Governor of
Indiana from 1861 to 1865, and was elected a Senator
of the United States by the legislature of that State in
January, 1867, for a term ending in March, 1873. During
the civil war he was conspicuous for his zeal in the cause
of his country. He died November I, 1877
Morton, (RICHARD.) an English physician, born in
Suffolk about 1635, had a high reputation for skill and
learning, and became in 1670 physician to the Prince of
Orange. He was the author of " Exercises on Phthisis,"
and other medical works, in Latin.
T, o. u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, 6, y, short: a, e, i, 9, rbscure; far, fall, lit; met; nftt; good; moon;
MORTON
1773
MOSCHENI
Morton, (SAMUEL GEORGE,) an eminent American
naturalist, ethnologist, and physician, was born in Phila-
delphia, January 26, 1799. His father, George Morton,
who was descended from a large and highly respectable
family in Clonmel, Ireland, emigrated to America and
engaged in mercantile pursuits. The subject of oui
sketch early evinced a passionate fondness for books and
thirst for knowledge, and combined with these a habit
of persevering and methodical industry. He graduated
at the University of Pennsylvania in March, 1820, and
in October of the same year entered as a matriculate the
University of Edinburgh, the diploma of which insti-
tution was conferred upon him in August, 1823. He
returned to America in 1824, commenced the practice
of medicine in 1826, and in 1827 married Rebecca G.,
daughter of Robert and Elizabeth Pearsall, highly re-
spected members of the Society of Friends. His first
scientific essay, entitled "Observations on Cornine, a
New Alkaloid," was published in the "Medical and
Physical Journal" for 1825-26. In 1827 he communi-
cated to the Academy of Natural Sciences an " Analysis
of Tabular Spar from Bucks County, Pennsylvania, with
a Notice of Various Minerals found in the same Locality."
During the same year he contributed to the "Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences," Philadelphia, a
" Description of a New Species of Ostrea Convexa of
Say." These papers were followed in rapid succession
by many other scientific communications, and the Jour-
nal of the Academy continued to be enriched by his
labours until within a short period of his death. There
were not less than forty of these contributions, besides
others published in the "Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society," and the " American Journal of
Science and Arts," edited by Professor Silliman. These
articles, by their varied range, exhibited great versatility
of talent, treating as they did upon subjects connected
with anatomy, ethnology, archaeology, geology, palaeon-
tology, zoology, and mineralogy. His celebrated mono-
graph on the "Cretaceous Group of the United States"
was received, at the time of its publication, with great
favour by the most eminent geologists of Europe. In
1834 he contributed to medical literature an important
work on the " Anatomical Character, Causes, Symptoms,
and Treatment of Pulmonary Consumption." He early
began to make his now celebrated collection of crania,
and up to 1840 had, with great labour and cost, succeeded
in collecting no less than 1468 crania. In 1839 he gave
to the world his "Crania Americana," and in 1844 his
" Crania Egyptiaca," both of which were very favourably
received. He was for some years president of the Phila-
delphia Academy of Natural Sciences. He died in May,
1851. His name is often associated with Nott and Glid-
don's "Types of Mankind," (1854,) based to some extent
on Dr. Morton's researches ; but that work, published
after his death, and edited by those who very imperfectly
understood his views, gives no just idea of the modest,
impartial, and thoroughly scientific spirit with which he
conducted all his inquiries. In the annals of science his
name will always be associated with that of Blumenbach,
the founder of human craniography. To this study he
gave a powerful impetus, by demonstrating the precise
method in accordance with which it should be pursued,
and by indicating its capability of throwing light upon
the origin and affiliations of the various races of men.
Dr. Morton left several sons, of whom the eldest, an
officer of great merit, died fighting bravely for his country,
(see MORTON, JAMES SAINT CLAIS ;) another son,
THOMAS GEORGE, has become justly distinguished as
one of the most skilful surgeons in the United States.
See GROSS'S " American Medical Biography."
Morton, (THOMAS,) an English dramatist, born in
Durham in 1764, was the author of numerous comedies
and farces, which had great popularity in his time. His
dramas entitled "Town and Country" and "A Roland
for an Oliver" still retain their place on the stage.
Died in 1838.
See BAKER, " Biographia Dramatica."
Morton, (THOMAS,) an English prelate, born at York
in 1564, became successively Bishop of Chester, of Lich-
field, and of Durham. He published several controver-
sial treatises against papists and nonconformists. He
was an intimate friend of Casaubon, to whose memory
he erected a monument in Westminster Abbey. Died
in 1659.
See BARWICK, "Life of Thomas, Bishop of Durham," 1660;
BADDILY and NAVLOR, " Life of Thomas Morton," 1669.
Morton, (THOMAS GEORGE,) M.D., a distinguished
American surgeon, a son of S. G. Morton, already noticed,
was born in Philadelphia, August 8, 1835. He was edu-
cated at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating as
M.D. in 1856. He became a surgeon of his native city,
and acquired a great reputation as a brilliant and skilful
operator. He has published many reports and profes-
sional papers, and is the inventor of important surgical
appliances.
Morton, (WILLIAM THOMAS GREEN,) M.D., an
American dentist and physician, born at Charlton, Mas-
sachusetts, in 1819. He settled in Boston, as a dentist,
about 1842, and made some improvements in the fabrica-
tion of artificial teeth. He afterwards studied medicine
and chemistry, to which he was attracted by a desire to
discover a substance that would render his patients in-
sensible to painful operations on their teeth. He began
to use sulphuric ether as an anaesthetic in 1846. His
claim to this invention was disputed by Dr. Jackson.
Died in July, 1868. (See WELLS, HORACE.)
Mortonval, moR'tfiN'vil', the assumed name of
Furcy G-uesdon, (fiiR'se' gi'doN',) a French novelist,
born in Paris about 1780. He wrote, besides other
novels, "The Count of Villamayor," (1825.) Died in 1856.
Morus. See MORE, (ALEXANDER, HENRY, and Sir
THOMAS.)
Morus, mo'rus, (SAMUEL FRIEDRICH NATHANAEL,)
a German scholar and theologian, born in Upper Lusa-
tia in 1736. He published editions of Longinus, Plu-
tarch, Isocrates, and other classics, and wrote several
original works, among which are "Theological and Philo-
logical Dissertations," (1787,) and an "Epitome of
Christian Theology," (1789.) Died in 1792.
Morveau. See GUYTON DE MORVEAU.
Morville, de, deh moR'vel', (CHARLES JEAN BAP-
TISTE Fleuriau — flu're'o',) COMTE, a French diploma-
tist, born in Paris in 1686, was ambassador to Holland
in 1718, and induced the States-General to sign the
Quadruple Alliance. He became minister of foreign
affairs in 1723, and was elected to the French Academy
the same year. Died in 1732.
Mor'y-spn or Mori-son, (FYNES,) an English travel-
ler, born in 1566. He visited the greater part of Europe,
and wrote an account of his travels, which was pub-
lished after his death, under the title of "Itinerary,
containing his Ten Years' Travel," (1617.) Died about
1614.
Moizillo. See Fox, (SEBASTIAN.)
Mosbourg or Mosburg. See AGAR, (JEAN AN-
TOINE MICHEL.)
Mos'by, (JOHN SINGLETON,) an American soldier,
born in Powhatan county, Virginia, in 1833. He was
admitted to the bar in 1855, joined the Confederate
army in 1861, and in 1862 became leader of an in-
dependent body of cavalry which did much damage
to the Union army by daring raids in its rear. He
practised law after the war, and was consul at Hong-
Kong 1878-85.
Mosclu'les, (FELIX,) an English artist, son of
the following, was born at London in 1833. He ex-
hibited many paintings in the London galleries, was
very active in the cause of peace and international
arbitration, and published " In Bohemia with Du Mau-
rier" and other works.
Moacheles, mosh'eh-leV, (IGNAZ,) a celebrated Ger-
man pianist and composer for the piano, born at Prague
in 1794, was the son of a Jewish merchant. After visit-
ing Holland, France, and England, he became in 1825
professor of music at the Academy in London. In 1846
he was associated with his pupil, Felix Mendelssohn, aa
director of the Conservatory at Leipsic. His principal
works are sonatas, songs, and instrument-pieces of
various kinds. Died in 1870.
Moacheni, mos-ka'nee, (COSTANZA,) an Italian poet-
ess, born at Lucca in 1786; died in 1831.
-. as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as>; G, H. K. guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as i; th as in this. ( J®=See Explanations, p. 23. )
MOSCHEROSCH
1774
MOSES
Moscherosch, mosh'eh-rosh', (JOHANN MICHAEL,)
a German writer, born at Wilstadt in 1600. He was
the author of "Wonderful and True Visions of Phi-
lander von Sittewald," (1644,) a collection of allegorical
satires in the style of Quevedo, which are characterized
by great acuteness, originality, and powers of humour.
Died in 1669.
See GERVINUS, " Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalliteratur."
Moschini, mos-kee'nee, (GiANNANTONio,) an Italian
writer, born at Venice in 1773. rlc wo'6 a " History
of Venetian Literature in the Eighteenth Century," (4
vols., 1807-09,) and other works. Died in 1840.
Mos'ehl-on, [Moo^Juv,) a Greek medical writer,
supposed to have lived in the second century of the
Christian era, was the author of a treatise "On the
Diseases of Women," which was first published in Wolf's
"GynaEciorum Commentarii," (1566.)
See FABRICIUS, " Bibliotheca Grzca."
Moschopule. See MOSCHOPULUS.
Mos-eho-pulus, ( Gr. Moo-;f6mniXof ; Fr. MOSCHO-
PULE, mo'sho'pul',1 (MANUAL,) a Byzantine grammarian,
supposed to have lived in the thirteenth century, and to
have been a native of Crete. There was another writer
of the same name, said to have been a nephew of the
preceding, and born at Constantinople. Among the works
attributed to them, which are chiefly grammatical, we
may mention " Scholia on the Tragedies of Euripides,"
" Erotemata, or Grammatical Questions," and " Scholia
on Hesiod and Pindar."
See FABRICIUS, " Bibliotheca Grzca :" MOHTUCLA, " Histoire
des Mathe"matiques.f'
Mos'ehus, [MooTfof.] a Greek pastoral poet, born in
Syracuse, flourished about 200 B.C. He was contempo-
rary with Bion, to whose memory he wrote a beautiful
elegy. A few idyls a.e the only extant works of
Moschus.
See " Eraser's Magazine" for January, 1836.
Moscoso de Alvarado, de, di mos-ko'so da al-vj-
ra'oo, (Don Luis,) a Spanish soldier, born at Badajoz
in 1505. He served under Hernando de Soto in the
conquest of Florida in 1539 and 1540. On the death of
De Soto, Moscoso was chosen general in his stead. He
died in Peru about 1560.
Moseley, moz'le, (BENJAMIN,) born in Essex, Eng-
land, became physician to Chelsea Hospital. He pub-
lished a " Treatise on the Diseases of the Tropics," and
other works ; but he is chiefly known from his violent
opposition to vaccination. Died in 1819.
Moseley, (HENRY,) F.R.S., an EnglUh clergyman
and scientific writer, born about 1800. He became pro-
fessor of natural philosophy in King's College, London,
and chaplain to Queen Victoria in 1855. Among his
works is "Mechanical Principles of Engineering and
Architecture," (1855.) Died January 21, 1872.
Moseley, (HENRY NOTTIDGE,) an English naturalist,
born at Wandsworth, November, 1844, a son of Henry
Moseley, already noticed. He was educated at Harrow,
Oxford, Vienna, and Leipsic. In 1872 he was appointed
one of the naturalists of the Challenger Expedition of
1872-76. Among his works are "Oregon, its Climate,
Resources, etc.," and " Notes by a Naturalist on the
Challenger," (1879.) His principal studies were upon
invertebrate animals. Died November 10, 1891.
Mosellanus, mo-zel-la'nus, (PETRUS Schade —
sha'deh,) a German scholar and promoter of classical
learning, born in the diocese of Treves in 1493. In
1514 he was appointed professor of Latin and Greek
in the University of Leipsic. He was intimate with
Melanchthon and Erasmus. Died in 1524.
Mosen, mo'zen, (JuLius,) a German litterateur, born
in Saxony in 1803. He wrote " Andreas Hofer," and
other poems, also several novels, etc. Died in 1867.
See LONGFELLOW, " Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Mosengeil, mo'zen-gil', (FRiEDRiCH.)a popular Ger-
man writer, born near Eisenach in 1773. He published
" Summer Evening Hours," " Liebenstein and the New
Arcadians," and other fictitious works, which have a
high reputation. Died in 1839.
Mcsenthal, mo'zen-ttl, (SALOMON HERMANN,) a
German dramatist of Hebrew extraction, born at Cassel,
January 14, 1821. He graduated at Marburg in '1842,
and was in the Austrian civil service at Vienna. Of his
many plays the best-known are "Deborah," (1850,)
" Sonnenwendorf," (1856,) and " Pietra," (1865.) Died
February 17, 1877.
Mo'ser, (GEORC- MICHAEL,) a Swiss artist, born at
Sc'r.affha'usen about 1707. In 1726 he settled in London,
where he soon acquired a high reputation for his orna-
mental gold-work and enamelling. In 1768 he was ap-
pointed keeper of the Royal Academy of Arts. " Moser,"
says Sir Joshua Reynolds, " had a universal knowledge
in all branches of painting and sculpture, and may truly
be said in every sense to have been the father of the
present race of artists." Died in 1783.
See NAGLER, " Allgemeines Kunstler-Lexikon."
Moser, mo'zer, (JOHANN JAKOB,) a German publicist,
born at Stuttgart in 1701, became in 1727 professor of
law in the Imperial College at Tubingen. In 1736 he
was appointed director of the University at Frankfort-
on-the-Oder. As a writer he was remarkable for K*
indefatigable industry, the whole number of his works
amounting to upwards of four hundred. Died in 1785.
See J. J. Moser's Autobiography, (" Lebensgeschichte J. J. Mo-
ser's,") '783 : LEDDERHOSE, "Ziige aus dem Leben J. J. Moser's,"
1843: "Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Moser or Moeser, mo'zer, (Jusrus,) an eminent
German writer and jurist, born at Osnabriick in 1770,
was chief director of the government of Osnabriick for
about twenty years, (1761-81,) and rendered important
services to the state. He wrote, besides other works, a
good "History of Osnabriick," (1768,) and "Patriotic
Fancies," (3 vols., 1775,) which was very popular. His
complete works were published in 10 vols., 1843. Died
in 1794.
See F. NICOLAI, "Leben J. Moesers," 1797: ABBKEN, " Re-
tiquien von J. Moeser," 1837 ; " Foreign Quarterly Review for
April, 1843.
Moser, (M.VRY,) daughter of George Michael Moser,
noticed above, acquired great celebrity as a flower-
painter. A room at Frogmore, which she adorned with
flowers, is called "Miss Moser's room." She was
chosen an Academician of the Royal Academy of Lon-
don, and was the only lady besides Angelica Kauffman
who ever received that honour. She became Mrs. Lloyd
by marriage. Died in 1819.
Moser, von, fon mo'zer, (FRiEDRiCH KARL,) a Ger-
man jurist, born at Stuttgart in 1723, was a son of Johann
Jakob Moser, noticed above. He was successively aulic
councillor at Vienna, and member of the administration
of Hesse-Darmstadt, (1770.) He published several legal
works, a " History of the Waldenses," and " The Mas-
ter and Servant," ("Der Herr und der Diener," 1759.)
The last-named production, illustrating the duties of a
sovereign and his minister, had great popularity. He
was for some years editor of the " Patriotisches Archiv.'
Died in 1798.
See H. v IN BUSCHB, " F. C. von Moser aus seinen Schriften sein
Geist," etc., 1846.
Mo'ses, [Heb. HTO ; Gr. TAaar/t ; Lat. MO'SES; Fr.
MOYSE or Moi'SE, mo'ez' ; It. MolSE, mo-e-sa' ; Arabic,
MOOSA, moo'sa,] an eminent Hebrew legislator and
prophet, born in Egypt about 1570 B.C., was a son of
Amram, of the tribe of Levi. In consequence of a royal
edict that all male infants of the Hebrews should be
killed, he was deposited by his mother in an ark or
basket on the border of the Nile, and found by Pharaoh's
daughter, who adopted him as her son. He became
"learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and mighty
in words and deeds," and about the age of forty began
to meditate the liberation of the oppressed Hebrews.
Having incurred the anger of the king by his active
sympathy with his own race, he fled to Midian, where
he served as a shepherd .'.bout forty years. He received
a divine mission to bring the children of Israel out of
Egypt to the land of Canaan. Under his guidance the
chosen people passed through the Red Sea into the
Wilderness. He was instrumental in composing for
them a code of laws called by his name, and is the re-
puted author of the book of Genesis and other books
of the Pentateuch. The form of government which he
prescribed to the Hebrews was a theocracy. The funda-
mental principles of the Mosaic law were that man must
«, e, T, 5, u, y, long: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, J, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fill, fit; met; n6t; g'-od; moon;
MOSES
'775
MOTLEY
worship the only true God exclusively, and love his
neighbour as himself. Having appointed Joshua as his
successor, and obtained a distant view of the promised
land, Moses died on Mount Pisgah, aged about one
hundred and twenty years. He was pre-eminent for
meekness.
See Exodus ii.-xl. ; Leviticus i.-xxvii. ; Numbers i.-xxxvi. ;
Deuteronomy i.-xxxiv. ; Matthew xvii. 3 ; Luke xxiv. 27 ; John iii.
14, v. 45, vit. 19 ; Acts vii. 20-44 ; Hebrews iii. 2, 3, 5, xi. 23-29 ;
Revelation xv. 3; WARBURTON, "Divine Legation of Moses De-
monstrated," 1788; J. J. HESS, "GeschichteMosis," 1777; E. Bous-
QUET, " Histoire de sept ReTormateurs," 1853 ; D. W. MOLLER,
" Dissertatio de Mose Philosopho," 1707; JOHN CAMPBELL, "Life
of Moses," 1738.
Mo'ses -eho-re-nen'sis, (i.e. "of Chorene,") an Ar-
menian writer and bishop, nourished about 460 A.D.
He wrote, besides other works, a " History of Armenia."
Mosheim, von, fon mos'him, [Lat. MOSHE'MIUS or
MOSHEI'MIUS,] (JOHANN LORENZ,) an eminent Ger-
man theologian, pulpit orator, and historian, born at
Lubeck in 1694. He studied at Kiel, and became pro-
fessor of theology at Helmstedt in 1725. In 1747 he
obtained the chair of theology at Gbttingen, with the
title of chancellor of the university. He was eminently
successful as a teacher, and acquired a wide celebrity fo"r
his eloquence. His great work entitled " Institutes of
Ecclesiastical History," (2 vols. I2mo, 1726,) originally
written in Latin, has been translated into French, Ger-
man, and English. Among his other writings we may
name " Commentaries on Christianity before the Time
of Constantine the Great," (1753,) and "Morality of
the Holy Scriptures," (9 vols.) He also translated into
Latin Cudworth's "Intellectual System." Died in 1755.
See F. LUCKE, " Narratio de J. L. Moshemio," 1837; J. M.
GESSNER, " Memoria J. L. Mosheimii," 1755 ; " Nouvelle Biogra-
phic Ge'ne'rale."
Moshemius or Mosheimius. See MOSHEIM.
Moslemah, mos'le-mah, a famous Arabian captain,
a son of the caliph Abd-el-Malek. He commanded the
armies of his brothers, Waleed I., Soliman, Yezeed II.,
and Hesham. He defeated the army of the Greek em-
peror in 716 A.D. Died about 740 A.D.
Mosneron-Delaunay, mos'neh-rAN' deh-16'ni',
(JEAN BAPTISTE,) BARON, a French litterateur, born at
Nantes in 1738, translated Milton's "Paradise Lost"
into French. Died in 1830.
Mosquera, mos-ka'ra, (Don RUY GARCIA,) a Spanish
navigator, born in 1501, sailed with Sebastian Cabot on
his voyage to South America in 1526, and subsequently
became one of the founders of the city of Buenos Ayres.
SeeCHARLEVoix, " Histoire du Paraguay;" SOUTHEY, "History
of Brazil"
Moss, (CHARLES,) an English theologian, a nephew
of Robert, noticed below, rose to be Bishop of Saint
David's in 1766. He wrote several theological treatises.
Died in 1802.
Moss, (LEMUEL,) D.D., an American Baptist clergy-
man, born near Burlington, Kentucky, December 27,
1829, was a printer in early life, graduated at Rochester
University in 1858, and at Rochester Theological School
in 1860, was secretary of the United States Christian
Commission, 1863-65, held theological professorships at
Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, and at Crozer Seminary, near
Philadelphia, became in 1874 president of the University
of Chicago, and in 1875 president of Indiana University.
He was also editor of the " National Baptist," (1868-72.)
Among his works is the "Annals of the United States
Christian Commission," (1866.)
Moss, (ROBERT,) an English divine, born in Norfolk
in 1666. He obtained great popularity as a preacher,
and was successively chaplain-in-ordinary to William III.
and Queen Anne. He died in 1729, leaving a number
of sermons, and some Latin and English poems.
Mossen Jordi de San Jordi, mos-seV hoR-dee' da
san hoR-dee', a Spanish poet, who wrote in the Catalonian
dialect, lived about 1230.
Moss'man,(JoHN,) a British sculptor,born in London
in 1817. He was educated at Edinburgh, and resided at
Glasgow. He executed successful statues of Peel, Liv-
ingstone, Campbell, Macleod, and others. Died in 1890.
Mossman, (WILLIAM,) a British sculptor, born at
Edinburgh, February 22, 1824. He became an instructor
in the Glasgow Art School.
Mos'spm, (ROBERT,) an Irish prelate, was created
Bishop of Londonderry after the restoration. He wrote,
among other works, " The Preacher's Tripartite," and
" Zion's Prospect in its First View." Died in 1679.
Mos'spp, (HENRY,) an Irish tragedian, born in 1729.
He obtained a high reputation as an actor, both on the
Dublin stage and in London, where he was regarded a*
nearly equal to Garrick. Died in 1773.
Mostaert, mos'tSRt, (FRANCIS and GILES,) iHemish
painters, born at Hulst in 1525, were twins, and M)ns of
Jan, noticed below. Francis painted landscapes with
success, and died in 1556. Giles, who was a historical
painter, died in 1601.
Mostaert, mos'tSrt, (JAN,) a Dutch painter, bom at
Haarlem in 1499, was a pupil of James of Haarlem. He
enjoyed a high reputation, and was patronized by the
archduchess Margaret of Austria. Among his master-
pieces are a " Nativity," " Ecce Homo," and " Discor.*
throwing the Apple." Died in 1555.
See PILKINGTON, " Dictionary of Painters;" DKSCAMPS, "Viea
des Peintres Flamands, Hollandais," etc.
Mostanser-Billah, mos'tan'ser bil'lah, sometimes
written Moiitaser-Billah, a caliph and patron of learn-
ing, born at Cordova, Spain, in 910 A.D. He began to
reign in 961. He founded several colleges, and a library
of 600,000 volumes. Died in 976.
Sec ROMEY, " Histoire d'Espagne."
Mostasem-BiUah, AL, f I mos'ta'sem bil'lah, (Aboo-
Ahmed-Abdallah, a'bod ah'med ab-dal'la'h,) the last
Abbasside caliph of Bagdad, was born in 1221, and suc-
ceeded his father Mostanser in 1242. He was conquered
and put to death in 1258 by Hoolagoo.
See WEIL, " Geschichte der Chalifen."
Mostowsky, mos-tov'skee, (THADDEUS,) COUNT, *
distinguished Polish patriot and diplomatist, born at
Warsaw in 1766. He published a good edition of the
Polish classics, (25 vols., Warsaw, 1803-05.) He lived
many years in Paris, where he died in 1842.
Motanebby. See AL-MOOTENABBEE.
Motasem- (or Motassem-) Billah, mo'tis'sem
bii'iah, Caliph of Bagdad, born near Samosata in 794
A.D., was a son of Haroun-al-Raschid. He succeeded his
brother Mamoon in 833. He is said to have been a cruel
tyrant. Died in 842.
See ABOOLFEDA, " Annales Moslemici ;" WEIL, "Geschichte
der Chalifen;" SANDENBURG MATTHIESSEN, " Historia Chalifatus
Al-Motacimi," 1849.
MotenabbL See AL-MOOTENABBEE.
Motenebbi See AL-MOOTENABBEE.
Mothe le Vayer, de la, deh IS mot leh vfya',
(FRANgois,) a French writer, born in Paris in 1588, was
appointed preceptor to the Duke of Orleans, (1649,) and
to the dauphin, afterwards Louis XIV., (1652.) He
published a treatise "On the Virtue of the Pagans,"
(1642,) in answer to which Arnauld wrote his tract "On
the Necessity of Faith in Jesus Christ." He was the
author of other works on various subjects, which had
great popularity at the time. He had been elected in
1639 a member of the French Academy. Died in 1672.
See L. fifiENNE, " Essai sur La Mothe le Vayer," 1849 ; BAYLE,
"Historical and Critical Dictionary;" MORERI, " Dictionnaire His-
torique ;" " Nouvelle Biographic G£ne"rale."
Motherwell, muth'er-wel, (WILLIAM,) a Scottish
poet, born at Glasgow in 1798. He published in 1827
an interesting collection of ballads, entitled " Minstrelsy,
Ancient and Modern." He afterwards edited succes-
sively the "Paisley Magazine," "Paisley Advertiser,"
and "Glasgow Courier." His " Poems, Narrative and
Lyrical," published in 1833, are remarkable for pathos
and earnestness of feeling. Died in 1835.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen,"
{Supplement ;) " Retrospective Review," vol. ii, second series, 1828 ;
Democratic Review" for January, 1842.
Motin, mo'taN', (PIERRE,) a French poet, born at
Bourges, lived about 1570-1600. He wrote a number
of short poems, which are commended for grace and
delicacy of sentiment.
Mot'ley, (JOHN LOTHROP,) an eminent American
historian, born at Dorche'ster, Massachusetts, on the
I5th of April, 1814. He graduated at Harvard in 1831,
studied about a year in the University of Gbttingen, and
passed several years in visits to various countries of
« as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, ^guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in Ms. (jJ^P^See Explanations, p. 23.)
MOTT
1776
MOTTEVILLE
Europe. Having returned home, he studied law, which,
however, he never practised to much extent. He pub-
lished in 18393 novel entitled "Morton's Hope, or the
Memoirs of a Young Provincial." In 1840 he was ap-
pointed secretary of legation at Saint Petersburg, where
he remained but a short time. He contributed articles
to the " North American Review" and other periodicals,
and produced in 1849 "Merry Mount, a Romance,"
which had little success. Having resolved to write a
work on the history of Holland, he went to Europe in
1851 to collect materials and to make researches on
that subject He passed several years at Dresden, Ber-
lin, and the Hague, and published "The Rise of the
Dutch Republic : a History," (London, 3 vols. 8vo, 1856,)
a work of great merit and profound research, which ran
through several editions and was translated into French,
Dutch, and German. Commenting on Prescott's "Philip
II." and Motley's " Rise of the Dutch Republic," the
" Edinburgh Review" of January, 1857, says, " They do
honour to American literature, and they would do honour
to any literature in the world." His next work — a
continuation of the first — is entitled " The History of
the United Netherlands from the Death of Willian-
tKe Silent to the Synod of Dort," (4 vols., 1860-67.)
" Mr. Motley's History of the Rise of the Dutch Re-
public," says a critic in the "Quarterly Review" for Jan-
uary, 1861, "is already known and valued for the grasp
of mind which it displays, for the earnest and manly
spirit in which he has communicated the results of deep
research and careful reflection. Again he appears before
us, rich with the spoils of time, to tell the story of the
United Netherlands from the death of William the
Silent to the end of the eventful year of the Spanish
Armada; and we still find him in every way worthy of
this 'great argument' . . . Many of Mr. Motley's char
acteristics as a historian will appear from the extracts
which we have made. It will be seen how vividly he
can depict the places, the men, the deeds, of other days.
But the work itself must be read to appreciate the vast
and conscientious industry which he has so lavishly
bestowed upon it. ... At the same time, he is not op-
pressed by his materials, but has sagacity to estimate
their real value ; and he has combined and arranged
with scholarly power the facts which they contain."
In 1861 he was appointed minister-plenipotentiary to
Austria, but resigned this position early in 1867, in con-
sequence of an offensive letter addressed to him by Mr.
Seward, secretary of state. In the spring of 1869 he
was sent as ambassador to England by President Grant,
but, his friends becoming involved in a quarrel with the
administration, Mr. Motley, in July, 1870, was requested
to resign. Refusing to comply with the request, he was
formally recalled in the following November. He sub-
sequently resided in England, and published the "Life of
John of Barneveldt," (2 vols., 1874.) Died May 29, 1877.
Mott, (HENRY AUGUSTUS,) an American chemist,
born on Staten Island, New York, in 1852. He was
professor of chemistry in the New York Medical Col-
lege for Women 1881-86. He published " Was Man
Created?" (1880,) "Matter, Ether, and Energy,"
etc. Died in 1896.
Mott, originally Coffin, (LucRETlA,) an American
reformer and philanthropist, born on the island of
Nantucket in 1793. About 1808 her parents, who were
members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, removed
to Philadelphia. In 1811 she was married to James
Mott, of New York, who soon afterwards came to Phila-
delphia and entered into mercantile business with her
father. While still very young, her attention had been
called to the iniquity of slavery, and she felt it her duty
to abstain from the products of slave labour. She trav-
elled extensively as a minister, preaching the peculiar
doctrines of the society in which she had been educated,
inculcating obedience to the Divine light within the
heart, and exposing the sinfulness of slavery and war.
At the time of the separation in the Society of Friends,
in 1827, she joined those popularly known as " Hicks-
ites," (see HICKS, ELIAS,) and distinguished herself by
the advocacy of Unitarian views of the most radical
kind. She took an active part (1833) in the organization
of the Anti-Slavery Society in Philadelphia, and in 1840
went as a delegate to the World's Anti-Slavery Conven-
tion, held in London ; but, though otherwise treated with
the greatest respect and courtesy, she was not admitted
as a delegate, a majority of the convention having de-
cided that women should be excluded from any active
participation in the business of the assembly.
Mrs. Mott was long known as an earnest and elo-
quent advocate of anti-slavery principles, of the rights
of women, and of other reformatory movements. As a
speaker she was characterized by an unaffected simplicity
and earnestness of manner, as well as by clearness and
propriety of expression. Her high moral qualities, her
uncommon intelligence, the beauty and consistency of
her general character, — illustrated in her domestic as
well as in her public life, — were such as to command the
respect even of those who in opinion differed most widely
from her in regard to religious and social questions.
She died November n, 1880.
Mott, (VALENTINE,) a famous American surgeon,
born at Glen Cove, Long Island, New York, in August,
1785, was a son of Dr. Mott, of New York City. He
graduated as M.D. at Columbia College in 1806, and
afterwards pursued his studies in London and Edinburgh.
He became professor of surgery in Columbia College,
New York, about 1809. In 1826 he united with Dr.
Hosack and others in founding Rutgers Medical Col-
lege. He acquired a wide celebrity by his skill as an
operator and by the original operations which he per-
formed. It is said that he was the first that exsected
the entire right clavicle, and that he tied the common
carotid artery forty-six times. Sir Astley Cooper ex-
pressed the opinion that Dr. Mott " had performed
more of the great operations than any man living." He
was for many years professor of surgery and relative
anatomy in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New
York. Among his writings are " Travels in Europe
and the East," (1842,) and "Mott's Cliniques," (1860.)
Died in 1865.
Motte, de la, deh It mot, (ANTOINE Houdart —
o'dlR ,) a French critic and dramatist, born in Paris in
1672. He was the author of the dramas of " Semele,"
"The Triumph of the Arts," and "Inez de Castro,"
(1723.) The last-named was very successful. He trans
lated Homer's " Iliad," which he abridged for the sake
of improving it, and thus, in the words of Voltaire,
"changed a form glowing with youth and health into a
fleshless skeleton." Among his other works we may
name his "Reflections on Criticism," (1715,) in which
he maintains the superiority of the moderns over the
ancients. It caused a great sensation, and excited
against him no little hostility among the literati. His
prose writings are esteemed models of elegant compo-
sition. La Motte had been chosen in 1710 a member
of the French Academy, having Rousseau as his com-
petitor. Died in 1731.
Motte-Cadillac, de la, deh IS mot krde'yik', (AN-
TOINE,) a French officer, noted as the founder of Detroit,
was born in Gascony about 1660. He formed a settle-
ment at Detroit in 1701, and was appointed Governor
of Louisiana about 1711. Died after 1717.
Motte-Guyon. See GUYON, (JEANNE BOUVIER DK
LA MOTTE.)
Motte, La. See LAMOTTE.
Motteux, mo'tuh', (PIERRE ANTOINE,) a French
littfralfur, born at Rouen in 1660. On the revocation
of the edict of Nantes he settled in London, where he
acquired a thorough knowledge of English and pub-
ished a number of dramas. Among the principal of
:hese we may name " The Amorous Miser," and " Beauty
'n Distress." He also made an English translation of
"Don Quixote," which is pronounced by Lord Wood-
louselee "by far the best version we have yet had of
the romance of Cervantes." Died in 1718.
See GIBBER, "Lives of the Poets;" RAKER, " Rtographia Dra-
matics. "
Motteville, de. deh mot'vel', (FRANCHISE Bertaut
— beVto',) a French lady, born in Normandy about
1621, was a favourite and companion of Anne of Austria,
queen of Louis XIII. She was the author of " Memoirs
owards the History of Anne of Austria." Died in i68<>
«. e. 1, 6, -1. v, lone; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y; short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; ufit; good; moon;
MOTTEZ
'777
MOUNIER
Mottez, mo'ti', (Louis VICTOR,) a French painter of
history and portraits, born at Lille in 1809.
Mottle?, (JOHN,) an English dramatic and his-
torical writer, born in 1692. Among his works is a
drama entitled " The Imperial Captives," a " Life of the
Czar Peter the Great," " History of Catherine of Russia,"
and the collection of witticisms called "Joe Miller's
Jests." Died in 1 750.
See BAKER, " Biographia Dramatica."
Moucheron, moosh'rAN', (FREDERIK,) an eminent
Dutch landscape-painter, born at Emden in 1633. His
pictures are remarkable for the graceful form and group-
ing of the trees and the transparency of the water. The
figures and animals in his landscapes were painted by
Helmbreeker and Adrian van der Velde. Among his
master-pieces are " The Setting Sun," and " Morning."
Died in 1686.
See DESCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Hollandais," etc.
Moucheron, (IzAAK,) a painter and engraver, a son
of the preceding, was born at Amsterdam in 1670. He
painted in the same style as his father, and was regarded
as his equal. Died about 1740.
Mouchet, moo'shi', (FRANCOIS NICOLAS,) a skilful
French painter of history ant' portraits, was born in
Franche-Comte in 1750; died in 1814.
Mouchon, moo'sh6N', (PIERRE,) a Swiss littlrateur,
born at Geneva in 1733, was a friend of J. J. Rousseau.
He published "Table analytique et raisonne'e des Ma-
tieres contenues dans 1'Encyclopedie," (2 vols., 1780.)
Died in 1797.
Mouchy, de, deh moo'she', (PHILIPPE de Noailles
— deh no'il' or no'i'ye,) Due, a French marshal, born
in Paris in 1715, was a son of the Due de Noailles. He
served in all the wars that the French waged between
1733 and 1759. He defended the king when the palace
was attacked by a mob, in 1792, and was executed as a
loyalist in 1794.
Mouette, moo'Jt', (GERMAIN,) a French traveller,
born near Dourdan in 1652, was taken by the Algerines.
and was kept in captivity for eleven years. He pub-
lished a " History of the Conquests of Mouley Archy,
and his brother Mouley Ismael, Kings of Morocco,"
etc., (1683.) Died about 1690.
Moufet, pronounced, and sometimes written, MuP •
fett, (THOMAS,) an English physician and naturalist,
born in London about 1550. He was the principal
author of the work entitled " Theatre of Insects," (" In-
•ectorum sive Minimorum Animalium Theatrum," 1634,)
which is highly commended by Cuvier and Haller. He
also published several medical treatises, among which
are " Health's Improvement," etc., and " De Jure et
Prasstantia Chymicorum Medicamentorum." Died in
1600.
Mouhy, de, (CHARLES de Fieux,) CHEVALIER,
a French novelist, born at Metz in 1701. He wrote
many works of inferior quality. Died in 1784.
Moukhtar Pasha. See MUKHTAR PASHA.
Moulac, (VINCENT MARIE,) an able French naval
officer, born at Lorient in 1780; died in 1836.
Moulin, du, [Lat. MOLIN/E'US,] (PIERRE,) an eminent
French Protestant theologian, born in 1568, was ap-
pointed professor of philosophy in the University of
Leyden. He afterwards filled the chair of theology
at Sedan. He was the author of a treatise "On the
Recent Origin of Popery," and of other works. Died
about 1658.
See MEURSIUS, "Athen;e Batavae."
Moulin, du, (PIERRE,) a son of the preceding, was
born in Paris about 1600. Having graduated at Leyden,
he repaired to England, where he subsequently became
chaplain-in-ordinary to Charles II. He is chiefly known
as the author of a work entitled " The Cry of Royal
Blood to Heaven," written in reference to the execution
of Charles I. He died in 1680, leaving a number of
controversial treatises.
See MM. HAAG, "La France protestante."
Moulins. See DESMOULINS.
Moulins or Moulin, moo'liN', (JEAN FRANCOIS
AUGUSTE,) a French general, born at Caen in 1752. He
was appointed general-in-chief of the army of England
in October, 1798. In June, 1799, he was elected one of
the Directors of the republic. He united with Gohier
to oppose Bonaparte in the coup fltat of the i8th Bru-
maire, (November, 1799.) Died in 1810.
See DB BARANTE, " Histoire du Directoire."
Moullah. See MOOLLAH.
Moulton, mol'tpn, (JOSEPH WHITE,) an American
antiquary and historical writer, born at Stratford, Con-
necticut, in 1789, published a "History of Early New
York," (1826,) and "New York One Hundred and
Seventy Years Ago," (1849,) besides several legal works.
Died April 21, 1875.
Moul'ton, (LOUISE CHANDLER,) an American author,
born in Pomfret, Connecticut, April 10, 1835, the daughter
of a Mr. Chandler. In 1854 she was married to William
Moulton, a publisher of Boston. Among her works are
"Juno Clifford," (1854,) "My Third Book," (1859.)
"Bedtime Stories," "Firelight Stories," (1883,) "Some
Women's Hearts," (1874,) " Swallow-Flights," (poems,
1878,) "Random Rambles," (1881,) " Miss Eyre from
Boston," (1889,) and "In the Garden of Dreams,"
(1890.) Sirs. Moulton's poems are of a high order
of merit.
Moulton, (RICHARD GREEN,) an English edu-
cator, born at Preston in 1849. He graduated at Lon-
don and Cambridge Universities, became a University
Extension lecturer in England and the United States
after 1874, and subsequently professor of English lit-
erature at the University of Chicago. He published
" Shakspeare as a Dramatic Artist," "The Ancient
Classical Drama," etc.
Moultrie, moo'tre, ? (JOHN,) an English poet, born
about 1800. He became rector of Rugby, in Warwick-
shire, and published a volume of poems in 1837, and
other works. Died December 26, 1874.
Moultrie, moo'tre, (WILLIAM,) a distinguished
general of the American Revolution, born in South
Carolina in 1731. In 1776 he received the thanks of
Congress for his gallant defence of the fort on Sullivan's
Island, which was named Fort Moultrie in his honour.
He assisted General Lincoln in the defence of Charles-
ton in 1780, after which he was appointed major-general.
He was elected Governor of South Carolina in 1785.
He wrote "Memoirs of, the Revolution in the Carolinas
and Georgia." Died in 1805.
Mounet, moo'na', (JEAN SULLY,) a French trage-
dian, known in the profession as Mounet-Sully, was
born at Bergerac in 1841. He gained admission to
the Theatre-Frangais in 1872, where he long distin-
guished himself by his fine powers as a tragic actor.
He made Hamlet one of his famous characters.
Mounier, moo'ne^i', (CLAUDE EDOUARD PHILIPPE,)
BARON, a son of Jean Joseph, noticed below, was born
at Grenoble in 1784. In 1809 he was appointed by
Napoleon secretary of his cabinet, and in this capacity
accompanied him in his campaigns. He was also
created a baron, and in 1812 master of requests. Died
in 1843.
See PORTALIS, " filoge de M. le Baron Mounier," 1844 ; " Nou
velle Biographic Gene'rale."
Mounier, (JEAN JOSEPH,) a French legislator, eminent
for his talents and virtues, was born at Grenoble in 1758.
He studied law, and, after he had served as judge for
several years, was elected in 1789 to the States-Gene-
ral, where he distinguished himself by the moderation
of his liberal opinions. He was chairman of the com-
mittee appointed to form a new constitution, but his
plan was rejected. He wished a legislature divided
into two chambers. He presided with credit over the
National Assembly from September 28 to October 8,
1789, during which time the sessions of that body
were disturbed by a mob, and then hastily retired
from the capital. Being denounced as a royalist, he
emigrated in 1790, and lived in Switzerland, England,
and other countries, until 1801. Having returned to
France, he was appointed in 1802 prefect of Ille-et-
Vilaine, and about 1804 councillor of state. He died
in 1806, leaving several able political works, one of
; g hard: g as/.' G, U,K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; th as in this.
112
Explanations, p. 23. 1
MOUNSEY
1778
MOZART
which is "The Influence ascribed to the Philosophers
and Free-Masons on the French Revolution."
See BBHRIAT SAINT-PRIX, " filoge historique de Mounier," 1806 ;
THIERS, " History of the French Revolution :" MIGNET, " History
of the French Revolution;" " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Moun'sey, (ANN SHEPARD,) an English musician,
born in London in 1811, was well known as an organist,
teacher, and composer. In 1853 she married Mr. W.
Bartholomew. Died in 1891. Her sister, ELIZABETH,
born in London in 1819, long held the position of organ-
ist of Saint Peter's, Cornhill.
Mount, (WILLIAM SIDNEY,) an American painter,
born in Long Island about 1808. His favourite subjects
were rural and domestic scenes, and he excelled in
humorous and comic delineations. His " Farmers Noon-
ing," " Husking Corn," " Raffling for a Goose," and
" Dance of the Haymakers," enjoy a wide popularity.
Died in 1868.
Mount'a-gu or Mont'a-gue, (RICHARD,) a learned
English prelate, born in Buckinghamshire in 1578. He
was created Bishop of Norwich in 1638. He wrote
several treatises on church antiquities, and was also
engaged in many controversies with the Papists and the
Calvinists. Died in 1641.
Mount'fort, (WILLIAM,) a distinguished English
actor and dramatic writer, born in Staffordshire in 1659.
Among his principal plays are the tragedy of " Edward
III.," and a farce entitled "The Life and Death of Dr.
Faust" Died in 1692.
Mount'fprd, (WILLIAM,) a clergyman and author,
born in Kidderminster, England, May 31, 1816. He
studied at Manchester New College, became a Unitarian
preacher in 1838, and in 1850 removed to the United
States, where he lived chiefly in Boston. Among his
works are " Martyria," (1845,) " Christianity the Deliver-
ance of the Soul," (1846,) " Euthanasy," (1848,) " Thorpe,
an English Town," (1852,) and "Miracles, Past and
Present," (1870.) Died in 1885.
Moura, mo'ra, (JozK DE SANTO ANTONIO,) a Portu-
guese Orientalist, born at Almod6var ; died about 1845.
Mourad. See MOORAD.
Mouradja d'phsson, moo-rl'ja dd'son, (IGNATIUS,)
born at Constantinople in 1740, was descended from an
Armenian family. In 1782 he was appointed ambas-
sador-extraordinary from Sweden to the Porte. He
published "A General View of the Ottoman Empire," (in
7 vols,) a work which is highly esteemed. Died in 1807.
Mouraviev. See MOORAVIEF.
Mouret, moo'r J', (JEAN JOSEPH,) a French composer,
born at Avignon in 1682, produced a number of popular
operas and songs. Died in 1738.
Mourguea, mooRg, (MICHEL,) a learned French
Jesuit, born in Auvergne about 1642, became professor
of mathematics at Toulouse. Among his writings are
" New Elements of Geometry," and a " Parallel between
Christian Morality and that of the Ancient Philoso-
phers." Died in 1713.
Mourgues, de, deh mooRg, or Morgues, moRg,
(MATHIEU,) Sieur de Saint-Germain, a French writer
and theologian, born in 1582. He became in 1620
almoner to Marie de Me'dicis, whom he accompanied
in her exile to Brussels, England, and Cologne. He
published, among other works, a "Defence of the
Queen-Mother and of Louis XIII.," (Antwerp, 1637.)
Died in 1670.
Mourlon, mooR'lAN', (FREDERIC,) a French jurist,
born at Chambon about 1812. He published several
.egal works. Died December 28, 1866.
Mousa. See MOOSA.
Mouakea, moosk, or Mus, (PHILIPPE,) a Flemish
historian, born at Ghent about 1215, became Bishop
of Tournay in 1274. He wrote, in verse, a History of
France, which was commended by Du Cange. It was
published at Brussels in 1836-38. Died in 1283.
Moustier, de, (CHARLES ALBERT.) See DEMOUSTIER.
Moustier, de, deh moo'te-4', (CLEMENT Boon-
ARD,) MARQUIS, a French diplomatist, born at Coblenti
in 1779 ; died in Paris in 1830.
Moustier, de, (£LEONORE FRANCOIS BLIE,) MAR-
QUIS, a diplomatist, born in Paris in 1751, was the father
of the preceding. He was an adherent of the Bourbons,
Died in 1817.
Moutou. See LOBAU.
Mouton, moo'tdN', (JEAN,) a French composer of the
sixteenth century, was a pupil of Josquin Desprez, and
was patronized by Louis XII. and Francis I.
Mouton-Fontenille de la Clotte, moo'tiN' foNf -
nil' deh IS klot, (MARIE JACQUES PHILIPPE,) a French
naturalist, born at Montpellier in 1769. He wrote on
botany and ornithology. Died in 1837.
Movers, mo'vers, (FRANZ KARL,) a learned German
Catholic theologian, born at Kb'sfeld, in Westphalia, in
1806. He became in 1839 professor of the theology of
the Old Testament in the Catholic faculty at Breslau.
His greatest work, entitled "The Phoenicians," (1850,)
illustrates the religion, history, and antiquities of that
nation. He also published several treatises on Biblical
antiquities, and wrote the article " Phoenicia" in Ersch
and Gruber's "Encyclopaedia." Died in 1856.
Mowatt See RITCHIE, (ANNA CORA.)
Mow'er, (JOSEPH A.,) an able American general in
.the service of the Union. He commanded a brigade in
an attack on Vicksburg, May, 1863, and served under
General Banks in Louisiana in April, 1864. He com-
manded a division of the army of General Sherman in
its march through the Carolinas, 1865. Died in Janu-
ary, 1870.
Mow'ry, (WILLIAM AUGUSTUS,) an American
author, born at Uxbridge, Massachusetts, in 1829. He
became a teacher and school superintendent, and was
editor of the "Journal of Education" 1884-85, and of
" Education" 1886-91. After 1894 he became a lec-
turer and writer. His works consist of school-books
on civil government and United States history, etc.
Mox'pn, (JOSEPH,) born in Yorkshire in 1627, was
hydrographer to Charles II. He published several
treatises on mathematics, navigation, etc., and carried
on the manufacture of globes and maps. Died about
1700.
Moya, de, da mo'ya, (Don PEDRO,) a skilful Spanish
painter, born at Granada in 1610, was a pupil of Juan
del Castillo. He excelled as a colorist. Died in 1666.
See QUILLIET, " Dictionnaire des Peintres Espagnols."
Moyle, moil, (WALTER,) an English jurist and writer,
born in Cornwall in 1672, was a friend of Congreve and
Wycherly. He was the author of an " Essay on the
Roman Constitution," and other works, and translated
Xenophon's treatise "On the Revenues of Athens."
Died in 1721.
See "Life of W. Moyle," prefixed to his works.
Moyreau, mwa'ro', QEAN,) a French engraver, born
at Orleans in 1690. Among his best prints are "The
Lion-Hunt," after Rubens, and " Bacchus and Ariadne,"
after Boullongne. Died in 1763.
See BASAN, " Dictionnaire des Graveurs."
Moyse, the French for MOSES, which see.
Moy'sea, (DAVID,) a Scottish historical writer, born
at Lanark in 1573. He wrote "Memoirs of the Affairs
of Scotland." Died in 1630.
Mozart, mo'zart', [Ger. pron. mSt'saRt,] (JoHANN
CHRYSOSTOM WOLFGANG AMADEUS,) a celebrated Ger-
man composer, born at Saltzburg on the 27th of January,
1756. Both his parents were distinguished for personal
beauty. He began to perform on the harpsichord when
he was about four years old, and manifested an exquisite
musical organization. His first teacher was his father,
who devoted much time to his education. At the age
of six years he composed short pieces of music, and
was regarded as a prodigy of musical genius. He had
a sister four years his senior, who in early childhood
was an excellent musician. In 1762 Leopold Mozart
took Wolfgang and his sister to Munich, where they
performed before the court and excited great admira-
tion. They also visited Vienna, and exhibited their
skill before the emperor and his family, by whom they
were encouraged and caressed. In 1763 young Mozart
excited the astonishment of the Parisians by his per-
formance on the organ and by his talent for improvisa-
tion. He visited with his parents the principal cities of
Germany, and published two of his compositions in 1763.
The Mozart family passed the year 1764 in London,
•i. e, I, o, u, y, long: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, u, J, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fat ; ni?t; not; good; moon:
MOZART.
MOZART
1779
MUDGE
where they gave public concerts. About 1766 they
returned to Saltzburg, where Wolfgang continued his
studies, taking for models the productions of Handel
and Emanuel Bach. He composed in 1768 an opera
' called "La Finta semplice," which was not represented.
Accompanied by his father, he made the tour of Italy in
1769 and 1770, and was received with enthusiasm. He
produced at Milan the opera of "Mitridate," which was
performed with success in 1770. During his visit to
Rome the pope created him a knight (cavaliere) of the
Golden Spur. His next works were two serenatas, called
" Ascanio in Alba," and "The Dream of Scipio," (" II
Sogno di Scipione," 1772.) He composed in 1773 an
opera entitled " Lucio Silla," which was very successful.
He passed several years in travel, and solicited employ-
ment in various foreign countries without success.
In 1779 he obtained the places of organist and chapel-
master to the Archbishop of Saltzburg. At the request
of the Elector of Bavaria, he composed "Idomeneo," an
opera, (1781,) which was superior to his former works
and obtained immense applause. "This work," says
Denne-Baron, "was nothing less than a complete trans-
formation of the art." He quitted the service of the
archbishop, — a coarse and sordid person, who required
him to eat with his menial servants, — and in 1781 settled
in Vienna. In 1782 he composed a German opera,
" The Abduction from the Seraglio," (" Die Entfuhrung
aus dem Serail,") and married Constance Weber. He
became a friend of Haydn, the great composer.
Mozart composed, with unremitting activity and in
rapid succession, symphonies, sonatas, quartets, motets,
waltzes, etc. About 1785 he produced "Davidde peni-
tente," an oratorio, which abounds in beauties of the
first order. His comic opera " The Marriage of Figaro"
("Le Nozze di Figaro," 1786) was performed with
unbounded applause, and, in the opinion of some critics,
formed an epoch in dramatic music. His master-piece
is the opera "Don Giovanni," or "Don Juan," which
was first performed at Prague in 1787. The King of
Prussia offered him 3000 crowns a year to attract him
to Berlin ; but he declined to quit the service of the em-
peror Joseph, who paid him only 800 florins. He was
often reduced to painful distress for want of money while
he lived in Vienna. Among his later works is "The
Magic Flute," an opera, (1791.) Mozart, as a performer
on the piano, surpassed all the German musicians of his
time. His constitution was naturally delicate, and his
health rapidly declined in 1791, during which he was
employed to compose a requiem by a mysterious stranger,
or a person who wished his name to be a secret. This
person was an agent of Count Walsegg. To his morbid
and depressed imagination this seemed as a warning of
his own impending death. With this presentiment, he
composed his " Requiem," which is considered his most
sublime work. He died in Vienna, December 5, 1791,
leaving several children.
"Mozart occupies," says Denne-Baron, "a unique
place in the history of music, by the universality of his
genius. . . . He excelled in all departments, and the
products of his radiant imagination improved the art
in all its parts. ... In dramatic music he was un-
rivalled. His enlightened mind and his exquisite sen-
sibility enabled him to seize with equal tact and sagacity
the nuances and the true conditions of the lyrical drama."
("Nouvelle Biographic Generate.")
See E. HOLMES, " Life of Mozart." 2 vols., 1845 ; NIHHETSCHEK,
'Mozart's Leben," 1798; ROECHLITZ, "Anecdotes of Mozart," (in
German,) 1801 ; ARNOLD, " Mozart's Geist," Erfurt, 1803 ; G. N.
VON NISSEN, "Biographic W. A. Mozarts," 1828; FETIS, " Biogra-
phic Universelle des Musiciens;" H. DORING, "\7. A. Mozart,"
and a French version of the same, Paris, 1860; HEKR OTTO JAHN,
"Mozart's Leben," 1856; DAINES HARRINGTON, " Notice of Mo-
zart," in the "Philosophical Transactions," 1770; "Letters of
Mozart," translated by LADY WALLACE, 2 vols., 1865 ; " Foreign
Quarterly Review" for January, 1846.
Mozart, (LEOPOLD,) a German musician, born at
Augsburg in 1719, was the father of the famous com
poser. He performed on the violin, and became about
1762 vice-chapel-master of the Prince-Archbishop of
Saltzburg. He gave diligent attention to the education
and training of his son. He composed several oratorios,
etc. Died in 1787.
Mozier, mo'zher, (JOSEPH,) an American sculptor,
born at Burlington, Vermont, in 1812. He passed many
years in mercantile business in the city of New York,
and afterwards studied in Italy. Among his works are
11 Esther," " Pocahontas," and " Silence." Died in 1870.
Mosul, (CHARLES Louis,) a French painter, born in
Paris in 1806, studied under Leprince. His works are
chiefly marine views, which have great merit. Among
the best we may name " The Capture of the Isle of
Bommel by the French Army in 1794," and "The Port
of Honfleur." Died November 7, 1862.
Moz'ley (JAMES BOWLING,) D.D., an English divine,
an able writer and thinker, was born in Lincolnshire in
1813. He graduated at Oriel College, Oxford, in 1834,
became a Fellow of Magdalen College, vicar of Shore-
ham in 1856, Bampton lecturer in 1865, canon of Worces-
ter in 1869, regius professor of divinity at Oxford, and
canon of Christ Church in 1871. He wrote several im-
portant theological treatises. Died January 4, 1878.
Mozley, (THOMAS,) a brother of J. B. Mozley, was
born in Lincolnshire in 1806, was educated at the Charter-
house, and at Oriel College, Oxford, graduating in 1828,
was a Fellow of Oriel, 1829-36, in 1836 became rector
of Cholderton, Wilts, and in 1868 rector of Plymtree,
Devon. He was prominently associated with the "Brit-
ish Critic," 1838-42, and afterwards, from 1844 until his
death, with the " London Times." His " Reminiscences
of Oriel College and the Oxford Movement" (2 vols.,
1882) attracted great attention. Died June 17, 1893.
Mrak, nirak, (IGNATIUS,) D.D., aCatholicbishop, born
in Austria in October, 1810, was educated in Carniola,
graduating in 1837, became a Catholic priest, was a mis-
sionary among the American Indians, 1845-66, and in
1869 was consecrated Bishop of Marquette, Michigan.
In 1878 he resigned the see, and in 1881 he was trans-
lated to the titular see of Antinoe.
Muawia or Muawias. See MoAWEEYAH.
Mucianua, mu-she-a'nus, [Fr. MUCIEN, moo'se-aN';
It. MUZIANO, moot-se-a'no,] (LlciNius,) an able Roman
general and orator, whose character was compounded
of good and evil qualities. He was chosen consul in 52
A.D., and at the death of Nero, in 68, commanded four
legions in Syria. To promote the interest of his friend
Vespasian in his contest against Vitellius, he made a
rapid march to Rome in 69 A.D., and acted the part of a
sovereign until the arrival of Vespasian. Mucianus was
consul in 70 and in 75 A.D.
Mucianua, (P. LICINIUS CRASSUS DIVES,) an eminent
Roman jurist and orator, was a son of P. Mucius Scz-
vola. He was adopted by P. Licinius Crassus, suc-
ceeded Scipio Nasica as pontifex maximus, and became
consul in 131 B.C. Having led an army into Asia to
oppose Aristonicus, who attempted to obtain Pcrgamus.
he was defeated and killed, in 130 B.C.
Mucien. See MUCIANUS, (LiciNius.)
Mucius Scaevola. See SO*VOLA.
Miicke or Muecke, muTc'eh, (HEINRICH KARL AN-
TON,) a German historical painter, born at Breslau in
1806, was a pupil of Schadow. Among his master-
pieces may be named "Saint Ambrose and the Emperor
Theodosius," " Ulysses and Leucothea in the Tempest,"
"Death of Cleopatra," and "Saint Catherine borne to
Heaven by Angels." Died in 1891.
Mud'dock, (I. E.,) an English author, born at
Southampton in 1843. He travelled extensively as a
newspaper correspondent, and published numerous
works of fiction, many of them under the pen-name
of Dick Donovan.
Mudee, mu'dj', (GABRIEL van der Muyden— vSn
der mi'den,) an eminent Flemish jurist, born near Ant-
werp in 1500. He wrote " De Restitutionibus in Inte-
grum," (1586,) and other works. Died at Louvain in
1560.
See SPINNAEL, "Gabriel Mudee et son £cole," 1844.
Mud'ford, (WILLIAM,) an English editor and writer,
born in London in 1782. He published, besides other
works, a "Life of Oliver Goldsmith," (1804,) and a
" Life of Richard Cumberland," (2 vols., 1814.) Died
in 1848.
Mudge, muj, (BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,) an American
geologist, born at Orrington, Maine, August 1 1, 1817. He
«as/£; cas/; gAard; gas/, G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasin//4«.
Explanations, p. 23.)
MUDGE
1780
MUHLENBR UCH
graduated at Wesleyan University in 1840, practised law
in Massachusetts, 1844-59, removed to Kansas, was State
geologist, and professor (1865-73) in the State Agricul-
tural College. He wrote many scientific papers. Died
at Manhattan, Kansas, November 21, 1879.
Mudge, miij, (JoHN,) F.R.S., an eminent optician
and surgeon, was a younger son of Zachary, noticed
below. He practised many years at Plymouth, and
wrote medical essays, some of which were inserted in
the " Philosophical Transactions." He was distinguished
as the improver of the reflecting telescope, and as author
of " Directions for Making the Best Composition for the
Mirrors of Reflecting Telecopes, with a Description of
the Process forgiving the Great Speculum the True Para-
bolic Curve." For this he received the Copley medal
from the Royal Society. Died in 1793.
Mudge, (THOMAS,) an excellent English mechanist,
born at Exeter in 1716, was a son of Zachary Mudge,
noticed below. He served an apprenticeship to Graham,
the famous watchmaker, and acquired great eminence
in that art. About 1771 he retired to Plymouth, where
he employed several years in perfecting chronometers.
In 1793 he received from Parliament a recompense of
three thousand pounds for his improvements in these
instruments. Died in 1794. His son THOMAS wrote a
" Description of the Time-Keeper invented by Thomas
Mudge," (Senior.)
Mudge, (WILLIAM,) F.R.S., a scientific English gen-
eral, born at Plymouth in 1762, was a son of Dr. John
Mudge, noticed above. He served in the royal artil-
lery, and obtained the rank of lieutenant. About 1798
he was appointed superintendent of fhe grand trigono-
metrical survey of England and Wales, after he had
been employed for several years as assistant in that work.
During the progress of the survey he was raised to
the rank of major-general. The results of his survey
were published in the " Philosophical Transactions,"
and procured him much distinction. In the latter part
of his life he was lieutenant-governor of the Royal
Military Academy at Woolwich. Died in 1821.
Mudge, (ZACHARIAH ATWF.LL,) an American author,
Dorn at Orrington, Maine, July 2, 1813, an elder brother
of B. F. Mudge. He studied at Wesleyan University,
and entered the Methodist ministry in 1840. He pub-
lished a large number of religious books, tales for the
young, etc. Died at Newton Upper Falls, June 15, 1888.
Mudge, (ZACHARY,) an eminent clergyman of the
Anglican Church, was the father of John and Thomas
Mudge, above noticed, and an intimate friend of Dr.
Johnson. He became master of a free school at Bide-
ford about 1716, and rector of a church in Plymouth in
1736. He was also prebendary of Exeter. His ser-
mons, of which a volume was published in 1727, were
highly esteemed. Died in 1769.
Mu'die, (ROBERT,) a Scottish naturalist and popular
littfrateur, born in Forfarshire in 1777, became a resi-
dent of London. He published " Conversations in Moral
Philosophy," "The Feathered Tribes of the British
Islands," "Popular Mathematics," "The British Natu-
ralist," " The Elements : The Heavens, the Earth, the
Air, and the Sea," and numerous other works. Died
in 1842.
Mudo, El, SI moo'Do, (JUAN FERNANDEZ XIMENES
de Navarete — dl na-va-ra'ti,) a celebrated Spanish
painter, born at Logrofio in 1526, received the surname
of EL MUDO ("the Mute") because he was deaf and
dumb. He was patronized by Philip II., and painted for
the Escurial a "Nativity," a " Holy Family," and other
wrrks of great merit. He has been called "the Spanish
Titian." Died about 1579.
Muecke. See MUCKE.
Mueffling. See MUFFLING.
Muegge. See MUGGE.
Muehlenbruch. See MUHLENBRUCH.
Muelenaere, de, deh mu'el-na'reh, ? (FELIX AMAND,)
COMTE, a Belgian statesman, born in 1793. He was
appointed in 1830 Governor of West Flanders, and
minister of foreign affairs in 1834. Died in 1862.
Mueller. See MULLER.
Muellner. See MULLNER.
Muench. See MUNCH,
Muench-Bellinghausen. See MUNCH-BEU.INO-
HAUSEN.
Muenchausen. See MUNCHAUSEN.
Muennich. See MUNNICH.
Muenster. See MUNSTER.
Muenster-Ladenburg. See MUNSTER-LEDENBURG.
Muenter. See MiJNTER.
Muenzer. See MUNZER.
Muffling or Mueffling, rnSffling, (FRIEDRICH FER-
DINAND KARL,) BARON, a Prussian field-marshal, born
at Halle in 1775. He was appointed in 1815 governor
of Paris. In 1829 he negotiated a treaty of peace be-
tween Russia and Turkey. He became governor of
Berlin in 1837, and president of the state council in 1841.
He died in 1851.
See " Passages from my Life," etc, by BARON MUFFLINU.
Miigge or Muegge, mEg'geh, almost mflk'keh,
(THEODOR,) a German litterateur, born at Berlin in 1806,
wrote several romances, also political works entitled
" France and the Last of the Bourbons" and " Eng-
land and Reform." He became in 1850 one of the
founders of the Berlin "National Zeitung," of which he
was afterwards editor. Died in 1861.
Muggleton, mug'g'1-ton, (LuoowiCK,) an English
fanatic, born in London in 1609, was the principal
founder of the sect called by his name. Muggleton and
his coadjutor, John Reeve, professed to be the last and
greatest prophets of Jesus Christ, Died in 1697.
Mugnoz. See MuSoz.
Mugnet de Nanthou, mu'gj' deh noN'too', (FRAN-
COIS FELIX HYACINTHE,) a French lawyer and repub-
lican, born at Besan9on in 1760. He was an active and
influential member of the National Assembly in 1790-91.
He was one of the commissaries appointed to maintain
order in Paris on the flight of Louis XVI. to Varennea
in 1791. He died in 1808, leaving the reputation of a
worthy and honourable man.
Mohammed or Muhammad. See MOHAMMED.
Mubaut, rnu'6', (ETIENNE,) a French naturalist,
born at Thizy (Rhone) in 1797. He published a "Natu-
ral History of the Coleoptera of France," (1839 et sef.}
Muhlbach, Miss. See MUNDT.
Mublenberg, mu'len-berg, (GOTTHILF HENRY
ERNST,) D.D., an American divine and botanist, son
of the following, was born in Montgomery county,
Pennsylvania, in 1753. He published, among other
works, a "Catalogue of the Plants of North America."
Died in 1815.
Mublenberg, (HENRY MELCHIOR,) D.D., born in
Hanover, Germany, in 1711, emigrated to America,
where he founded the German Lutheran Church, and
settled as pastor at Philadelphia. Died in 1787.
See the " Life and Times of Henry M. Muhlenberg," by M. L.
STOEVER, 1856.
Muhlenberg, (PETER,) a general, son of the pre-
ceding, was born in Montgomery country, Pennsylvania,
in 1746. He served with distinction in the Revolutionary
war, and was elected to the Senate of the United States
in 1801. Died in 1807.
See the "Life of General Peter Muhlenberg." by HENRY A
MUHLENBERG, 1849.
Muhlenberg, (WILLIAM AUGUSTUS,) D.D., an Amer-
ican clergyman and poet, a great-grandson of H. M.
Muhlenberg, before noticed, was born in Philadelphia,
September 16, 1796. He graduated at the University
of Pennsylvania in 1814, and was ordained to the Epis-
copalian ministry in 1817. After service in Philadelphia
and in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, he founded at Flushing,
New York, (in 1828,) the school known afterwards as
Saint Paul's College, which he managed twenty years
with great success. He also founded the Church of the
Holy Communion, New York, Saint Luke's Hospital,
New York, and the colony of Saint Johnland, on Long
Island. He was an earnest advocate of " Evangelical
Catholic union." Of his literary productions, his hymn
"I would not live alway" is the best-known. Died in
New York, April 8, 1877. (See his "Life," by Anne
Ayres, 1880.)
Muhlenbruch or Muehlenbruch, mii'len-bRooK',
(CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH,) an eminent German jurist,
born at Rostock in 1785. He filled the chair of law
», e, 1,6, u,J,long-;k., 4,6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1,6. fi.y, short; a, e, i. q,ohsairt; far, fall, fat; met; not; good; moon;
.
MUIR
1781
MULLER
successively at Kbnigsberg and Halle, and in 1833 be-
came professor at Gbttingen. Among his most important
works are a "Compendium of the Institutes of Roman
Law," and "Doctrine of the Pandects, for the Use of
Schools." Died in 1843.
Muir, rnur, (JOHN,) a Scottish author, born at Glas-
gow, February 5, 1810, a brother of Sir William Muir.
He was educated at Glasgow and Haileybury, and was
in the Bengal •wil service from 1828 to 1853. His prin-
cipal original work is " Origin and History of the People
of India," (5 vols., 1858-70.) He also published five
volumes of " Original Sanscrit Texts," (1860-70.) Died
at Edinburgh, March 7, 1882.
Muir, (JOHN,) a Scotch explorer, born at Dundee
in 1838. He emigrated to the United States, dis-
covered the glacier in Alaska which now bears his
name, and wrote numerous papers on the natural
history of the Pacific coast, also " The Mountains of
California."
Muir, (Sir WILLIAM,) an Oriental scholar, born at
Glasgow in 1819. He was educated in the Universities
of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and went to India in 1837,
where he held high positions under the government.
He published a " Life of Mahomet and History of Is-
lam," (4 vols., 1858-61 ; abridged, 1871,) a treatise on
"The Goran," (1878,) "The Early Caliphate," (1881,)
" Mahomet and Islam," (1884,) and "The Mohnmme-
dan Controversy," (1897.) He became principal of
the University of Edinburgh in 1885.
Muis, de, deh mii-e', (SIMEON Marotte— mfrot',)
a French ecclesiastic and Orientalist, born at Orleans in
1587, became professor of Hebrew in the Royal College.
He published a number of valuable works, including a
" Commentary on the Psalms," (1630,) which is esteemed
one of the best that has appeared. Muis enjoyed the
reputation of one of the most learned Hebraists and
Biblical critics ol his time. Died in 1644.
See DUPIN, *' Bibliutheque des Auteurs ecclesiastiques."
Mukhtar Pasha, muK'tlR' pj'sha, (GHAZEE AH-
MED,) a Turkish general, born at Broosa in 1837. His
name was originally KATYRDSHY OGHLOO. In 1849 he
went to the military school of Broosa, and thence was
sent (1854) to the military college at Constantinople.
He distinguished himself greatly in 1860 in Montenegro,
and was rapidly promoted, becoming a full general in
1870, and minister of public works in 1873. ^n tne suc'
sessive wars of Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro
he had chief command, gaining twenty victories and
losing one battle. In the Kars-Erzeroom campaign of
1877 against the Russians he was overcome by Melikoff,
but only after deeds of the greatest gallantry, for which
he received the title of Ghazee, the highest of Turkish
military honours. In 1878 he was made grand master
of the Turkish artillery.
Mul'cas-ter, (RICHARD,) an English scholar, born at
Carlisle about 1535, became in 1561 master of Merchant
Taylors' School, then recently founded in London. He
wrote Latin verses, some of which were spoken before
Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth, also several educational
works. Died in 1611.
Mulder, mul'der, (GERARD JAN,) a Dutch physician,
born at Utrecht in 1802, became professor of chemistry
in his native city. He published, among other works,
an "Essay on General Physiological Chemistry," (1844,)
"Chemical Researches," (1847,) "Essays on the Chem-
istry of Wine and Beer," (1856,) and " The Chemistry of
Vegetable-Producing Land," (1861-64.) Died in 1880.
Muley (or Mouley) Hassan, mulee has'san or
moo'la' his'san, King of Tunis, began to reign in 1533.
He was driven from the throne by Barbarossa, but was
restored by the emperor Charles V. in 1535. Died in
'545-
Muley Ismail, moo'la' is-mi'eel', Emperor of Mo-
rocco, born in 1646, began to reign in 1672. He took
Tangier from the English about 1680. In 1697 ne
attacked the Algerines, by whom he was defeated. He
was extremely cruel. Died in 1727.
Muley Soliman, moo'la' so-li-m5n', Emperor of
Morocco, began to reign in 1792. He abolished slavery,
ind is said to have been a prudent and able ruler.
Under his reign Morocco enjoyed unusual tranquillity.
Died in 1822.
Mul'fprd,(ELisHA,) LL.D., an American author, born
at Montrose, Pennsylvania, November 19, 1833. He
graduated at Yale College in 1855, studied in Berlin,
Germany, and became a presbyter in the Episcopal
Church. His principal works are "The Nation, the
Foundation of Political Life and Civil Order," (1870,)
and "The Republic of God," (1880.) Died in 1885.
Mulgrave, EARL OP. See SHEFFIELD.
Mul'grave, (CONSTANTINE JOHN PHIPPS,) LORD, i
distinguished navigator, born about 1740, was the
son of an Irish peer. In 1773 ne made a voyage to
the Arctic regions in order to discover the Northwest
Passage, in which he was not successful. After his
return he was made a privy councillor, and raised to
the peerage in 1784. He published, in 1774, "Jour-
nal of a Voyage towards the North Pole." Died in
I7Q2.
Mulgrave, (HENRY PHILIP PHIPPS,) LORD, a brother
of the preceding, was born in 1755. He filled several
important offices, and became in 1806 first lord of the
admiralty. He exchanged this place in 1812 for that of
grand master of artillery, and received the title of Earl
of Normanby and Viscount Mulgrave. He died in 1831,
and left a son, who became Marquis of NORMANBY,
(which see.)
Mul'hall, (MICHAEL G.,) a British statistician,
born in 1836. He founded the Buenos Ayres " Stand-
ard" in 1861, the first English daily newspaper in
South America. He is widely known for his valuable
"Progress of the World," (1880,) "Dictionary of
Statistics," (1886,) and "Industries and Wealth of
Nations," (1896.) Died December 13, 1900.
Mulinari, moo-le-ni'ree, or Molinari, mo-le-nS'ree,
(STEFANO,) a Florentine engraver, executed a great
number of prints after Michael Angelo, Raphael, and
other eminent Italian masters. He published in 1780
a work entitled "Essay on the Five Italian Schools of
Painting."
Mul-ia'ney, (PATRICK FRANCIS,) known as BROTHER
AZARIAS, an educator, born in the county of Tipperary,
Ireland, June 29, 1847. In boyhood he came to the
United States. When fifteen years old, he joined the
"Brothers of the Christian Schools," and in 1879 was
made president of Rock Hill College, Ellicott City,
Maryland. He has published " Philosophy of Litera-
ture," (1874,) "Development of English Literature,"
(1879,) "Address on Thinking," etc., and some note-
worthy papers on education. Died in 1893.
Muller, (ALEXANDER,) a German writer, born in the
bishopric of Fulda in 1780, was the author of "Archives
for the most Modern Legislation of all the German
States." Died in 1844.
Muller, (ANDREWS,) a German divine and Orientalist,
born in Pomerania in 1630. He assisted Walton in his
Polyglot Bible, and contributed to Castell's " Lexicon."
He also published a " Treatise on Cathay," " Japanese
Alphabet," " Chinese Basihcon," and other works. Died
in 1694.
Muller, mii'laiR', (CHARLES Louis,) a celebrated
French painter, born in Paris in 1815. Among his prin-
cipal works may be named " Christ's Entry into Jeru-
salem," "Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew," "Lady
Macbeth," " Marie Antoinette at the Conciergerie," and
" The Sleeping Sylph." He obtained medals of the
first class in 1848 and 1855. Died January 10, 1892.
Muller, (EDUARD,) a German author, (a brother of
K. O. Muller,) was born at Brieg, in Silesia, November
12, 1804. Among his works are " History of the The-
ory of Art," (1834-37,) and " Samson und Delilah,"
(a tragedy, 1853.) Died at Liegnitz, November 30,
1875.
Muller, (FRIEDRICH,) a German poet, born at Kreuz-
nach in 1750, was the author of " Ulrich von Kossheim,"
"Faust," and a drama entitled "Niobe." He was also
a painter and engraver. Died in 1825.
Muller, (FRIEDRICH,) an Austrian ethnologist and
philologist, born at Jemnik, in Bohemia, March 5, 1834.
; 9asj; %hard; gas/';G, H,K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz; thasinMu.
Explanations, p. 23.)
MULLER
1782
MULLER
He was educated in Vienna, where in 1866 he became
extraordinary, and in 1869 full, professor of Sanscrit
and comparative philology. He has written much on
these subjects and on ethnology.
Miiller, (FRIEDRICH AUGUST,) a German epic poet,
born in Vienna in 1767, wrote poems entitled " Alfonso,"
(1790,) and "Richard Lbwenherz," ("Richard Cceur-de-
Lion," 1790.) Died in 1807.
Muller, ( FRIEDRICH MAX, ) an eminent German
scholar and Orientalist, a son of the poet Wilhelm, was
born at Dessau in 1823. He visited England in 1847,
and was charged by the East India Company to publish
an edition of the " Rigveda." He was Taylorian pro-
fessor of modern languages at Oxford from 1854 to 1875.
He published, besides other works, " Buddhism and
Buddhist Pilgrims," a " History of Ancient Sanscrit
Literature," (1859,) "Lectures on the Science of Lan-
guage,"— first delivered in 1861 at the Royal Institution
in London, — "Chips from a German Workshop,"
in 5 vols., (1868-83,) "Scienceof Religion," (1870,)
"Origin and Growth of Religion," (1878,) "The
Science of Thought," (1887,) "Biographies of
Words," (1888,) "Natural, Physical, Anthropo-
logical, and Psychical Religion," (1889-93,) "Vedanta
Philosophy," (1894,) and "Science of Mythology,"
(1897.) He wrote a German novel, "Deutsche
Liebe," and edited the extensive series of "Sacred
Books of the East." Died October 28, 1900.
Miiller, (GEORGE,) a German-English philanthropist,
born at Kroppenstadt, in Prussia, September 27, 1805.
He studied at the University of Halle, and in 1829 went
to England. He became a Dissenting minister at Teign-
mouth. In 1836 he opened the famous Orphan-House
on Ashley Downs, near Bristol, which has since become
a great establishment, supported entirely by voluntary
gifts which are sought for only through faith and prayer.
By 1875 upwards of two thousand children were fed,
clothed, and educated. Muller took an evangelistic
tour in the East in 1889. His book, " A Narrative of
the Lord's Dealings with George Muller," was pub-
lished in 1837, and supplemented 1841-56. He died in
1898.
Muller, (GERHARD FRIEDRICH,) F.R.S., a German
traveller and historian, was born in Westphalia about
1705. He was appointed historiographer (1747) and
keeper of the archives (1766) to Russia. He published
a "History of Siberia," "Collection of Russian His-
tories," and other works. Died in 1783.
Muller, (HERMANN,) a German biologist and evolu-
tionist, born at Muhlberg, September 23, 1829. He
studied at Halle and Berlin, and was teacher of natural
science in the real-school at Lippstadt, (1854-83.) His
chief works are " Fertilization of Flowers by Means
of Insects," (1873,) of which subject he was a zealous
student, and "Alpine Flowers," (1881.) He was an
excellent observer and teacher. Died at Prad, August
25, 1883.
Miiller. (TAN.) See CADI >\
Muller, QAN,) a Dutch engraver, born at Amsterdam
about 1570, imitated the style of Goltzius. His prints
are numerous and distinguished for great boldness and
facility of execution.
Miiller, (JOHANN.) See REGIOMONTANUS.
Muller, (JoHANN,) a celebrated German physiologist
and zoologist, born at Coblentz on the I4th of July, 1801.
He entered the University of Bonn about 1819, studied
medicine and other sciences, and graduated as M.D. in
1822. In 1826 he published a remarkable treatise "On
the Comparative Physiology of the Sense of Sight."
He became professor of physiology, etc. at the Univer-
sity of Bonn in 1830. His work on the secreting glands,
"De Glandularum secernentium Structura penitiori,"
etc., (1830,) is a valuable contribution to comparative
anatomy. He succeeded Rudolphi as professor of
anatomy in Berlin in 1833, and acquired a wide repu-
tation as a lecturer. He made several anatomical dis-
coveries. His principal work is a " Manual of Human
Physiology," (" Handbuch (or Lehrbuch) der Physiologic
des Menschen," 2 vols., 1841-44.) which is considered
one of the best works ever written on that subject
There are few points of physiology on which he has not
thrown light by numerous observations or new ideas.
Among his numerous works are a Latin treatise " On
the Respiration of the Foetus," (1823,) and "Grundriss
der Vorlesungen iiber allgemeine Pathologic," (1829.)
Many of his works are illustrated by figures designed
by himself. He edited a journal called " Archives of
Anatomy and Physiology," (1834-40.) In the opinion of
some critics, Muller was the first physiologist of Europe.
He died in Berlin in April, 1858.
See RODOLPH VIRCHOW, "Joannes Muller." 1858; " NouvelV
Biographic Ge'ne'rale;" C. DARESTB, "Jean Muller, ses Travaux,'
etc, in the " Revue Germanique" for February, April, and June,
1859 : " Biographic Univereelle."
Muller, (JoHANN,) a German natural philosopher of
the nineteenth century. He was professor of physics
at Friburg, in Brisgau. He published " Elements of
Experimental Physics," (3d edition, 1852.)
Muller, (JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM,) a German
engraver, son of Johann Gotthard von Muller, noticed
below, was born at Stuttgart in 1782. Having completed
his studies in Paris, he was appointed in 1814 professor
of engraving in the Academy of Arts at Dresden,
where he was charged with the execution of a plate
after Raphael's "Madonna di San Sisto." His severe
application to this work caused his death soon after the
completion of the print, (1816.) Besides the above-
named, which is esteemed his master-piece, Mullet
engraved "The Four Seasons," after Jordaens, "Saint
John," after Domenichino, and portraits of Schiller
and Hufeland,
Muller, (JOHANN GOTTWERTH,) a German litttra-
Kur, born at Hamburg in 1744, was the author of " Comic
Tales from the Papers of the Brown Man." Died in 1828.
Muller, (JOHANN HEINRICH,) a German astronomer
and natural philosopher, born at Nuremberg in 1671,
published many works on astronomy, etc. Died in 173'.
Muller, (JOHANN HEINRICH JAKOB,) a German phys-
icist, born in Cassel, April 30, 1809. He studied at
Bonn and Giessen, and in 1844 became professor of
physical science at Freiburg. He published "Text-
Book of Physics and Meteorology," (1842, based on
Poillet's "Elements,") "Text-Book of Cosmical Phys-
ics," (1856,) works on crystallography, etc. D. in 1875.
Muller, (JOHANN JAKOB,) an excellent landscape-
painter, born at Riga in 1765. He worked at Stuttgart
and in Italy. Died in 1832.
Muller, (JOHANN SEBASTIAN,) a German engraver,
born at Nuremberg in 1715. His plates for the "Sexual
System of Linnaeus Illustrated" are among his best
works. Died in 1783.
Muller, JULIUS,) a German Protestant theologian, a
brother of K. O. Muller, was born at Brieg, in Silesia, April
10, 1801. He was professor of theology at Gottingen,
l834-35, at Marburg, 1835-39, and at Halle. His most
noted work is "The Christian Doctrine of Sin," (1839.)
Died September 27, 1878.
Muller, (KARL FRIEDRICH,) a German musician, born
in 1797, the eldest of four brothers, celebrated quartet
players, who made extensive tours under the name of
" The Muller Brothers," and the father of four sons, who
formed a famous quartet, known as " The younger Muller
Brothers." The brothers of Karl were THEODOR HEIN-
RICH GUSTAV, born 1799, died 1855 ; AUGUST THEODOR,
born 1802, died 1875 ; FRANZ FERDINAND GEORG, born
1808, died 1855. His sons are BERNHARD, born in 1825 ;
KARL, born in 1829; HUGO, born in 1832; and WILHELM,
born in 1834. The younger quartet was broken up in
1873 by the appointment of Wilhelm as Kammermusikus
and teacher at the Hochschule fur Musik in Berlin.
Muller, (KARL Otfried — or'fReet,) a distinguished
German scholar, historian, and antiquary, was born at
Brieg, in Silesia, in 1797. He studied at Breslau, and
subsequently devoted himself to philology at Berlin
under the celebrated Bockh. He became in 1817 pro-
fessor of ancient languages in the Magdalenum at Bres-
lau, and in 1819 obtained the chair of archaeology and
Grecian art at Gottingen. In this post his able and
eloquent lectures, and the numerous admirable works
he published during the fifteen years following, gave a
new impulse to the study of philology and antiquities
a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, T, 6, u, ?, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; n6t; good; moon:
MULLER
1783
MULLIGAN
In Germany. In 1839 Muller visited Italy, and the next
year arrived at Athens. Having greatly fatigued himself
while making excavations at Delphi, he was soon after
attacked by a fever, of which he died in 1840. He was
buried near the ruins of the Academy, and the Univer-
sity of Athens erected a monument over his grave.
Among his principal works are his " History of the
Hellenic Races and Cities," (1820,) "The Dorians,"
("Die Dorier," 2 vols., 1824-30,) "Introduction to a
Scientific System of Mythology," (1825,) "On the Origin
and Ancient History of the Macedonians," (1825,)
" The Etruscans," (2 vols., 1828,) " Manual of the Archae-
ology of Art," (1830,) and "History of the Literature
of Ancient Greece," (1840.)
See BROCKHAUS, " Conversations-Lexikon ;" "Nouvelle Biogra-
phic Ge'ne'rale ;" " Foreign Quarterly Review" for January, 1839.
Muller, (LunwiG CHRISTIAN,) a German engineer
and mathematician, born in the march of Pregnitz in
1744. He served for a time in the Seven Years' war,
and became in 1786 professor of mathematics in the
Academy of Engineers at Potsdam. He wrote several
valuable treatises on military tactics. Died in 1804.
Muller, mul'ler, (OTHO FREDERIK,) an eminent Danish
naturalist, born at Copenhagen in 1730. Being appointed
in 1753 tutor to a young nobleman, he availed himself,
while travelling with him, of the facilities for increasing
his knowledge of botany and zoology. In 1764 he pub-
lished his " Fauna Insectorum Friedrichsdaliana," and in
1767 his "Flora Friedrichsdaliana," giving an account
of the insects and plants of Friedrichsdal. The great
merit of these productions caused him to be appointed
by King Frederick V. to continue the publication of the
" Flora Danica," a magnificent work, surpassing anything
o.r the kind that had hitherto appeared. Muller added
two volumes to the three already published by Oeder.
In 1773-74 he brought out a treatise (in Latin) "On
Earth Worms and Fresh-Water Worms." In the first
part of this work he describes the infusoria, of which he
discovered many new species ; and he was the first
naturalist who distributed animalcules into genera and
species. In 1781 his treatise "On the Hydrachnaa"
appeared, and in 1785 one "On the Monoculi," both
written in Latin and illustrated with many plates. These
two works, together with a treatise on the Infusoria, (in
4to, with fifty plates,) published in 1786, are esteemed
his greatest productions. Muller had begun in 1779 a
"Zoologia Danica," a superb work, of which he pub-
lished two parts, each with forty coloured plates. Several
additions were made to it after his death, which took
place in 1784. Muller is characterized by Cuvier as one
of the most laborious and accurate observers of the
eighteenth century; and the same writer adds, "The In-
fusoria form, as it were, a new animal kingdom, which
he revealed to the world."
See HANSSEN, "Tal til Erindrmg af O. F. Miiller," 1787:
HIRSCHING, " Historisch-Iiterarisches Handbuch."
Muller, (OTTO,) a prolific German novelist, born at
Schotten, in Hesse, June I, 1816. He became court
librarian at Darmstadt, and afterwards was a journalist
at Mannheim and Frankfort, removing at a later date to
Stuttgart. Among his very numerous stories are " Charles
Otto Ackermann," (1854,) " Der Klosterhoff," (1859,)
"Der Wildpfarrer," (1866,) "Schatten und Hbhen,"
(1878,) etc. Died in 1894.
Muller, (PETER ERASMUS,) a learned Danish theolo-
gian and antiquary, born at Copenhagen in 1776. Having
completed his studies in Germany, he was appointed in
1801 professor of theology in the University of Copen-
hagen. In 1830 he succeeded Mu'nter as Bishop of
Seeland. Among his works are "Christian Moral
System," " Sagabibliothek," or " Library of the Sagas,"
and " Critical Examination of the Traditional History
of Denmark and Norway from 1805 to 1830." Died
in 1834.
See KRAFT og NYEKUP, " Almindeligt Litteraturlexicon," etc.
Miiller, (SOPHIE,) one of the most celebrated tragic
actresses of the German stage, born at Manheim in 1803.
She visited successively Vienna, Dresden, and Berlin,
where ner performances elicited the warmest applause.
In private life she was highly esteemed. Died in 1830.
Muller, (WENZEL,) a popular German opera-com-
poser, born in Moravia in 1767. He was appointed in
1786 chapel -master at Vienna. Among his numerous
works is " The Magic Guitar." Died in 1835.
Muller, (WiLHEl.M,) one of the most distinguished
lyric poets of Germany, born at Dessau in 1794. Having
visited Italy in 1817, he published, after his return,
" Poems from the Papers left by a Travelling Bugle-
Player," (" Gedichten aus den hinterlassenen Papieren
eines reisenden Waldhornisten," 2 vols., 1821,) "Songs
of the Greeks," ("Liedern der Griechen," 1821,) and
"Lyrical Promenades," (" Lyrischen Spaziergangen.")
He also published the " Library of the German Poets of
the Seventeenth Century," (1822,) and was a contributor
to Ersch and Gruber's "Encyclopasdia." Died in 1827.
See LONGFELLOW, "Poets and Poetry of Europe."
Muller, (WILLIAM JOHN,) an eminent landscape-
painter, of German extraction, born at Bristol, in Eng-
land, in 1812. He studied under J. B. Pyne, and subse-
quently visited Egypt and Greece, where he executed a
number of admirable pictures. Among these we may
name his " Memnon at Sunset," " Turkish Merchants,"
etc., " View of Athens," and " Praver in the Desert."
Died in 1845.
Muller, von, (FERDINAND,) BARON, an Aus-
tralian botanist, born at Rostock, Germany, in 1825.
He explored Australia broadly in search of new
plants, travelling over ten thousand miles, and intro-
ducing many foreign plants. He wrote largely on the
subject of the Australian flora. Died in 1896.
Muller, von, fon muTler, (JOHANN GOTTHARD,) a
celebrated German engraver, born near Stuttgart in 1747.
He was patronized at an early age by Duke Charles
of Wurtemberg, by whose assistance he was enabled
to study in Paris under Wille. He was chosen a
member of the Academy of Fine Arts in 1776, and sub-
sequently became professor of engraving in the Academy
of Stuttgart, and obtained the order of the Wurtemberg
Crown. Among his master-pieces we may name the
"Madonna della Seggiola," after Raphael, "Saint Ce-
cilia," after Domenichino, and "The Battle of Bunk-
er's Hill," after Trumbull. Died in 1830.
Muller, von, fon muTler, (JOHANNES,) an eminent
Swiss historian, born at Schaffhausen, January 3, 1752,
He studied history at Gottingen under Schlozer, and
in 1772 published his "Cimbric War," ("Bellum Cim-
bricum.") He became, soon after, professor of Greek
in the College of Schaffhausen, from which he removed
to Geneva in 1774. About this date he formed a friend-
ship with Victor de Bonstetten. He published in 1780
the first volume of his " History of the Swiss," which
raised him to the first rank of historians. The second
edition of it was entitled "The History of the Swiss
Confederation," ("Die Geschichte der Schweizerischen
Eidgenossen," 1786.) He was appointed in 1786 aulic
councillor to the Elector of Mentz and librarian of the
University of Mentz. About 1790 he accepted from
Leopold II. of Austria the position of aulic councillor;
but, the publication of his Swiss history having been
prohibited by the Austrian court, he entered the service
of the King of Prussia, as privy councillor, in 1795. The
fourth volume of his great work appeared in 1805. IP
November, 1806, he had a private interview with Napo-
leon, who had invited him for that purpose, and who,
according to some authorities, effected some change in
Muller's political convictions. Through the influence
of Napoleon he was appointed a councillor of state and
director of public instruction by the King of Westphalia
in January, 1808. He died at Cassel in May, 1809.
Among his works are his correspondence with Bonstet-
ten, entitled " Letters of a Young Savant to his Friend,"
(iSoi,) and "Twenty-Four Books of Universal History,"
(3 vols., i8u.)
Muller von Konigswinter, muTler fon kb'nios-
win'ter, (WOLFGANG,) a German litterateur, born at
Konigswinter in 1816. He published "Ballads and
Romances," "Voyage on the Rhine," "Lorelei," a
charming collection of legendary ballads, and "The
May Queen," an interesting village story. Died in 1873.
Mul'U-gan, (JAMES A.,) an officer, born at Utica,
New York, 'in 1830. He removed in 1836 to Chicago,
; casj; ghiird; gas/;G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal: R, trilled; sasz: thasinMii. (JJ^^See Explanations, p. 23.)
MULLNER
1784
MUNDY
where he became editor of the " Western Tablet," a
Catholic journal. He distinguished himself by his defence
of Lexington, Missouri, in 1861, and was made a briga-
dier-general of Union volunteers in 1862. Died in 1864.
Milliner or Muellner, mtil'n?r, (AMADEUS GOTT-
FRIED ADOLF,) a German critic and dramatic writer,
born near Weissenfels in 1774, was a nephew of the
poet Burger. He became in 1820 associate editor of
the " Morgenblatt." Among his most popular dramas
are "The Confidants," "The Twenty-Ninth of Febru-
ary," and "Die Schuld," (1816.) Died in 1829.
See F. K I. ScHtirz, " Milliner's Leben und Geist," 1830; F.
WACHNSR, " Milliner in poetischer, kritischer und religioser Be-
liehung," 1831.
Mullet or Mulot, mulo', (FRANC.OIS VALENTIN,) a
French litterateur, born in Paris in 1749. He was a
member of the Legislative Assembly in 1791. Among
his works is " Le Muse'um de Florence, grave par David,"
(6 vols., 1788-95.) Died in 1804.
Mu'lock, (DiNAH MARIA,) an excellent and popular
English author, born in Staffordshire in 1826. Her prin-
cipal works are entitled " The Ogilvies," (1849.) " Olive,"
" The Head of the Family," " Agatha's Husband," (1852,)
"John Halifax, Gentleman," (1857,) "A Life for a Life,"
" A Woman's Thoughts about Women," " Studies from
Life," " A Noble Life," (1866,) " A Brave Lady," (1870,)
"Hannah," (1871,) "Adventures of a Brownie," (1872,)
"My Mother and I," (1874,) "Sermons out of Church,"
(1875,) and "A Legacy, being the Life and Remains of
John Martin, Schoolmaster and Poet," (1878.) In 1865
she married George Lillie Craik, Jr. Died in 1887.
Mulot. See MULLOT.
Mulready, mul'red-e, ( WILLIAM, ) a celebrated
painter, born at Ennis, in Ireland, in 1786. He entered
the Royal Academy at an early age, and subsequently
formed his style on the model of the Dutch and Flemish
masters. His "Idle Boys," exhibited in 1815, caused
his election as associate of the Academy, and a few
months later he was made a Royal Academician. Among
his other works are "The Fight Interrupted," "The
Roadside Inn," "Lending a Bite," "The Wolf and the
Lamb," " Crossing the Ford," and " First Love." His
" Choosing the Wedding-Gown," and other illustrations
of the " Vicar of Wakefield," are also master-pieces of
the kind, and have placed him in the first rank ofmodern
British artists. Died in 1863.
Mulsant, miil'soN', (MARTIAL STIENNE,) a French
naturalist, born at Marnard (Rh6ne) in 1797. He pub-
lished several works on entomology. Died Nov. 4, 1880.
Mum'ml-us, (Lucius,) an able Roman general, sur-
named ACHA'ICUS, was noted for his integrity. He
became praetor in 154 B.C., and consul in 146. In the
same year he defeated the Achaean League, destroyed
Corinth, and reduced Greece to a Roman province.
Many works of art found at Corinth were carried to
Rome to adorn the triumphal procession of Mummius,
which occurred in 145 B.C. and formed an epoch in the
history of Roman art. He was censor in 142 B.C., when
Scipio Africanus the Younger was his colleague.
MummoL See MUMMOLUS.
Mum'mo-lus, [Fr. MUMMOL, mii'mol',] (ENNius,)
an able Gallic general, became Count of Auxerre about
560 A.D., and commander of the army of Gontran of
Burgundy. He defeated the Lombards near Embrun
in 572, and Didier, Count of Toulouse, in 576. Having
revolted against Gontran, he was killed, by order of that
king, in 585 A.D.
Man, (THOMAS,) an English writer on commerce,
lived about 1620-40. He was a merchant of London,
and wrote " England's Treasure by Foreign Trade ; or,
The Balance of our Foreign Trade is the Rule of our
Treasure."
Munari degli Aretusi, moo-nl'ree dal'yee J-ra-too'-
see, (PELLEGRINO,) an Italian painter of Modena, was a
pupil of Raphael. Died in 1523.
Munatius Plancus. See PLANCUS.
Muncer. See MUNZER.
Munch, mdonk, (ANDREAS,) a Norwegian poet, cousin
of Peter Andreas, noticed below, was born in 1811. He
was author of "Poems, Old and New, "etc. Died in 1884.
Munch or Muench, mflnK, (ERNST HERMANN JO-
SEPH,) a Swiss historian and voluminous writer, born at
Rheinfelden in 1798. He became professor of ecclesias-
tical history and canon law at Liege, (1828.) He wrote
(in German) a " History of the House of Orange-Nassau,"
(1831-33,) "Universal History of Modern Times," (1833
-35,) and other works. Died in 1841.
Munch, (PETER ANDREAS,) an eminent Norwegian
antiquary and philologist, born at Christiania in 1810,
became professor of history in the university of his
native city, (1841.) He published Grammars of the
Runic, the Gothic, and the so-called Old Norwegian
languages, " Historical and Geographical Description
of Norway in the Middle Ages," (1849,) " History of
the Norse Nations," (" Del Norske Folks Historic," 3
" ; ,f
Norway," and the ancient " Edda." Died in 1884.
vols., 1853-59.) He also edited the "Ancient Laws of
Munch-Bellinghausen or Muench-Bellinghau-
aen, mTJnK belling-how'zen, (ELicius FRANZ JOSEPH,)
BARON, a German poet and dramatist, born in Mecklen-
burg-Schwerin in 1806, was known by the pseudonym
of FRIEDRICH HALM. He was the author of tragedies
entitled "Griseldis," (1835,) " The King and the Peas-
ant," (1841,) "The Son of the Wilderness," (1842,) and
"The Gladiator of Ravenna," (1857.) In 1845 ne was
appointed keeper of the Imperial Library at Vienna.
Died May 21, 1871.
Munchauaen or Muenchausen, mfi'nK'how'zen,
(GERLACH ADOLF,) BARON, a German statesman, born
at Hanover in 1688, was for many years curator of the
University of Gottingen. He made valuable contribu-
tions to the library of that institution, and founded the
Society of Sciences at Gottingen. He was appointed
first minister of Hanover in 1765. Died in 1770.
Miinchausen, commonly pronounced in English
miin-chaw's?n, (HiERONYMUS KARL FRIEDRICH,) BA-
RON, a famous German officer, whose name has become
proverbial as a synonym of extravagant boasting, was
born in Hanover in 1720. Having entered the Russian
service, he fought against the Turks in 1737. After his
return, he acquired great notoriety by his exaggerated
stories of adventure, a collection of which appeared
in England under the title of " Baron Munchausen's
Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in
Russia." It obtained great popularity, and was trans-
lated into German by Burger. Died in 1797.
See ELLISEN, " Nachriclu iiber den Freiherm von Miinchausen,"
prefixed lo his "Adventures," Berlin, 1849; ALLIBONE, "Diction-
ary of Authors," article "Raspe."
Munck. See MUNK.
Mundanella, moon-da-nel'lS, (Luici,) an Italian phy-
sician, born at Brescia, published "Theatrum Galeni,"
(1551.) Died about 1570.
Mun'day, (ANTHONY,) an English dramatist, bom
in 1554, wrote "The Downfall of Robert, Earl of Hun-
tingdon," and "The Widow's Charm," and published
an enlarged edition of Stowe's " Survey of London."
Died in 1633.
See COLLIER, " History of English Dramatic Poetry."
Mun'df n, (JOSEPH S.,) an English comedian, born in
London in 1758; died in 1832.
Mun-di'nus or Mondino da Luzzi, mon-dee'no
di loot'see, an Italian physician and anatomist, born in
the latter part of the thirteenth century, became pro-
fessor of medicine at Bologna. He is said to have
been the first among the moderns who dissected human
bodies. Died in 1326.
See PORTAL, " Histoire de 1'Anatomie."
Mundt, mdont, (THEODOR,) a German !ittfrateurl
born at Potsdam in 1808. He was appointed professor
of general literature and history at Breslau in 1848, and
in 1850 librarian of the University of Berlin. He pub-
lished numerous tales, romances, political essays, and
sketches of travel. Died May 30, 1861. His wife — origi-
nally LUISE MUHLBACH, (muTbaK) — also wrote a num-
ber of historical romances of a somewhat extravagant
character. Several of them have been translated into
English and have enjoyed great popularity. She died at
Berlin, September 26, 1873.
Mun'djf, (GEORGE RODNEY,) an English naval officer.
«, e, I, o, u, y, long; 4, e, o, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, p. obscure; fir, fall, fat; ni8t; not; good; mocn.
MUNDY
1785
MUNZER
a grandson of Admiral Rodney, was born in 1805. He
served as captain against the pirates of Borneo in 1846,
«nd published a " Narrative of Events in Borneo," (2
rols., 1848.) Died December 23, 1884.
Mun'djf, (JOHNSON MARCHANT,) an American
sculptor, born at New Brunswick, New Jersey, in
1832. He early developed a talent for sculpture, but
his sight gradually failed until he became almost
totally blind. Yet in this condition he modelled a
figure for a soldier monument in Sleepy Hollow, and
an heroic statue of Washington Irving, the crowning
work of his life. He died in 1897.
Mungo, SAINT. See KENTIGERN.
Munk or Munck, rnoonk, (HAN or JOHANN,) a
Danish navigator, born about 1589. He was sent about
1620 to search for a Northwest Passage. Died in 1628.
Munk, moonk, (SALOMON,) a German Orientalist,
born at Glogau in 1802. He studied in Paris under Sil-
vestre de Sacy, and was appointed in 1840 one of the
keepers of the Oriental manuscripts in the Imperial
Library. He was elected a member of the Academy
of Inscriptions in 1860. Among his works is a " Geo-
graphical, Historical, and Archaeological Description
of Palestine," (in French, 1845.) Died at Paris in 1867 |
Munkaczy, moon-kat'se, (MiHALY,) a Hungarian
painter, born at Munkacz in 1846. His relatives perished
in the Russian invasion of 1849, and he was apprenticed
to a carpenter. Later he studied painting, and gained
fame by his striking " Last Day of a Condemned
Man," exhibited in Paris in 1870, now in Philadelphia.
Other works were " Christ before Pilate" and ;
"Mozart's Last Moments." He became insane in
1897. Died May I, 1900.
Miinnich or Muennich, mBn'niK, (BURKHARD
CHRISTOPH,) COUNT, a Russian general and statesman,
of German extraction, born in 1683. Having served
against the French in 1712, he was afterwards patron-
ized by Peter the Great, and rose to be field-marshal
under the empress Anna. He subsequently gained a
series of victories over the Turks. He caused himself
to be made prime minister during the minority of Prince
Ivan ; but on the accession of Elizabeth he was exiled
to Siberia, in 1741. He was recalled by Peter III. in
1762. Died in 1767.
Munoz, moon-yoth', (EVARISTA,) a Spanish painter,
of high reputation, born at Valencia in 1671, was noted
for his gallantry and adventures. Died in 1737.
See QUILLIET, " Dictionnaire des Peintres Espagnols."
Munoz, (FERNANDO,) Duke of Rianzares, a Spanish
officer, born at Tarancon about 1810. He was secretly
married to the queen-regent Maria Christina in 1833.
They were married publicly in 1844. Died in 1873.
Munoz, (JuAN BAUTISTA,) a Spanish historian, born
near Valencia in 1745, was appointed cosmographer
to the Indies. He published a " History of the New
World," (1793,) which is highly eulogized hv Humboldt
Died in 1799.
Munoz, sometimes improperly written Mugnoz, (SE-
BASTIAN,) a Spanish artist, born at Naval Carnero in
1654, was one of the best Spanish fresco-painters of his
time. He was a pupil of Coello, and was appointed
painter to the king, Charles II., in 1688. Died in 1690.
See QUILLIET, " Dictionnaire des Peintres Espagnols," etc.
Munoz, (ToMAS,) a Spanish naval officer and en-
gineer, born about 1745. He defended the foundations
of Cadiz against the encroachments of the sea. Died
in 1823.
Mun-ro'. (HUGH ANDREW JOHNSTONE,) an eminent
British scholar, born at Elgin, Scotland, October 14, 1819.
He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and
was professor of Latin in Cambridge University, 1869-72.
His edition of Horace, and especially his editions of
Lucretius, (1860, 1864, 1866, and 1870, the latter with
notes and a translation,) are of very high value, as also
his "Elucidations of Catullus," (1878.) Died in
1885.
Munro, (NEIL,) a Scotch author, born at Inverary
in 1864. His works include "The Lost Pibroch,"
"Celtic Tales," (1896,) "John Splendid," (1898,)
" The Paymaster's Boy," (1899,) etc.
Munro, (ROBERT,) a Scotch archaeologist, born in
Ross-shire in 1835. He published " Lake Dwellings
of Scotland," (1882,) " Lake Dwellings of Europe,"
(1890,) " Prehistoric Problems," (1897,) etc.
Mun-ro', (Sir THOMAS,) an able English general and
governor, born at Glasgow in 1760 or 1761. He went
to India about 1780, and entered the army of the East
India Company. Having served with distinction in
several campaigns, he was also employed in important
civil offices. In 1819 he was appointed Governor of
Madras, and raised to the rank of major-general. He
died in India in 1826 or 1827.
Munroe, (KlRK,) an American author, born in
Wisconsin in 1856. He edited " Harper's Round
Table," (1879-82.) Founded League of American
Wheelmen in 1880. His books, which are numerous,
are all tales of adventure for boys.
Mun'sell, (JoEL,) an American printer and jour-
nalist, born at Northfield, Massachusetts, in 1808,
published the " Every-Day Book of History and
Chronology," " Annals of Albany," and other works.
Died January 15, 1880.
Mun'son, (JAMES EUGENE,) a phonographer, was
born at Paris, New York, in 1835, and for over thirty
years was court stenographer in New York city. He
invented a typesetting machine and devised a system
of shorthand, publishing "The Complete Phonog-
rapher," etc.
Munster, von, fon moon'ster, (ERNST FRIEDRICH
HERBERT,) COUNT, a Hanoverian politician, born in
1766. He was a member of the Congress of Vienna
in 1814. Died in 1839.
Mun'ster, (GEORGE FITZCLARENCE,) EARI. OF, an
English general, born in 1794, was a natural son of King
William IV. He served with distinction in the Penin-
sular war, and afterwards in India. He wrote a "Journal
of Travels in India," (1819.) Died in 1842.
Munster or Muenster, mttn'ster, (SEBASTIAN,) a
German theologian and Orientalist, born at Ingelsheim
in 1489, became professor of Hebrew and Biblical litera-
ture at Heidelberg. He published a Latin translation
of the Hebrew Bible, (with notes,) and a " Universal Cos-
mography." " Munster," says De Thou, " was so learned
in theology and geography that he was styled the Esdras
and Strabo of Germany." Died in 1552.
Muntaner En Ramon, moon-ta-naiR' Sn ra-mon',
a Spanish chronicler, born in Catalonia in 1265. His
principal work is a "History of the Achievements of
the Princes of Aragon, from James the Conqueror to
Alfonso IV." The writer narrates, in a pleasing, un-
affected style, events of which he was a witness, and his
chronicle is esteemed one of the best of the middle ages.
Died in 1336.
Munter or Muenter, mun'ter, (BALTHASAR,) a Ger-
man pulpit orator and writer of sacred poetry, born at
Lubeck in 1735. His "Collections of Spiritual Congs"
are greatly esteemed by his countrymen. In 1772 he
attended the unfortunate Count Struensee a short time
before his execution, and afterwards wrote an account
of his conversion. This work became widely celebrated,
and was translated into the principal European lan-
guages. Died in 1793.
Munter, (FRI^DRICH,) son of the precedpig, born in
1761, became successively professor of theology at Co-
penhagen (1790) and Bishop of Seeland, (1808.) He
also attained great distinction as an antiquary and
Oriental scholar. Among his most important works is
a treatise "On the Symbols and Art-Representations
of the Early Christians." Died in 1830. FREDERIKA
SOPHIA CHRISTIANA BRUN, sister of the preceding,
was likewise celebrated as an author.
Miinzer, Muenzer, or Muncer, mSnt'ser, (THOMAS,)
\ German fanatic, who held principles similar to the
Anabaptists. Having collected forty thousand followers,
they committed many outrages ; but they were at length
defeated by the Landgrave of Hesse and his allies, and
Miinzer was executed, (1526.)
€ as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as./; G, H, K,gitttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as s; th as in this. ( 2^=See Explanations, p. 23. )
MUNZINGER
1786
MURCHISON
Munzinger, moont'sing-er, (WERNER,) a Swiss ex-
plorer, born at Olten, April 4, 1832. He was a mer-
chant, and afterwards British consul, and then French
consul, at Massowah, in Egyptian Abyssinia. After an
adventurous life in various parts of the northeast of
Africa, he was killed in a battle with the Gallas, Novem-
ber 14, 1875. He left several books of travel, a Tigie
vocabulary, etc.
Mora, da, da moo'ri, (FRANCESCO,) sometimes called
FRANCESCHETTO, (fran-chJs-keYto,) an Italian painter,
born at Naples. He painted several works in the palace
of the King of Sardinia. Died about 1745.
Murad. See MOORAD.
Murad, (Sultans of Turkey.) See AMURATH.
Murad Bey. See MOORAD BEY.
Muraire, mii'rjR', (HONORS,) COUNT, a French judge
and politician, born at Draguignan in 1750. He was
elected to the Council of Elders in 1795, was banished
in 1797, and was appointed first president of the court
of cassation in Paris in 1804. Died in 1837.
Muralt, de, deh moo'rllt, (BEAT Louis,) a Swiss
Htth-attur, born at Berne. He wrote a " History of Fred-
erick the Great of Prussia," and various other works.
Died in 1760.
Muralt, de, (JEAN,) a Swiss physician and naturalist,
born at Zurich in 1645. He became professor of physics
and mathematics at Zurich in 1645, and published several
scientific works. Died in 1733.
Murant, mii-rant', ? (EMMANUEL,) a Dutch landscape-
painter, born at Amsterdam in 1622. His works are
finely finished. Died at Leeuwarden in 1700.
Murat, mu'rt', (JEAN,) a French painter, born at
Felletin in 1807. He gained the grand prize in 1837
for a picture of " Noah Offering Sacrifice." Died at Pans,
September 25, 1863.
Murat, [sometimes Anglicized in pronunciation as
mu-rat',] (JOACHIM,) a celebrated marshal of the French
empire, and King of Naples, was born near Cahors, in
the south of France, in 1771. His father was an inn-
keeper. Soon after the Revolution began, young Murat
entered the guard of Louis XVI., from which he passed
into a regiment of chasseurs. As he was a warm parti-
san of the popular cause, he was rapidly promoted, and
in the campaign of 1796 was a favourite aide-de-camp
of Bonaparte, whose fortunes he thenceforth followed
and shared. Having signalized his impetuous bravery
in the campaigns of Italy and Egypt, he was made a
general of division in 1799. Soon after Bonaparte ob-
tained the chief power, he gave to Murat his sister
Caroline in marriage. Murat commanded the cavalry at
Marengo in 1800, and was appointed governor of Paris
in 1804, with the rank of general-in-chief. He received
a marshal's baton in 1804, and in 1806 was created Grand
Duke of Berg and Cleves. At Austerlitz, Jena, and
Eylau he directed the cavalry with brilliant effect He
was pronounced by Napoleon "the best cavalry officer
in Europe," and was admired for his handsome figure,
gorgeous costume, and chivalrous demeanour.
Murat commanded the arrny which invaded Spain in
1808, and in the same year was placed on the throne
of Naples, where he was received with general joy, and
reigned liberally and peacefully until 1812. He shared
the reverses of the Russian campaign, (1812,) and in
1813 again fought for Napoleon, whose cause he deserted
after the battle of Leipsic. He made a treaty with the
court of Vienna in January, 1814, and engaged to sup-
port the allies with his army ; but he failed to aid them
efficiently, and was accused of duplicity. As the Con-
gress of Vienna appeared indisposed to recognize his
claim, he secretly renewed his relations with the exiled
emperor, whose cause he openly espoused in March,
1815. Calling the Italians to rise for liberty, he com-
menced hostilities against the Austrians in Northern
Italy, but was repulsed and finally defeated at Macerata
in May, and then fled to France. In October, 1815, he
landed with about thirty men in his former kingdom, and
made a desperate attempt to recover it, but was soon
captured and shot As a ruler, he appears to have been
mild and humane, but he was deficient in political ability
as well as moral courage. His wife survived him many
years, and took the title of Countess of Lipano. (See
BONAPARTE, CAROLINE.) Murat left two sons, Napoleon
Achille and Lucien Charles Joseph.
See F. MACIRONE, "Interesting Facts relating to the Fall, etc.
ofj. Murat;" A. DH BEAUCHAMP, "Catastrophe de Murat ;" LRON
GALLOIS, " Histoire de Joachim Mtrat," 1828; A. SERIBYS, "Vie
Dublique et privee de Joachim Murat." 1816; A. BRUGGEMANS,
"Leven en Lotgevallen van Joachim Murat," 1816; C. MIRAMONT,
'Vie de J. Murat, Roi de Naples," 1836; THIBRS, " History of tha
French Revolution ;" " Blackwood's Magazine" for August, 1826.
Murat, (NAPOLEON ACHILLE,) a son of the preceding,
was born in Paris in 1801. He emigrated to Florida
about 1822. He wrote a "Moral and Political View of
the United States," (1832,) and several other short
works. Died in Jefferson county, Florida, in 1847.
Murat, (NAPOLEON LUCIEN CHARLES,) PRINCE, a
French senator, born at Milan in 1803, was a son of
Joachim Murat. He married Miss Fraser, an American,
about 1827. After a long exile, he was permitted to enter
France in 1848. He supported the policy of Napoleon
III., who appointed him a senator in 1852. Died 1878.
Muratori, moo-ra-to'ree, (LuDOVico ANTONIO,) an
eminent Italian scholar, historian, and antiquary, born
near M6dena in 1672. He became librarian and ar-
chivist to the Duke of Modena in 1700, and continued in
this office till his death. He published in 1751 his great
work entitled " Writers of Italian History," (" Rerum
Italicorum Scriptores," 27 vols. fol., 1723-38,) which was
followed by his " Italian Antiquities of the Middle Ages,"
(6 vols., 1738,) " New Treasury of Ancient Inscriptions,"
(6 vols., 1739,) and "Annals of Italy," (in Italian, 12 vols.,
1744.) He died in 1750, with the reputation of one of
the most learned men of his time.
Ti
18: "Nouvelle Biographic Generale."
MuravieS. See MOORAVIEF.
Murawiew or Murawjew. See MOORAVIEF.
Murazan, moo-ra-san', (JUAN,) a South America*
patriot, born at San Salvador in 1796, was president
of the republic of Guatemala from 1831 to 1838. Died
in 1852.
Mur'-ehl-spn, (CHARLES,) a British physician, born
in Jamaica in 1830. He graduated at the University
of Edinburgh, and practised medicine with great success
in London. He published a "Treatise on Continued
Fevers," and " Lectures on Diseases of the Liver."
Died April 23, 1879.
Mur'cM-son, (Sir RODERICK IMPEY,) an eminent
British geologist, bom at Taradale, Ross-shire, Scotland,
on the iQth of February, 1792, was a son of Kenneth
Murchison. He was educated at the Military College
of Marlow, entered the army in 1807, and served in seve-
ral battles in the Peninsula. He was also on the staff of
his uncle, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, in Sicily. He mar-
ried a daughter of General Hugonin in 1815, and quitted
the army about 1816. By the advice of Sir Humphry
Davy, he applied himself to the study of natural science,
and attended lectures at the Royal Institution. Abouti825
he produced a " Geological Sketch of the Northwestern
Extremity of Sussex." He became a member of th»
Geological Society in 1825, and of the Royal Society in
1826. In company with Sir Charles Lyell, he explored
in 1828 the geology of Auvergne, Provence, and Pied-
mont, on which they wrote jointly three memoirs. In
1830 he began to examine the older sedimentary strata
of England and Wales, to which he gave the name of
Silurian system. He published the results of these
researches in an important work entitled "The Silurian
System." He was the first who discovered the relations
of these palaeozoic strata and classified them according
to the succession of organic remains. In 1845 Mr.
Murchison and M. de Verneuil published " The Geology
of Russia and the Ural Mountains," (2 vols. 410.) The
former received the honour of knighthood in 1846. He
was elected president of the Royal Geographical So-
ciety in 1844 and 1852, and received the Copley medal
in 1849, for the establishment of the Silurian system.
Among his numerous works is " Siluria : the History
of the oldest known Rocks containing Organic Remains,
with a Brief Sketch of the Distribution of Gold over the
Earth," (1854.) He had been chosen president of the
Geological Society several times between 1830 and 1842.
», e, T, o, u, y, long; a, e, o, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, obscure; far, fall, fat; m§t: n6t; good; moon.
MURDOCH
1787
MURPHY
In 1855 he was appointed Director-Genetal of the Geo-
logical Survey of the United Kingdom. He was elected
president of the Royal Geographical Society in 1864,
and received the Copley medal in 1866. Died in 1871.
See " Nouvelle Biographic Generale :" "Edinburgh Review" for
July. 1860: "Quarterly Review" for July. 1868; "Eclectic Maga-
zine" for December. 1864, (with a portrait ;) " North British Review"
for August, 1854 ; " Men of the Time" for 1868.
Murdoch, mur'dok, (JAMES EDWARD,) an American
actor and elocutionist, born in Philadelphia, January 25,
1811. His first public performance was in Philadelphia
in 1829. In 1833 he appeared successfully in the charac-
ter of "Romeo," with Miss Fanny Kemble as "Juliet,"
and from that time became a leading actor in tragedy
and comedy. About five years later he retired from the
stage, and opened a school in Boston for mental and
physical training. He afterwards returned to the stage,
and in 1853 he visited California. In 1855 he went to
Europe, and while in London performed at the Hay-
market Theatre with great applause. He returned to the
United States in 1857. Mr. Murdoch's style was strictly
original, his articulation distinct, and his versatility and
range of character remarkable. During the civil war he
devoted his time and attention to the Union cause, giving
readings and recitations in the camps, caring for the sick
and wounded, and rousing the people to the aid of the
suffering. He served for some time on the staff of Gen-
eral Rousseau. After the war he returned to his pro-
fession. Died May 19, 1893.
Mur'do«h, or Mur'dock, (WILLIAM,) a Scottish
inventor, born near Auchinleck, August 25, 1754. In
1792 he lighted his own house with coal-gas, in 1784 he
made a small locomotive steam-engine, and the first
oscillating engine was devised by him. Died in 1839.
Mur'dock, (JAMES,) D.D., a learned American Con-
gregational divine, born at Westbrook, Connecticut, in
1776. He graduated at Yale College, and was appointed
professor of ancient languages at the University of Ver-
mont in 1815, and in 1819 of sacred rhetoric and eccle-
siastical history in the theological seminary of Andover.
He translated from the German Mosheim's "Institutes
of Ecclesiastical History," and Munscher's " Elements
of Dogmatic History," (1830,) and published several
original works. Died in 1856.
Mure, miir, (WILLIAM,) a Scottish critic and scholar
of great eminence, born at Caldwell in 1799. He studied
at Edinburgh, and subsequently at Bonn, in Germany,
»nd after his return was elected to Parliament for Ren-
frew, in 1846. He published in 1850 his "Critical Ac-
count of the Language and Literature of Ancient Greece,"
(5 vols. 8vo,) which is esteemed a standard work. He
was also the author of a " Calendar of the Zodiac of
Ancient Egypt," (1832,) and "Journal of a Tour in
Greece," (1838.) He was elected in 1855 'or<^ rector
of the University of Glasgow. Died in 1860.
Mure, (Sir WILLIAM,) a Scottish poet, born in Ayr-
shire about 1594, was the author of traditional "Ballads
and Songs." Died in 1657.
See CHAMBERS, *' Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;"
" Edinburgh Review" for October, 1850.
Mn-re'na, (A. TERENTIUS VARRO,) was consul mfectiu
in 23 B.C., and was put to death in 22 for complicity in
the conspiracy of Fannius Caspio.
Murena, moo-ra'ni, (CARLO,) an Italian architect,
born in 1713, was a pupil of Vanvitelli. He worked in
Rome. Died in 1764.
Murena, (Lucius LICINIUS,) a Roman soldier and
consul, was one of the lieutenants of Sulla, whom he
accompanied in his campaign against Mithridates. After
Sulla made peace with Mithridates, in 84 B.C., Murena
remained in Asia and renewed hostilities. Died about
80 B.C.
Murena, (Lucius I.iciNrus,) a Roman general, who
served under Lucullus in Asia. He was elected praetor
about 65, and consul in 63 B.C. Having been accused
of bribery in the year last named, he was defended by
Cicero and acquitted.
See CICERO, " Oratio pro Murana."
Mures, moo'res, (ALONZO,) a Spanish painter, born
in 1695. He worked at Badajoz, where he died in 1761.
Muret, mu'ri', [Lat. MURE'TUS,] (MARC ANTOINE,)
a French classical scholar, born at Muret, in Limousin,
in 1526. He lectured on philosophy and law at Paris,
which he quitted about 1552. He afterwards lived in
Venice and Rome, and was patronized by Ippolito
d'Este. In 1563 he opened a course of philosophy at
Rome, where he became professor of civil law about
1566. He was styled the "luminary and pillar of the
Roman school" by Pope Gregory XIII. He composed
commentaries on Aristotle, Cicero, Horace, Tacitus, and
other classic authors. Among his various works are
Latin poems and "Varise Lectiones." Died in Rome
in 1585.
Muret, (THEODORE C£sAR,) a French litterateur, born
at Rouen in 1808. He wrote a number of dramas and
histories, among which is a " History of the Wars of
the West," (5 vols., 1848.) Died July 23, 1866.
Mur'free, (MAR\'NoAlLLES,)an American novelist,
born at Grantlands, Tennessee, in 1850. Under the
pseudonym of Charles Egbert Craddock she wrote a
series of popular novels, including " In the Tennessee
Mountains," (1884,) "The Prophet of the Great
Smoky Mountains," (1885,) " In the Stranger-
People's Country," (1891,) "The Phantoms of the
Foot-Bridge," (1895,) " The Juggler," (1897,) etc.
Murger, mu'R'zha', (HENRY,) a French litterateur,
born in Paris in 1822, contributed to the " Revue des
Deux Mondes" a number of tales and dramas. His
most popular work is entitled "Scenes in Bohemian
Life." Died in 1861.
See G. PLANCHB, in the " Revue des Deux Mondes," 1853.
Muriel, moo-re-?!', (ANDRES,) a Spanish litterateur,
born in Old Castile in 1776, settled in Paris about 1812.
He wrote on Spanish history, and translated into French
Coxe's "Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House
of Bourbon," (Paris, 6 vols., 1827.)
Murillo, mu-ril'lo, [Sp. pron. moo-rel'yo,] (BAR-
TOLOM£ ESTEBAN,) the most celebrated painter of the
Spanish school, was born at Seville in 1618, and was a
pupil of his uncle, Juan del Castillo. About the age of
twenty-four he went to Madrid, where he derived ad-
vantage from the friendly counsels of Velasquez and
perfected himself in his art. Having returned to Seville
in 1645, ne soon acquired a high reputation in history,
portraits, and other branches of painting. He was pa-
tronized by the King of Spain, and adorned the churches
of Madrid, Seville, and Cadiz with his works. As a
colorist he surpassed all other Spanish artists. His
productions are remarkable for originality, fidelity to
nature, freedom of touch, and softness, splendour, and
harmony of colour. He delighted and excelled in the
representation of virgin saints and of beggar-boys at
play. Among his master-pieces are " Moses Striking
the Rock," " The Marriage of Saint Catherine," " Saint
Elizabeth of Hungary," "Christ Feeding the Five
Thousand," a "Young Beggar," "The Prodigal Son," a
"Holy Family," and "Saint Anthony of Padua." He
died, in consequence of a fall from a scaffold, in 1682.
Muris, de, deh mu'ress', (JEAN,) a learned French
ecclesiastic, sometimes called MEURS or MURS, lived
about 1310-40. He was the author of a valuable treat-
ise on music, entitled " Speculum Musicae," an abridg-
ment of which has been published. Died after 1345.
Mumer, mooR'ner, (THOMAS,) a famous German
satirist and controversialist, born at Strasburg in 1475.
He possessed uncommon abilities and caustic wit, and
the offensive personalities in which he indulged kept
him in constant warfare with his contemporaries. His
satires are chiefly directed against Luther and his asso-
ciate Reformers ; and some of them are regarded is the
ablest which have been levelled at the Reformation.
He also wrote " The World of Fools," and " The Mill
of Schwindelsheim," in which he keenly satirized the
follies of the time. Died about 1536.
See WALDAU, " Nachrichten von Mumers Leben," 1775; Fud-
CBL, " Geschichte der komischen Literatur."
Mur'phy, (ARTHUR,) a dramatic and miscellaneous
writer, born in the county of Roscommon, in Ireland,
about 1728. He edited for a time "The Gray's-Inn
Journal," and wrote, among other plays, a tragedy
/fc.- casj; gkard; gas /'; G, H, H, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasz,' th as in this.
e Explanations, p. 23.)
MURPHY
1788
MURRA Y
entitled "The Grecian Daughter," and "The Way to
Keep Him," a comedy. He also made a translation of
Tacitus, and wrote the Lives of Johnson and Garrick.
Died in 1805.
See J. FOOT, "Life of Arthur Murphy."
Murphy, (FRANCIS,) a temperance advocate, born
at Wexford, Ireland, in 1836. He served in the
American civil war, and in 1870 began a highly
successful career as a temperance lecturer, inducing
great numbers to sign the pledge. He afterwards
lectured successfully in England, and was chaplain in
the Spanish- American war.
Murphy, (JAMES CAVANAGH,) a distinguished archi-
tect and writer, born in Ireland about 1760. In 1788 he
visited Portugal, and after his return published an ac-
count of that country. Among his principal works we
may name "The Arabian Antiquities of Spain," with 97
plates, (1813-16.) Died in 1816.
Murphy, (ROBERT,) an excellent self-taught Irish
mathematician, born at Mallow in 1806. In 1825 he
entered Caius College, Cambridge, of which he was
chosen a Fellow in 1829. He became a resident of
London in 1836. Among his works are "Analysis of
the Roots of Equations," and "The Theory of Algebraic
Equations," published by the Useful Knowledge Society.
Died in 1843.
Murr, von, fon mooR, (CHRISTOPH GOTTLIEB,) a
German scholar and antiquary, born at Nuremberg about
1734, published an "Essay on the History of the Greek
Tragic Poets," (1760,) "Antiquities of Herculaneum,"
(6 vols., 1777-82,) and a number of historical works,
among which is " Commentatio de Re diplomatica Fre-
derici II.," (1756.) He was noted for his various and
extensive learning. Died in 1811.
Murray, mur're ? (ADOLPHUS,) a Swedish physician,
born at Stockholm in 1 750. He was professor of anatomy
at Upsal. Died in 1803.
Murray, mur're, (ALEXANDER,) an eminent Scottish
linguist, born at Dunkitterick in 1775. The son of a
shepherd, his early instruction was very limited ; but,
with the aid of a powerful memory and his persevering
exertions, he acquired, before the age of twenty, the
French, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages. He
entered the University of Edinburgh in 1794, where he
studied theology and became versed in the Oriental
tongues. He was appointed professor of those languages
it Edinburgh in 1812, and soon after was created D.D.
He died in 1813, of consumption. His principal work
is a " History of the European Languages," etc., (1813.)
Murray, mur're, (CHARLES,) an English actor and
dramatist, born in Hertfordshire in 1754. His principal
plays are entitled "The Experiment," and "The New
Maid of the Oaks." Died in 1821.
Murray, (CHARLES AUGUSTUS,) an English diplo-
matist, a son of the Earl of Dunmore, was born about
1806. He was sent as envoy to Persia in 1854, and as
minister to Saxony in 1859. He wrote " Travels among
the Indians of North America," (1839.) His Indian
tale or novel entitled "The Prairie Bird" (1844) has
been warmly praised. Died June }, 1895.
Murray, (DAVID CHRISTIE,) an English novelist,
born at West Bromwich, April 13, 1847. He was a
successful journalist of London. His tales include " A
Life's Atonement," (1879,) "Coals of Fire," (1881,) "The
Way of the World," (1883,) "The Making of a
Novelist," (1894,) "The Bishop's Amazement,"
(1896,) etc.
Murray, (EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE,) known as
GRENVILLE Murray, an English author, a son of the
Duke of Buckingham, was born October 2, 1819, and
was educated at Oxford. He entered the diplomatic
service when young, remaining in it with brief intervals
from 1845 to 1868, when he became involved in vexatious
suits with the government and was bankrupted and out-
lawed.
(1853,) "Embassies and Foreign Courts," "The Roving
Englishman," (this became his literary pseudonym,)
"Young Brown," (a novel, 1874,) "Turkey," (1877,)
"The Russians of To-Day," (1878,) and many other
works. Died in 1881.
Murray, (Sir GEORGE,) a British general, born m
Perthshire in 1772. He served in Flanders and Egypt
with distinction, and rendered important services as
quartermaster-general in the Peninsular war, (1808-14,)
after which he was employed in France as lieutenant-
general of the army of occupation. He was appointed
governor of the Royal Military College at Woolwich
about 1819, and secretary of state for the colonies in
1828. In 1841 he became master-general of the ord-
nance. Died in 1846.
SeeCuAMBBKS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Murray, (HUGH,) a Scottish geographer and miscel-
laneous writer, born in East Lothian in 1779. Among
his principal works are "Discoveries and Travels in
America," (1829,) "Encyclopedia of Geography," (1834,)
and " History of British India." Died in 1846.
See " Quarterly Review" for January, 1821.
Murray, (JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY,) a British
philologist, born in 1837. He won reputation as a
philologist by his "Dialects of the Southern Counties
of Scotland," (1873,) and in 1879 began the great
task of editing the Philological Society's New English
Dictionary.
Murray or Moray, (JAMES STUART,) EARL OF, often
called REGENT MURRAY, born about 1533, was a natural
son of James V. of Scotland and Margaret Erskine. In
1558 he joined the " Lords of the Congregation," as the
Protestant chiefs styled themselves, and in 1560 was sent
to France to invite Queen Mary (his half-sister) to return
to her kingdom She returned in 1561, and he became
her most favoured and powerful minister, and was made
Earl of Murray. His talents, firmness, and courage had
already caused the Reformers to regard him as the head
of their party. The marriage of Mary with Darnley,
(1565.) against the advice of Murray, caused a breach
between him and the queen, which was afterwards greatly
widened by the countenance she showed to Darnley's
murderers. Mary having been deposed, he was ap-
pointed regent of the kingdom in August, 1567. In
1568 she escaped from Lochleven Castle, and raised an
army, which was quickly routed by the regent at Lang-
side. At the trial of Mary, which Queen Elizabeth in-
stituted, the regent appeared as evidence against the
captive queen. By this and other acts he had incurred
the bitter hatred of the queen's party, and they resolved
upon his destruction. In January, 1570, he was waylaid,
shot, and mortally wounded by James Hamilton of
Bothwellhaugh, a notorious desperado, who was after-
wards selected by the agents of Philip II. to assassinate
the Prince of Orange.
The character of the regent Murray has been estimated
very differently, according to the temper or prejudice of
those who have judged him. By his firmness, modera-
tion, humanity, and impartial justice, he appears to have
well deserved the title of "the Good Regent," by which
he was known among the people of Scotland. "Those,"
observes Froude, "who can see only in the Protestant
religion an uprising of Antichrist, and in the Queen
of Scots the beautiful victim of sectarian iniquity, have
exhausted upon Murray the resources of eloquent vitu-
peration, and have described him as a perfidious brother,
building up his own fortunes on the wrongs of his in-
jured sovereign. . . . But facts prevail at last, however
passionate the predilection ; and, when the verdict of
plain human sense can get itself pronounced, the 'good
regent' will take his place among the best and greatest
men who have ever lived."
Murray, (JOHAN ANDERS,) a Swedish physician and
botanist, born at Stockholm in 1740, was a pupil of Lin-
naeus. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences
of Stockholm, and of the Royal Society of Gottingen,
and was created a privy councillor by the King of Eng-
land. Linnaeus gave the name of Mtirrayn exotica to
an East Indian tree. He was a brother of Adolphus,
noticed above. Died in 1791.
See C. G. HEVNE, " Elogium J. A. Murray," 1701.
Murray, JOHN,) a Scottish physician, published a
a, e, I, o, u, y, long;\,k, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fill, tit; mil; n&t; good; moon;
MURRAY
1789
MUS&US
" System of Materia Medica and Pharmacy," and " Ele-
ments of Chemistry." Died in 1820.
Murray, (JOHN,) a celebrated divine and preacher,
born in Hampshire, England, in 1741, is regarded as the
founder of Universalism in America. Having emigrated
to the United States in 1770, he was appointed in 1775
a chaplain in the army. He took part in the proceedings
of the Universalist Convention in 1785, and subsequently
became pastor of a church in Boston. Died in 1815.
See "Records of the Life of John Murray," written by himself.
Murray, (JOHN,) an eminent English publisher, born
in London in 1778. He commenced in 1803 a career
of publication which is perhaps unrivalled in the annals
of literature. About 1807 he projected the "Quarterly
Review," in which he obtained the co-operation of Can-
ning and Scott, and published the first number in 1809.
His sagacity in discerning the merits or talents of
authors, and his tact in anticipating the wants of the
public, rendered him very successful. He was a liberal
patron of literature, and a generous friend to Byron
and other eminent authors. Died in 1843.
Murray, (JOHN,) biologist, was born at Coburg,
Canada, in 1841. He was one of the naturalists on
the Challenger expedition, and in 1882 became
editor-in-chief of the "Challenger Reports." He
wrote a " Narrative" of the expedition, and has pub-
lished very numerous scientific papers.
Murray, (LiNDLEY,) a distinguished American gram-
marian and educational writer, born near Lancaster,
Pennsylvania, in 1745, was a member of the Society of
Friends. Having removed at an early age to New York,
he studied law, but he subsequently engaged in mercan-
tile pursuits. The latter part of his life was spent in
England, to which he removed about 1784. Among his
works, which obtained great popularity both in England
and America, we may name his " Power of Religion on
the Mind," etc., (1787,) "Grammar of the English Lan-
guage," (1795,) "English Reader," "Introduction to the
English Reader," and " Duty and Benefit of a Daily
Perusal of the Holy Scriptures," (1817.) He also com-
piled several French readers. He died near York,
England, in 1826.
Murray, (NICHOLAS,) D.D., a Presbyterian divine,
born in Ireland in 1803, studied theology at Princeton,
New Jersey, and in 1834 became pastoral Elizabethtown,
in that State. He published several theological works.
His "Letters to Bishop Hughes," (1847-48,) under the
signature of KIRWAN, have enjoyed a great popularity,
and have been translated into several foreign languages.
Died in 1861.
Murray, (PATRICK,) a Scottish writer, born in 1703,
was the fifth Lord Elibank. He published an " Inquiry
into the Origin and Consequence of the Public Debts,"
" Thoughts on Money, Circulation," etc., and a " Let-
ter to Lord Hailes on his Remarks on the History of
Scotland." His writings were highly esteemed. Died
in 1778.
Murray, (Sir ROBERT.) See MORAY.
Murray, (WILLIAM,) Earl of Mansfield, lord chief
justice, a British lawyer and orator of great merit and
celebrity, was born at Perth, Scotland, in 1704. He was
a younger son of Andrew, Viscount Stormont. Having
gained distinction as a classical scholar at Oxford, and
enlarged his mind by foreign travel, he was called to the
bar in 1731. He speedily rose into extensive practice,
and in 1743 was appointed solicitor-general. About this
time he entered the House of Commons, where he was
successful as an elegant and persuasive speaker, and
defended the government when Mr. Pitt (Lord Chatham)
was the leader of the opposition. "He surpassed Pitt,"
says Macaulay, " in correctness of taste, in power of
reasoning, in depth and variety of knowledge ; but he
wanted the energy, the courage, the all-grasping and all-
risking ambition which make men great in stirring times."
(" Review of the Life of the Earl of Chatham.") He was
appointed attorney-general in 1754, and chief justice of
the king's bench in 1756. Over that great court he pre-
sided with honour above thirty years. In 1756 he was
raised to the peerage, as Baron Mansfield. On more
than one occasion he refused high political positions,
among which was that of lord chancellor. He had,
however, a seat in the cabinet for more than a year. In
the trial of Woodfall for publishing " Junius's letters,"
Lord Mansfield gave offence to the popular party, and
was censured for leaning against the freedom of discus-
sion in cases of libel. During the riots of 1780, his house
in London was burned down by a mob. He died, with-
out issue, in 1793. "His mind and his habits," says
Lord Brougham, " were eminently judicial ; and it may
be doubted if, taking both the externals and the more
essential qualities into the account, that go to form a
great judge, any one has ever administered the laws in
this country whom we can fairly name as his equal."
See the "Life of William, Earl of Mansfield," by JOHN HOILI-
DAY ; BROUGHAM, " Statesmen of the Time of George III. ;" Foss,
" The Judges of England ;" LORD CAMPBELL, " Lives of the Chief
Justices ;" CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scots-
men."
Murray, (WILLIAM,) a Scottish actor, born in 1791,
performed in Edinburgh for many years. Died in 1852.
Murray, (WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON,) an American
preacher, editor, and author, born at Guilford, Connec-
ticut, April 26, 1840. He graduated at Yale College in
1862, and was for some years a Congregationalist pastor
in Boston, and editor of "The Golden Age." His pub-
lished works include "Adirondack Tales," "Camp-Life
in the Adirondacks," " Deacons," " Music Hall Sermons,"
" The Perfect Horse," etc.
Murray, (WILLIAM VANS,) an American diplomatist,
born in Maryland about 1762. Having studied law in
England, he was elected to Congress in 1791. He
was afterwards appointed by Washington United States
minister at the Hague. Died in 1803.
Mursinna, mooR-sin'na, (CHRISTIAN LUDWIG,) an
eminent German surgeon, born at Stolpe in 1744. He
became chief surgeon in the army in 1787, and published
several surgical works. Died in 1823.
Muraka, di, de mooRs'ka, (ILMA,) an Austrian oper-
atic singer, born about 1843. She made her dibut in
Florence in 1862, and afterwards appeared in the prin-
cipal cities of Europe and America. Died Jan. 17, 1889.
Murtola, mooR'to-la, (GASPARO,) an Italian poet,
born at Genoa. He wounded, with a pistol, Marini the
poet, who had criticised one of his poems. Died in 1624.
Mus. See DECIUS Mus.
Musa. See MOOSA.
Mu'Ba, (ANTONIUS,) a celebrated Roman physician,
originally a slave of the emperor Augustus, and a brother
of Euphorbus, is said to have been the first who pre-
scribed the use of the cold bath. Having cured the
emperor by this remedy, he received his freedom, and
was created a knight Musa was also distinguished for
his literary tastes, and enjoyed the friendship of Virgil
and Horace.
See ACKBRMANN, " De Antonio Musa," 1786; ATTKKBURV,
" Reflections on the Character of lapis, in Virgil, or the Character
of A. Musa," etc,, 1740; HALLBR, " Bibliotheca Botanica."
Musae, mu'ze, |Gr. Mowot,] the Muses, sometimes
called PIER'IDES, in the Greek mythology, the daughters
of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, (Memory,) were supposed to
preside over poetry, the liberal arts, and the sciences.
According to the generally received opinion, there were
nine Muses, namely, Calliope, Clio, Euterpe, Erato, Mel-
pomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, and Urania.
(See these names under their separate heads.) The
places especially consecrated to the Muses were Mount
Parnassus, Mount Helicon, and the fountains of Castaiia
and Aganippe.
Muaaeus. See MUSAUS.
Musaeus, mu-zee'us, [Gr. Mowrsiof; Fr. MusSE,
mii'za',] a celebrated and ancient Greek bard, commonly
regarded as a semi-fabulous personage. He was said to be
the son of Eumolpus and Selene, or, according to others,
of Orpheus, of whom he was a disciple. Tradition in-
forms us that he presided over the Eleusinian mysteries
in the time of Hercules. He was the reputed author
of several poetical works, among which were "Oracles,"
and a hymn to Ceres. Pausanias regarded this hymn as
the only genuine poem of Musaeus that was extant in
his time. Onomacritus collected the Oracles of Musasus
and mixed with them some of his own productions,
which he wished to pass for the work of Musaeus. For
€ as >:; c as s; g hard; g as/; G, H. K. guttural; N, -nasal; R, trilled: s as z; th as in this. ( JJ^'See Explanations, p.
MUS&US
1790
MUSSET
this imposture he was banished by Hipparchus, the son
of Pisistratns.
See VERGIL, "jEneid," book vi. 666; ULRICI, "Gcschichte da
Hellenische* Dichtkunst"
Musasus, surnamed GRAMMAT'ICUS, or " the Gram-
marian," is supposed to have lived in the fifth century.
He is celebrated for his poem of " Hero and Leander,"
a production of rare merit, of which several good editions
have been published.
See KROMAVER, "De Muszo Grammatico."
Mnsaus or Musaeua, moo-sa'us, (JoHANN KARL
AUGUST,) a celebrated German writer, born at Jena in
1735. His principal works are a novel entitled "The
German Grandison," (" Der Deutsche Grandison," 1760,)
" Physiognomic Travels," (1778,) a satire on the theories
of Lavater, " Popular Legends of Germany," (1782,)
which enjoy great popularity, and " Friend Hein's Ap-
paritions, in Holbein's Manner," (1785.) His writings
are characterized by delightful humour, simplicity, and
genial satire. Musaus was a relative of Kotzebue, who
published in 1791 his posthumous works, with an inter-
esting notice of the author prefixed. Died in 1787.
Muschenbroek. See MUSSCHENBROEK.
Muscher. See MUSSCHER.
Mus'cu-lus [Ger. pron. moos'koo-lus] or Meusel,
moi'zel, (ANDREAS,) a German Lutheran theologian, born
at Schneeberg in 1540. He preached at Frankfort-
on-the-Oder, and wrote "Compendium Theologicum."
Died in 1581.
Muaculus, Miisslin, miis-leen', orMeusslin, moiss-
ieen', (WOLFGANG,) a German Reformer and scholar, born
in Lorraine in 1497, was a monk in his youth. He
was converted by Luther about 1520, became minister
of a church at Augsburg in 1531, and acquired a high
reputation as a preacher. Having been banished from
Augsburg in 1548, he settled at Berne. He published
commentaries and other works. Died in 1563.
See CRAIK, "Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties."
Musee. See Musaus.
Muselli, moo-sel'lee, (GIOVANNI GIACOMO,) MAR-
QUIS, an Italian antiquary and writer, born at Verona in
1697 ; died in 1768.
Musemeci, moo-sa-ma'chee, (MARIO,) an Italian
architect and antiquary, born at Catanea in 1778. He
wrote several works on antiquities and art, among which
is " Opere archeologiche ed artistiche," (2 vols., 1851.)
Died in 1852.
Mus'grave, (Rev. GEORGE,) an English writer, born
about 1798. He published "Rambles in Normandy,"
and other books of travel. Died at Bath, December 26,
1883.
Mus'grave, (Sir RICHARD,) an Irish historian, born
about 1758, published in 1801 a "History of the Irish
Rebellions." Died in 1818.
Musgrave, (SAMUEL,) a grandson of the following,
was a distinguished classical scholar. He published,
among other works, an edition of Euripides, and a treat-
ise on Grecian Mythology. Died in 1782.
Muagrave, (WILLIAM,) an English physician and
antiquary, bom in Somersetshire in 1657. He was a
Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1684 became its
secretary. He wrote several treatises on the gout, and
a number of dissertations on British and Roman An-
tiquities. Died in 1721.
Mush'et, (DAVID,) a Scottish metallurgist and in-
ventor, born at Dalkeith in 1772. He acquired distinc-
tion by his improvements in the fabrication of iron and
steel, on which subject he wrote several treatises. He
originated the method of assaying iron ores which is
now generally used. Died in 1847.
Mu'sick, (JOHN RAY,) an American author, born
in Missouri in 1849. He was admitted to the Mis-
souri bar in 1877, and in 1882 devoted him-
authorship and journalism. Among his works are the
"Columbian Historical X - 12 vols.,) "The
War with Spain," "Our Xew Possessions/' '• Ilis
Brother's Crime," etc.
Musis or Musi, de, (Ac.< >-. i IMJ.) See AGOSTINO
VENEZIANO.
Musitano, moo-se-ta'no, (CARLO,) a learned Italian
medical writer, born in Calabria in 1635 ; died in 1714.
Musius. See MUYS, (CORNELIS.)
Mu-so'nI-us Ru'fus, (CAius,) a Stoic philosopher,
born in Etruria, flourished about 70 A.D. He was
banished from Rome by Nero, but he returned under
Vespasian, and was excepted by him from the sentence
of exile pronounced against the Stoics. He was highly
esteemed by Pliny, Tacitus, and other eminent writers.
Fragments of his works are to be found in Stobaeus.
See NIHUWLAND, "Dissertatio de C. Musonio Rufo," 1783,
TACITUS, " Annales," books xiv. and xv.
Muspell, mus'p?! or moos'pjl, written also Mus-
pel, Muspellheim, and Muspelheim, [etymology
unknown,] in the Norse mythology, the world of light
and heat, situated in the south part of the universe, —
Niflheim, the habitation of mist and cold, being situated
in the north. (See HELA.) The inhabitants of this
world are called " the sons of Muspell," among whom
Surt, or Surtur, is chief, and the ruler of Muspellheim.
(See SURT.)
Mus'pratt, (JAMES SHERIDAN,) a distinguished
chemist, born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1821. He was a
pupil of Professor Graham at Glasgow and at London
About 1843 he went to Giessen to pursue his studies
under Liebig. He produced at Giessen a remarkable
treatise on Sulphites. He founded a College of Chem-
istry in Liverpool, and married Miss Susan Cushman, the
actress, in 1848. Among his works is a " Dictionary
of Chemistry; or, Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical, and
Analytical," (2 vols., 1860.) Died February 3, 1871.
Muss, (CHARLES,) a painter in enamel. Among his
works is a picture of the " Holy Family." Died in 1824.
Mussato, moos-si'to, (ALBERTINO,) an Italian his-
torian and poet, born at Padua in 1261. He wrote a
" History of the Life and Actions of Henry VII.," and a
number of eclogues, hymns, and tragedies. Died in 1330.
See GiNGUENt " Histoire Liile'raire d'ltalie."
Musschenbroek, van, vin mtis'icen-bRSok', (Pl-
TER,) a celebrated Dutch savant, bora at Leyden in 1692.
He studied medicine in the university of his native city,
but he subsequently devoted himself chiefly to experi-
mental physics, in which he was eminently successful
and made important discoveries, especially in magnetism
and the cohesion of bodies. Having visited England in
1717, he made the acquaintance of Newton, whose sys-
tem he was one of the first to introduce into Holland.
He became professor of physics and mathematics at
Duisburg in 1719, and afterwards filled the same chair
at Utrecht. In 1740 he obtained the professorship of
philosophy at Leyden, where he resided till his death,
in 1761. Among his principal works are his "Physicae
Experimentales et Geometricae Dissertationes," (1729.)
and " Elementa Physicae," or " Introduction to Natural
Philosophy," (1734.) He was a Fellow of the Royal
Society of London, and a member of the principal
learned institutions of Europe.
SeeSAVKRiKN. "ViesdesPhilosophes;"CoNDORCET, "filoges:"
" Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Musscher or Muscher, van, vin mus'Ker, (Mi-
CHAEI.,) an eminent Dutch painter, born at Rotterdam
in 1645. He studied successively under Van Tempel,
Metzu, and Jan Steen, and painted landscapes, historical
subjects, and portraits. The last-named are most highly
esteemed. Died in 1705.
See DSSCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Flamands. Hollandais," etc
Musset, de, deh mu'sJ)', (Louis CHARLES ALFRED,)
a celebrated French poet, born in Paris on the nth of
November, 1810, was a son of Musset-Pathay, noticed
below. He was educated at the College Henri IV. In
1830 he produced a volume entitled " Tales of Spain
and Italy," ("Contes d'Espagne et d'ltalie,") which at-
tracted much attention. His reputation was increased
in 1833 by "The Cup and the Lips," (" La Coupe et les
Levres,") a drama, "A quo! revent les jeunes Filles?"
and " Namouna." He fell into a morbid state of mind,
and expressed misanthropic sentiments in several of his
works, which are censured for an immoral tendency. He
a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, A, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, ii, y, short: a, e, i, o, obscure; far, fall, fat; ni§t; not; good; moon;
MUSSET
1791
MUZIANO
number of prose tales, which were admired. Under the
reign of Louis Philippe he was librarian to the ministry
of the interior. He was admitted into the French
Academy in 1852. Among his finest works are four
poems entitled the " Nights," etc., (" Nuits : La Nuit de
Mai, La Nuit d'Aoflt, La Nuit d Octobre, et La Nuit
de De'cembre," 1835-37.) Died in Paris in May, 1857.
" None of his illustrious contemporaries," says Leo
Joubert, " has surpassed him in spontaneity of poetical
genius, in the ardent and sincere expression of passion,
in vivacity, grace, and Mat of soul, (esprit;) no one
has represented with more fidelity the spiritual unrest,
the mllange of skepticism and religious aspirations,
which characterize our epoch." (" Nouvelle Biographic
Ge"nerale."
See SAINTE-BEUVK, "Portraits contemporains," and "Causc-
ries du Lundi:" CLEMENT DE Ris, "Portraits a la Plume: A. de
Musset," etc., 1853: "Fraser's Magazine" for July, 1857; "West-
minster Review" for April, 1869.
Musset, de, (PAUL EDME,) a novelist, a brother of
the preceding, born in Paris in 1804. He published
numerous novels, which are said to be well written, and
among which we notice " Lauzun," (1835,) " The Brace-
let," (1839,) "Mignard et Rigaud," (1839,) and " Les
Femmes de la Regence," (1840.) Died May 17, 1880.
Musset, de, (VICTOR DONATIEN,) called MUSSET-
PATHAY, a French littlrateur, born in the Vendomois
in 1768, was the father of the preceding. He wrote,
besides other biographies, histories, and tales, a " Life
of Jean Jacques Rousseau," (2 vols., 1821.) Died in
1832.
See " Souvenirs historiquesde Musset-Pathay," 1810 ; QUSRARU,
" La France Litte'raire."
Mus'sey, (REUBEN DIMOND,) an American surgeon,
born at Pelham, New Hampshire, June 23, 1780. He
graduated at Dartmouth College in 1803, and at a Phila-
delphia medical college in 1809. He held professorships
in the medical department of Dartmouth College, 1814-
38. Having removed to Cincinnati, he acquired a bril-
liant fame as an operator, and as a professor of surgery,
in the Ohio Medical College, 1838-52, and in Miami
Medical College, 1852-60. He published a work "On |
Cutaneous Absorption," (1809,) and " Health : its Friends ,
and its Foes," (1862.) Died at Boston, June 8, 1866.
Miisslln. See MUSCULUS, (WOLFGANG.)
Mustafa, Mustapha, Moustapha, or Moustafa,
mo"6s't3-fa, L, succeeded his brother, Ahmed I., as Sul-
tan of Turkey, in 1617. He was soon after deposed,
and his nephew, Osman, raised to the throne. Though
re-established as Sultan in 1622, Mustafa was again
deposed in 1623, and strangled, in 1639, by order of
Amurath IV.
See VON HAMMER, " Geschichte des Osmauischen Reichs."
Mustafa, Mustapha, or Moustapha H, son of
Mahomet IV., was born in 1664, and succeeded Ahmed
II. as Sultan in 1695. He fought against the Austrians
and Venetians with varying success, and in 1699 con-
cluded with those powers the peace of Carlowitz. Being
deposed in 1703, he died in a few months, and his
brother, Ahmed III., became Sultan.
Mustafa, Mustapha, or Moustapha TTT,, son of
Ahmed III., born in 1717, succeeded Osman III. m
1757. He began in 1769 to wage war with the Russians,
who took possession of the Crimea and Bessarabia. He
died in 1774, and his brother, Abdool Hamid, succeeded
to the throne.
Mustafa, Mustapha, or Moustapha IV., son of
Abdool Hamid, became Sultan on the deposition of Se-
lim III., in 1807. Having caused Selim to be strangled,
Mustafa was deposed by Bairaktar, Pasha of Rudshuk,
and his brother, Mahmood, was raised to the throne.
During the revolt of the Janissaries, in 1808, Mustafa
was executed by the orders of Mahmood.
See F. MBNGIN, " Histoire de 1'figypte sous M^hemet AJi."
Mustafa, Mustapha, or Moustapha Ben-Ismail
moos'ta-fa ben is-ml-eel', an Arabian chief, born in
Algeria about 1770. He became an able adversary of
Abd-el-KSder, against whom he fought in co-operation
with the French, who gave him the rank of general. He
was killed in battle in May, 1843.
Mustapha. See MUSTAFA.
Mus-tox'y-dis or Mustoxidis, (ANDREAS,) a dis-
tinguished modern Greek scholar, born at Corfu in 1785.
He studied at Pavia, and in 1804 was appointed histori-
ographer for the republic of the Seven Islands. Among
his works, which are chiefly written in Italian, we may
name " Considerations on the Present Language of
Greece." Died April 12, 1860.
Mu-Bu'rus, (MARCUS,) a learned modern Greek, born
j in Candia about 1470, was professor of the Greek lan-
guage in the University of Padua. He assisted Aldus
Manutius in the revision of Greek manuscripts, and
published, among other works, the " Etymologicum
Magnum Grascum." In 1516 he was appointed by Leo
X. Archbishop of Malvasia. Died in 1517.
Mut, moot, (i.e., "mother,") a goddess of the ancient
Egyptian people. At Thebes she was worshipped as
the wife of Amen-Ra.
Mu'ta, (from mutus, " silent,") the name of the god-
dess of silence among the Romans.
Mutiano. See MUZIANO.
Mutina. See MODENA.
Mutio. See Muzio.
Mutis, moo'tess, ? (Don JOSE CELESTINO,) a cele-
brated Spanish botanist and physician, born at Cadiz
in 1732. He became professor of anatomy at Madrid
in 1757, and in 1760 accompanied the Spanish viceroy
to South America as his physician. He subsequently
devoted himself to scientific explorations, and was ap-
pointed in 1 790 director of the Royal Academy of Natural
History at Santa Fe. He died in 1808, leaving un-
finished his " Flora of New Granada," one of the most
valuable works of the kind that had then appeared. He
was the first who distinguished the various species of
Cinchona, (Peruvian bark,) the different properties of
which he has described in his "Historia de los Arboles
del Quina."
Muts-Hito, moots-hee'to, Emperor of Japan, was
born November 3, 1852, and succeeded to the throne
in 1867. His reign was distinguished by great re-
forms, such as abolishing the feudal system, giving
Japan a representative government, and adopting the
institutions of Western civilization. During his reign
Japan displayed a remarkable career of progress in
modern ideas.
Muy, du, dii mii-e', (Louis NICOLAS VICTOR DE FE-
LIX,) COMTE, a French military commander, born at
Marseilles in 1711. He served in Germany in the prin-
cipal campaigns from 1741 to 1760. He enjoyed the
favour of Louis XV. and Louis XVI., and was appointed
by the latter minister of war, (1774,) and marshal of
France, (1775.) Died in 1775.
Muys, mois, [Lat Mu'sius,] (CORNELIS,) a Dutch
priest and Latin poet, born at Delft in 1503. He was
hung by some soldiers at Leyden in 1572.
Muys, (WYER WILLEM,) a Dutch savant and writer,
born at Steenwyk in 1682. He was professor of medi-
cine and chemistry at Franeker. He wrote, besides
other works, one "On the Matter of Light," ("De
Materia Luminis," 1722.) Died in 1744.
Muzaffer-ed-Deen, Shah of Persia, was a son of
Nasr-ed-Deen, born March 25, 1853. Though the
second son, he was nominated as successor by his
father, and appointed governor-general of the Azer-
baijan province; on the assassination of his father he
succeeded to the throne, and was crowned at Teheran,
June 8, 1896.
Muziano, moot-se-a'no, or Mutiano, moo-te-a'no,
(GiROLAMO,) one of the first Italian painters of his time,
born near Brescia in 1528, was the pupil of Romanino.
At an early age he visited Rome, where his admirable
landscapes obtained for him the name of "the landscape
youth." He also attained great excellence in historical
pictures, and his mosaics in the Gregorian Chapel are
esteemed the finest of modern times. Among his best
productions are " The Resurrection of Lazarus," in the
Quirinal palace, and " A Company of Anchorites listen-
ing to a Preacher in the Desert," in the Church of the
Carthusians. Muziano completed the drawings from
; 9asj; gAard; gasy'/G, H,K., guttural; ft, nasal; ^trilled: sasz; thasinMw. (J^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
MUZIO
1792
MYTENS
the Trajan column begun by Giulio Romano. He was
the founder of the Academy of Saint Luke. Died in
Rome in 1592.
See VASARI, " Lives of the Painters ;" ORLOPF, " Histoire de la
Peinture en Italic."
Muzio, moot'se-o, or Mutio, moo'te-o, (GlROLAMO
Nuzio,) an Italian littfrateur, born at Padua in 1496.
He wrote polemical treatises against the doctrines of
Luther, which procured him the surname of the " Ham-
mer of Heretics," ("Malleus Hereticorum/') also vari-
ous other works, in prose and verse. Died in 1576.
See TIRABOSCHI. "Storia della Letterarura Italiana."
Muz'zey, (ARTEMAS BOWERS,) an American Unita-
rian divine and miscellaneous writer, born at Lexington,
Massachusetts, in 1802. He published "The Young
Man's Friend," (1836,) "Moral Teacher," (1839,) and
other works. Died at Cambridge, Mass., April 21, 1892.
Myconius, me-ko'ne-ns, (FRIEDRICH,) a German Re-
former, born in Franconia in 1491, was a monk in his
youth. He became a friend of Luther, whose doctrines
he propagated with zeal and success. He preached many
years at Gotha, and wrote several religious works. Died
jn 1546.
See ANTON PROBUS. "Vita F. Myconii," 1547: LOMMATZSCH,
" Narratio de F. Myconio," 1825.
Myconius, me-ko'ne-us, (OSWALD,) or Geiashau-
aer, (gis'how'zer,) a Swiss Protestant divine, born at
Lucerne in 1488, was a pupil of Erasmus. He became
pastor of a church and professor of divinity at Bale.
He wrote a " Narrative of the Life and Death of Zuin-
glius." Died in 1552.
See KIRCHHOFBR, "Leben O. Myconius Reformators," 1814.
Mydorge, me'doRzh', (CLAUDE,) a French geometer,
born in Paris in 1585, was an intimate friend of Des-
cartes, and furnished the glasses used by that philosopher
in his optical experiments. He wrote several treatises
on optics and mathematics, and a defence of the works
of Descartes against the Jesuits. Died in 1647.
My'er, (ALBERT JOSEPH,) an American meteorologist,
born at Newburgh, New York, September 20, 1828. He
graduated at Geneva College in 1847, and as M.D. at
the University of Buffalo in 1851. In 1854 he entered
the army as assistant surgeon, in 1858 was transferred
to the signal service, and in 1860 became chief signal
officer of the army. In this position he attained in 1866
the rank of colonel and brevet brigadier-general. In
1870 he was placed in charge of the meteorological di-
vision of the signal service, the work of which he organ-
ized. He published "A Manual of Signals" (1868) for
army and navy. Died at Buffalo, August 24, 1880.
My'erB, (ABRAHAM C.,) an American officer, born in
South Carolina about 1814, served in the Mexican war,
and became in 1862 brigadier-general in the Confederate
army.
Myers, (FREDERICK W. H.,) an English psychist,
born February 6, 1843. He became an active member
and secretary of the Society for Psychical Research,
and published "St. Paul," (1867,) "Essays Modern
and Classical," (1885,) " Science and a Future Life,"
(1893,) and, in collaboration, "Phantasms of the
Living," (1886.)
Myers, (PETER HAMILTON,) an American novelist,
born in Herkimer county, New York, in 1812, pub-
lished "The First of the Knickerbockers," (1848,)
"The King of the Hurons," (1850,) "The Van Vel-
dens," and several other historical romances. Died
in 1878.
Myers, (PHILIP VAN NESS,) an American author
and educator, born at Tribe's Hill, New York, in 1846.
He studied law, was president of Farmers College,
Ohio, 1879-90, and professor of history and political
economy at the University of Cincinnati after 1890.
Among his works are " Life and Nature under the
Tropics," " Remains of Lost Empires," " Eastern
Nations and Greece," " History of Rome," etc.
Mylius, mee'le-us, (JOHANN CHRISTOPH,) a German
bibliographer, born in Weimar in 1710. He published
" Bibliotheca Anonymorum et Pseudonymorum," (1740,)
and " Historia Myliana," (1752,) which contains biog-
raphies of many men named Mylius. Died in 1757.
Mylne, m!ln, (ROBERT,) a Scottish architect, born at
Edinburgh in 1734. He was appointed engineer to the
New River Company, London, and surveyor of Saint
Paul's Cathedral. His principal work is Blackfriars'
Bridge, completed in 1769. Mylne was a Fellow of the
Royal Society, and a member of the Academy of Saint
Luke at Rome. Died in 1811.
See CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen."
Myn, van der, vSn der mln, ( HERMAN, ) a Dutch
artist, born at Amsterdam in 1684, visited London, where
he gained a high reputation by his portraits. His fruit-
and flower-pieces were also admired. Died in 1741.
Mynsicht, von, fon min'siKt, (ADRIAN,) a German
chemist and physician, flourished between 1610 and 1650.
Myuster, muVster or min'ster, (JAKOB PETER,) a
Danish theologian and pulpit orator, born at Copenhagen
in 1775, became in 1828 court chaplain. He was created
Bishop of Seeland in 1834. He published "Reflections
on Christian Doctrine," and other theological works.
Died in 1854.
My-rep'sus, (NICHOLAS,) [Noto^oof <J Mupn/wf,] a
Greek physician of the thirteenth century, practised in
Rome or Constantinople. He wrote a treatise " On the
Composition of Medicines," (" De Compositione Medi-
camentorum," etc.)
Myrick, (Sir SAMUEL RUSH.) See MEYRICK.
Myrmidon, mir'me-don, (Gr. Mvp/uSuv,] in classic
mythology, was supposed to be a son of Jupiter and
Eurymedusa. According to one tradition, he was the
ancestor of the Myrmidons, a people of Thessaly, some
of whom Achilles led to the siege of Troy.
My'ron, [Mipuv,] an eminent Greek sculptor, born In
Boeotia about 480 B.C., was celebrated for his skill in
representing the varied forms of animal life. He worked
with equal success in marble, brass, and wood. Among
his best productions are a "Cow lowing for its Calf," in
bronze, which has been celebrated by the Latin and
Greek poets in numerous epigrams, a colossal group of
Jupiter, Athene, and Hercules, the "Discobolus, ot
Quoit-Thrower," and " Perseus killing Medusa." His
athletes, dogs, and sea-monsters were also greatly id-
mired.
See K. O. MOuLKR, " Handbuch der Archaolope der Kun«t ;"
GOETHE, " Propylaen ;" WINCKKLMANN, " Werke," vol. vi.
Myronide. See MYRONIDES.
My-ronl-des, [Gr. Mwpuvitfyf ; Fr. MYRONIDE, me'-
To'ned',1 an Athenian general, who gained a victory over
the Corinthians in 457, and another over the Boeotians
in 456 B.C.
Myrtis, mir'tis, [Miprif,] a Greek lyric poetess of high
reputation, was born at Anthedon, and flourished about
500 B.C. Pindar is said to have received instruction
from her.
Mytena, ml'tlns, (ARNOLD,) a Flemish painter, born
at Brussels in 1541. Among his best works is an altar-
piece representing the " Assumption of the Virgin, with
the Apostles," at Naples. Died in 1602.
Mytens, (DANIEL,) THE ELDER, a Dutch artist, born
at the Hague about 1590. He was patronized by James
I. and Charles I. of England, and painted the portraits
of a number of the royal family and of the nobility. He
was regarded as second only to Van Dyck in portrait-
painting. Died after 1656.
Mytena, (DANIEL,) THE YOUNGER, born at the Hague
in 1636, was a son of the preceding. He became director
of the Academy at the Hague. His principal work is
the ceiling of the Painters' Hall. Died in 1688.
Mytens, mii'tens, (MARTIN,) a Swedish painter, born
at Stockholm in 1695. After visiting Rome, he settled in
Vienna, where he became painter to the court. Among
his best pieces is the " History of Esther and Ahasuerus.
Died in 1755.
i, e, 1, 6, u, y, long: a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 8, ii, y, short; a^ e, j, 9, obscure; fir, fill, fit; mtt; not; good; m<36n;
NAAMAN
1793
N&VIUS
N.
Na'a man, [Heb. JOJO.] a Syrian general, commander
of the 'army of Benhadad, King of Damascus, lived
about 890 B.C. He was cured of leprosy by the prophet
Elisha.
See 1 1. Kings v.
Nabaj or Nabadj, nl-bij', a Hindoo poet, flourished
about 1580-1600. He wrote a poem entitled " Bhakta-
mala," which treats of the adventures and miracles of
fayadeva and other ascetics.
Nabega - Ziad - Ibn - Moaweeah-Aldobiani, nl'-
be-gi ze-ad' ib'n mo-a-wee'ah al-do-be-a'nee, an Arabian
poet, flourished in the latter part of the sixth century.
One of his poems, and several fragments, are given in
the "Chrestomathie" of Silvestre de Sacy.
Na'bis, (Gr. Nd«^,] tyrant of Sparta, succeeded Ma-
chanidas about 206 B.C., and signalized himself by his
cruelty and avarice. In conjunction with Philip II. of
Macedon, he subjected different parts of the Pelopon-
nesus, but he was afterwards defeated by the Roman
consul Flamininus. He was assassinated by his own
allies. (192 B.C.)
Nab-o-nas'sar, [Gr. NoSovdoapof,] King of Babylon,
lived in the eighth century B.C. He is celebrated for the
chronological era which bears his name, and which was
employed as a point of departure in ancient astronomical
tables. This era began in 747 B.C.
Nab-o-po-las'sar, King of Babylon, was originally
a satrap of Sardanapalus, King of Assyria. He re-
volted against that king, and, aided by Cyaxares, King
of the Medes, took Nineveh, the capital of Assyria.
He died in 605 B.C., and was succeeded by his son,
Nebuchadnezzar.
See EUSEBIUS, " Chronicles :" HOEFHR, " La Phdnicie, la Baby-
NacclrJanti, nak-ke-an'tee, [Lat NACLAN'TUS, ]
(GlACOMO,) an Italian theologian, born at Florence.
He was a member of the Council of Trent, and wrote
several work-.. Died in 1569.
Nachman, Ben, b8n naK'man, ? (MoSES,) a Spanish
rabbi, born at Girone in 1194, v?s versed 'n tne science
of the Cabala. He wrote, besides other works, "Lex
4ominis," (I5l<f.) and "Fons Jacob! ," (154?-)
Nachtigall See LUSCINIUS.
Nachtigal, niK'te-gal, (GusTAV,) a German explorer,
born at Eichstedt, in Prussian Saxony, February 23, 1834.
He studied at Berlin, Halle, Wiirzburg, and Greifswalde,
and became an army-surgeon in 1858. He was a physi-
cian in Algeria, 1859-63, and then entered the personal
service of the Bey of Tunis. He afterwards traversed
the Eastern Sahara, and made extensive and important
researches in the Soudan, reaching Cairo in 1874. He
was in 1884 German consul at Tunis. Died in 1885.
Nachtigall, naK'te-gll', [Lat LUSCIN'IUS,] (OTMAR,)
a German scholar and writer, born at Strasburg about
1487. He preached against the doctrines of Luther at
Augsburg, and taught Greek at Strasburg. Among his
works is "Evangelica Historia e Gra;co versa," (1523.)
Died about 1535.
See NICBRON, " Me'moires."
Nacke or Naecke, nek'keh, (GusTAV HEINRICH,) a
German historical painter, born at Frauenstein in 1785.
He became professor of painting in the Academy of
Dresden in 1824. His works are highly commended.
Died at Dresden in 1835.
Naclantus. See NACCHIANTI.
Na'dab, [Heb. 31J,] son of Jeroboam, King of Israel,
succeeded him in 968 B.C. While engaged soon after in
fighting against the Philistines, he was slain by Baasha,
the son of Ahijah, who ruled in his stead.
Nadal, nf'dtl', (AUGUSTIN, ) ABBft, a mediocre
French author, born at Poitiers in 1664, wrote tragedies
in verse, criticisms, and moral essays. Died in 1740.
Nadasti, na-das'tee, ? written also De Nadzad,
(THOMAS,) a Hungarian general, was an ancestor of the
following. He distinguished himself by the defence of
Buda against the Sultan Solyman in 1529, and afterwards
rendered important military services to Charles V.
Nadasti, de, deh na-das'tee, ? (FRANCIS,) COUNT, a
patriotic Hungarian statesman, who opposed the des-
potic policy of the emperor Leopold. He was accused
of a conspiracy against the life of Leopold, unjustly
condemned, and beheaded in 1671. He was author
of a " History of Hungary," (1664.)
Nadaud, nS'do', (GuSTAVE,) a French musician and
writer of verse, born at Roubaix in 1820, produced many
popular songs. He became a member of the legion of
Honour in 1861. Died in 1893.
Nadault de Buffon, nfdo' deh bii'fdN', (BENJAMIN
HENRI,) a French engineer and writer, born at Mont-
bard in 1804. He published, besides other works, a
"Course of Agriculture," (4 vols., 1853-56,) and "The
Correspondence of Buffon," (1860.) Died in 1880.
Na-deem', Nadirn, or Al-Nadeem, an Arabian
author, whose name is also given as ABOOLFARAJ IBN
ISHAK, and IBN ABI YAKOOB AL. N ADEEM. His " Fihrist"
is a bibliographical work of high value and interest. He
lived at BagdSd, and died in 995 A.D.
Nadezhdin, na'dezh-din, written also Nadeahdin,
(NICHOLAS IVANOVITCH,) a Russian litterateur, born in
Riazan in 1804. He became a councillor of state at
Saint Petersburg, where he died in 1856.
Nadir Shah, na'dir shSh, written also Nader Chan,
Nadir Schah, and Nauder Shah, also called Koolee
,or Kouli) Khan, koo'lee Kin, a celebrated Persian
conqueror, of Turkish extraction, born in KhorassSn in
1688. His courage and abilities early gained him dis-
tinction in the service of the governor of that province ;
but, in consequence of ill treatment, he left Khorassan
and became the head of a band of robbers. Being soon
after called upon by Tahmasp, Shah of Persia, to oppose
the Afghans, he succeeded, within two years, in expelling
them from the country, upon which he was made com-
mander-in-chief, (1729.) Tahmasp having in 1732 made
a disadvantageous treaty with Turkey, Nadir resolved
to prosecute the war, and gained such popularity by
the success of his arms that on his return he dethroned
the Shah and assumed the supreme power. In 1738
he conquered Candahar and Afghanistan. Having soon
after invaded India, he entered Delhi in 1739, and took
possession of the imperial treasures. The inhabitants,
on a false report of Nadir's death, attacked his soldiers.
After an ineffectual attempt to restrain them, he ordered
a wholesale massacre, in which, it is stated by Fraser,
120,000 perished. His many acts of tyranny and cruelty
at length caused him to be assassinated, (1747.) In the
early part of his career Nadir Shah appears to have been
not only an able, but, on the whole, a just and humane,
prince ; but later in life, having become a prey to avarice
and suspicion, his acts, it is said, " exceeded in barbarity
all that has been recorded of the most bloody tyrants."
See ERASER, "History of Na'dir Shah," 1741: "Life of Nadii
Shah," by his secretary, MADHY KHAN, translated into French by
SIR WILLIAM JONES ; MALCOLM, " History of Persia," vol. ii.
Naecke. See NACKE.
Naenia, nee'ne-a, [Fr. NENIE, nl'ne',] a Roman god-
dess that presided over funerals. This word signifies a
" dirge" or " funeral song."
Naerssen, van, vin nlRs'sen, [Lat. NARS'SIUS,]
(JAN,) a Dutch writer of Latin poetry, born at Dort in
1580. He became physician to Gustavus Adolphus at
Stockholm, and wrote "Gustavidos Libri III.," (1632.)
Died in 1637.
Nsevius, nee've-us, (CNEIUS,) a Roman poet, born in
Campania about 272 B.C., was the author of an epic poem
on the Punic War, and of several dramas. A few frag-
ments only of his writings are extant He is praised
by Cicero as being in some respects superior to Ennius.
He died about 204 B.C. "Cneius Naevius," says Pro-
fessor Sellar, " is the first in the line of Roman poets
and the first writer in the Latin language whose frag
ments give indication of original power."
See CICERO, "De Oratore;" SELLAR. "Roman Poets of Lh<
Republic," chap. iii. ; KLUSSMANK, "C. Nsevii Poetz Vita,' 1845.
«as/£; jasj; ghnrJ; gas/; G, H, K,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; sasi; thasin/>5w.
xplanations, p. 23.)
NAG A
1794
NALIAN
NagS, nl'ga, a Sanscrit word, signifying " snake," and
forming, in the Hindoo mythology, the name of a mon-
ster regarded as a demi-god, having a human face, with
the tail of a serpent and the expanded neck of a cobra
de capello. The race of these beings is said to have
sprung from Kasyapa, in order to people Patala, or the
regions below the earth. (See PATALA.)
Nagarjuna, na-gur-joo'na, or Nagasena, na-ga-si'na,
a Booddhist sage of Southern India, supposed to have
lived about 200 B.C. He founded a new school of
Booddhistic philosophy, from which sprang the Northern
or Thibetan system of Booddhism.
Nagele, na'geh-leh, (FRANZ KARL,) a German medical
writer, born at Dusseldorf in 1778; died in 1851.
Nageli, na'ceh-lee, (JoHANN GEORG,) a Swiss musi-
cian, music-publisher, and litterateur, born in 1768 at
Zurich, where he established his music-business in 1792.
He published poems and vocal compositions, but, except
some favourite church chorals, all that has survived
him is the air known in English as " Life let us cherish."
Died in 1836.
Nagler, na'gler, (KARL FERDINAND FRIEDRICH,) a
Prussian statesman, born at Anspach in 1770. Being
appointed in 1823 postmaster-general, he effected a great
reform in the postal system. He was made minister of
itate in 1836. He made a very valuable collection of
works of art, which, with the exception of the pictures,
was purchased for the Museum at Berlin. Died in 1846.
Nagy Sandor, nody (almost noj) sin'dor, (JOSEPH,)
a Hungarian general, born at Grosswardein in 1804. He
fought for the national cause in 1848, became a general
about April, 1849, and served with distinction in several
battles. Having been taken prisoner at Viligos, he was
executed in October, 1849.
Naharro, na-ar'ro, (BARTOLOMB de Torres — da IOR'-
rSs,) a Spanish dramatic poet, born at Torres, flourished
about 1500-20. He wrote comedies, satires, epistles, etc.
Nahl, nil, (JoHANN AUGUST.) a German sculptor,
born in Berlin in 1710. He adorned the public buildings
jf that city with his works. Died in 1781.
Nahl, (JOHANN AUGUST,) a German painter, born
near Berne in 1752, was a son of the preceding. He
worked at Rome and Cassel. He painted subjects of
Greek mythology, and landscapes. Died in 1825.
Nahl, (JOHANN SAMUEL,) a German sculptor, born
at Anspach in 1664. He settled at Berlin, where he was
appointed court sculptor, and rector of the Academy of
Fine Arts. Died in 1728.
Nahl, (SAMUEL,) a sculptor, brother of Johann August,
(1752-1825,) was born at Berne in 1748 ; died in 1813.
Na'hum, [ Heb. Dinj,] one of the twelve minor
prophets of the Hebrews, flourished under the reign of
Hezekiah, about 720 B.C. He is supposed to have been
born at Elkosh, in Galilee, from which he was surnamed
THE ELKOSHITE. He foretells the destruction of the
Assyrian empire and the city of Nineveh in the most
glowing and forcible language, and in sublimity is equal
if not superior to any other of the minor prophets.
Nahuya, nl'hois, (HUBERT GERARD,) BARON, a
Dutch writer and military officer, born at Amsterdam
in 1782. He rendered important services in Java,
where he passed many years, and wrote, besides other
works, " Considerations on Dutch India," (1847.) Died
in 1858.
Naiades. See NAIADS.
Naiads, na'yads, [Gr. tiataief or Nijfckr ; Lat. N.U'A-
DES,] in classic mythology, were fresh-water Nymphs, or
inferior female divinities, supposed to preside over rivers,
lakes, brooks, and fountains, and to be daughters of
Jupiter. They were represented as young and beautiful
virgins leaning upon an urn from which flows a stream
of water.
Naigeon, nl'zhoN', (JACQUES ANDRE,) a mediocre
French litttratfur, born in Paris in 1738. He was a
friend of Diderot, whose skeptical opinions he shared,
and was one of the r^dacteurs of the " Encyclopedic."
He edited the works of Diderot and of other French
authors. DiediniSio.
Naigeon, JEAN,) a French painter, born at Beaune
in 1757, was a pupil of David. Died in Paris in 1832.
Naigeon, (JEAN GUILLAUME ELZIDOR,) a French
painter, born in Paris in 1797, was a son of the pre-
ceding. He became conservator of the Musee Egyptian
in 1861. Died December 31, 1867.
Naillac, de, deh ni'yfk', (PHILIBERT,) a French
chevalier, born about 1340, became grand master of the
order of Saint John of Jerusalem in 1396. He fought
against Bayazeed (Bajazet) at the siege of Nicopolis,
(1396,) and took a prominent part in the Council of
Pisa. Died in 1421.
Naima, ni'mi, a Turkish historian, flourished about
1700. He wrote an "Ottoman History from 1591 to
1659," which was published in 2 vols., (1734.)
Nain, Le. See TILLEMONT.
Nairne, nirn, (Lady CAROLINA,) a Scottish poetess,
was born at Cask, Perthshire, July 16, 1766, and was famed
for her beauty. In 1806 she married her cousin, William
Murray, fifth Lord Nairne, who came to his title in 1824.
She died at Gask, October 26, 1845. Among her works
are the songs "The Land o' the Leal," (1798,) "Caller
Herrin'," and " The Laird o' Cockpen." Her complete
poems are in vol. i. of Rogers's " Scottish Minstrelsy."
Naironi, m-ro'nee, (ANTONIUS FAUSTUS,) a learned
Maronite, born near Mount Libanus in 1631, was pro-
fessor of the Chaldee and Syriac languages in the
College della Sapienza at Rome. Died in 1711.
See DUPIN, " Auteurs ecclesiastiques," etc.
Naiven, nl'ven, (M.,) a Dutch painter, born in
1570 ; died in 1651.
Nak'amura, (.MASANAO,) an eminent Japanese
scholar, born in 1830. He won fame as a student of
the Chinese language, travelled in Europe and studied
Dutch and English, and opened a school in Japan, to
which his lectures on politics and civilization drew
throngs of old and young alike. Subsequently he was
made principal of the Normal School for Women, then
professor of Chinese in the University of Tokio. He
was made a member of the Senate in 1886 and a life
member of the House of Peers in 1890. He was the
highest authority in Japan on Chinese language and
literature and on the history and theology of Buddhism.
Died in 1891.
Nake or Naeke, na'keh, (AUGUST FRIEDRICH,) a
German philologist, born at Frauenstein in 1788. He
produced "Opuscula Philologica," (2 vols., 1842-44.)
Died in 1838.
Nakhimof, na'Ke-mof, written also Nakhimow and
Nakhimov, (AKIM NIKOLAEVITCH,) a Russian poet,
born at Kharkof in 1782. His principal works are
satires in verse, fables, and a witty piece in prose entitled
" The Speaking Monkeys," on the subject of Napoleon's
attempted conquest of Russia. He died in 1814, at thr
early age of thirty-one.
Nakoola or Nakoula, na-koo'la, (Mooal'lem,) sur-
named EL TURK, an Arabian historian, born in Syria in
1763 ; died in 1828.
Nakwaaka, nak-vas'ki, (ANNE,) a Polish novelist,
born in 1779, was the wife of senator Nakwaska. Died
at Warsaw in 1851.
Naldi, nil'dee, [Lat NAL'DIUS,] (MATTEO,) a learned
Italian medical writer and linguist, born at Sienna. He
became chief physician to Pope Alexander VII. Died
at Rome in 1682.
Naldi, (NALDO,) an Italian poet, born at Florence
about 1420, was a friend of Politian. He wrote the
"Life of G. Manetti," and several admired poems.
Died about 1470.
Naldi, (SEBASTIANO,) an Italian singer, performed ih
London. Died in Paris in 1819.
Naldini, nal-dee'nee, (BATTISTA,) a skilful Italian
painter, born at Florence in 1537. He painted in oil
and fresco at Rome and Florence. Died after 1590.
Naldini, (PAOLO,) an Italian sculptor, born at Rome,
flourished about 1650. He was admitted into the
Academy of Saint Luke in 1654.
NaldiUB. See NALDI.
Nalian, nl'le-Jn, (JAMES,) an Armenian religious
writer, born at Zimara about 1695. He became Arme-
nian Patriarch of Constantinople in 1741, and acquired
a high reputation by his writings. Died in 1764.
a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, obscure; far, fill, fat; met; n6t; good; moon;
NALSON
1795
NAPIER
Nal'son, (JOHN,) an English clergyman, born about
1638. He became rector of Doddington and prebendary
of Ely. His chief work is " An Impartial Collection of
the Affairs of State from 1639 to the Murder of Charles
I.," (1683.) Died in 1686.
Namur, ni'miiR', (JEAN PIE,) a Belgian bibliographer,
born at Luxemburg in 1804; died in 1852.
Naua-Sanib, na'na sa'Hib, a Hindoo chief of mu-
tineers, born in Poonah about 1820. He committed
atrocious cruelties on English women and children at
Cawnpore in 1857, but escaped into Nepaul. His sub-
sequent history is not known.
See MCLEOD INNES, " Rough Narrative of the Siege of Luck-
now." Calcutta, 1857.
Nancel, de, deh nflN'sSl', [Lat. NANCE'LIUS,] (Nico-
LAS,) a French physician and writer, born in 1539. He
wrote, besides other works, a " Life of Peter Ramus,"
(1600.) Died in 1610.
Nancelius. See NANCEL.
Nanniua. See NANNING.
Nannoni, njn-no'nee, (ANGELO,) an eminent Italian
surgeon, born at Florence in 1715. He became pro-
fessor and chief surgeon in the Hospital of Florence.
His success as an operator and as a lecturer attracted
patients and pupils from the most distant parts of
Europe. He wrote ceveral esteemed works, among
which is "Delia Semplicita del Medicare," (1761-67.)
Died in 1 790.
See AGOSTINO NANNONI, " Elogio del Professore A. Nannoni,"
1790.
Nan'sen, (FRIDTIOF,) a distinguished Arctic ex-
plorer, born near Christiania, Norway, in 1861. His
first notable exploit was a daring journey across Green-
land in 1888. It was followed by an attempt to reach
the pole, on the original, plan of letting his ship freeze
into the ice and drift northward with the supposed
mythology,
vShan or vehicle of SIVA, which see.
Nanek, na'nek, or Nanak, sometimes written Na-
nuk, called also Yanaka, (ya'na-ka,) and Nirankar,
the founder of the sect of Sikhs," was bom in Lahore
Arctic current. He started with the Fram, built es-
rvaiiceiaua. oee r*Ai\»jK.L- . ., , ... ron~ j • ,<?„,. u A
Nan'dl, [modern Hindoo pron. nun'di,] in the Hindoo penally for this voyage, m 1893 and in 1895 reached
vthology, the name of a white bull, regarded as the the latitude of 86° 14', much the highest then attained.
'•"-•- — - - - He left the ship and returned with a companion over
the ice to Franz-Josef Land, where he wintered, and
was rescued by Mr. Jackson in the spring of 1896.
He was received in Europe with high honours, and
,
about 1468. He wrote a book called " Adi-Granth," made professor of zoology m the Chnstiama University.
He published "The First Crossing of Greenland,
' Esquimaux Life," and "Farthest North," (1897.)
Nansouty, de, deh noN'soo'te', (firiENNE ANTOINR
and taught a species of monotheism. Died in 1539.
Nangis, de, deh noN'zhe', (GuiLLAUME,) a French
historian and Benedictine monk. He wrote a "Life of
.
Saint Louis," a general chronicle, and a "Chronicle of MARIE Champion— shoN'pe-6N',) COUNT, a French
the Kings of France." Died about 1302. general, born at Bordeaux in 1768. He was made a
Nangis, de, (Louis ARMAND de Brichanteau— deh general of brigade about 1798, and a general of division
bRe'shoN'to',) MARQUIS, a French general, was born in in 1803. According to Chlteaubriand, he was one of
1682. He served in several campaigns in Flanders, and the best cavalry officers that the war of the Revolution
obtained the rank of marshal of France in 1741. Died produced. The same writer states that he completed
in 1742. the victory at Austerlitz, (1805,) and commenced that of
Nani, na'nee, (GIAMBATTISTA FELICE GASPAKO,) a Wagram, (1809.) He was wounded at Borodino, (1812,)
Venetian historian, born in 1616. He was for twenty- and commanded the cavalry at Leipsic. In 1814 he
five years ambassador at the court of France, where he entered the service of the restored Bourbons. Died in
enjoyed the confidence of Cardinal Mazarin. He was February, 1815.
successively appointed historiographer ana archivist of Nanteuil, (CHARLES FRANCOIS Lebceuf — lehTjuf,)
the republic, and procurator of Saint Mark, (1661.) His a French sculptor, born in Paris in 1792. He gained
principal work is a "History of the Venetian Republic the grand prize in 1817. Among his works is "Eurydice
from 1613 to 1671," (2 vols., 1662-79.) D'ed in 1678. Dying." Died November 2, 1865.
See NICERON, "M^moires." Nanteuil, (ROBERT,) a French artist, born at Rheims
Nani,(ToMMASO,)an Italian jurist, born at Morbegno '« 163°. painted excellent portraits in pastel, but was
in 1757- died in 1813 chiefly distinguished as an engraver. Among his mas-
Nanini, na-nee'nee, (GIOVANNI MARIA,) an Italian ter-pieces are the portraits of the secretary of state,
composer, born at Vallerano about 1540, served as a Simon Arnaud de Pomponne, and Van Steenbergen,
chanter in the pontifical chapel in Rome. He composed the Dutch advocate. In the department of portrait-
motets, madrigals, and canzonettas. Died in 1607. : engraving Nanteuil has never been surpassed He was
Nanni, (G.ovANN,.) See ANNIUS OF VITERBO. designer and cabinet engraver to Louis XIV. D.ed
Nanni, nan'nee, (GIOVANNI,) called also GIOVANNI' „ .
DA UDINE, an Italian painter, born at Udine about 1490. „ Nantagny or Nantigm, de, deh noN ten ye', (Louis
He was celebrated for the excellence of his stuccos and ^HASOT.) a French writer on genealogy, was born m
grotesque ornaments. Many of his best works are at Burgundy in 1692. He published "Historical Genealo-
Rome and Florence. Died in 1564. , g>es of Kmgs- Emperors, and Sovereign Houses, and
Nanni, (PETER.) See NANNING. other works of the kind. Died m 1755.
Nanni, (REMIGIO,) [sometimes called, in French, Naoroji, now'ro-jee, (DADABHAI,) an East In-
REMI DE FLORENCE, ri'me' deh flo'roNss',1 an Italian dian, born at Bombay in 1825. He became distin-
Dominican monk and writer in verse and prose, was guished as a reformer, was prime minister to the
born at Florence about 1521. He edited Villani's "His- Prince of Baroda in 1874, and became a Liberal mem-
torie universal!," and Guicciardini's "Istoria d'ltalia." , ber of the English Parliament in 1892. He wrote
Died in 1581. ! many works on topics relating to India.
Nanni di Baccio Bigio, nan'nee dee bat'cho bee'jo, NapEBEe, na-pee'e, [Gr. Nomueu; Fr. NAPLES, nfpi', ]
a Florentine sculptor and architect, worked at Rome in the classic mythology, were nymphs of foresti, grove*
about 1530-50. He is chiefly remembered for his enmity and giens. (See NYMPHS.)
to Michael Angelo. Napeea. See NAP^E^.
Nanni di Banco, nan'nee dee ban'ko, an Italian Naper. See NAPIER, (JOHN.)
sculptor, born at Florence in 1383 ; died after 1421. Na'pl-er, (Sir CHARLES JAMES,) a British general.
Nanaing, nan'ning, or Nanni, nan'nee, | Lat. NAN'- born at Whitehall in 1782, was the son of the Hon.
Nius,] (PETER,) a Dutch philologist and critical writer, George Napier and Lady Sarah Lennox, a daughter of
born at Alkmaar in 1500. He was the author of "Ob- the Duke of Richmond. He was a cousin of Admiral
servations on the Institutes of Civil Law," and a trans- Charles John Napier, and a brother of Sir William,
lation of the Psalms into Latin verse. Died in 1557. the historian. He gained the rank of major in 1806,
Nannini, nan-nee'nee, (AGNOLO or GIOVANNINI,) was wounded in several actions in Spain between 1808
surnamed FIRENZUOLA, an Italian littlrattur, born at and 1812, became lieutenant-colonel in 1811, and was
Florence in 1493, was the author of satirical and bur- employed in ravaging the coasts of the United States
lesque poems, dramas, and a number of novels in the in 1813-14. He acted with credit for several years as
style of Boccaccio's " Decamerone." I Governor of Cephalonia, from which he was recalled in
«as/i; jasj; &hard; gas/; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; V^trilltd; sasz; th as in Mir.
Explanations, p. 23.)
X A PIER
1796
NAPIER US
1830. Having risen to the rank of major-general, he
was appointed commander of the army in Bengal in
1841. He increased his reputation by the conquest of
Sinde, (1843,) in which he performed several exploits
that were highly extolled. His efforts to reform the
civil administration of Sinde are also commended. He
returned to England in 1847, and was again sent to
India in 1849, to oppose the Sikhs, but on his arrival
found that the war was ended. In 1850 he returned
home. He was the author of "Lights and Shadows
of Military Life," and other works. Died in 1853.
See SIR W. F. P. NAPIER, " Life and Opinions of Sir Charles
J. Napier;" "Black-wood's Magazine" for July and August. 1857.
Na'pl-er, (Sir CHARLES JOHN,) K.C.B., an eminent
British admiral, born in Stirling county, Scotland, in
1786, was the son of the Hon. C. Napier, of Merchiston
Hall, Scotland, and a descendant of the inventor of
logarithms. He entered the navy in 1799, and, after
fighting in several actions with the French, distinguished
himself at Baltimore and other places in the United
States in 1813 and 1814. After 1814 he passed about
fifteen years in inaction, on half-pay. He commanded
the Portuguese fleet which in 1833 gained a decisive
victory over the fleet of Don Miguel, for which he was
made a Portuguese grandee of the first class. As second
In command, Captain Napier served with distinction at
the reduction of Acre, in 1840, and was rewarded with
the title of knight commander of the Bath. In 1841 he
became rear-admiral, and commanded the Channel fleet
for several years. He advocated naval reform in letters
which were printed, and as a member of Parliament
supported liberal, or rather radical, measures. After the
commencement of the Russian war, he was appointed
commander of the Baltic fleet, (1854,! and proposed to
take Cronstadt, but found it too well fortified, and re-
turned without any remarkable achievement. After his
return to Parliament, in 1855, he imputed his failure to
the fault of the ministers. He attained the rank of
admiral in 1858. Died in November, 1860. "In his
name is summed up all that he was. A Napier is a man
possessed of high spirits, immense courage, great in-
genuity, and prodigious egotism." (" London Times,"
November, 1860.)
See GENERAL E NAPIER, " Life and Correspondence of Admiral
Sir Charles J. Napier." 1861.
Napier, (FRANCIS,) LORD, a British diplomatist, a
son of the eighth Baron Napier, was born in 1819. He
became minister-plenipotentiary to the United States
about 1856. In December, 1860. he was appointed am-
bassador-extraordinary to the court of Russia, and in
1864 was transferred to Berlin. In 1866 he became
Governor of Madras. Died December 19, 1898.
Napier, (HENRY EDWARD,) an English naval officer
and writer, born in 1789, was a brother of Sir Charles
James Napier. He published " Florentine History from
the Earliest Authentic Records," (6 vols., 1847.) Died
in 1853.
Napier, written also Naper, Neper, or Nepair, [Lit.
NAPIE'RUS,] (JoHN,) Baron of Merchiston, a Scottish
mathematician, celebrated as the inventor of logarithms,
was born at Merchiston Castle, near Edinburgh, in 1550.
He was the son of Sir Archibald Napier, master of the
mint. He entered the University of Saint Andrew's
about 1563, and a few years later travelled in France,
Germany, and Italy. He appears to have returned
•bout 1571, after which he devoted himself to mathe-
matics, theology, and literatjre. In 1593 he published
an ingenious work called "A Plain Discovery of the
Revelation of Saint John," in which he labours to prove
that popery is antichristian. It is probable that prior to
1594 he began the train of inquiry which resulted in the
discovery of logarithms. His tables were first published
in 1614, with the title of "The Description of the Won-
derful Law of Logarithms," (" Mirifici Logarithmorum
Canonis Descriptio.") " The invention of logarithms,"
says Hallam, "is one of the rarest instances of sagacity
in the history of mankind ; and it has been justly noticed
as remarkable that it issued complete from the mind of
its author, and has not received any improvement since
his time." In solving the problems of trigonometry,
this invention is of immense utility, as it reduces the
labour of months to a few days, and liberates the ope-
rator from the errors which are almost inevitable in long
calculations. He died in 1617, leaving several sons, the
eldest of whom, named Archibald, was raised to the
peerage in 1627, with the title of Lord Napier.
See " Life, Writings, and Inventions of John Napier," by EARL
OF BUCHAN and WALTER MINTO, 1787 ; MARK NAPIER, " Memoirs
of John Napier," 1834; HUTTON, "Mathematical Dictionary;"
CHAMBERS, " Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;"
"Westminster Review" for July, 1835.
Na'pl-er, (JOSEPH,) an Irish lawyer and politician, born
at Belfast in 1804. He was called to the bar in 1831,
and elected to Parliament for the University of Dublin
in 1848. He became attorney-general for Ireland in
1852, and was lord chancellor of Ireland from March,
1858, to June, 1859. Died December 9, 1882.
Napier, (MACVEY,) a Scottish editor, born in the
county of Stirling in 1776. He became professor of
conveyancing in the University of Edinburgh. He edited
the se'venth edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica,"
and succeeded Lord Jeffrey as editor of the " Edinburgh
Review" in 1829. He performed the duties of this po-
sition with ability for about eighteen years. Among his
contributions to the " Edinburgh Review" is an articlf
on " Raleigh," (April, 1840.) Died in 1847.
See "Notice of Macvey Napier," London, 1847: CHAMBERS,
" Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen, "(Supplement.)
Napier, (MARK,) a Scottish antiquary, born in 1798.
He wrote " Memorials and Letters of the Time of John
Grahame of Claverhouse," a " Life of Napier of Mer-
chistoun," (1834,) a "Life of Montrose," (1840,) and
other works. Died at Edinburgh, November 23, 1879.
Napier, (ROBERT,) a Scottish mechanical engineer,
distinguished for the construction of steamships, was born
at Dumbarton in 1791. He served an apprenticeship to
a blacksmith, and in 1815 became master of a smithery
in Glasgow. A few years later he began to make engines
for steamboats, and afterwards became the head of the
large establishment of Robert Napier & Sons, of Glas-
gow. He constructed the machinery of the British
Queen, and about 1840 furnished Mr. Cunard with four
steamships which plied between England and the United
States. In 1856 he built the Persia, which was perhaps
unrivalled in strength and speed, and subsequently built
several iron-clad ships for the navy. Died June 23, 1876.
Napier, (Sir ROBERT,) a British general, born in Cey-
lon about 1810. He served as an officer of the army
in India, and became chief engineer of Bengal. During
the Sepoy mutiny of 1857-58 he rendered important
services as military enginee.'. He commanded an expe-
dition sent against Abyssinia about the close of 1867. He
gained a decisive victory at Magdala in April, 1868, over
King Theodore, (who was killed,) and was rewarded
with the title of Lord Napier. Died January 14, 1890.
Napier, (Sir WILLIAM FRANCIS,) a British general,
famous as the historian of the Peninsular war, was born
at Castletown, Kildare county, Ireland, in 1785. He
was a brother of General Charles James Napier, and
cousin of Admiral Charles J. Napier. He entered the
army in 1800, and obtained the rank of captain in 1804.
From 1808 to 1814 he served in the Peninsular war,
during which he was frequently wounded. He received
medals for his conduct at Salamanca, (1812,) and at the
battles of the Nivelle and Orthes, etc., and became
lieutenant-colonel in 1813. In 1828 he produced the
first volume of his " History of the War in the Penin-
sula from 1807 to 1814," (6 vols.,) which was finished
in 1840, and found its way to the summit of public
favour, although its tenor was not in accordance with
the popular and political prejudices of the times. He
disapproved the policy of the English government, and
estimated with candour the acts of Napoleon and his
army. The work is admired for dignity of tone, fidelity
to truth, and beauty of style. He was made major-
general in 1841, and lieutenant-general in 1851. His
wife was a daughter of General H. E. Fox, a relative of
Lord Holland. Sir William published a "History of
the Conquest of Scinde," and a few other works. Died
in February, 1860.
See HARRIET MARTINEAU, " Biographical Sketches," London,
1869; "Edinburgh Review" for October, 1857.
Napierua. See NAPIER, (JOHN.)
i, e, T, 6, u, y, .'OH;-: 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, 1, 6, u, jf, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, fill, fat; mSt; n6t; good; moon;
NAPIONE
1797
NAPOLEON
Napione, na-pe-o'ni, (C. ANTONIO GALEANI,) an
Italian mineralogist, born at Turin ; died at Rio Janeiro
in 1814. His brother, J. GALEANI, Count de Napione,
was a dramatist and litterateur.
Napione da Cocconato, na-pe-o'nada kok-ko-na'to,
(GiAN FRANCESCO Galeani — ga-14-a'nee,) COUNT, a
learned Italian writer on various subjects, was born at
Turin in 1748. He was a cousin-german of the eminent
author Joseph de Maistre. He held several high civil
offices. Among his numerous works are an essay on
the Italian language, (" Dell'Uso e dei Pregi della Lin-
gua Italiana," 2 vols., 1791,) and "Lives of Illustrious
Italians," (3 vols., 1818.) Died in 1830.
See L. MARTINI, " Vita del Conte G. F. Napione," 1836 : " Nou-
velle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Napoleon I. See BONAPARTE.
Napoleon II See REICHSTADT, DUKE OF.
Na-po'le-on [Fr. NAPOLEON, nS'po'li'iN'] HL,
(CHARLES Louis NAPOLEON BONAPARTE,) Emperor of
France, a son of Louis Bonaparte and Hortense de Beau-
harnais, was born at Paris, in the Tuilerie^, April 20, 1808.
He was inscribed at the head of the register of the family
of the Napoleonic dynasty, the emperor having recog-
nized Louis and his heirs as successors to the crown
in preference to his elder brothers. His mother, being
compelled to quit France in 1815, took this son with her
in her exile, and gave him for preceptors P. Lebas
and Colonel Armandi. He passed several years of his
youth at Arenenberg, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau.
On the accession of Louis Philippe, in 1830, Louis Napo-
leon requested permission to return to France, which
was not granted. He and his brother then went to
Italy and enlisted in the army of insurgents, who at
first gained some advantages over the papal troops, but
were defeated and dispersed by the Austrians in 1831.
On the death of the Due de Reichstadt, in 1832, Louis
Napoleon became a pretender to the throne of France.
He published a work entitled " Political Reveries," and
a "Manual of Artillery," (1836.) His ambition, his
name, and his unscrupulous audacity urged him to enter
a career which presents the most wonderful vicissitudes
of fortune. Having secured the aid of Colonel Vaudrey
and other officers stationed at Strasbourg, he made an
attempt on that place, with a few adherents, in October,
1836. He failed, was arrested, and was banished or trans-
ported to the United States in November of that year.
In 1837 he returned to Europe, attended Queen Hor-
tense in her last illness at Arenenberg, and took refuge
' melange
of liberal principles and -praetorian domination." It is
an apology for the regime of Napoleon I. The unpopu-
lar measures of Louis Philippe encouraged Louis Napo-
leon to engage in another rash and desperate enterprise.
Attended by about fifty partisans and a tame eagle,
which was expected to perch upon his banner as the
harbinger of victory, he sailed from England in August,
1840, and entered Boulogne, where he obtained but little
support, and was speedily arrested by the soldiers who
he had hoped would be induced to join his standard.
He was tried on a charge of treason by the House of
Peers, and, after he had made a speech in his own de-
fence and professed his devotion to the principle of
popular sovereignty, was sentenced to perpetual impris-
onment. He was confined in the Castle of Ham, where
he pursued his political studies and wrote several political
and historical treatises. Aided by his physician, Dr.
Conneau, and disguised as a labourer, he escaped from
Ham in May, 1846, and retired to England.
The revolution of 1848 afforded him an opportunity
to return to France, and thus opened a new field to his
irrepressible ambition. In June, 1848, he was elected
to the National Assembly for the department of the
Seine. He was excluded from that body by Lamartine
and his colleagues for a time, but he took his seat in
September, 1848, and became a candidate for the office
of president of France. On the loth of December, 1848,
he was elected president for four years, having received
5,562,834 votes. His chief competitor was General Ca-
vaignac, who obtained 1,469,166 voles. He soon became
involved in a contest with the Constituent Assembly, the
republican majority of which regarded him with hostility
or suspicion. In April, 1849, he sent an army to Rome
to intervene in favour of the pope, who had been ex-
pelled by the republicans. The French army took Rome,
and continued to occupy that city until 1866.
The Constituent Assembly dissolved itself, and was
succeeded by the Legislative Assembly in May, 1849.
The president appointed the celebrated De Tocqueville
minister of foreign affairs in June, 1849. This minister,
perceiving that the president expected him and his col-
leagues to be the pliant instruments of his will, resigned
in October of that year. De Tocqueville afterwards
remarked, " We were not the men to serve him on
those terms." Louis Napoleon encountered a strong
opposition in the Legislative Assembly, which in May,
1850, restricted universal suffrage and ordered that a
residence of three years in a commune must be a qualifi-
cation of voters. A long and violent struggle between
the president and the representatives of the people
was terminated by the coup d'ttat of December 2, 1851.
Having secured the support of the army, by a reckless
violation of his plighted faith he raised himself to
the supreme power. The Assembly was forcibly dis-
solved, and the leading statesmen were arrested. Legis-
lators and felons, statesmen and vulgar culprits, were
huddled together in the same vehicle and conveyed to
prison. Before the end of the year his acts were ratified
by the form of a popular election, and he was chosen
president for a term of ten years. A new constitution
was adopted in January, 1852, and the legislative func-
tions were divided between two houses, the Senate and
the Corps Legislatif, which, however, were so organized
that they offered little or no check to his absolute power.
The question whether he should take the title of em-
peror was submitted to the vote of the people in No-
vember, 1852, when, according to the official report,
7,824,189 voted in the affirmative. He assumed the
title of Napoleon III., and married a Spanish lady of
great personal attractions, Eugenie Marie de Guzman,
Countess de Teba, in January, 1853. Having formed
an alliance with England and publicly announced that
his policy was peace, he, in conjunction with his new ally
declared war against Russia in March, 1854, and sent an
army to the Crimea. After a long siege, the allies took
Sevastopol in September, 1855, and the war was ended
by the treaty of Paris in March, 1856. Among the events
of this year was the birth of the prince imperial, Napo-
leon Eugene Louis, etc.
One great aim of Napoleon III. appears to have been
to reconcile the French people to the loss of liberty by
promoting their material prosperity, by splendid public
improvements, and by gratifying their passion for mili-
tary glory. Accordingly, as an ally of the King of
Sardinia in the war caused by the aggressions of Aus-
tria, he led a large army into Italy in May, 1859. He
commanded in person at the battle of Solferino, where
the Austrians were defeated, June 24, 1859, and in the
next month concluded the peace of Villafranca. (See
FRANCIS JOSEPH.) Among the results of this war was
the cession of Nice and Savoy to France by the King
of Sardinia, who had extended his own dominions by
the conquest of Lombardy. In 1861 he availed himself
of the opportunity presented by the breaking out of the
civil war in America, to intervene in Mexico, and fitted
out against that republic an expedition which landed a
well-appointed army under General Forey early in 1862.
After several victories over the Mexican Liberals, the
French forces entered the city of Mexico in June, 1863.
Napoleon offered the imperial crown of Mexico to
Maximilian of Austria, who accepted the fatal gift and
was supported by a part of the native population. The
United States refused to acknowledge the Mexican em-
peror, and intimated to Napoleon that European powers
would not be permitted to establish monarchies by arms
in North America. He accordingly withdrew his army
from Mexico about the end of 1866, so that the result of
the Mexican enterprise was the reverse of glorious for
France. It is well understood that he sympathized with
the slaveholders in their war against the Union, at least
so far as they sought the disruption of the confederation.
€as£; casJY ghard; gas/; G, H, Y., guttural ; n, nasal; R, trilled : £ as i: thasinM/>. (J^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
NAPOLEON
1798
NARBONNE
Before the commencement of the American war. Napo-
leon was justly regarded as the most adroit and most suc-
cessful sovereign in Europe. But his prestige was greatly
impaired by the events of 1866. He remained neutral
in the war between Austria and Prussia, which war he
probably might have prevented ; but in the diplomatic
contest which ensued between France and Prussia
he appears to have found more than a match in the
genius of Count Bismarck, who suddenly raised Prussia
to the rank of a first-rate power and united the Germans
in a determined attitude against the aggressiveness of
France. The French felt themselves humiliated by the
fact that so great changes in the map of Europe should
have been effected without their agency or concurrence,
and condemned the policy by which France was isolated
and excluded from the hope of extension towards the
Rhine. After the battle of Sadowa, July 3, 1866, Napo-
leon offered himself as a mediator between the belligerent
powers. The Emperor of Austria ceded to him Venetia,
instead of surrendering it to the King of Italy, to whom
it seemed naturally to belong. About the loth of De-
cember, 1866, the French army was withdrawn finally
from Rome, and the pope, finding himself in a critical
position, addressed to Napoleon language which was far
from complimentary. Napoleon and Bismarck were in-
volved in a dispute about Luxemburg, which the former
purchased of the King of Holland ; but the Prussians
occupied a strong fortress in that province, which they
refused to relinquish. It was generally believed that
war was imminent ; but the difficulty was settled by a
European Convention which met in London in May,
1867, and decided that neither France nor Prussia should
retain possession of Luxemburg.
The exciting and warmly-contested elections of May
and June, 1869, showed so great an increase of votes
against imperial despotism, that Napoleon thought it
expedient to make large concessions to the people and
the legislative body. He gave the latter the right to
elect its own officers, to have partial control over the
expenditure of the public mjney, the right of interpel-
lation, and the privilege to share with himself the power
of initiating laws. He proclaimed a general amnesty
for political offences in August, ;86o,. In December of
that year he appointed Emile Ollivier prime minister,
and requested him to form a cabinet. " Designate per-
sons," he said, *' who will, associated with yourself, form
a homogeneous cabinet faithfully representing the legis-
lative majority." This was regarded as the end of per-
sonal government in France, and the beginning or resto-
ration of a constitutional regime. He addressed to prime
minister Ollivier, March 22, 1870, an important letter, in
which he says, " I think it opportune, under present cir-
cumstances, to adopt all the reforms required by the
constitutional government of the Empire, in order to put
an end to the immoderate desire for change which pre-
vails in certain minds." He afterwards issued an address
and appeal to the people, asking their votes, in these
terms : " Do the people approve the liberal reforms
which have been effected in the Constitution since 1860
by the Emperor, with the concurrence of the great legis-
lative bodies of the state, and ratify the senatus-consultum
of April 20, 1870?" On the eve of the election the
government detected or concocted an extensive plot to
assassinate Napoleon, and arrested many suspected per-
sons. The result of the plebiscite of the 8th of May
was that about 7,000,000 voted yes, and 1,500,000 voted
no. Louis Napoleon wrote a " History of Julius Caesar,"
(1867,) in which he carries out the '* Idees Napoleoni-
ennes," inculcating the doctrine that certain gifted men
are appointed by Providence or destiny to rule, and that
it is as necessary for the people as for themselves that
this destiny should be fulfilled.
Without a reasonable pretext or tangible cause, he
declared war against Prussia about July 15, 1870, and,
having appointed the Empress regent, took the com-
mand of his army in person. The Germans crossed the
frontier early in August, and assumed the offensive. The
French were outnumbered and outgeneralled in a series
of great battles at Worth, Metz, and near Sedan. On
the 2d of September, Napoleon, who had displayed great
incapacity as a general, surrendered himself, with about
100,000 men as prisoners of war, at Sedan. The dahe-
ance of Napoleon was passed in the corps legislatif, and
a republic was formed by the citizens of Paris, Septem-
ber 4, 1870. He died at Chiselhurst, January 9, 1873.
See AMKDlta HENNBQUIN, "Histoire de Louis Napoleon Bona-
parte," 1848 ; A. BOUDIN, " Histoire politique du Prince Louis Napo-
le'on," etc., 1852; ADRIEN PASCAL, "Histoire de NapoWon III,"
1853 ; VICTOR HUGO, " NapoMon le Petit," 1852 : PAUL LACROIX,
"Histoire de NapoMon III," 1853: J. B. FELLBNS, "Louis Napo-
le'on, sa Vie," etc., 1853; W. L. WKSCHE, "Napoleon III. Kaiser
der Franzosen," 1853: SCHOBNHUTH, "Napoleon III. Kaiser,'1 etc.,
1853; ABBOTT, "The History of Napoleon III.," 1869; " Nouvello
Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Nap'p?r-Tau'dy, (JAMES,) an Irish insurgent, born
near Dublin in 1747. He invaded Ireland with a body
of French troops in 1798, was taken prisoner and con-
demned to death, but was released after an imprisonment
of two years. Died in 1803.
Narada, nl'ra-da, written also Nareda, the name of
a celebrated Hindoo sage and lawgiver, supposed to have
been the son of Brahma and Saraswati. He was the
inventor of the Vina, a sort of lute, and is said to have
been an intimate friend of Krishna.
See MOOR, " Hindu Pantheon."
Nar'a-slng'ha, [modern Hindoo pron. nur'a-sing'ha
or nur'a-sing^, from the Sanscrit n&r&, a " man," and
tinglid, a "lion,"] (the "Man-Lion,") the name, in the
Hindoo mythology, of the fourth Avatar of Vishnu. It is
related that Hiranyakasipu,* by his penances and sacri
fices in honour of Brahma, had obtained as a boon from
that deity that he should possess universal monarchy
and be wholly exempt from death or injury from every
god, man, or creati're in existence. Having now nothing
to fear, his arrogance and impiety became insufferable.
He had, however, a son of a wholly different character,
and remarkable for his piety and virtue. The son, re-
proving his father's wickedness, once said to him that the
Deity was present everywhere. " Is he in that pillar ?"
said the angry tyrant. "Yes," replied the son. There-
upon Hiranyakasipu, in contempt, struck the pillar with
his sword, when the stony mass fell asunder, and a being,
half man and half lion, issuing from its centre, tore to
pieces the impious wretch who had thus insulted and
defied the Divine Power.
See MOOR, " Hindu Pantheon."
Narayana, ni-ra'ya-na, a Sanscrit word of somewhat
uncertain etymology, commonly supposed to signify
" moving upon the waters," and applied, in the Hindoo
mythology, to the universal Divine Spirit, which existed
before all worlds. (Compare Genesis i. 2.) In this sense,
Narayana may be regarded as another name for BRAHM,
(which see ;) but it is also frequently used as one of thr
many appellations of Vishnu.
See MOOR, " Hindu Pantheon."
Narayani, n5-ra'ya-nee', the consort (or sakti) of Na-
rayana, considered as Vishnu, and hence a name of
LAKSHMf, (which see.)
Narbonne, de, deh niR'bon', (Louis,) COUNT, a
French courtier and minister of state, was born of the
noble family of Narbonne-Lara at Colorno, in Parma,
in 1755. He was taken to Paris in 1760, and educated
at court, where his mother was a lady of honour. He
was handsome, accomplished, and witty, and a favourite
of the royal family. In the Revolution he acted with
the constitutional party, and became a confidential friend
of Madame de Stael, who regarded him with admiration.
" She exalted him in her imagination," says Lamartine,
" until she raised him to the height of her ideal." By
her influence, partly, he became minister of war in De-
cember, 1791. He tried with success the policy of frank-
• Pronounced by the modem Hindoos hl-run'ya-kus'a-poo. By
some blunder, as it would seem, on the part of the writers from whom
he has copied, Southey gives this name in a strangely ctrrup'«4
form, — Errgnen :
" For often would Ereenia tell
Of what in elder days befell,
When other tyrants in their might
Usurped dominion o'er the earth.
And Veeshnoo took a human birth.
Deliverer of the sons of men.
And slew the huge Ermaccasen,
And piecemeal rent with lion force
ER'SKNEN'S accursed corse."
Curst ofKthama, vol. i., x
a, e, I, c, u, y, long ; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, J?, short;*, e, i, Q, obscure; far, fall, fat; m?t; not; good; moon.
NARBOROUGH
'799
NARVA EZ
ness and confidence towards the Assembly, and extorted Nares, (ROBERT,) a distinguished critic and theolo-
applause even from the stern and suspicious radicals, gian, a son of the preceding, was born in 1753. He be-
He performed prodigies of activity in raising armies and ' came Archdeacon of Stafford, and pastor of Allhallows
preparing for war. Inspired by his fervent, rapid, and Church, London ; he also held the office of assistant
martial eloquence, a glow of patriotism pervaded France, librarian of the British Museum. He published, among
He was suddenly dismissed from office in March, 1792, other works, "Elements of Orthoepy," (1784,) and a
in consequence of a difference with his colleague and "Chronological View of the Prophecies relating to the
rival De Lessart. About the loth of August he was Christian Church," (1805.) He was one of the founder*
proscribed by the Assembly, but, by the efforts of Ma- of the " British Critic." Died in 1829.
dame de Stae'l, escaped to England. He returned to Narfi. See NORVI.
France in iSoo, and was restored to his rank as lieu- Narino, na-ren'yo, (ANTONIO,) a South American
tenant-general in 1809. Soon after that he was made general, born at Santa F^ de Bogota in 1769. He fought
ambassador to Bavaria. He attended Bonaparte as aide- against the Spaniards in 1812-13, was made prisoner,
de-camp in the Russian campaign, (1812.) Died in 1813. and was confined at Cadiz, where he died about 1822.
See VILLEMAIN, "Souvenirs contemporains ;" BICNON. "His- See CAPTAIN BONNYCASTLE, " Spanish America," 1818; LALLH-
toire de France sous Napoleon ;" MARMONT, " Me'moires ;" " Nou- MANX. " Hisloire de la Colombie," 1836.
relle Biographie Generate." Narni, di, de naR'nee, (GiROLAMO Mautin— mow-
Narborough, nar'biir'?h, ( Sir JOHN, ) an English teen',) an Italian monk and eloquent preacher, lived in
naval officer, distinguished himself in the war with the the seventeenth century.
Dutch in 1666. In 1672 he served as second captain Nar'rl-en, (JOHN,) F.R.S., an English geometer, born
under the Duke of York against De Ruyter in the en- at Chertsey in 1782, was a maker of mathematical and
gagement of Solebay, where his bravery and skill were philosophical instruments in his youth. He contributed
conspicuous. He was created rear-admiral and made a
knight in 1673. In 1674 he was sent against the pirates
to the " Penny Cyclopaedia," and published, besides
several works on geometry, a " History of the Origin
of the Mediterranean, and forced the Bey of Tripoli to and Progress of Astronomy," (1838.)
give up his British captives and pay a large sum of money
for previous injuries to British trade. Died in 1688.
Nar-cis'sus, [Gr. Kapxtaaof ; Fr. NARCISSK, ntR'sess/',]
a beautiful youth, in the Greek mythology. He is said
to have been insensible of amorous passion until he saw
Nar'ry, (CHARLES,) a French dramatist, born in
1825. He wrote many novels and plays, his most
successful drama being " Comme elles sont toutes."
Died in 1892.
Nar'ses, [Gr. Nopo^c,] a celebrated general under the
his own image in the water, with which he fell in love, emperor Justinian I., was a eunuch, and is supposed to
Having died of disappointed love, he was changed into have been a native of Asia. He was early distinguished
the flower of the same name. by the favour of the emperor, and in 538 A.D. was ap-
Narcissus, a profligate Roman courtier and favourite ' pointed to a command under Belisarius in Italy. Owing
of the emperor Claudius, was a slave in his youth. He to dissensions arising between them, Narses was recalled
acquired unlimited influence over Claudius, and pro- 'n 539- but he was sent again in 552 as commander-in-
cured the death of several innocent persons. He also chief of the Italian army. He obtained a signal victory
caused Messalina to be assassinated. He -vas put to over the Goths, led by Totila, and recovered Rome,
death, by order of Agrippina, in 54 A.D. Having driven the barbarians from the country, he was
Nardi, naR'dee, (JACOPO,) a distinguished historian, appointed in 553 Exarch of Italy. On the accession of
born at Florence in 1476. His principal work is a "His- Justinus II., Narses was superseded in his command by
'
tory of Florence from 1494 to 1531," (1582.) He also
wrote a comedy entitled " L'Amicizia," and made a
translation of Livy, (1540,) esteemed one of the best in
the Italian language. Died about 1555.
Nardin, (T.,) a French negotiator and litttratrur
born at Besan9on in 1540; died in 1616.
Nardini, naR-dee'nee, (PiETRO,) an Italian musician,
born at Leghorn in 1725, was esteemed one of
Longinus. Died in 558.
See GIBBON, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;" Li
BEAU, "Histoire du Bas-Eirpire ;" PROCOPIUS, " Bellum Gothi-
cum."
Nar'seS or Narsi, nar'see, [Gr. Nopmjc,] a Sassanide
king of Persia, a son of Varanes II., began to reign in
294 A.D. He waged war against the emperor Diocletian,
whose army he defeated in Mesopotamia in 296. Having
,
violinists of his time. He composed a number of pieces been defeated ln the second campaign, Narses sued for
for the violin and flute. Died in 1796.
Nareda. See NARADA.
Peace- and .ln 2?7 ™de a treaty bv whlch he ceded
Mesopotamia and Armenia to Diocletian. Narses abdi-
Nares, narz, (Rev. EDWARD,) nephew of James Nares, catJLd in favour °f hlsT son' Hormisdas II., in 303 A.D.
Narssms. See NAFRSSF.N.
noticed below, was born in London in 1762. He became
professor of modern history at Oxford in 1814. He was
Narssius. See NAERSSEN.
Naruszewicz, ni-roo-sha'vitch, (ADAM STANISLAS,)
.. u~..u.u „• mi m. -.10
the 'author"ofTnove'l entitled" Thinks l"to°Myself'" and a Polis,h hist°"an and poet, born in 1733. He was ap-
of the " Life and Administration of Lord Burghley," P01"""1 successively professor of poetry in the Jesuits'
which is severely criticised bv Macaulay in the " Edin- College of Nobles at Warsawand Bishop of Smolensk.
"
burgh Review," (1832.) Died in 1841.
Nares, (Sir GEORGE STRONG,) an
English navi
ks are a " History of Poland," an <
ation of Tacitus into Polish, and a number
otvBkAvaj ion \_i r.»^ jvvi c. i_j i rv^ntj, i nil Zjiitusii iittvi- r i • r i_i j * T-** i • *-
gator, born in 1831. He was educated at the Royal of lyrics, fables, and satires. Died in 1796.
Naval College, and entered the navy. He was on the See BBNTKOWSKI "Histoire de la Lmirature Poloi^se,"
ship Resolute in the Arctic voyage of 1852-54, served in Narvaez, de, da na»-v3.eW, (PANFILO,) a Spanish
the Crimean war, was for many years employed in hy- commander, born at Vallaao,,... He went to America
drographic surveys in various parts of the world, com- !n or bef°re '510' and served in the army. When Ve-
manded the Challenger expedition, 1872-74, and led the lasquez Governor of Cuba, learned that Cortez disowned
expedition of 1875-76 in the Arctic waters west and hls authority in Mexico, he sent an army against him,
northwest of Greenland with the ships Alert and Dis- and S^6 the command to Narvaez, in 1520. The latter
covery, of which voyage he published a " Report" (1876) was defeated and made prisoner by Cortez at Zampoala.
and a " Narrative," (1878. ) He sailed
sailed on the Alert
in 1878 for a two years' survey of the South Pacific,
retired in 1886, and was made a vice-admiral in 1892.
He published various works pn maritime subjects.
Nares, (JAMES,) an English composer, born in Mid-
killed by the Indians in Florida about 1527.
Narvaez, de, (RAMON MARIA,) Duke of Valencia, a
Spanish general and minister of state, born in Andalusia
about 1798. He fought against the Carlists in 1836-38,
and was the leader of the insurrection which drove Es-
partero from power in 1843. He was prime minister
dlesex in 1715. His principal compositions are anthems from May, 1844, to February, 1846, and was restored to
and other church music; he also published "Lessons power in 1849. He resigned in January, 1851, was again
for the Harpsichord," and various treatises on music, appointed president of the council in October, 1856, and
In 1756 he succeeded Green as organist and composer retired from office in November, 1857. About Septem-
to the king. He was the preceptor of the composei ber, 1864, he again became prime minister. Died in
Arnold. Died in 1783. j April, 1868.
€ as k; 5 as s; g hard; g asy; G, H, Vi,guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; & as z; th as mthis. (2^=See Explanations, p. 23.)
NASCIMENTO
1800
NASON
Nascimento, do, do nas-se-mSn'to, (MANOEL,) an
eminent Portuguese poet, born in Lisbon in 1734. He
was driven into exile by the persecution of the Inquisi-
tion in 1778, after which he lived in Paris until his death.
Among his works, which he published under the assumed
name of " Filinto Elysio," are a number of odes and a
translation of La Fontaine's Fables. Died in 1819.
See A. M. SAN*. " Poe'sie lyrique Portugaise," etc., iSoS; L.
DB MENDOC.A, " Memorias de Litteratura contemporanea."
Naseef-al-Yazajee or Nasif-al-Yazaji, na-seef al
ya'za-jee, a distinguished Arabic scholar and writer,
born in " the Lebanon," probably near the commence-
ment of the present century. Although a Christian, he
is said to have devoted his life solely to the study of the
language, history, literature, and grammar of the Arabs.
In his treatise on grammar he has condensed, with rare
ability and skill, the whole system of the Arab gram-
marians. " No more complete exposition of the subject,"
says Mr. Chenery, " has ever been brought into a vol-
ume of the same size." He has also written " Makamat,"
("Assemblies,") in imitation of Hareeree, (Hariri.)
" Nasif," says the same critic, " has little of the poetical
power of his great original, but in curious learning he
almost equals him."
Naselli, na-sel'lee, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian painter,
born at Ferrara. The churches of Ferrara contain many
of his works. Died about 1630.
Nash, (ABNER,) an American statesman and lawyer,
born in Prince Edward county, Virginia. Having set-
tled in North Carolina, he was elected in 1779 Governor
of that State. Died in 1786.
Nash, (FRANCIS,) an American brigadier-general,
brother of Abner Nash, noticed above, was mortally
wounded at the battle of Germantown, (1777.)
Nash, (FREDERICK,) an American jurist, bom at
Newbern, North Carolina, in 1781, was a son of Abner
Nash. He resided mostly at Hillsborough. He became
a judge of the supreme court of North Carolina in 1844.
Died in 1858.
Nash, (JOHN,) an English architect, born in London
in 1752. He was appointed in 1815 inspector of the
royal buildings. He furnished the designs for the Hay-
Market Theatre, Buckingham Palace, and the Pavilion
of Brighton, also the plans of Regent Street and Re-
gent's Park. Died in 1835.
Nash, (JOSEPH,) an English painter and designer,
born about 1812. He designed illustrations for "The
Architecture of the Middle Ages," (1838.) He was dis-
tinguished as a painter of architecture. Died in 1878.
Nash, (RICHARD,) usually called BEAU NASH, was
born at Swansea, Wales, in 1674. He entered the Mid-
dle Temple as a student of law, but had an invincible
aversion to study and business. He distinguished him-
self as a man of fashion, a master of the science oi
gentility, and a paragon of effrontery. His skill as a
gambler yielded him an ample revenue. In 1704 he
found Bath a vulgar and mismanaged watering-place,
infested with ill-bred people. He got himself appointed
master of ceremonies, and, by enforcing the rules of good
breeding at balls, public assemblies, etc., converted Bath
into a fashionable and elegant place of resort. His
person was coarse and ungainly, but his vivacit) and
benevolent or prodigal habits rendered him popular.
He is said to have taken measures to guard the unwary
youth from falling victims to the designs of villains.
During a part of his long period of prosperity and
supremacy at Bath, he rode in a six-horse coach with a
retinue of servants. In his old age he was impoverished
by the act of Parliament which suppressed gaming.
Died in 1761.
See OLIVER GOLDSMITH, "Life of Richard Nash," 1763; " EC
centric Personages," by WM. RUSSELL, 1866.
Nash, (THOMAS,) an English wit and dramatist, born
in Suffolk about 1564. He was the author of "The
Supplication of Pierce Penniless to the Devil," (1592,)
"Dido," a tragedy, (1594,) a comedy entitled "Sum-
mer's Last Will and Testament," (1600,) and several
other works, which had great popularity in that age.
Died in 1601.
See WARTON, " History of English Poetry ;" DISRAELI, " Ca-
lamities of Authors."
Nash, (TREADWAY RUSSEL,) an English divine and
antiquary, born in 1725 or 1726. He published "Col-
lections for a History of Worcestershire," and a fine
edition of Hudibras, and contributed several papers to
the " Archjeologia." Died in 1811.
Nasif-al-Yazaji See NASEEF-AL-YAZAJEE.
Nasini, na-see'nee, (ANTONIO,) an Italian painter of
history and portraits, born at Sienna in 1641 ; died in
1716.
Nasini, (GIUSEPPE NICCOL&,) a skilful painter, born
near Sienna about 1655, was a brother of the preceding.
He painted in oil and fresco many works, the subjects
of which are mostly religious. Died in 1736.
See LANZI, " History of Painting in Italy."
Nasir Kho'sroo', or Aboo Moo'in-ed-Deen
Nasir ben Khosroo, an eminent Persian didactic poet,
born at Koobadeeyan in 1004 A.D. He was at first an
orthodox Moslem, but became a Sheeite. He was a great
linguist and traveller, and was financial secretary to Ja-
ghir, a brother of Togrul Bey, (q. v.) He wrote " Safar-
nama," a valuable book of travels, volumes of lyrics
called "The Book of Enlightenment" and "The Book
of Happiness," and other works. Died in 1088.
Nasir-ed-Deen, Shah of Persia, was born in 1829,
and succeeded to the throne in 1848. He visited
Europe in 1873 and 1889, and died by the hand of
an assassin in 1896.
Nasir - ed - Deen - Mohammed - Ibn - Hassan, or
Nassir-eddyn-Mohammed-Ibn-Hajan, na'sir ed-
deen' mo-harn'med ib'n ha'san, surnamed AL-TOO'SEE,
(or AL-THOUSi,) from the place of his birth, a celebiated
Persian astronomer, born at Toos, (Tfls or Thous,) in
KhorassSn, about 1200 A.D., became superintendent of
an observatory in Azerbaijin. He was the author of
" Ilchaaic Tables," which are said by Delambre not to
differ essentially from those of Ptolemy. Died in 1274.
Nasir- (or Nasser-) Ledeen- (Ledin-) Blah, ni'sjr
le-deen' il'lah, (Abool-Abbas- Ahmed, a'bool ab-bas'
aH'med,) an Abbasside caliph, began to reign at Bagdad
in 1180, as successor of his father Mostadee. He founded
many colleges, hospitals, and mosques. Died in 1225.
Na'smith, (DAVID,) a Scottish philanthropist, born
in Glasgow in 1799, was distinguished for his zeal in
promoting religious and benevolent associations. He
founded in 1826 the Glasgow City Mission, and, having
subsequently visited England, Ireland, France, and the
United States of America, he established missions in
their principal cities. The London City Mission, which
began its operations in 1835 with four missionaries,
numbered in 1856 upwards of three hundred. Nasmith
also founded the London Female Mission, the Adult
School Society, and other similar institutions. Died
in 1839.
Na'smith, (JAMES,) an English divine and antiquary,
born at Norwich in 1740, published editions of the
" Itineraries" of Simon and William of Worcester, and
Tanner's "Notitia Monastica." Died in 1808.
Na'sm^th, (ALEXANDER,) a celebrated Scottish
painter, founder of the so-called Nasmyth school, was
born at Edinburgh in 1758. He painted landscapes and
portraits of great merit. Among the latter, that of Burns
is highly esteemed, and is said to be the only authentic
likeness of the poet. Died in 1840.
Nasmyth, (JAMES,) a Scottish engineer and inventor,
son of the preceding, was born in Edinburgh in 1808.
He commenced business for himself as a mechanical
engineer, at Manchester, in 1834. He invented a steam
hammer, a steam pile-driver, &c. Died May 8, 1890.
See SAMUKL SMILES," Industrial Biography," etc, 1864.
Nasmyth, (PATRICK.) a brother of the preceding,
was born at Edinburgh in 1786. He enjoyed a high
reputation as a landscape-painter, and had five sisters
who were distinguished in the same department of the
art. Died in 1831.
Na'spn, (ELIAS,) an American author, born at Wren-
tham, Massachusetts, April 21, 1811. He graduated at
Brown University in 1835. and was for several years an
editor and teacher. In 1849 he entered the Congrega-
tionalist ministry. He edited several hymn-collections,
published a "Life" of N. Howe, (1851.) of Sir C. H^
a, • 1. 6. u, y.long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, 6, ii, J, short; a, e, i. o, obscure; far, fall, fat; met; not; good; nio-n;
NASON
iSoi
NA TT1ER
Frankland, (1865,) of Mrs. Rowson, (1870,) of Henry
Wilson, (1872,) and of C harles Sumner, (1874,) " Gazetteer
of Massachusetts," (1873,) "History of the Bible," (1881,)
" Noted Men of Massachusetts," and other works. He
was also a popular lecturer. Died June 17, 1887.
Nason, (HENRY BRADFORD,) LL.D., an American
chemist, born at Foxborough, Massachusetts, Ju:ie 22,
1831. He studied (1852-55) at Amherst College, and
graduated at the University of Gottingen in 1857.
was professor of chemistry in Beloit College from 1858
to 1866, and then became professor of chemistry in Rens-
selaer Polytechnic Institute, at Troy, N. Y., with which he
was connected until his death. He published tables for
laboratory use, and edited translations of various hand-
books of Wbhler and Elderhorst. Died Jan. 18, 1895.
Nassare, nas-sa'ra, (BLAS ANTONIO,) a Spanish mis-
cellaneous writer, born at Alguezar in 1689 ; died in 1751.
Nassau, nas'saw, [Ger. pron. nas'sow,] HOUSE OF,
a noble family, of German origin, which produced many
great men, and derived its title from Nassau, on the
Rhine. In the sixteenth century the family acquired
the principality of Orange, in the southeast of France,
after which the Counts of Nassau took the title of Prince
was appointed captain-general of the Dutch possession!
n Brazil in 1636, and gained several successes over the
Portuguese. He returned to Holland in 1644, and was
made general-in-chief of the cavalry. He left in manu-
script a work on the Animals of South America. Died
n 1679.
Nast, (THOMAS,) a distinguished caricaturist, born at
Landau, in Bavaria, September 27, 1840. In 1846 he
was brought to America, and in early youth found em-
ployment as a draughtsman for an illustrated newspaper.
After the outbreak of the war of 1861-65 he became
prominent as an effective political caricaturist. He after-
wards became a lecturer, and illustrated various books,
chiefly with comic sketches.
Nast, (WILLIAM,) D.D., a native of Germany, emi-
grated in 1828 to America, where he became a preacher
of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He has translated
numerous Methodist works into German, and published
several books in that language. Died in 1899.
Natal, BISHOP OF. See COLENSO.
Natale, nil-ta'la, [Lat. NATA'LIS,] (GERONIMO,) a
Spanish Jesuit, born in Majorca in 1507.
of Orange,
land.)
(See ORANGE, and WILLIAM III. of Eng-
Nassau, (HENRY,) COUNT OF, a Flerr.ish nobleman,
inherited from his father large estates in Brabant, Flan-
ders, and Holland. In 1515 he married the sister of
Philibert, Prince of Orange, by whom he had a son Rene.
Henry was a confidential friend of Charles V., whose
governor he had been in that emperor's boyhood. " It
was he," says Motley, " whose influence placed the im-
perial crown upon the head of Charles." He was the
uncle of William of Orange, the founder of the Dutch
republic.
Nassau, (MAURICE OF,) [Dutch, MAURITS VAN NAS-
SAU, mow'rits vSn nas'sow ; Ger. MORITZ VON NASSAU,
mo'rits fon r.is'sow,] one of the greatest captains of
modern times, was born at the castle of Dillenburg in
November, 1567, and was the second son of William the
Silent, Prince of Orange, who founded the Dutch repub-
lic. About the age of twenty he was elected Governor and
Captain-General of the Seven United Provinces, which
were then at war with Spain. In 1591 he took Deventer,
Zutphen, and other fortified towns. He defeated the
Spaniards in a great pitched battle at Turnhout in 1597,
and gained a decisive victory over the Archduke Albert
of Austria at Nieuwport in 1600. In the ensuing cam-
paigns his skill as a tactician was exerted with uninter-
rupted success until 1609, when Spa-in recognized the
independence of the Dutch, and a truce of twelve years
was signed by the two powers. The patriot Barneveldt,
by promoting this peace and opposing the ambitious pro-
jects of Maurice, incurred his enmity, and finally became
a victim of his cruelty. (See BARNEVELDT.) Maurice
received the title of Prince of Orange at the death of his
elder brother, about 1618. In 1621 he renewed the war
against the Spaniards, who opposed to him the celebrated
He declined
general Spinola.
art," says Hume
' His great capacity in the military
1 would have compensated the inferior-
ity of his forces, had not the Spanish armies been com-
manded by Spinola." Maurice compelled his rival to
raise the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom in 1622, but Spinola
took Breda in 1625. He died in 1625, and was succeeded
in the office of Stadtholder by his brother, Frederick
Henry, wno was the grandfather of William III. of Eng-
land. Maurice made important improvements in the
military art, and excelled especially in the reduction and
defence of fortified places.
See STOLKEK, " Prins Maurits," 1827 : OUDEMANS, " Het Leven
en de Daden van Maurits Prins van Oranje-Nassau," 1832 : C. M.
TAN DER KEMP, "Maurits van Nassau Prins van Oranje, etc.,
1844: MOTLEY. " History of the United Netherlands."
Nassau-Siegen, de, deh nas'sow see'gen, (CHARLES
HENRI NICOLAS OTHON,) PRINCE, born in Nassau in
1745, gained distinction by his adventures. He served
in the French army, and afterwards entered the service
of Russia. He gained a naval victory over the Turks
in 1788. Died about 1809.
Nassau-Siegen, de, ( JAN MAURITS,) PRINCE,
called THE AMERICAN, a Dutch commander, born in
1604, was a grandson of John, Count of Nassau. He
the office of general of the order of Jesuits in 1558. He
wrote "Commentaries and Meditations on the Gospels,"
(" Adnotationes et Meditationes in Evangelia," 1594.)
Died at Rome in 1580.
See H. FISQUBT, " Notice sur JeVome Nalalis," 1856.
Natali, na-ta'lee, (GIOVANNI.) an Italian poet and
physician, born at Messina in 1642 ; died about 173°-
Natalis. See NATALE.
Natalis, na-ta'lis, (MICHAEL,) a Flemish engraver,
born at Liege about 1609, worked at Rome and Paris.
He engraved some works of Titian, Rubens, and Poussin.
Died in 1670.
Na'than, [Heb. |J"U ; Gr. Naflav,] a Hebrew prophet,
who lived in the reigns of Kings David and Solomon.
He wrote a Life of David, which is not extant.
See II. Samuel xii. ; I. Chronicles xxix. zq ; I. Kings i.
Nathan, (ISAAC,) called also Mordecai, a Jewish
rabbi of the fifteenth century, published the first Hebrew
Concordance to the Bible. It is entitled " Mair Netib,"
or " Light to the Path."
Na'than, (ISAAC,) an English vocalist and musician,
of Jewish extraction, born at Canterbury in 1792. He
was distinguished as a singer and singing-master, pro-
duced some comic operas, and wrote " A Life of Madame
Malibran de Beriot," (1836.) He was accidentally killed
in Sydney, Australia, Januarv 15, 1864.
Na'than Ben Jectiiel, (bSn yek'e-eT,) a Jewish rabbi,
president' of the synagogue at Rome. He wrote a Tal-
mudical Lexicon, which was printed about 1480. Died
n 1106.
NathanaeL, (of Scripture.) See BARTHOLOMEW.
Natoire, nftwiR', (CHARLES,) a French painter, born
at Nimes in 1700, studied under Lemoine, whose un-
finished works he completed. Some of his best pictures
are at Versailles and the Hotel de Soubise. Died near
Rome in 1777.
Nat'ter, (HEINRICH,) an Austrian sculptor, born
at Graun, Tyrol, in 1844. He produced numerous
notable works, his gigantic statue of Wotan being the
sensation of the Vienna Exposition of 1873. He made
statues of the heroes of the Tyrol, the Hofer monument
in Innsbruck being his latest work. Died in 1892.
Natter, nit'ter, (JoHANN LORENZ,) a celebrated Ger-
man eem-engraver, born in Suabia in 1705. After re-
siding for a time at Rome, he visited the principal courts
of Europe, where his works were in great demand. H
imitations of the antique are so perfect as scarcely tc
distinguished from the original. Among his best pro
ductions are a medal in honour of Sir Robert Walpole,
and a victorious Britannia, on a gem. Natter published
a "Treatise on the Antique Method of engraving Gems,
compared with the Modern." Died at Saint Petersburg
mNat3terer, nat'ter-er, (JOHANN,) a German naturalist,
born at Laxenburg, near Vienna, in 1787. He travelled
in Brazil, and wrote several works on reptiles and mam
mNattier,'nrte4'?3(jEAN MARC,) a French portrait-
c as k; 5 as s; g hard; g as/.- G, H, K,g,Mural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z: %h as in this. I J^=See Explanati
NA TZMER
1802
NAVARRETE
painter, born in Paris in 1685. Among his master-pieces
are the portraits of Marshal Saxe and the Duke of
Richelieu. He was professor in the Academy of Arts.
Died in 1766.
Natzmer, von, fon nats'mer, (DUBISLAW GNEOMAR,)
a Prussian general, born in Pomerania in 1654. He
distinguished himself at Blenheim, (1704,) and com-
manded the Prussian corps at Malplaquet, (1709.) Died
in 1739.
Naubert, now'bSiU, (CHRlsxiANE BENEDICT*. EU-
GENIE,) a celebrated romance-writer of Germany, born
at Leipsic in 1756. Among her most admired works
are "Conradin of Suabia," "Walter of Montbarry," and
" Thekla of Thurn." The latter, it is said, suggested to
Schiller many hue passages in " Wallenstein." Her
" Popular Legends of Germany" are also greatly esteemed.
Died in 1819.
Naubrigensis. See LITTLE, (WILLIAM.)
Nauclerus, now-kla'rus, (JOHANN VERGEN,) a chron-
icler, born in Siiabia about 1430. He wrote, in Latin,
a chronicle, which was printed in 1516. Died abouti5io.
Nau'cra-tes, [Nawcpanjf,] a Greek orator, was a pupil
of Isocrates, and flourished about 350 B.C. He wrote on
rhetoric.
Nau-cy'des, [Nat)/ci(!^f,] a celebrated Greek sculptor,
born at Argos about the 95th Olympiad. Among his
best productions were two statues of Chimon, a Mer-
cury, and a bronze statue of Erinna.
Naudaeus. See NAUDE, (GABRIEL.)
Naude, no'di', [Lat NAUD^E'US,] (GABRIEL,) a dis-
tinguished French bibliographer ana savant, was born
in Paris in 1600. He was chosen physician-ordinary to
Louis XIII. in 1633, and librarian to Cardinal Richelieu
in 1642. Soon after the death of Richelieu (1642) he
became librarian to Mazarin. He had extensive learning
and an acute understanding, and was an intimate friend
of Gassendi. His principal works are an "Apology for
Great Men falsely accused of Magic," (1625,) " Biblio-
graphia Politica," (1633,) and "Considerations on Coups
d'Etat." A collection of anecdotes entitled " Naudaeana"
was published in 1701. Died in 1653.
See Louis JACOB, "Gabrielis Naudaei Tumulus," 1659; NICKRON,
"Me'mpires:" SAINTH-BKUVB, " Portraits litteraires," 1855 ; " Nou-
Telle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Naude, (PHILIPPE,) a French mathematician and
Protestant theologian, born at Metz in 1654. Having
removed to Berlin, he was appointed, in 1696, professor
of mathematics in the Academy of Arts, and subsequently
in the Academy of Sciences, soon after its foundation.
He was the author of a number of moral and theological
works, and of "Elements of Geometry," (1706.) Died
in 1729.
Naudet, no'di', (JOSEPH,) a French scholar and his-
torian, born in Paris in 1786. He became a member of
the Academy of Inscriptions in 1817, and professor of
Latin poetry in the College de France about 1821.
Among his works is a " History of the Monarchy of the
Goths in Italy," (1811.) Died August 13, 1878.
See *' Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale."
Naudet, (THOMAS CHARLES,) a French landscape-
painter, born in Paris in 1774. He travelled over a
considerable part of Europe, and made a collection of
three thousand designs. Died in 1810.
Naugerius. See NAVAGERO.
Naumann, now'man, (JOHANN ANDREAS,) a German
naturalist, born near Kbthen in 1744. He published a
"History of the Birds of North Germany," (1795-1804.)
Died in 1826.
Naumann, (JOHANN FRIEDRICH,) an ornithologist,
born near Kothen in 1780, was a son of the preceding.
His chief work is a " Natural History of German Birds,"
(1822-44.) Died in 1857.
Naumann, (|OH ANN GOTTLIEB or AMADEUS,) a Ger-
man composer, born near Dresden in 1741. He pro-
duced several popular operas; but his reputation rests
chiefly on his church music. Died in 1801.
See MEISSNER, " Bnichstiicke aus J. A. Naumanns Lebensge-
schichte," 2 vols., 1804; FHTIS, " Biographic Universelle des Mu-
eiciens."
Naumann, (KARL FRIEDRICH,) a German mineral-
ogist, born at Dresden in 1797, was a son of Johann
Gottlieb, noticed above. He published several suc-
cessful works on mineralogy. Died November 26, 1873.
Naumann, (MORITZ ERNST ADOLPH,) a brother of
the preceding, and a medical writer, was born at Dresden
in 1798. He wrote an important work on clinic medi-
cine, " Handbuch der medicinischen Klinik," (8 vols.,
1829-39,) and other works. Died October 19, 1871.
Naun'tpn, (Sir ROBERT,) an English statesman, rose
to be secretary of state and master of requests under
James I. He was the author of " Fragmenta Regalia,"
or an account of the court of Queen Elizabeth. Died
in 1635.
Nausea, now'zi-a, otherwise called Unrath, oon'rSt,
and Eckel, ek'kel, (FRIEDRICH,) a German theologian,
born near Wiirtzburg about 1480. He became preacher
to the court at Vienna in 1534, and Bishop of Vienna in
1541. He published several works on theology. L-ied
about 1550.
See DUPIN, " Bibliotheque des Auteurs eccle'siastiques."
Nau-sic'a-a, [Gr. Navouoia,] a daughter of Alcinous,
King of the Phaeacians, showed kindness to Ulysses
when he was wrecked on the island of Phaeacia, (CorfU.)
Tradition adds that she became the wife of Telemachus.
Nau-sic'ra-tes, [NaiKjucpanjo,] a Greek comic poet,
whose works are not extant. He is classed by somi-
critics among the writers of the middle comedy.
Nanze, La. See LA NAUZE.
Navagero, na-va-ja'ro,[LaL NAUGE'RIUS,](ANDREA,)
an Italian scholar and eminent Latin poet, born in Venice
in 1483. He passed about four years (1525-28) at Madrid
as Venetian ambassador to Charles V., and exercised an
important influence on Spanish literature. Having been
sent on a mission to France, he died at Blois in 1529.
His Latin and Italian poems are admired for their ele-
gance and purity of style.
See GINGUENE, " Histoire Litt^raire d'ltalie ;" MENEGHELLI,
" Elogio di A. Navagero," 1813.
Navagero, (BERNARDO,) a Venetian statesman and
cardinal, born at Venice in 1507. He was sent as am-
bassador to France and Germanv, and attended the
Council of Trent He wrote a " Life of Pope Paul IV."
Died in 1565.
See L. MANIN, " Elopo ~fl Cardinal Navagero," 1814; Ac
BEKV. " Histoire des CardiDaux."
Navailles, de, deh n^val' or ni'vi'ye, (PHILIPPE de
Montault de Benac— ileh m6N't5' deh bi'ntk',) Due,
a French general, born in 1619. He obtained the rank
of marshal of France in 1675. Died in 1684.
See "Meraoires de sa Vie," etc, written by himself, 1691.
Navarre or Navarrese, DOCTOR. See AZPILCUETA.
Navarre, na-vlr'ri, (PEDRO,) a Spanish captain, born
in Biscay, was a skilful engineer. He invented or im-
proved the art of undermining, and took the Castello
del Ovo at Naples in 1503. In 1514 he entered the
service of Francis I. of France. Died in 1528.
See BRANT&MB, "Vies des grands Capitaines."
Navarrete or Navarete. See MUDO, EL.
Navarrete, na-var-ra'tl, (DOMINGO FERNANDEZ,) a
Spanish Dominican, born in Old Castile, was a mission-
ary to China in 1646. After his return he was created
Archbishop of Saint Domingo in the West Indies. He
was the author of a valuable work on the moral, political,
and religious condition of the Chinese, entitled "Tra-
tados historicos, etc. de la Monarchia de China," (1676.)
Died in 1689.
Navarrete, (Don MARTIN FERNANDEZ,) an eminent
Spanish historian and geographer, born at Abalos in
1765. He was appointed in 1823 director of the Hydro-
graphic Institute at Madrid, and in 1837 was made a
senator and director of the Academy of History. His
principal work is entitled a "Collection of the Voyages
and Discoveries made by the Spaniards since the Close
of the Fifteenth Century." It is eulogized by Humboldt,
and has furnished Irving with material for his " Life of
Columbus." He also wrote a " Biography of Cervantes,"
and assisted in preparing a valuable "Collection of Un-
published Documents for the History of Spain," (un-
finished.) He was a member of the Spanish Academy,
and proposed a new system of orthography, which was
adopted by that institution. Died in 1844.
5, e, i, 6, u, y, long; 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, I, o, u, y, shffrt; a, e, i, p, obscure; far, fall, fat; ni2t; n8t; good; moon;
NAVARRO
1803
NEANDER
See QUILLIET, " Dictionnaire des Peintres Espagnols."
Nave or Naeve, na'feh, written also Nefe, (KASPAR,)
a German medical writer, born at Chemnitz in 1514;
died about I <;So.
(1822,) "Seventy-Six," (1823,) and other novels. In
1824 he visited England, where he contributed a num-
ber of able and interesting articles on American litera-
ture to " Blackwood's Magazine." After his return, he
inent Bel- published the novels of " Rachel Dyer," (1828,) "The
Navez, ni'va', (FRANCOIS JOSEPH,) an em
the chief of the Belgian Academic school. Died in 1869. at Portland, June 20, 1876.
Navier, n%'ve-£', (PIERRE TOUSSAINT,) a French Neal, (JOSEPH C.,) an American journalist and hu
physician and chemist, born at Saint-Dizier in 1712, was morous writer, born at Greenland, New Hampshire, in
the discoverer of nitrous ether. He was a corresponding -° — "---= ••'-- > :- T>U:I-J_I_U:. u~ u. . :_.c,.
member of the Academy of Sciences, and publishe
several scientific works. Died in 1779.
1807. Ha
editor of
living settled in Philadelphia, he became in 1831
"The Pennsylvanian," and in 1844 of a literary
journal entitled " Neal's Saturday Gazette," which soon
Naville, (EDOUARD HENRI,) a Swiss Egyptologist, acquired extensive popularity. He published in 1837
born at Geneva in 1844. He went to Egypt in 1869, "Charcoal Sketches, or Scenes in a Metropolis," which
and spent most of his life there in explorations. In were received with great favour, and were republished
1893 he began to excavate the temple of Der el Bahri, in London. They were followed by " Peter Ploddy, and
on behalf of the Egyptian Exploration Fund, and made other Oddities," (1844,) and another series of "Char.
important discoveries. He wrote several works re- coal Sketches." Died in 1848.
lating to Egyptian antiquities. See GRISWOLD. " Prose Writers of America."
Nawa'wee, or Nawawi, ni-wa'wee, an Arabian Ne-al'cjes, [NfoAjri/c,] a Greek painter, born about
author and saint, whose full name was MOHYI AL-DEEN 813 B.C., is supposed to have been a native of Sicypn.
ABOO ZAKARYA YAHYA BEN SHARAF-AL-NAWAWI. He His works were highly esteemed by his contemporaries,
was born at Nawa, in Arabia, in 1233. He was devout, and are eulogized by Plutarch and Pliny. One of his
learned, brave, and patriotic. Of his many works a principal pieces represents a battle between the Egyp-
" Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Men," and a tians and the Persians on the Nile,
celebrated manual of jurisprudence, are best known. Neale, neel, (JOHN MASON,) an English theologian
Died at Nawa, December 20, 1277. and historical writer, born about 1818. He published,
Nay'lor, (JAMES,) an English enthusiast, born in besides several books for children, a " History of the
Yorkshire in 1616. He became an eloquent preacher Holy Eastern Church," "Mediaeval Hymns," (transla-
of the Society of Friends, after he had served in the tions,) " Hymns of the Eastern Church," " History of
army of the Parliament, which he left in 1649. Having the Jansenists," etc. Died in 1866.
fallen into delusions and received acts of worship from Neale, (LEONARD,) D.D., an American archbishop,
some fanatical persons, he was convicted of blasphemy born near Port Tobacco, Maryland, October 15, 1746.
by the Parliament in 1656. He was branded, pilloried, He was educated in Saint-Omer, France, became a priest
and imprisoned several years. Died in 1660. and Jesuit, and in 1779 went as a missionary to Deme-
Nazianzen. See GREGORY NAZIANZEN. rara, but in 1783 returned to Maryland, and ministered
Ne or Ni, a name sometimes given to CONFUCIUS, with zeal and success in Philadelphia till 1798, when he
which see. became president of Georgetown College. In 1800 he
Neagle, na'gel, (JOHN,) an American artist, chiefly was consecrated Bishop of Gortyna, and Coadjutor of
known as a portrait-painter, was born in Boston in 1799. Baltimore, of which see he was promoted to be arch-
He practised his art in Philadelphia, where he married bishop in 1815. Died at Georgetown, June 15, 1817.
a daughter of Sully. Among his works are portraits of Neander, na-in'der, (CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH,)
Washington and Henry Clay. Died in 1865. (changed from Neumann,) a German divine and poet,
See DUNLAP, " History of the Arts of Design in America;" born in Courland in 1724. He was the author of
Tu CKERMAN, " Book of the Artists." « Spiritual Songs," (" Geistliche Liedei ,") which are
Neal, (ALICE B.) See HAVEN, (ALICE.) ranked among the best compositions of that kind in the
Neal, neel, (DANIEL,) a celebrated English dissenter, language. Died in 1802.
born in London in 1678. After completing his studies see " Bruchstiicke von Neanders Leben," Berlin, 1804.
at Utrecht, he became minister of a congregation in Neander, (JOACHIM,) a German hymn-writer and
Aldersgate Street, London. His principal works are a Calvinistic preacher, born at Bremen about 1650. He
" History of the Puritans," (in 4 vols.,) and a " History published " Covenant Songs," (" Bundeslieder,")
and
of New England." Died in 1743.
Neal, (DAVID DOLLOFF,) an American artist, born at
Lowell, Massachusetts, October 20, 1837. He went to
Germany as an art-student, and in 1863 married
daughter of the painter Ainrmiller. He was,
a pupil of Piloty. In 1876 he won the great medal of
Psalms of Thanksgiving," (" Dankpsalmen," 1679.)
lied in 1680.
Ne-an'der, [Ger. pron. na-an'der,] (JpHANN AUGUST
married a WlLHELM,)'an eminent German theologian and ecclesi-
, 1867-76, astical historian, of Jewish extraction, was born at Gb't-
tingen in 1789. He became in 1812 professor of theology
__ _ _
the Munich Academy. Among his pictures of interiors at "Berlin, 'where he devoted himself zealously to the
On the Grand Canal, Venice," and " Saint Mark's." duties of his office and the advancement of Christianity
Of these the most importan*
• of the Christian Religion and
.) Among his other produc-
ay name "The Emperor Julian and his Times,"
(1883,) "Nuns at Prayer," etc. He has chiefly resided at (,gI2,) "Memorable Occurrences from the History of
Munich. Christianity and Christian Life," (3 vols., 1822,) " His-
His son, HEINRICH DOLLOFF NEAL, born at Mu- tory of the Planting of the Apostolic Church," (1832,)
nich, Bavaria, in 1870, is director of the Heidelberg and "The Life of Jesus Christ in its Historical Rela-
Conservatory of Music, and a composer of concert and tions," (1837,) an able refutation of the well-known work
other music, his productions including the grand , of Strauss. Neander was a member of the Consistory
ballet "Opium" and the comic opera "Sergeant of the province of Brandenburg. His writings have
Crespo." obtained great reputation and influence in foreign cou
Neali (JOHN,) an American poet and litttratrur, born tries, as well as in Germany. Died in Berlin in July, 1850.
at Portland, Maine, in 1793. His first publications were "Neander still remains beyond doubt
a series of essays on the works of Byron, which ap- , church historian, thus far, of the nmete
€ as k; c as s; g hard; g asyV G, H, K, guttural ; N, nasal; R, trilled: I as 2; th as in this. ( J^=See Explanations, p. 23. j
NEANDER
1804
NECKER
Great, too, especially in this, that he never suffered his
renown to obscure at all his sense of the sinfulness and
weakness of every human work in this world. With all
his comprehensive knowledge, he justly regarded him-
self as, among many others, merely a forerunner of a
lew, creative epoch of ever-young Christianity. . . .
We stand,' he said, 'on the line between the old
world and a new, about to be called into being by the
ever-fresh energy of the gospel. For a fourth time
an epoch in the life of our race is in preparation by
means of Christianity.' " (Dr. Schaff 's " History of
the Apostolic Church.")
See KRABBE, "A. Neander," 1852; " Zura Gedachtniss A. Mean-
der's," Berlin, 1850; HERZOG, "Real-Encyklopadie :" W. FARRELL,
"Memorial of A. Neander," 1851: "North British Review" for
February, 1851 ; "British Quarterly Review" for October, 1868.
Neander, (MICHAEL,) a German Protestant divine
»nd classical scholar, born in Lower Silesia in 1525, was
a pupil of Melanchlhon. He wrote a number of Greek
and Latin treatises. Died in 1595.
See REINHARD, "De Vita M. Neander," 1756: NiciRON, "M4-
uuires;" HAVEMANN, "Mittheilungen aus dem Leben M. Nean-
der's," 1841.
Neander, (MICHAEL,) a learned German physician,
born in Misnia in 1529. Among his works we may name
a "Synopsis of Weights and Measures according to the
Romans, Athenians," etc Died in 1581.
Ne-ar'chus, [Gr. Neap^of; Fr. NEARQUE, na'SRk',] a
celebrated admiral of Alexander the Great, was a native
of Crete, or, as some assert, of Amphipolis. About 327
B.C. he set sail from the Indus for the Persian Gulf, and
discovered on his passage the mouths of the Euphrates
and the Tigris. A detailed account of this voyage is
given by Arrian, the accuracy of which has been
confirmed by Vincent and other modern geographers.
Nearchus, on his return, was received with distinguished
favour by Alexander, who assured him that he rejoiced
more in the success of the expedition than in having
conquered Asia. He also received from his sovereign
a golden crown. After the death of Alexander, Nearchus
was made governor of Pamphylia and Lycia.
See PLUTARCH, "Vita Alexandri ;" VINCENT, "Voyage of Near-
chns to the Euphrates," etc., 1797: GOSSELIN, " Geographic des
Grecs."
Nearque. See NKARCHUS.
Nebel, na'bel, (DANIF.L,) a German botanist, born at
Heidelberg in 1664. He published several works on
botany. Died in 17^3.
Nebeniua, na-ba'ne-us, (KARL FRIEDRICH,) a Ger-
man statesman and able writer on political economy,
born near Landau in 1784. He was president of the
Council of Baden from 1846 to 1848. Among his works
is a "Treatise on Public Credit," (1820.) Died in 1857.
Nebi, neVee, an admired Turkish poet of the seven-
teenth century, flourished under the reign of Mahomet
IV.
NeTiO, called in Assyrian NABIU or NADU, "the
prophet," a great divinity of ancient Babylon. He was
possibly the same as the Persian Mithra. He was by
the Accad people called "the Creator," and among the
Assyrians was the god of knowledge and books. He
was called " the overseer of the hosts of Heaven and
Earth."
Neb-ris-sen'sis, (ANTONIUS,) an eminent Spanish
scholar, whose proper name was ANTONIO DE LEURIXA,
(da li-bRee'Hi,) was born at Lebrixa in 1444. He studied
the classics in Italy, and, returning to Spain in 1473, De-
came to that country what Erasmus was to Germany or
Bude (Budaeus) to France. As professor in the Univer-
sity of Salamanca, he initiated a reform in the method of
teaching Latin and Greek. He published a Latin Lexi-
con, (1492,) a "Lexicon of Civil Law," (1506,) which is
highly commended, and grammars of the Latin, Greek,
and Hebrew languages. About 15 14 he became professor
of ihetoric at Alcala. "The men to whom Spain chiefly
owes the advancement of useful learning," says Hallam,
"were Arias Barbosa and the more renowned Antonio
de Lebrixa." (" Introduction to the Literature of Eu-
rope.") Died in 1522.
See PRESCOTT, " History of Ferdinand and Isabella," vol. i. part i.
Ne'brufl, [Gr. Ntfywf,] an eminent Greek physician,
flourished about 580 B.C. He is supposed to have been
a native of Cos. When the Amphictyons besieged the
town of Crissa, in Phocis, Nebrus ass'isted in reducing
the town by poisoning the water.
Nebti, neVtee, or Neph'thys, an ancient goddess of
the Egyptians, the sister and companion of Isis, and the
wife of the monster Set. She was one of the protectors
of the dead.
Neb'u-ehad-nez'zar, [Heb. i;'W^n: ; Fr. NA
BUCHODONOSOR, ni'boo'ko'do'no'zoR', or NABOKO
DROSSOR, nS'bo'ko'dRo'soR',] King of Babylon, succeeded
his father Nabopolassar. He took Jerusalem in 606
B.C., and carried to Babylon many captives, among whom
was the prophet Daniel. King Zedekiah having revolted,
Nebuchadnezzar took his capital in 588, destroyed the
great temple by fire, threw down the walls of the city,
and transported the Jewish people to Babylon. He
afterwards captured Tyre, conquered Egypt, and became
probably the most powerful monarch of that age in the
world. Having become too much elated by pride and
prosperity, he was, by divine visitation, deprived of his
reason and deposed from his throne. Restored to reason
and power a short time before his death, he published
a pious proclamation of his experience and of his recog-
nition of the King of heaven.
See II. Kings xxv. i ; Daniel i., ii., iii., and iv. ; also, SAMUEL
CLARKE, " Life and Death of Nebuchadnezzar," 1664.
Necham. See NECKHAM.
Ne'eho [Gr. N«<ic, Ncjou, or Nejuf] or Pha'ra-6h
Ne'eho, King of Egypt, a son of Psammeticus, reigned
from 617 to 601 B.C. He was a warlike prince, and
defeated Josiah, King of Judah, in battle at Megiddo,
but was defeated by Nebuchadnezzar in 606 B.C. at
Carchemish.
See BUNSHH, "Egvptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte."
Neck, van, vtn n?k, (JAN,) a Dutch painter, born at
Naarden in 1635. His master-piece is "Simeon in the
Temple holding the Infant Jesus in his Arms." Died at
Amsterdam in 1714.
Necker, nek'ker or ni'kaiR', (ALBERTINE ADRIENNE
deSaubsuie — deh so'suV,) a Swiss authoress, born at
Geneva in 1766, was a daughter of the naturalist, II. B.
Je Saussure. She was married to J. Necker, a nephew
of the great financier, and a cousin of Madame de
Stael, of whom she was an intimate friend. She wrote a
"Notice of the Character of Madame de Stael," (1820,)
and " Progressive Education," (2 vols., 1828-32.) Died
in 1841.
See SBNEBIER, " Histoire litte'raire de Geneve."
Necker, nek'ker, [Fr. pron. ni'kaik',] (JACQUES,) an
eminent Swiss financier, and prime minister of France,
Dorn at Geneva in September, 1732. On leaving col-
lege he became a clerk in a banking-house in Paris, and,
having acquired a large fortune as partner of the great
banker Thelusson, he retired from business in the prime
of life, and aspired to public honours and more brilliant
financial achievements. In 1773 he gained the prize
offered by the French Academy for a eulogy on Col-
bert, and published a treatise on the corn-laws, "Sur la
Legislation des Grains." The disorder of the finances was
so alarming that, without regard to official routine, he
was appointed director of the treasury in 1776, and
director-general of the finances in 1777. By publicity,
order, and economy, he restored the public credit and
lightened the burdens of the people. His famous
compte rendu of 1781 (which was the first public exposi-
tion of the revenue and expenses of the State) was re-
ceived with great favour ; but his reforms made for him
many enemies at court and elsewhere. To defend him-
self against their intrigues, he asked for a seat in the
council, which was refused because he was a Protestant.
He immediately resigned, (1781,) and retired to Coppet,
on Lake Leman.
In 1784 he published his excellent work "On the Ad-
ministration of the Finances," of which eighty thousand
copies were sold in a few days. The convocation of
the States-General was decreed by the royal council in
August, 1788. The court was convinced that the skill
of Necker was indispensable in the political and financial
crisis that followed. He succeeded Brienne as prime
a, e, f, o, u, y, long: 4, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, o, ii, J, short; a, e, j, o, obscure; far, fall, fat; m8t; n&t; cootl; moon;
NECKER
1805
NEES
minister, or contrdleur-ge'ne'ral of finances, about Sep-
tember i, 1788, and the next day the funds rose 30 per
cent. He favoured the Revolution by granting to the
Titri-£tat a double number of deputies. He is censured
for this concession, and for temporizing in the contest
between the Titrs-£tat and the other orders after the
meeting of the States-General in 1789. The court having
adopted more violent measures than he approved, he
tendered his resignation, (June 23,) which was not ac-
cepted. On the nth of July he was suddenly dismissed
by a note from the king, who ordered him to leave the
kingdom privately ; and the same night he departed foi
Brussels. Indignant at his dismissal, the populace of
Paris rose in arms, stormed the Bastille, and obtained a
bloody triumph over the court. Necker was recalled on
the 2ist of July, and, when he entered Paris, was received
with enthusiastic demonstrations by the people. His
first act was an amnesty for political offences. But he
was too conservative to satisfy the popular party, and
resigned his office in September, 1790. He passed the
rest of his life at Coppet, where he wrote several political
and religious treatises. Died in 1804. The highly-gifted
Madame de Stael was his daughter.
See MADAME DE STA*L, " Vie prive'e de M. Jacques Necker,"
1804 ; DROZ, " Histoire du Regne de Louis XVI ;" THIERS, " His-
tory of the French Revolution ;" LANJUINAIS. " Etudes biographiques
•ur'AntoineArnauld, P. Nicole et J. Necker," 1823; SAINTE-BEUVH,
"Causeries du Lundi ;" A. L. DE STAftL-HoLSTElN, "Notice sur
Neuter," 1821; " Nouvelle Biographic Ge'ne'rale ;" "Edinburgh
Review" for January, 1803, (by SYDNEY SMITH.)
Necker, (Louis ALBERT,) a Swiss naturalist, born at
Geneva in 1786, was a son of Albertine A. de Saussure-
Necker. He published " Le Regne mineral ramene' aux
Methodes de 1'Histoire naturelle," (2 vols., 1835.)
Nec'ker, (NoEL JOSEPH,) a botanist, born in Flanders
in 1729, gave special attention to mosses. He wrote,
besides other works, a Description of the Wild Plants
of France and Belgium, ("Delicias Gallo-Belgicae Syl-
vestres," 2 vols., 1768,) and " Methodus Muscorum,"
(1771.) Died in 1793.
See P. R. WILLEMBT, " Notice sur la Vie de N. J. Necker," 1794.
Necker, (SUSANNE Curchod — ku'R'sho',) an accom-
plished and literary Swiss lady, born at Grassier in 1 739.
She was intimate in her youth with Gibbon the historian,
who wished to marry her ; but his father opposed the
match. She was married to M. Necker in 1764. Her
salon in Paris was the resort of the most eminent authors,
including Buffon, Diderot, and D'Alembert She founded
a hospital in Paris which bears her name. She died in
1794, leaving manuscripts which her husband published
under the title of " Melanges," (5 vols., 1798-1802.)
See GIBBON, "Memoirs;" GRIMM, " Correspondance ;" MARMON-
TEL, " Me'moires."
Neck'e-re, de, (LEO RAYMOND,) D.D., a bishop, born
at Wevelgham, in Belgium, June 6, 1800, was educated
at Roulers and Ghent. In 1817 he emigrated to America,
became a Catholic priest in 1822, and soon was made a
professor in the seminary at Saint Mary's, Missouri, and
superior of the Lazarist Community there. In 1830 he
was consecrated Bishop of New Orleans, where he died,
September 4, 1833.
Neck'ham or Nec'kam, written also Necnam,
(ALEXANDER,) an English monk and Latin poet, born
at Saint Alban's or Hartford about 1150. He wrote, in
elegant Latin, several works, among which is a long
scientific and descriptive poem, "De Naturis Rerum."
Died in 1227.
See CAVB, "Historia Literaria," etc
Nec-tan'a-bis or Neo-tan'e-be§, [Gr. Ne«rivc./5if or
Nfnejrave/J^c,] King of Egypt, began to reign about 360
B.C. He waged war against Artaxerxes III. of Persia,
who invaded and conquered Egypt about 350 B.C. Nee-
tanabis was the last king of the Sebennite dynasty.
Nec-ta'rI-us, [Nwupiof,] a Greek prelate, became
Patriarch of Constantinople in 381 A.D. His moderation
is said to have been exemplary. He died in 397, and
was succeeded by Chrysostom.
N£e, na, (FRANCOIS DENIS,) a French engraver, born
in Paris about 1732. He engraved many landscapes and
plates for illustrated works, among which is "Tableaux
pittoresques de la Suisse." Died in 1818.
See BASAN, " Dictionnaire des Graveurs."
Neeb, nap, QOHANN,) a German philosopher, born
near Hanau in 1767. He published several works op
philosophy. Died in 1843.
Nee'dell, (MARY ANNA,) an English novelist,
born at London in 1830. Her maiden name was
Lupton. She married I. H. Needell, and later John
Hodder. She began writing in 1851 with "Ada
Gresham," and after iSSl published numerous novels,
some of the best known of which are "Julian Kars-
lake's Secret, "( 1881,) " Stephen Ellicott's Daughter,"
(1891,) and " The Vengeance of James Vansittart,"
(1895-)
Needbam, need'am, (JOHN TURBERVILLE,) F.R.S.,
an English naturalist, born in London in 1713, was a
Roman Catholic priest. He published "New Micro-
scopical Discoveries," (1745,) and a treatise on genera-
tion, in French, " Idee sommaire, ou Vue gene'rale du
Systeme physique et metaphysique sur la Generation,"
(1780.) He became director of the Academy of Science*
at Brussels, where he died in 1781.
Needham, (MARCHMONT,) an English political writer
born at Burford in 1620. He supported the cause of the
Parliament in his " Mercurius Britannicus," a weekly
journal, (1643-47,) and that of the king in his "Mercu-
rius Pragmaticus." In 1649 he again changed sides,
and became editor of the "Mercurius Politicus," an
organ of the Independents. His most remarkable work
was a "Discourse on the Excellency of a Free State
over a Kingly Government." Died in 1678.
Needham, (WALTER,) an English anatomist, studied
at Oxford, and practised medicine in London. He be-
came a Fellow of the Royal Society about 1667. He
wrote an able treatise " De Formato Fcetu." Died in
1691.
Neefs, nafs, or Neef, naf, (PETER,) THE ELDER, a
Dutch painter, born at Antwerp about 1 565. He excelled
in perspective, and in representing the interiors of Gothic
churches and convents, illuminated. The figures in hia
pictures are generally painted by Breughel, Teniers, and
others. His " Cathedral of Antwerp" is esteemed a
master-piece. Died in 1651. His son, PETER MARTIN,
THE YOUNGER, imitated his father's style, but did not
equal him.
Neele, neel, (HENRY,) an English poet, born in Lon-
don in 1798, was an attorney. He wrote "Dramatic
Scenes," " The Romance of History," and other works.
Died in 1828.
Nee'iy, (HENRY ADAMS,) D.D., an American bishop,
born in Fayetteville, New York, May 14, 1830, graduated
at Hobart College in 1849, and became a priest of the
Episcopal Church in 1854. In 1867 he was consecrated
Bishop of Maine. Died in 1899.
Neer, van der, vSn der nair, (AART or ARNOLD,) a
Dutch landscape-painter, born at Amsterdam about
1619. His moonlight scenes, winter landscapes, and
pictures into which water is introduced, are ranked
among the finest productions of the kind. Died in
1683.
Neer, van der, (EGLON HENDRIK,) son of the pre-
ceding, was born at Amsterdam in 1643. He studied
under Vanloo, and attained eminence as a painter of
landscapes, portraits, and historical pieces. Died in 1703.
See DESCAMPS, " Vies des Peintres Hollandais," etc
Neercassel, van, vin naiR'kas's?!, (JAN,) a Dutch
bishop and writer, born at Gorcum in 1623. He was the
only Roman Catholic bishop in Holland. He wrote,
besides other works, " Amor Poenitens, seu de recto Usu
Clavium," (1683.) Died in 1686.
Neea von Eseiibeck, nas fon a'zen-beV, (CHRIS
TIAN GOTTFRIED,) a German botanist, born in 1776.
He became professor of natural history at Bonn about
1819, and afterwards lectured at Breslau. Among his
numerous works are a " Manual of Botany," (2 vols.,
1821,) and "Bryologia Germanica," (2 vols., 1823-51.)
Died in 1858.
Nees von Esenbeck, (THEODOR FRIEDRICH LUD-
WIG,) a botanist, a brother of the preceding, was burn
near Erbach in 1787. He wrote several botanical works.
Died in 1837.
cas k; c, as /; g hard; g as/; G, H, K,g}ittural; N, nasal; R, trilled; s as z; th as in this. ( J^=*See Explanations!, p
NEFFTZER
1806
NELEE
Nefftzer, neit'ser, (AUGUSTE,) a French journalist,
horn at Colmar in 1820. He was assistant editor (1844-
57) of the Paris "Presse." Died in 1876.
Nefi, nefee, a distinguished Turkish satirist, who
flourished in the seventeenth century.
Negelein, na'geh-lin', (JOACHIM,) a German theolo-
gian and numismatist, born at Nuremberg in 1675 ; died
in 1749.
Neg'ley, (JAMES S.,) an American genera], born in
AHeghany county, Pennsylvania, in 1826. In 1861 he
raised a brigade, which he commandeJ in Tennessee in
1862. He took command of the post of Nashville in
September of that year, and led a division at Stone
River, December 31, i862-January 2, 1863. For his
conduct in this battle he was raised to the rank of major-
general, in which capacity he served at the battle of
Chickamauga, September 19 and 20, 1863.
Negrelli-Moldelbe, von, fon na-gRel'lee mol-dll'-
beh, (ALOIS,) an engineer, born in the Tyrol in 1799.
He constructed the first railroad in Austria, (finished in
1841,) and other railroads. Died in 1858.
NegrL See NEGRO.
Negri, na'gRee, (FRANCESCO,) a learned Italian eccle-
siastic of Ravenna. He travelled in Denmark, Sweden,
and Norway, and returned home in 1666. The results
of his observations appeared in a work entitled "Travels
in the North." Died in 1698.
Negri, (FRANCESCO VINCENZO,) an Italian scholar
and writer, born at Venice in 1769. He wrote a "Life
of Apostolo Zeno," (1816,) and other works. Died in
1827.
See TIPALDO, "Notizie della Vita di F. Negri," 1835; G. J.
FONTANA, "Elogio di F. Negri," 1829.
Negri, (GIOVANNI FRANCESCO,) an Italian antiquary
ind artist, born at Bologna in 1593. He founded two
Academies, — namely, the /ndistinti, devoted to the arts
of design, and the Indomiti, (1640.) Died in 1659.
Negri, (GlROLAMo,) an Italian classical scholar, born
at Venice in 1494. He died in 1577, leaving "Orationes
ot Epistols," (1579.)
Negri, (GlULio,) an Italian Jesuit and biographer,
born at Ferrara in 1648. He rendered an important
service to literary history by his "Storia degli Scrittori
Fiorentini," (" History of the Florentine Authors," 1722.)
Died in 1720.
Negri or Neri, na'ree, (PiETRO MARTINE,) a skilful
Italian painter of history and portraits, born at Cremona,
Nourished in 1600.
Negrier, ni'gRg-4', (FRANC.OIS MARIE CASIMIR,) a
French general, born at Mans in 1788. He served in
Algeria, and was killed in Paris by the insurgents in
June, 1848.
Negro, na'gRo, or Negri, na'gRee, (FRANCESCO,) an
Italian philologist and Reformer, born at Bassano in
1500, embraced Protestantism, and removed to Ger-
many. He published several works. Died about 1560.
See G. B. ROBEKTI, " Notiiie della Vita e delle Opcre di F.
Negri," 1839.
Negruzzi, ni-gRoot'see, (CONSTANTINE,) a Moldavian
poet, born in 1809. He wrote, besides other works, a
historical poem. Died in 1868.
Ne-he-mi'ah, [ Heb. rrnnj ; Fr. N^HiMiE, ni'-
A'me',] a Hebrew governor and writer, was cup-bearer
to Artaxerxes, King of Persia, who appointed him
Governor of Judea about 445 B.C. He probably wrote
the book of the Old Testament which bears his name.
Nehemie. See NEHEMIAH.
Neher, na'er, (BERNARD,) a German historical painter,
born at Biberach in 1806. He painted frescos at Munich
and in the palace of the grand duke at Weimar. These
represent scenes from the dramas of Schiller and the
works of Goethe. Died January 17, 1886.
Nehlig, ni-leg', (VICTOR,) a French-American painter,
born in 1830, in Paris. He was a pupil of Cogniet and
Abel de Pujol, and in 1856 came to America. In 1870
he was chosen a National Academician. Among his
pictures are " The Artist's Dream," " Pocahontas," " The
Captive Huguenot,"" Hiawatha and Minnehaha,"" Ger-
trude of Wyoming," and other scenes from American
history and tradition.
Neidhardt. See GNEISENAU.
Neidhart von Neuenthal, nit'haRt fon noi'en-tlT,
one of the principal German lyric poets of the thirteenth
century, was a native of Bavaria. The best collection
of his songs is that published by Beneke in his "Contri-
butions to the Knowledge of the Old German Language
and Literature."
Neigebaur, m'geh-bowR', (JOHANN DANIEL FERDI-
NAND,) a German traveller and writer, born in Silesia
in 1783. He published books of travel and descriptions
of Italy, France, and other countries of Europe, which
are said to be well written. Died March 23, 1866.
Neikter, mk'ter, (JOSEPH FREDERIK,) a Swedish
archseologist and writer, obtained the chair of eloquence
at Upsal in 1787. Died in 1803.
Neill, (EDWARD DUFFIELD,) an American author,
born in Philadelphia, August 9, 1823. He graduated at
Amherst College in 1842, and was for a time a Presby-
terian minister, but became an Episcopalian. In 1858
he became chancellor of the University of Minnesota,
and in 1872 was made provost of Jesus College, and
afterwards president of Macalester College at Minneap-
olis. He published a "History of Minnesota," "Terra
Mariae," " English Colonization in America," and other
works. Died September 26, 1893.
Neil], neel, JAMES GEORGE SMITH,) a British general,
born about 1810. He rendered important services in
India during the mutiny of the Sepoys, and was killed
at the siege of Lucknow, in September, 1857.
Neill, neel, (PATRICK,) a Scottish naturalist and hor-
ticulturist, born in 1776. He followed the trade of a
printer in Edinburgh, and published a " Tour through
some of the Islands of Orkney and Shetland," (1806,)
and "The Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Garden," (1839.)
Died in 1851.
Neil'son, (LILIAN ADELAIDE,) an English actress,
born near Saragossa, in Spain, March 3, 1850. Till
1862 she lived chiefly on the Continent. Her debut was
made at Margate in 1865, where her beauty and grace
won a very marked success. Her most celebrated part
was Juliet. She married Philip Lee in 1872, was di-
vorced in 1877, and died in Paris, August 15, 1880.
Neipperg. von, fon nip'peRG, (ALBRECHT ADAM,)
COUNT, an Austrian general, born about 1774. He dis-
tinguished himself in several campaigns, and rose to a
high rank in the army. He was appointed cavalier
d'honneur to the empress Maria Louisa about 1815.
He is said to have married her secretly. Died in 1829.
Neipperg, von, (\VILHELM,) an Austrian field-mar-
shal in the service of Francis I. and Maria Theresa, was
born in 1684, and was the grandfather of the preceding.
In 1739 he concluded the disadvantageous peace of Bel-
rade, and in 1741 was defeated by Frederick the Great
at Mollwitz. He retained the favour of his sovereigns,
however, and was made imperial counsellor of war, and
commander of Vienna. Died in 1774.
Neith, neth, or Nit, nit, an ancient goddess of the
Egyptians, worshipped especially at Sais, and elsewhere
'n the Delta. She was sometimes identified with Athena.
Nekrasoff, nek-ri'sof, (NIKOLAI,) a Russian poet and
Nihilist, born in 1821. He owned and ably conducted
:he " Sovremennik, ("The Contemporary,") a monthly
magazine, by means of which Nihilistic opinions attained
a vast currency among the university students. Died in
1877.
Nelaton, na'13"t6N', (AUGUSTE,) an eminent French
surgeon, born in Paris in 1807, graduated in 1836, and
Became professor of surgery to the Faculty of Medicine,
Paris, in 1851. He published, besides other treatises.
'Elements of Pathological Surgery," (5 vols., 1844-61,)
which is called a capital work. He was admitted into
the Academy of Sciences in 1867. He was employed
professionally by Napoleon III. Died Sept. 22, 1873.
Neledinsky Meletzky, na-li-den'ske ml-l<5t'skee,
YOORII,) an eminent Russian lyric poet, born in Mos-
cow in 1751. He was patronized by the emperor Paul,
who conferred upon him a valuable estate and several
lonorary distinctions. His songs are among the most
admired productions of the kind in the language. Died
n 1829.
See GRHTCH, " Essai historique aur la Litterature Kusse- '
Nelee. See NELEUS.
», e, T, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 6, same, less prolonged; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; -_. e, j, o, ob:curt; l!r, fill, tat; met; n&t; good; moon;
NELEUS
1807
NEMOURS
Neaeus, [Gr. Ni/Xefir; Fr. NBLEE, na'li',] a mythical
personage, said to be a son of Neptune (or, according to
some authorities, of Cretheus) and Tyro. Neleus and
his brother Pelias disputed for the throne of lolchos,
which the latter obtained. Neleus afterwards became
King of Pylos and the father of Nestor and other sons.
According to some writers, he was killed by Hercules.
Neller, nel'ler, (GEORG CHRISTOPH,) a German canon-
ist and antiquary, born in 1710; died in 1783.
Nelli, nel'lee, (PiETRO,) an Italian satirical poet of
the sixteenth century, was a native of Sienna. His satires
were published in 1546.
Nelli, de', da nel'lee, (GIAMBATTISTA,) an Italian
architect, born at Florence in 1661. He wrote a "Treat-
ise on Architecture," (1753.) Died in 1725.
Nelli, de', (GIAMBATTISTA CLEMENTE,) an Italian
writer, born at Florence in 1725, was a son of the pre-
ceding. Among his works is a " Life of Galileo," (1793.)
Died in 1793.
Nel'spn, (DAVID,) an American Presbyterian divine
and eloquent preacher, born near Jonesborough, Ten-
nessee, in 1793. He became pastor of a church at Dan-
ville, Kentucky, in 1828, and subsequently assisted in
founding a college in Marion county, Missouri, of which
he was appointed president. His work entitled " The
Cause and Cure of Infidelity" enjoys a high reputation,
and has passed through numerous editions. Dr. Nelson
was an earnest advocate for the abolition of slavery.
Died in 1844.
Nel'spn, (HORATIO,) LORD, a British naval hero and
admiral of the first order, born at Burnham Thorpe, in
Norfolk, on the 2gth of September, 1758, was the son
of Rev. Edmund Nelson and Catherine Suckling. He
was endowed with great intrepidity and energy, and pos-
sessed a generous, impetuous temper. He went to sea
about the age of thirteen, served a number of years in
the East Indies, and took part in several actions of the
American war. In 1779 he became a post-captain, and
in 1787 married the widow of Dr. Nisbet, of the island
of Nevis. He obtained command of a ship in the Medi-
terranean fleet in 1793, contributed to the victory over
the Spaniards at Saint Vincent in 1797, and was raised
to the rank of rear-admiral in the same year. His next
enterprise was an attack on Teneriffe, where he was
repulsed, with the loss of his right arm.
In 1798 he attempted to intercept the passage of the
French armament to Egypt, but missed it, until he over-
took it in Aboukir Bay, where in August he gained the
decisive battle of the Nile. For this service he was re-
warded with the title of Baron Nelson of the Nile, and
a pension of .£3000. While he was employed on the
coast of Naples, (1799,) he became fascinated by the
pernicious influence of Lady Hamilton, and tarnished
his fame by executing Prince Carraccioli and other re-
publicans, who were sacrificed to the vengeance of the
court of Naples. Soon after these events he separated
from his wife, who was supplanted in his affections by
Lady Hamilton. He was second in command under Sir
Hyde Parker of the armament sent against Copenhagen
in 1801 ; but the honour of the victory at the battle of
the Baltic is ascribed to Nelson. In the midst of the
battle, Parker having made a signal to retreat, Nelson
put a spy-glass to his blind eye and exclaimed, " I really
don't see the signal." " He had won the day," says
Southey, " by disobeying orders." For this success he
was raised to the rank of viscount.
War against France having been renewed in 1803, he
took the command of the Mediterranean fleet, hoisted
his flag on the Victory, and watched the French fleet off
Toulon for more than a year. In May, 1805, he sailed
for the West Indies in pursuit of Admiral Villeneuve,
but was disappointed, and the hostile fleet returned safely
to Europe, followed by the English admiral. He then
went home and proposed to suspend his active service,
but was re-appointed in September, 1805, in accordance
with the general wishes of the nation, by whom he was
more idolized than almost any other man had been.
On the 2 ist of October, (1805,) with twenty-seven sail
of the line and four frigates, he attacked the combined
French and Spanish fleets, of forty ships, under Ville-
ne ive. near Cape Trafalgar. Before the fight began, he
gave the famous signal, " England expects every man to
do his duty." The English gained a complete victory,
but Nelson was mortally wounded by a musket-ball fired
from the Redoutable, which was in close proximity to
the flag-ship, the Victory. He is eulogized by Southey
as " the greatest naval hero of our own and of all former
times."
See R. SOUTHEY, " Life of Nelson," 1813 : J. S. CLARKE, "Life
of Admiral Lord Nelson," 1809; THOMAS PETTIGREW, "Memoirs
of Lord Nelson," 1849; J. M. TUCKER, "Memoirs of the Life of
Lord Nelson," 1847; JOSEPH ALLEN, "Life of Viscount Nelson,"
'853; JOHN CHARNOCK, "Memoirs of Lord Nelson," 1806.
Nelson, (KNUTE,) a United States Senator, born
in Norway in 1843 and brought to the United States
in 1849. He took part in the civil war, became a
lawyer, served in the Wisconsin and Minnesota legis-
latures, and was a member of Congress 1883-89. He
was Governor of Minnesota 1892-95, and was elected
to the United States Senate in 1895.
Nelson, (ROBERT,) an English devotional writer, born
in London in 1656. Among his works we may name
"The Whole Duty of a Christian," and "Practice of
True Devotion." In 1680 he was chosen a Fellow of
the Royal Society. He was an intimate friend of Arch-
bishop Tillotson and of Dr. Halley. Died in 1715.
Nelson, (ROGER,) an American general, who. served
in the Revolutionary war. He represented a district of
Maryland in Congress for several terms, (1804-10.) Died
in i8'i$.
Nelson, (SAMUEL,) an American judge, born in the
State of New York. He became an associate justice of
the supreme court of the United States in 1845. He
concurred in the decision of the court in the Dred Scott
case, (1857.) Died December 13, 1873.
Nelson, (THOMAS,) an American patriot, and signer
of the Declaration of Independence, born at York, in
Virginia, in 1738. He was educated at Cambridge, Eng-
land, and alter his return was elected to the Congress
of 1775. He was subsequently appointed brigadier-
general and commander-in-chief of the forces of the
commonwealth. In 1781 he succeeded Jefferson as
Governor of Virginia. Died in 1789.
See GOODRICH, " Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of In-
dependence."
Nelson, (WILLIAM,) an American general, born at
Maysville, Kentucky, in 1825. He served in the navy,
and obtained the rank of master in 1854. In September,
1861, he was appointed a brigadier-general of the Union
army. He commanded a division at the battle of Shiloh,
April, 1862. He was killed in a private quarrel at Louis-
ville in September, 1862, by Jefferson C. Davis.
Ne-me-sl-a'nus, [Fr. NEMESIEN, na'ma'zg^N',]
(MARCUS AURELIUS OLYMPIUS,) a Latin poet, born at
Carthage. He lived at the court of the emperor Carus
in 283 A.D. His works are lost, except fragments of a
poem on hunting, entitled " Cynegetica," the style of
which is commended for purity.
Nemesieii. See NEMESIANUS.
Nem'e-sis, [Gr. N£,I«(HC, from ve/iu, to "deal out,"
to "distribute ;" Fr. NEMESIS, ni'ma'sess',] a personage
of Greek mythology, represented as a daughter of Night
or Erebus. She was the goddess of retribution, and the
divinity who rectified the errors of partial and capricious
Fortune. At Rhammus, in Attica, there was a celebrated
temple dedicated to Nemesis.
Ne-me'sl-us, [N^oioc,] a Greek philosopher, who
lived probably between 350 and 450 A.D. He is styled
Bishop of Emesa. He wrote an ingenious treatise on
physiology and psychology, entitled " On the Nature cf
Man," ( Tlepl <pijactj<; avdpunov.) It contains a passag*
which suggests an idea of the circulation of the blood.
See HAI.LER, " Bibliotheca Anatomica."
Nemours, de, (GASTON DE Foix,) Due. See Fprx.
Nemours, de, deh neh-mooR', (HENRI de Savoie —
d?h st'vwa',) Due, a French general, a son of Jacques,
noticed below, (1531-85,) was born in Paris in 1572.
He joined the League about 1588, but entered the ser-
vice of Henry IV. a few years later. Died in 1632.
Nemours, de, (JACQUES d'Armagnac — dlR'min'-
ySk',) Due, born about 1437, was a son of Bernard
d'Armagnac. In 1465 he joined the league of the Bitn
/fc,1 c.as.r; %hard; g as ;'; G, H. K. guttural; N, nasal; f.,trilled; sasz; thasin//5w.
Explanations, p. 23.)
NEMOURS
1808
NEREIDS
public against Louis XI. He was executed, on a charge
of treason, in 1477.
See SISMONDI, "Histoire des Francais:" BARANTE, "Histoire
des Dues de Bourgogne. "
Nemours, de, (JACQUES DE SAVOY,) Due, a distin-
guished French general, born in Champagne in 1531,
was the son of Philip, Due de Genevois and de Ne-
mours, whose sister Louise was the mother of King
Francis I. He fought against the Protestants in the
civil war, and distinguished himself at the battle of
Saint-Denis, in 1567. He opposed the ambitious designs
of the Guise family, and took no part in the civil war be-
tween the League and the king. Died in 1585.
See BRANTSME. "Vies des grands Capitaines."
Nemours, de, (Louis D'ARMAGNAC,) Due, a French
military commander, born about 1472, was a son of
Jacques, noticed above. He served in Italy against the
Spaniards, and was made Viceroy of Naples by Louis
XII. He was killed in the battle of Cerignola, while
opposing Gonsalvo de Cordova, (1503.) He was the last
of the family of Armagnac, and the duchy of Nemours
was given to Gaston de Foix in 1505.
See SISMONDI, " Histoire des Francais ;" SAINT-GKLAIS, " His-
toire de Louis XII."
Nemours, de, (Louis CHARLES PHILIPPE RAPHAEL
d'Orleaiis — <]oR'la'6N',) Due, a French prince, a son
of King Louis Philippe, was born in 1814. He was
chosen King of Belgium by a congress of that nation in
1831, but was compelled by his father to decline the
offer. He served in the army in Algeria, and obtained
the rank of lieutenant-general in 1837. After the death
of his elder brother (1842) he was recognized as future
regent in case the king should die during the minority
of his heir, the Count of Paris. On the abdication of
Louis Philippe (1848) he waived his claim to the re-
gency in favour of the Duchess of Orleans, whom he
attended when she presented herself, with her son, before
the Chamber of Deputies. Died June 25, 1896.
See A. PASCAL, " Le Due de Nemours, son Pass* et son Avenir
poiitique," 1843.
Nemours, de, (MARIE D'ORLEANS,) DUCHESSE,
daughter of the Duke of Longueville, was born in 1625,
and married in 1657 to Henry of Savoy, Duke of Ne-
mours. She died in 1707, leavkig interesting " Memoirs'"
of her life and times, which were published in 1709.
See VILLHFORH, "Vie de Madame de Longueville:" SAINT-
SIMON, " M^moires,"
Nen'nl-ua, one of the early British chroniclers, is>
stated by some writers to have lived in the seventh, and
by others in the ninth, century. He was the author of
a " History of the Britons," (" Historia Britonum," or
" Elogium Britanniae,") first published in Gale's " Col-
lection of English Historians," (1691.)
See WRIGHT, "Biographia Britannica Literaria."
N^obar, na'o'blR', (CoNRAD,) a learned printer, of
German extraction, was patronized by Francis I. in
Paris. Died in 1540.
Ne'o-phron, [Nfotyxjv,] an Athenian tragic poet,
flourished in the fifth century B.C. Only small frag-
ments of his works are extant.
Neoptoleme. See NEOPTOLEMUS.
Ne-op-tol'f-mus, [Gr. NetmroXc/wf ; Fr. NEOPTO-
LEME, ni'op'to'lam',] also called Pyrrhus, a fabulous
Greek warrior, was a son of Achilles. He was one of
the heroes concealed in the wooden horse at the siege
of Troy. According to Virgil, he killed Priam at the
capture of Troy, (" .flineid," book ii. 546.) In the dis-
tribution of captives, he obtained Andromache, widow
of Hector.
Neoptolemus, a Macedonian general in the service
of Alexander the Great After the death of Alexander
he became governor of Armenia, and united with An-
tipater in a hostile movement against Perdiccas and
Eumenes. He was killed in battle by Eumenes, whom
he encountered in single combat, about 320 B.C.
Neoptolemus, King of Epirus, was a cousin-german
of Alexander the Great He began to reign in 302 B.C.
He was assassinated by order of the celebrated Pyrrhus.
who became king.
Nepair or Neper. See NAPIER, (JOHN.)
Nepomucene. See NEPOMUK. 
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